A Framework for Assessing the Global Diffusion of the Internet
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The Palgrave Handbook of Digital Russia Studies
The Palgrave Handbook of Digital Russia Studies Edited by Daria Gritsenko Mariëlle Wijermars · Mikhail Kopotev The Palgrave Handbook of Digital Russia Studies Daria Gritsenko Mariëlle Wijermars • Mikhail Kopotev Editors The Palgrave Handbook of Digital Russia Studies Editors Daria Gritsenko Mariëlle Wijermars University of Helsinki Maastricht University Helsinki, Finland Maastricht, The Netherlands Mikhail Kopotev Higher School of Economics (HSE University) Saint Petersburg, Russia ISBN 978-3-030-42854-9 ISBN 978-3-030-42855-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42855-6 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. -
The Finnish Luggage and (Leather) Accessories Market
CBI MARKET SURVEY: THE FINNISH LUGGAGE AND (LEATHER) ACCESSORIES MARKET CBI MARKET SURVEY THE FINNISH LUGGAGE AND (LEATHER) ACCESSORIES MARKET Publication date: June 2007 Introduction This CBI market survey gives exporters in developing countries information on some main developments in the luggage and (leather) accessories market in Finland. The information is complementary to the information provided in the CBI market survey ‘The luggage and (leather) accessories market in the EU’, which covers the EU in general. That survey also contains an overview and explanation of the selected products dealt with, some general remarks on the statistics used, as well as information on other available documents for this sector. It can be downloaded from http://www.cbi.eu/marketinfo 1 Market description: consumption and production Consumption • The Finnish market for luggage and (leather) accessories is valued at Є 90 million in terms of retail sales. • Finns spent € 17.3 per capita per year, which was less than the EU average of Є 19.7 in 2005. • Finland is the sixteenth largest luggage and accessories market in the EU and this small- medium market is similar to a cluster of other countries, including Denmark, Czech Republic, Ireland and Hungary. Table 1.1 Consumption of luggage and (leather) accessories in Finland, 2001-2005, Є million Population Consumption 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Average ann. % change (million) per capita Є 78 76 79 84 90 3.8 5.2 17.3 Source: Trade Estimates (2006) • The Finnish economy is strong at the moment and consumers’ confidence and disposable incomes are rising. Sales of luggage and (leather) accessories increased since 2003 and rose by 14%, from € 79 to 90 million between 2003 and 2005 (see table 1.1). -
Motivation Internet in Pakistan
Overview Information Access and Communication Networks in the z Poor Man’s Broadband Developing-world – Poor Man’s Cache – Packet Containment z TEK Internet Search Umar Saif z Inverse Multiplexing of Cellular LUMS, Pakistan Connections [email protected] | [email protected] z Teleputer (Time permitting) Motivation Internet in Pakistan Developed Developing z Facts of life in the developing world World e World d – Expensive International Bandwidth 2 MB Internet i 2 MB Internet Connection Connection v – No real peering points < $40 i > $4000 D – Internet used over dialup Bulk Data Bulk Data Transfer on Transfer on • Poor “Scratch card” provisioning the Internet l the Internet > 70% a < 15% t i Average End- Average End- user g user i Bandwidth via Bandwidth ISP D via ISP > 100 kb/sec < 10 kb/sec Internet in Pakistan How I Stumbled Upon this? z Average Dialup Bandwidth z “Good research solves real problems in a – Less than 10 kb/sec practical way” z Almost Never Used for – Started last year when I wanted to exchange a 3.5 MB PDF file with my dad – Exchanging – Two laptops sitting next to each other – Disseminating – No way to exchange data if you don’t have portable – Accessing storage! …. Content larger than a couple of hundred • We actually went our and bought a CDR to exchange kilobyes data…. 1 Problem Solution <10kb/sec Internet Bypass the Internet when exchanging large Internet ~ 56kb/sec ~ 56kb/sec Not a Last Mile Problem Email Attachments Disruptive Technology z Time to exchange a 3.5 MB file on the z Of course Internet also started as an -
E-Commerce and Its Impact on Competition Policy and Law in Singapore
E-commerce and its impact on competition policy and law in Singapore A DotEcon study for the Competition Commission of Singapore Final Report – October 2015 DotEcon Ltd 17 Welbeck Street London W1G 9XJ www.dotecon.com Content Content 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2 E-commerce activity in Singapore ............................................................................... 4 2.1 An introduction to e-commerce ........................................................................... 4 2.2 E-commerce adoption in Singapore ................................................................... 17 3 E-commerce and competition .................................................................................... 38 3.1 What changes with e-commerce? ...................................................................... 38 3.2 The impact of e-commerce on market boundaries ............................................. 59 3.3 The impact of e-commerce on market structure and competition ...................... 65 3.4 Vertical restraints ............................................................................................... 77 4 Implications of e-commerce for competition policy in Singapore .............................. 83 4.1 Defining a relevant market ................................................................................. 84 4.2 Assessing market power ................................................................................... -
Vimpelcom Ltd
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F Registration Statement Pursuant to Section 12(b) or (g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 OR ⌧ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 OR Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 OR Shell Company Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Commission File Number: 1-34694 VIMPELCOM LTD. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Bermuda (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) Claude Debussylaan 88, 1082 MD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Address of principal executive offices) Jeffrey D. McGhie Group General Counsel & Chief Corporate Affairs Officer Claude Debussylaan 88, 1082 MD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Tel: +31 20 797 7200 Fax: +31 20 797 7201 (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, each representing one common share New York Stock Exchange Common shares, US$ 0.001 nominal value New York Stock Exchange* * Listed, not for trading or quotation purposes, but only in connection with the registration of ADSs pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 1,628,199,135 common shares, US$ 0.001 nominal value. -
Singapore Internet Case Study
THE e-CITY: SINGAPORE INTERNET CASE STUDY April 2001 Michael Minges, Magda Ismail and Larry Press wrote this report. Vanessa Gray provided editorial comments and Nathalie Delmas handled formatting and production. Vincent Tan Fu Ming of Radin Mas Primary School in Singapore drew the picture on the cover. The authors are indebted to the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) for its support and particularly Meng Chung Lee who graciously dealt with the logistics. The report is based on field research undertaken 24-28 July 2000 as well as reports and articles identified in the bibliography or as footnotes. We would like to thank Jenny Yeo (Radin Mas Primary School), Alvin Kuek (AsiaStockWatch), Yap Kwang Tan (Ministry of Education), Colin Quek (National Healthcare Group), Siew Luan Yap (AsiaOne), Yoke Wah Lum (Ministry of Health), Cecilia Yip (Singa- pore Broadcasting Authority), Vivien Chow (Singapore Cable Vision) as well as IDA for their valuable comments on the draft version of this report. The views expressed are those of the authors and may not necessarily re- flect the opinions of the International Telecommunication Union, its mem- bers, or the Government of the Republic of Singapore. This report is one of a series of Internet Case Studies. Additional information is available on the Internet Case Studies web site at www.itu.int/ti/casestudies. © ITU 2001 ii Contents 1. Country background ............................................................ 1 1.1 Overview............................................................................. 1 1.2 Demography ........................................................................ 1 1.3 Economy ............................................................................. 1 1.4 Human development............................................................. 2 1.5 Political ............................................................................... 2 2. Information and Communication Technology markets ......... 4 2.1 Telecommunication Sector .................................................... -
History of the Internet-English
Sirin Palasri Steven Huter ZitaWenzel, Ph.D. THE HISTOR Y OF THE INTERNET IN THAILAND Sirin Palasri Steven G. Huter Zita Wenzel (Ph.D.) The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC) University of Oregon The History of the Internet in Thailand by Sirin Palasri, Steven Huter, and Zita Wenzel Cover Design: Boonsak Tangkamcharoen Published by University of Oregon Libraries, 2013 1299 University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403-1299 United States of America Telephone: (541) 346-3053 / Fax: (541) 346-3485 Second printing, 2013. ISBN: 978-0-9858204-2-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-9858204-6-6 (English PDF), doi:10.7264/N3B56GNC ISBN: 978-0-9858204-7-3 (Thai PDF), doi:10.7264/N36D5QXN Originally published in 1999. Copyright © 1999 State of Oregon, by and for the State Board of Higher Education, on behalf of the Network Startup Resource Center at the University of Oregon. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/deed.en_US Requests for permission, beyond the Creative Commons authorized uses, should be addressed to: The Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC) 1299 University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon 97403-1299 USA Telephone: +1 541 346-3547 Email: [email protected] Fax: +1 541-346-4397 http://www.nsrc.org/ This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NCR-961657. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. -
KARELIAN in RUSSIA ELDIA Case-Specific Report
Studies in European Language Diversity 26 KARELIAN IN RUSSIA ELDIA Case-Specific Report Heini KARJALAINEN, Ulriikka PUURA, Riho GRÜNTHAL, Svetlana KOVALEVA Mainz Wien Helsinki Tartu Mariehamn Oulu Maribor Studies in European Language Diversity is a peer-reviewed online publication series of the research project ELDIA, serving as an outlet for preliminary research findings, individual case studies, background and spin-off research. Editor-in-Chief Johanna Laakso (Wien) Editorial Board Kari Djerf (Helsinki), Riho Grünthal (Helsinki), Anna Kolláth (Maribor), Helle Metslang (Tartu), Karl Pajusalu (Tartu), Anneli Sarhimaa (Mainz), Sia Spiliopoulou Åkermark (Mariehamn), Helena Sulkala (Oulu), Reetta Toivanen (Helsinki) Publisher Research consortium ELDIA c/o Prof. Dr. Anneli Sarhimaa Northern European and Baltic Languages and Cultures (SNEB) Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Jakob-Welder-Weg 18 (Philosophicum) D-55099 Mainz, Germany Contact: [email protected] © 2013 European Language Diversity for All (ELDIA) Cover design: Minna Pelkonen & Hajnalka Berényi-Kiss ELDIA is an international research project funded by the European Commission. The views expressed in the Studies in European Language Diversity are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. All contents of the Studies in European Language Diversity are subject to the Austrian copyright law. The contents may be used exclusively for private, non- commercial purposes. Regarding any further uses of the Studies -
The Promise of Ubiquity Mobile As Media Platform in the Global South
EUROPE THE PROMISE OF UBIQUITY MOBILE AS MEDIA PLATFORM IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH 7 2 2 8 2 8 INTERNEWS EUROPE 3 EUROPE THE PROMISE OF UBIQUITY MOBILE AS MEDIA PLATFORM IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH INTERNEWS EUROPE THE PROMISE OF UBIQUITY Credits Produced by John West for Internews Europe © 2008. All rights reserved. This report is available in PDF online at http://www.internews.eu This publication was generously supported by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Internews Network. 2 CONTENTS Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 1 2. Reach – mobile now matches TV in the South 5 2.1. 2006-8 Explosion 5 2.2. Predicted continued growth 6 2.3. Generalised pattern 7 2.4. South not G7, East or Middle East 8 2.5. Least-Developed Countries 9 2.6. The decision-maker’s bubble 10 2.7. A BOP business 11 a) MNOs and the decline of ARPU 11 b) Handset manufacturers 13 c) Government: critical mass of competition 13 3. Case Studies 15 3.1. Ken Banks – FrontlineSMS 15 3.2. Paul Meyer – Voxiva LLC 16 3.3. Jasmine News Service 17 3.4. Emmanuel de Dinechin – Altai Consulting 18 3.5. Jonathan Marks, Critical Distance 19 3.6. Mike Grenville – 160Characters.org 20 3.7. Bobby Soriano – mobile in the Philippines 21 3.8. Illico Elia, Thomson Reuters Mobile Products 22 3.9. Jan Blom, designer, Nokia, Bangalore 23 4. The implications for southern media 25 4.1. Working Conclusions 25 a) If you don’t do it, someone else will 25 b) It’s only just beginning 25 c) Text is everywhere, voice is (surprisingly) nowhere 25 d) Know what you’re offering 25 e) Know Your Market 26 f) It’s tough down the food chain – strike out on your own if you can 26 g) Look Everywhere for the Business Model 26 h) Broadcast point of departure: participation 26 i) Print point of departure: the right snippet of data 26 5. -
Pakistan and the Internet Dr Mohammad Yaseen, Chairman, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA)
MobileNational paymentMobile development systems access Pakistan and the Internet Dr Mohammad Yaseen, Chairman, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) Internet usage in Pakistan is growing, but is still low. The government is encouraging broadband service growth throughout the country and has established a new regulatory framework that better reflects and deals with the challenges that digital technology raises. In addition to changing laws to enable safer transactions on the Internet, Pakistan has promoted a wide variety of measures for e-learning, e-banking, e-governance, e-health, e-crimes and e-commerce that promise to make the Internet an integral part of life in Pakistan. Dr Mohammad Yaseen is the Chairman of the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA). He has produced 30 international and national publications on telecom technologies, ICT growth, strategies and design of telecom networks. Dr Yaseen has represented the PTA at various international and national forums, including the Asia Pacific Telecommunity (APT), where he was named Vice Chairman of APT Study Group 2 (Networks). Prior to joining the PTA, Dr Yaseen served as: Director of Strategy at PTCL Pakistan; as Senior Consultant for Advanced Networks and Systems, Australia; as a System and Project Engineer, at Alcatel Submarine Networks Australia; and, as a Senior Research Officer at Essex University, England. Dr Mohammad Yaseen graduated from DCET, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan. He was awarded a Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Science and Technology, Scholarship to complete his PhD with specialization in Telecommunication Systems at the University of Essex, England. Today, the Internet and advances in The Internet in Pakistan • TWA 1 (Trans World Associates information and communications technology, Submarine fibre optic cable system). -
Cyberdissent: the Internet in Revolutionary Iran
Volume 7, No. 3 - September 2003 CYBERDISSENT: THE INTERNET IN REVOLUTIONARY IRAN By Babak Rahimi This paper argues that the internet, as an advancing new means of communication, has played an important role in the ongoing struggle for democracy in Iran. While outlining its history in Iran amidst an ambiguous state response to its rapid development since 1993, the paper also attempts to show how the internet has opened a new virtual space for political dissent. The paper claims that the internet is an innovative method for resistance in that it essentially defies control and supervision of speech by authoritarian rule seeking to undermine resistance. The contemporary history of the struggle for democracy is replete with examples of how information and communication technologies (ICTs), such as the internet, have assisted political dissent movements to undermine authoritarian regimes around the globe.(1) In Pakistan, recent measures by the government to curtail access to websites continue to meet tough resistance from Pakistani internet users.(2) Most interestingly, in Zimbabwe the democratic opposition has resisted Robert Mugabe’s regime and its monopoly of information sources in rural regions by e- mailing daily news bulletins to other rural sites, where they are printed and distributed by children on bikes. Throughout the world, the world wide web and e-mail have consistently proven themselves as powerful means of communication to oppose autocratic rule.(3) The democratic threat posed to authoritarian regimes by the internet is obvious: cyberspace is a powerful medium of interaction that defies any form of strict supervision. As former U.S. President Bill Clinton has said, the effort of these regimes to control the internet is reminiscent of an attempt to nail Jell-o to a wall.(4) The case of Iran provides an interesting example of the democratic potential of the internet. -
Website Preferences of Finnish and Mexican University Students: a Cross-Cultural Study
Website Preferences of Finnish and Mexican University Students: A Cross-Cultural Study Miguel Santiago Department Educational Sciences and Teacher Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu Email: [email protected] Pirkko Hyvönen Department Educational Sciences and Teacher Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu and University of Lapland Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract This paper is focused on understanding Internet use and comparing cross- cultural differences according to the contents and preferences of the websites that are most visited by two groups of university students from Finland (n = 30) and Mexico (n = 30). The following research is an exploratory qualitative study with some basic statistics. A questionnaire was used in this study as a data collection instrument. The findings show that in both groups, university students prefer websites about social networking (Facebook), sending email (MSN), videos (YouTube), multiplatform applications (Google), educational sites (University of Oulu), and wikis (Wikipedia). This demonstrated that both groups have an interest in sharing ideas and meeting friends. The differences reveal that Finnish students use their university’s website more regularly than the Mexican student respondents and that they tend to implement their ideas more often. Furthermore, this study explored how university students use the Internet and what type of influence the Internet has on them. The emotional effects suggest that almost quarter of students reported using the internet to escape negative feelings, such as depression or nervousness. The findings provide information for university teachers about students’ habits and prior knowledge regarding Internet use for educational purposes. The information will be helpful when designing learning and teaching in multicultural student groups.