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The Multiple Dimensions of Greenhouse Clusters in the Netherlands

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The Multiple Dimensions of Greenhouse Clusters in the Netherlands The multiple dimensions of greenhouse clusters in The Netherlands Martijn Barendse The multiple dimensions of greenhouse clusters in The Netherlands MSc Thesis Land Use Planning Martijn Barendse Martijn N. Barendse Supervision: dr. ir. G.J. Carsjens 930603035050 Second Reviewer: dr. M.M. Bakker [email protected] Examination: prof. dr. L.B. Janssen-Jansen LUP-80436 - 36 ECTS Wageningen University MSc Landscape Architecture and Planning Land Use Planning Group September 2017 Post Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen 4 Preface As being grown-up in greenhouse area Westland, greenhouses are a familiar appearance in the landscape for me. Due to my side jobs and my interest in the horticultural sector, I made myself familiar with the ins and outs of the sector. The future perspective for my home region and the spread of greenhouse companies through the country have always been fascinating me. Performing a research in greenhouse planning was therefore logical step to take. This research has been accomplished under supervision of Gerrit-Jan Carsjens. His capability to always give me a positive feeling and good motivation after our supervision meetings, helped me to finish this research. I would like to thank him for giving me the structure I needed to fulfil a scientific research and for showing me his interest in the research topic. I would like to thank all the interviewees for taking time to exchange information and to share their view of the greenhouse development with me. Their contribution has been very important for the realisation of this thesis research and the interesting insights have certainly contributed to the outcomes. Furthermore, I would like to thank my friends from ‘JC Stratos’ for keeping me motivated during the countless lunches and for being there to celebrate important milestones with me. My fellow students, who were working in the Gaia building, celebrating ‘Koffietijd’ every day, also earn a mention. Special thanks are going to Wouter and my parents for providing me a car to visit the polder of North Holland to conduct interviews. I hope you enjoy reading this report, Martijn Barendse Wageningen, 2017 5 6 Table of contents Preface ................................................................................................................................5 Abstract ..............................................................................................................................9 Summary ..........................................................................................................................11 1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................15 1.1 Problem description ...........................................................................................18 1.2 Objective and research questions .......................................................................19 1.3 Structure of this thesis ........................................................................................19 2 Theoretical exploration: the greenhouse cluster and its multiple dimensions .....21 2.1 Cluster definition ...............................................................................................21 2.2 Multiple dimensions of clusters .........................................................................22 2.3 Scientific contributions to the multiple dimensions ...........................................25 2.4 Indicators used in this research ..........................................................................30 3 Methods ......................................................................................................................33 3.1 Case study research ............................................................................................33 3.2 Case selection ....................................................................................................33 3.3 Data collection methods .....................................................................................38 3.4 Data analysis ......................................................................................................42 3.5 Verification and validity ....................................................................................42 4 Case study Agriport ...................................................................................................43 4.1 Field analysis .....................................................................................................44 4.2 Interview results .................................................................................................45 4.3 Document study .................................................................................................62 5 Case study Bergerden ................................................................................................69 5.1 Field analysis .....................................................................................................70 5.2 Interview results .................................................................................................71 5.3 Document study .................................................................................................87 6 Comparative analysis ................................................................................................95 6.1 Field analyses .....................................................................................................95 6.2 Interviews...........................................................................................................95 6.3 Document study .................................................................................................99 7 Discussion .................................................................................................................101 7.1 The firms and actors of the greenhouse cluster................................................101 7.2 The relationships within the greenhouse cluster ..............................................101 7.3 The influence of spatial planning .....................................................................104 7 7.4 Reflection on the used methods ....................................................................... 105 8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 109 8.1 Main research question .................................................................................... 109 8.2 Scientific recommendations ............................................................................ 109 8.3 Societal recommendations ............................................................................... 110 References ...................................................................................................................... 113 Literature ...................................................................................................................... 113 Figures ......................................................................................................................... 115 List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 117 Appendix I – Interview questions group 1: greenhouse growers .............................. 119 Appendix II – Interview questions group 2: other interviewees ............................... 121 8 Abstract The horticultural sector in the Netherlands is spatially concentrated in clusters. While some of these new clusters are developing successfully, others are stagnating. The objective of this research is to identify the characteristics of greenhouse clusters that explain the differences in development of greenhouse clusters in the Netherlands, with special emphasis on those characteristics that can be addressed by land use planning. The research takes the multidimensional approach developed by Bathelt (2005a) as analytical framework. The multidimensional approach is based on the concept of a cluster as a coherence of five dimensions, which need to be analysed separately: the horizontal, vertical, institutional, power and external dimension. Two greenhouse clusters were selected as a case study, the rapidly growing cluster Agriport in the northwest of the Netherlands and the stagnating cluster Bergerden in the east of the Netherlands. The main research methods were document study and interviews with policymakers and greenhouse growers in both areas. This thesis research presents and discusses the results of the assessment and comparison of the two Dutch greenhouse clusters. The results aim to support land use policy and planning of horticultural clusters. Keywords: land use planning, horticulture, clusters, multidimensional approach, the Netherlands, Agriport, Bergerden . 9 10 Summary The horticultural sector in the Netherlands is spatially concentrated in clusters, which emerged because of several advantages, such as increased transport efficiency and concentration of knowledge supporting innovation. Due to the lack of expansion opportunities in the existing greenhouse clusters, the Dutch government assigned several new locations for greenhouse development in different parts of the country. While some of these new clusters are developing successfully, others are stagnating. The objective of this research is to identify the characteristics of greenhouse clusters that explain the differences in development of greenhouse clusters
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