Kunst Und Kunstpolitik Im Nationalsozialismus Eine Forschungsbilanz Der Letzten 20 Jahre

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Kunst Und Kunstpolitik Im Nationalsozialismus Eine Forschungsbilanz Der Letzten 20 Jahre MEIKE Was waren die Handlungsmotivationen von Künstlern, HOFFMANN Kunsthistorikern und Kunsthändlern, die Ausdrucksformen DIETER SCHOLZ der Moderne mit dem Nationalsozia lismus zu verbinden (HRSG.) versuchten? Welche Mechanismen bestimmten die kunst- historische Kanonisierung nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg sowie die Wiederkehr ideologisch befrachteter Begriff- lichkeiten und Argumentationsmuster in der Gegenwart? Diese Fragestellungen behandelt der vorliegende Tagungs- band zum gleichnamigen internationalen Kolloquium, das als Kooperation zwischen der Neuen Nationalgalerie und der Freien Universität Berlin im Mai 2019 unter der Lei- tung von Meike Hoffmann und Dieter Scholz stattfand. Mit Beiträgen von Eugen Blume, Bernhard Fulda, Meike Hoffmann, Andreas Hüneke, Joachim Jäger, Gregor Langfeld, Michael Nungesser, Gerhard Paul, Olaf Peters, Sebastian Peters, Sebastian Preuss, Wolfram Pyta, Julius Redzinski, Christian Ring, Thomas Röske, Christina Rothenhäusler, Lisa Marei Schmidt, Dorothea Schöne, Dieter Scholz, Aya UNBEWÄLTIGT? Soika, Janosch Steuwer, Michael Tymkiw, Volker Weiß und Christoph Zuschlag ÄSTHETISCHE MODERNE UND NATIONALSOZIALISMUS AUSSTELLUNGSPRAXIS KUNSTHANDEL, KUNST, ÄSTHETISCHE MODERNE UND NATIONALSOZIALISMUS KUNST, KUNSTHANDEL, AUSSTELLUNGSPRAXIS UNBEWÄLTIGT? ISBN 978-3-95732-452-8 HERAUSGEGEBEN VON MEIKE HOFFMANN 9 783957 324528 DIETER SCHOLZ UNBEWÄLTIGT ? ÄSTHETISCHE MODERNE UND NATIONALSOZIALISMUS KUNST, KUNSTHANDEL, AUSSTELLUNGSPRAXIS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON MEIKE HOFFMANN DIETER SCHOLZ UNTER ORGANISATORISCHER MITARBEIT VON NATASCHA HELLWAG INHALT MEIKE HOFFMANN, DIETER SCHOLZ 10 VORWORT CHRISTOPH ZUSCHLAG 14 KUNST UND KUNSTPOLITIK IM NATIONALSOZIALISMUS EINE FORSCHUNGSBILANZ DER LETZTEN 20 JAHRE I. KATEGORISIERUNGEN UND BEGRIFFLICH KEITEN ZU KUNST UND NATIONAL SOZIALISMUS OLAF PETERS 38 NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHE KUNST ODER: DIE VERNEINUNG DES AUSSERORDENTLICHEN ANDREAS HÜNEKE 52 WAS IST »ENTARTETE« KUNST, WORAN ERKENNT MAN SIE ? JANOSCH STEUWER 62 »NATIONALSOZIALISTEN« UND ANDERE MENSCHEN DES 20. JAHRHUNDERTS ZUM ORT DES NATIONALSOZIALISMUS IN DER DEUTSCHEN GESELLSCHAFT II. KUNST IM NATIONAL SOZIALISMUS: HANDLUNGS SPIEL RÄUME UND ERZÄHLUNGEN THOMAS RÖSKE 78 ZWISCHEN VAN GOGH UND HITLER HANS PRINZHORN UND SEIN LIEBLINGSKÜNSTLER FRANZ KARL BÜHLER MICHAEL NUNGESSER 94 EIN NORDISCHER EXPRESSIONIST ? OTTO ANDREAS SCHREIBER (1907−1978) INHALT JULIUS REDZINSKI 112 ERINNERUNG AN STALINGRAD FRANZ EICHHORST ALS KRIEGSMALER IM NATIONALSOZIALISMUS 7 III. KUNSTHANDEL IM NATIONAL SOZIALISMUS: BERNHARD FULDA BUSINESS AS USUAL ? 256 DAS SCHWEIGEN DER QUELLEN LEERSTELLEN BEI EMIL NOLDE SEBASTIAN PETERS 134 NETZWERKE UND HANDLUNGSSPIELRÄUME DOROTHEA SCHÖNE ANNA CASPARI, EINE VERFOLGTE KUNSTHÄNDLERIN IM NATIONALSOZIALISMUS 268 KONSTRUIERTE (KUNST-)GESCHICHTE ANSPRUCH UND REALITÄT IN DEN WESTDEUTSCHEN AUSLANDSAUS STELLUNGEN NACH 1945 EUGEN BLUME 148 »KRIEG, HANDEL UND PIRATERIE, DREIEINIG SIND SIE, 282 CHRISTINA ROTHENHÄUSLER NICHT ZU TRENNEN.« DER »KAMPF« UM DIE ÄSTHETISCHE MODERNE EINE ANNÄHERUNG AN ERHARD GÖPEL EBERHARD HANFSTAENGL VOR UND NACH 1945 MEIKE HOFFMANN 158 VON KUNSTHANDEL BIS PROPAGANDA VI. NS, KUNST, KUNSTMUSEUM: KURATORISCHE ERFAHRUNGEN HILDEBRAND GURLITT UND DAS DEUTSCHE INSTITUT IN PARIS UND INSTITUTIONELLE PERSPEKTIVEN AYA SOIKA IV. KUNST, NATIONAL SOZIALISMUS UND ÖFFENT LICHKEIT 300 DIE ROLLE DER NS-ZEIT IN AUSSTELLUNGEN ZUM DEUTSCHEN EXPRESSIONISMUS WOLFRAM PYTA REFLEXIONEN ZUR BEZIEHUNG ZWISCHEN KUNSTWERKEN UND HISTORISCHEN KONTEXTEN 180 SCHREIBSTIFT STATT MALERPINSEL KULTURHISTORISCHE ÜBERLEGUNGEN ZU GENIALISIERUNGSSTRATEGIEN BERNHARD FULDA BILDENDER KÜNSTLER IN DEUTSCHLAND 312 EMIL NOLDE. EINE DEUTSCHE LEGENDE. DER KÜNSTLER IM NATIONALSOZIALISMUS GERHARD PAUL ABSENZEN UND PRÄSENZEN IM AUSSTELLUNGSRAUM 196 BILDERWELTEN IM NATIONALSOZIALISMUS ANMERKUNGEN DER »VISUAL HISTORY« MEIKE HOFFMANN 322 FLUCHT IN DIE BILDER ? DIE KÜNSTLER DER BRÜCKE IM MICHAEL TYMKIW NATIONALSOZIALISMUS 212 DIE MASSENPRODUKTION VON FABRIKAUS STELLUNGEN ZUM VERHÄLTNIS VON INSTITUTIONSGESCHICHTE UND AUSSTELLUNGS PRAXIS IM NATIONAL­SOZIALISTISCHEN DEUTSCHLAND 332 UMGANG MIT DEM THEMA »ÄSTHETISCHE MODERNE UND NATIONAL- VOLKER WEISS SOZIALISMUS« AUS MUSEALER PERSPEKTIVE 230 »DER STIL, EINEN BRAND ZU STIFTEN…« VOM NACHHALL EINER HEROISCHEN MODERNE IN DER NEUEN RECHTEN HEUTE 356 AUTORINNEN UND AUTOREN V. VERFOLGUNGS NARRATIVE UND HELDENGESCHICHTEN 360 PERSONENINDEX DER MODERNE IM NACHKRIEGSDEUTSCHLAND 366 BILDNACHWEIS INHALT GREGOR LANGFELD 242 DER BLICK VON »AUSSEN« 368 IMPRESSUM KONSTRUKTIONEN DER »DEUTSCHEN« MODERNE NACH 1945 8 9 Bedingungen arbeiten sie heute – im Spannungsfeld von innerdisziplinären Dis- kursen, institutionellen Abhängigkeiten und politischen Wunschvorstellungen ? Dies sind die Leitfragen der folgenden Überlegungen, die sich in acht CHRISTOPH ZUSCHLAG Abschnitte gliedern: 1. »Entartete« Kunst, 2. »Nazikunst«, 3. Sowohl – als auch (oder wahlweise: weder – noch), 4. Kunstkritiker und Kunsthistoriker, 5. Institutionen (Museen und Kunstakademien), 6. Kunstmarkt, Kunsthändler KUNST UND KUNSTPOLITIK und Privatsammler, 7. Provenienzforschung und 8. Ausblick. IM NATIONALSOZIALISMUS 1. »ENTARTETE« KUNST EINE FORSCHUNGSBILANZ DER LETZTEN 20 JAHRE Auf Initiative von Wolfgang Wittrock und der Ferdinand-Möller-Stiftung wur- de 2003 die Forschungsstelle »Entartete Kunst« am Kunsthistorischen Institut der Freien Universität Berlin eingerichtet (in den ersten drei Jahren war ich Die folgende Forschungsbilanz zum Thema Kunst und Kunstpolitik im Natio- selbst dort als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter tätig). Sie wurde anfangs von nalsozialismus ist eine entschieden subjektive, geprägt von meiner eigenen Uwe Fleckner geleitet, der nach seinem Wechsel an die Universität Hamburg Forscherbiografie ebenso wie von meiner individuellen selektiven Wahrneh- 2004 dort eine weitere Forschungsstelle mit eigenem Schwerpunkt ansiedelte. mung. Es wäre vermessen, Vollständigkeit anzustreben und den Anschein zu Die Ferdinand-Möller-Stiftung förderte die Berliner Forschungsstelle langfristig erwecken, Objektivität erreichen zu können. bis Mitte 2015, weitere Mittel kamen von der Gerda Henkel Stiftung. Nach Als Bezugspunkt wie auch als eine Art Blaupause meiner Überlegungen einer sechsmonatigen Überbrückung durch die FU übernahm in den Jahren dient die Publikation Überbrückt. Ästhetische Moderne und Nationalsozialismus. 2016 bis 2018 die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien die Kunsthistoriker und Künstler 1925−1937, die von der Ferdinand-Möller-Stiftung Finanzierung. Danach förderten das Land Berlin unter Mitfinanzierung durch in Zusammenarbeit mit der Nationalgalerie der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin – die FU sowie die Kulturstiftung der Länder die Forschungsstelle. Aktuell und Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz 1999 vorgelegt und von Eugen Blume und bis Mitte 2021 finanziert die Kulturstiftung der Länder eine studentische Hilfs- SMUS 1 Dieter Scholz herausgegeben wurde. In acht Sektionen widmen sich 24 Bei- kraft sowie Werkverträge für die Pflege der Datenbank »Entartete Kunst«. In IALI träge dem Verhältnis von ästhetischer Moderne und Nationalsozialismus, der all diesen Jahren entwickelte sich die Berliner Forschungsstelle durch die konti- soz Rolle von Kunsthistorikern, Publizisten, Künstlern und Kunsthändlern 2 sowie nuierliche wissenschaftliche Grundlagenarbeit des Teams um Meike Hoffmann NAL der Ausstellungs- und Museumshistorie im NS-Staat. Das damalige Kolloquium und Andreas Hüneke unter der administrativen Leitung von Klaus Krüger O und der Begleitband steckten einerseits das bis dato wenig beschrittene For- national wie international zu dem Kompetenzzentrum in Sachen »entartete« ATI N schungsfeld ab und zeigten andererseits die Notwendigkeit einer differen- Kunst, weswegen ihre künftige langfristige Förderung aus öffentlichen Mitteln M I zierteren Auseinandersetzung mit der NS-Kunstideologie, mit der Rolle der mit allem Nachdruck zu fordern ist. Die öffentlichkeitswirksamsten Beispiele: K verschiedenen Institutionen und Protagonisten sowie mit der Ästhetik der Sie wurde 2010 kontaktiert, als bei Erdarbeiten für eine neue U-Bahn-Linie LITI PO Moderne selbst auf – aus heutiger, retrospektiver Sicht ebenso weitsichtig wie vor dem Roten Rathaus in Berlin-Mitte 16 Skulpturen bzw. Skulpturenfrag- T S durchaus provokant. mente ausgegraben wurden, die als Werke aus der NS-Beschlagnahmeaktion N U Was hat sich nun in den vergangenen rund 20 Jahren in der Forschung »Entartete Kunst« identifiziert werden konnten.3 Auch bei der Bearbeitung K D getan, was wurde geleistet, was ist bis heute »unbewältigt« ? Welche institutio- der 2012 bei Cornelius Gurlitt in München aufgetauchten Bestände spielte N U T nellen Entwicklungen hat es gegeben, wie haben sich Ausstellungswesen und die Forschungsstelle in der Person von Meike Hoffmann von Anfang an eine S 4 N Forschungsinfrastruktur gewandelt, etwa durch den expandierenden Bereich Schlüsselrolle. U Provenienzforschung sowie generell durch die Digitalisierung ? Und nicht zu- Kernaufgabe der Berliner Forschungsstelle war und ist die Bearbeitung und K letzt: Wie hat sich die Situation der Wissenschaftler verändert, unter welchen Internetveröffentlichung des NS-Beschlagnahmeinventars »Entartete Kunst«. 14 15 Grundlage dafür ist das von den Nationalsozialisten erstellte Verzeich- NS-Ausstellung Entartete Kunst) und jener von Stephanie Barron u. a. in Los nis der von ihnen konfiszierten Werke. Jedoch stand der Forschung lange Angeles und Berlin 1991/92, dann ist festzustellen, dass die Fortschritte in der
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