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Passing Gay Rights in Wisconsin, 1967-1983

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Passing Gay Rights in Wisconsin, 1967-1983 Freie Universität Berlin John-F.-Kennedy-Institut für Nordamerikastudien Abteilung Geschichte Passing gay rights in Wisconsin, 1967-1983 Freie wissenschaftliche Arbeit zur Erlangung des Grades einer Magistra Artium Erstgutachter: Dr. Andreas Etges Zweitgutachterin: Dr. Gudrun Löhrer Abgabe: 12. November 2010 Vorgelegt von: Andrea Rottmann Naunynstr. 28 10997 Berlin Matrikelnummer: 3798554 Tel. 030 41763527 [email protected] Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die Arbeit in allen Teilen selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Datum Unterschrift 1 Passing gay rights in Wisconsin, 1967-1983 Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Research to date and thesis statement .................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Literature and sources .............................................................................................................................. 8 2. Two backgrounds: Lesbian and gay politics and Wisconsin politics of the 1970s ................................... 14 2.1 Situating Wisconsin's gay rights law in the history of gay men and lesbians in the United States......... 14 2.1.1 Interpreting same-sex desire in America: religion, the law, and medicalization .......................... 15 2.1.2 World War II and the postwar years: A homosexual minority forms in the U.S. .......................... 17 2.1.3 The invention of gay rights ............................................................................................................ 18 2.1.4 Stonewall and what followed: gay and lesbian politics in the 1970s ............................................ 20 2.1.4.1 Lesbians between gay liberation and women's liberation .................................................. 21 2.1.4.2 A place at the table: Lesbian and gay politics enter mainstream politics ............................ 22 2.1.5 1977: Anita Bryant and the backlash against gay rights................................................................ 23 2.1.6 A lesbian and gay community develops in Wisconsin ................................................................... 25 2.2 Wisconsin politics of the 1970s and early 1980s: Protest and (the limits of) progressive politics .......... 27 2.2.1 Progressivism's legacy in the Democratic and Republican state parties ............................................ 28 2.2.2 Protest in Milwaukee and Madison in the late 1960s ........................................................................ 31 2.3 How a bill becomes law in Wisconsin ..................................................................................................... 34 3. Passing gay rights in Wisconsin: a sixteen-year process ........................................................................ 37 3.1 Sexuality in Wisconsin law in 1967 ......................................................................................................... 37 3.2 Early efforts to change the law: Lloyd Barbee ........................................................................................ 41 3.3 “He handed the baton to me:” David Clarenbach takes over gay rights legislation ............................... 43 3.4 1978: A year of crisis. The effort to repeal Madison's gay rights ordinance ........................................... 47 3.5 Building support for state-wide legislation, 1979-1981 .......................................................................... 54 3.5.1 In Madison: Trying to pass consenting adults in the 1979-80 session .......................................... 54 3.5.2 In Milwaukee: lesbian and gay community pressure, a local gay rights ordinance, and church organizing .................................................................................................................................................... 57 3.6 Passing AB 70, 1981/82 .......................................................................................................................... 61 3.6.1 Short by one vote: Another try to pass consenting adults, 1981 .................................................. 62 3.6.2 Introducing the anti-discrimination bill – whose anti-discrimination bill? ................................... 64 3.6.3 The bill's route through the legislature ......................................................................................... 68 2 3.6.4 Key to success: church support ..................................................................................................... 72 3.6.5 Counting votes, cutting the deals, creating smoke and mirrors, and circumventing pitfalls ........ 77 3.6.6 Last-minute suspense and a happy ending ................................................................................... 82 3.7 After passage: The construction of a myth ............................................................................................. 84 3.8 1983: After fifteen years, consenting adults passes ............................................................................... 88 4. Conclusion: Grassroots work and a place at the table ........................................................................... 90 5. Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 93 List of abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... 93 Photographs of the bill signing ......................................................................................................................... 94 Oral history interviews conducted by the author ............................................................................................. 96 List of illustrations and picture credits.............................................................................................................. 97 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 98 Primary sources ........................................................................................................................................... 98 Archival sources ...................................................................................................................................... 98 Other primary sources .......................................................................................................................... 104 Secondary sources ..................................................................................................................................... 109 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................... 120 3 1. Introduction On February 25, 1982, Wisconsin became the first U.S. state to protect lesbians and gay men from discrimination in employment, housing, and public accommodations. In the 1981/82 legislative session, the anti-discrimination bill, also called the gay rights bill, passed both houses of the legislature with votes from the Democratic as well as the Republican parties. When Republican governor Lee Sherman Dreyfus added his signature to the bill, it became Chapter 112, Wisconsin laws of 1981, and “sexual orientation” was added to the list of non- discrimination categories in Wisconsin's existing laws: political or religious opinion or affiliation, age, sex, handicap, race, color, national origin, and ancestry. 1 Wisconsin's move to the forefront of gay rights came as a surprise to many. 2 It surprised the lesbian and gay communities on the east and west coasts, many of whom had escaped the Midwest for the freedom that cities like San Francisco, Boston or New York offered. 3 The coasts were perceived as the centers of gay rights activism. The Midwest maintained its conservative image despite the considerable accomplishments that lesbians and gays had achieved there.4 What is more, 1982 seemed an unlikely year for gay progress for anyone not familiar with Wisconsin's political situation. After all, the United States were in the middle of a conservative renaissance. Since the mid-seventies, a backlash was forming against the cultural and political changes of the 1960s. To many conservative religious Americans, especially evangelical and fundamentalist Christians, the cultural changes summarized under the term of the sexual revolution were extremely disquieting: the casual approach of many young men and women toward pre-marital sex, the demand of women in the women's liberation movement for control over their bodies – including the right to abortion – the spreading availability of pornography, and the growing visibility of a newly self-confident 5 gay and lesbian community. 1 Kulieke, Stephen. “Wis. governor signs gay rights bill.” Chicago GayLife , March 5, 1982. 2 I am using “gay rights” to refer to the rights of both gay men and lesbians, and will use the term “gay” in an iclusive manner in this thesis. To specifically refer to male homosexuals, I will refer to “gay men.” 3 Stults, Eric. “Churches help pass rights law in Wisconsin.” Equal Times , March 3, 1982, 13. 4 For example, the first openly gay or lesbian person elected to any office in the country
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