DOCSLIB.ORG

South-South Collaborative Programme

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
South-South Collaborative Programme CLA SOUTH-SOUTH #1 COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMME OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES Globalisation and the New Pan East Africanism: Exploring Borderland Research and Theoretical Issues in the Study of Regional Integration Peter Wafula WEKESA CODESRIA CLACSO Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales - Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais Av. Callao 875 | piso 5º “J” [recepción] | C1023AAB | Buenos Aires | Argentina Tel [54 11] 4811 6588 | Fax [54 11] 4812 8459 e-mail <[email protected]> | web <www.clacso.org> CLA Globalisation and the #1 New Pan East Africanism: Exploring Borderland Research and Theoretical Issues in the Study of Regional Integration Peter Wafula WEKESA This paper was originally presented to the Summer Institute on “International Hegemony and the South: A Tricontinental Perspective”, Havana, Cuba, 2005. The event was organized by “The Africa, Asia and Latin America Scholarly Collaborative Program”, supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. The opinions expressed in this document, which has not been submitted to editorial revision, are the exclusive responsibility of the author and they do not necessarily agree with the position of CLACSO/CODESRIA/APISA. Copyright 2008 The Africa-Asia-Latin America Scholarly Collaborative Program. International hegemony and the south ISBN: 978-987-1183-88-3 Patrocinado por Agencia Sueca de Desarrollo Internacional OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES 5 Abstract Intellectual discourses on regional integration in Africa have continued to gener- ate diverse and often contradictory debates and responses. A common con- vergence in these debates, as they have increasingly come to be associated with the current process of globalisation, is that regional integration is not only desirable but also necessary. The latter consensus seems to be justified on the premise that individual states cannot readily achieve their social, economic and political goals in isolation from their neighbours. Thus, the desirability of promoting regional integration continue to be widely acknowledged by multilat- eral agencies, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), national governments and academics on the continent. The concept of Pan-East Africanism, seen as the new initiative to integrate the East African states of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania is contextualized within the emerging global realities and trends. This paper sets out to review the state of regional integration efforts in East Africa. Viewed within the context of Pan-East Africanism, the paper explores some of the theoretical and methodological backgrounds informing current research on regional integration. Away from the often-accepted state-centric and mainly economistic theoretical formulations, the paper offers some critical reflections on regional integration based on the new emerging borderland perspectives. It specifically argues that people centred top-up theoretical perspectives offer a more informed and practical approach to regional integration in East Africa. Globalisation and Regional Integration in Africa: An Introduction There is perhaps no term that has received much scholarly attention in the contemporary discourse than globalisation. Indeed, as a world phenomenon, globalisation has generated numerous definitional variants to warrant any spe- cific benchmarks. More generally however, globalisation as a world process has been defined as involving a steady decline in the importance of national boundaries and geographical distance as constraints on the mobility of people, goods and services. The process of globalisation is thus said to correspond to an unprecedented contraction of space and elimination of great distances and time through the development of new means of communication and information technologies across the planet (Zeleza, 2003). Key concepts within the foregoing definition are important to our under- standing of the link between globalisation and regional integration. These include the contraction of spaces and decline in the importance of boundaries. Both processes of globalisation and regional integration are concerned with spaces of interaction either at global or regional levels. The scope of such interactions aims at providing mutual relevance to specific entities upon which frequency of contacts, transactions, common aims or attributes, economic complementarity SOUTH-SOUTH COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMME etc. are enhanced among various units. Like globalisation therefore, regional integration is concerned not only about space generally but also, and more specifically, with the boundaries of specific states in a particular region. Ac- cording to Adetula (2004: 2), regional integration may be taken as a dialectical unity of social, economic and political processes. Simply put, it represents a situation in which states become interdependent in whatever aspects of their relations as they aspire. Its constitutionality should, according to Ochwada (2004: 54), be worked out in terms of a reasonable theory of integration that provides for a shared space to pursue socio-political and economic activities across national borders, a space that transcends the concerns and interests of top political leaders. Globalisation and regional integration are concepts whose linkage deserves some historical hindsight. Especially within the African context, such a histori- cal consideration must reveal the nature and emergence of these concepts in relation to the social, economic and political realities on the continent and the latter’s incorporation into the metropolitan dominated world capitalist system. Globalisation and efforts towards regional integration are not new since com- munities, nations and indeed continents have historically been in touch with each other. However it should neither be argued that the present globalisation and trends towards regional integration have no marked differences with those in the past, nor are they packaged with numerous contradictions. It is instructive, for instance, to observe that in regard to boundaries and borderland communities, globalisation and regionalism seem to be opening up new avenues for unequal interaction between the various states and peoples. Current trends towards regionalism, although benefiting from contemporary global trends, do not only minimally pay attention to historical dynamics in the region but also present numerous theoretical contradictions and challenges. African Regional Integration: Pre-colonial and Colonial Debates Most African regional integration analyses have erroneously commenced their efforts with postcolonial developments and initiatives. Yet, it is historically evi- dent that various forms of social, economic and political integration initiatives predate colonialism and the nation state in Africa. Throughout Africa, people interacted with one another and with the outside world long before the onset of colonialism. In these interactions, various forms of social, economic and politi- cal exchanges allowed for the free movement of people, goods and services. Ochwada (2004) has elaborately pointed out how such pre-colonial networks of relations need to form the basis of understanding regional integration efforts within the East African context. The author particularly argues that, despite the existence of diverse political organisations, people moved freely without the inhibitions and restrictions of artificial boundaries that were to characterize later these regions, following the onset of colonialism. With the expansive trading networks in the sub-region, the area had become regionally integrated through commerce and through other social and political networks that enhanced good neighbourliness. Like in East Africa, this trend has been observed throughout Africa (Zeleza, 1993). African pre-colonial integration mechanisms, though less documented, provide an important basis for understanding current initiatives, their progress and challenges. Any meaningful historical trajectory on regionalism in Africa, starting with the pre-colonial period must of necessity also consider colonial developments. With the onset of colonialism various social, economic and po- litical forms of transformation of African lives were initiated which, in turn, had a profound impact on the nature of interaction between the various peoples on the continent. Perhaps the most important colonial impact in this case was the creation of colonial boundaries. These boundaries were drawn, in most cases, OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES 7 across well established lines of interaction between different African communi- ties. As Asiwaju (1992) has argued, the boundaries disrupted forms of inter-social relations, including, in every case, a dominant or active sense of community based on traditions concerning common ancestry, usually very strong kinship ties, shared socio-political institutions and economic resources, common cus- toms and practices and sometimes acceptance of a common political control. The foregoing historical issues form the basis upon which any understanding of regional integration initiatives in Africa ought to be located. Indeed, most of the colonial efforts towards regionalism in Africa were based on these historical reali- ties despite their objectives being geared towards serving colonial interests. Specifically within the colonial period, the persistence of the pre-colonial informal integration networks was visible in spite of the colonial policy of divide and rule that worked against any tendency towards regional integration. The various colonial administrators viewed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Geography 243 Geography of Africa
    Geography 243 Geography of Africa: Local Resources and Livelihoods in a Global Context 1 First Year Seminar Fall Semester, 2018 Class Time and Location : 1:20-2:50, Tuesdays & Thursdays, Rm 105, Carnegie Hall Instructor : Bill Moseley Office : Rm 104d, Carnegie Hall Office Hours : 1:30-2:30pm MW, 3-4pm on Thurs, or by appointment Phone : 651-696-6126. Email : [email protected] Writing Assistant: Rosie Chittick ([email protected] ). Office hrs: 6:30-8pm MW, Dupre, Geography Dept Office Lounge, Carnegie 104 Course Description and Objectives From the positive images in the film Black Panther , to the derogatory remarks of President Trump, the African continent often figures prominently in our collective imagination. This class goes beyond the superficial media interpretations of the world’s second largest region to complicate and ground our understanding of this fascinating continent. Africa South of the Sahara has long been depicted in the media as a place of crisis – a region of the world often known for civil strife, disease, corruption, hunger and environmental destruction. This perception is not entirely unfounded, after all, Ebola in west and central Africa, the kidnapping of school girls in northern Nigeria, or civil war and hunger in Somalia are known problems. Yet Africa is a place of extraordinarily diverse, vibrant, and dynamic cultures. Many Africans also expertly manage their natural resources, are brilliant agriculturalists and have traditions of democratic governance at the local level. As such, the African story is extremely diverse and varied. The thoughtful student must work hard to go beyond the superficial media interpretations of the vast African continent and appreciate its many realities without succumbing to a romanticized view.
    [Show full text]
  • Resume of Chief Examiners' Report for the General
    RESUME OF CHIEF EXAMINERS’ REPORT FOR THE GENERAL SUBJECTS SECTION 1. STANDARD OF PAPERS All the Chief Examiners reported that the standard of the papers compared favourably with that of previous years. 2. PERFORMANCE OF CANDIDATES The Chief Examiners expressed varied opinions about candidates’ performance. An improved performance was reported by the Chief Examiners of History, Economics, Geography 1B, Christian Religious Studies, Islamic Studies, Government and Social Studies. However the Chief Examiner for Geography 2 reported a slight decline in the performance of candidates. 3. A SUMMARY OF CANDIDATES’ STRENGTHS The Chief Examiners noted the following commendable features in the candidates’ scripts. (1) Orderly Presentation of material and good expression The subjects for which candidates were commended for orderly presentation of material and clarity of expression include Christian Religious Studies, Economics, History, Islamic Studies , Government and Social Studies . (2) Relevant examples and illustrations An appreciable number of candidates in Geography 1, Social Studies, History and Government were commended by the Chief Examiners for buttressing their points with relevant examples. (3) Compliance with the rubrics Candidates of History, Christian Religious Studies, Government , Geography 1 and 2 were reported to have adhered to the rubrics of the paper very strictly. (4) Legible Handwriting The Chief Examiners for Christian Religious Studies, Economics , History, Islamic Studies, Government and Social Studies commended candidates for good handwriting. 4. A SUMMARY OF CANDIDATES’WEAKNESSES The Chief examiners reported the following as weaknesses of most of the candidates: (1) Inability to draw diagrams properly The Chief Examiner for Geography 1B reported that the candidates failed to draw well-labelled diagrams and could not interpret graph and other statistical data.
    [Show full text]
  • About the Geography of Africa
    CK_4_TH_HG_P087_242.QXD 10/6/05 9:02 AM Page 146 IV. Early and Medieval African Kingdoms Teaching Idea Create an overhead of Instructional What Teachers Need to Know Master 21, The African Continent, and A. Geography of Africa use it to orient students to the physical Background features discussed in this section. Have them use the distance scale to Africa is the second-largest continent. Its shores are the Mediterranean compute distances, for example, the Sea on the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Red Sea and Indian Ocean length and width of the Sahara. to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south. The area south of the Sahara is Students might be interested to learn often called sub-Saharan Africa and is the focus of Section C, “Medieval that the entire continental United Kingdoms of the Sudan,” (see pp. 149–152). States could fit inside the Sahara. Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea The Red Sea separates Africa from the Arabian Peninsula. Except for the small piece of land north of the Red Sea, Africa does not touch any other land- Name Date mass. Beginning in 1859, a French company dug the Suez Canal through this nar- The African Continent row strip of Egypt between the Mediterranean and the Red Seas. The new route, Study the map. Use it to answer the questions below. completed in 1869, cut 4,000 miles off the trip from western Europe to India. Atlantic and Indian Oceans The Atlantic Ocean borders the African continent on the west. The first explorations by Europeans trying to find a sea route to Asia were along the Atlantic coast of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Kwaheri Ukoloni, Kwaheri Uhuru! Harith Ghassany
    Kwaheri Ukoloni, Kwaheri Uhuru! Harith Ghassany [email protected] SOMA HAPA KWANZA Usambazaji wa kitabu hichi kwa mfumo wa Free Electronic Downloading unafanyika chini ya mkataba wa Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 ambao uko chini ya Sharia za nchi ya Marekani. Kwa mujibu wa Mkataba na Sharia hii, mtu anayekichukuwa kitabu hichi kupitia mfumo huu ana uhuru pia wa kukigawa, kukirudufu na kukisambaza chini ya masharti yafuatayo: • Kulitaja jina la mwandishi wa kitabu kwa njia isiyohalalisha matumizi binafsi ya kitabu • Kutokitumia kwa makusudi ya kibiashara wakati kinauzwa katika mfumo wa kitabu • Kutokubadilisha, kugeuza, au kuongeza chochote kwenye kitabu hichi Kwa maelezo zaidi, tafadhali tembelea: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ Kitabu hichi kinatolewa bure katika mfumo huu ili msomaji anufaike na baadaye naye akipendekeze kwa mwenzake ili hatimaye ujumbe wa kusimamisha amani uliomo kitabuni uwafikie walio wengi. Hata hivyo, mwandishi wa kitabu hiki anafahamu kwamba raha hasa ya kitabu ni kuwamo mikononi mwa msomaji, maana kitabu ni miongoni mwa vitu adhimu na vikongwe kabisa katika urathi wa mwanaadamu. Kwa hivyo, licha ya kutolewa fursa hii ya mfumo wa kukisoma bure kitabu hichi kupitia kwenye mtandao, ni matarajio ya mwandishi kuwa wako watakaopendelea wawe nacho mikononi na kukisoma kwa nafasi zao. Kwa vile walengwa wa mfumo huu wa Free Electronic Downloading ni Wazanzibari na Watanganyika wa kawaida, basi ipo haja kwa wale wenye uwezo, wakiwa ndani ama nje ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, kutoa mchango wa kuvinunua vitabu ama kupitia mtandao wa kitabu, http://kwaherikwaheri.com, au moja kwa moja kutoka http://lulu.com na kuwafikishia walimu na wanafunzi walioko kwenye skuli na vyuo vya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania.
    [Show full text]
  • Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914
    Delineating Dominion: Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert H. Clemm Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: John F. Guilmartin, Advisor Alan Beyerchen Ousman Kobo Copyright by Robert H Clemm 2012 Abstract This dissertation documents the ways in which cartography was used during the Scramble for Africa to conceptualize, conquer and administer newly-won European colonies. By comparing the actions of two colonial powers, Germany and Britain, this study exposes how cartography was a constant in the colonial process. Using a three-tiered model of “gazes” (Discoverer, Despot, and Developer) maps are analyzed to show both the different purposes they were used for as well as the common appropriative power of the map. In doing so this study traces how cartography facilitated the colonial process of empire building from the beginnings of exploration to the administration of the colonies of German and British East Africa. During the period of exploration maps served to make the territory of Africa, previously unknown, legible to European audiences. Under the gaze of the Despot the map was used to legitimize the conquest of territory and add a permanence to the European colonies. Lastly, maps aided the capitalist development of the colonies as they were harnessed to make the land, and people, “useful.” Of special highlight is the ways in which maps were used in a similar manner by both private and state entities, suggesting a common understanding of the power of the map.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Unveiled
    MERENGKY-CIOM'^TrrrKi u::iVEn£iTE:T AFRICA UNVEILED. Digitized by the internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/africaunveiledOOrevh : ; AFRICA UNVEILED. BY THE REV. HENRY ROWLEY, Formerly of the Unmersifies' Mission to Central Africa. "AFRICA SEMPER ALIQUID NOV! REFERT." WITH MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS. PUBLISHID UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMITTEE OF GENERAL LITERATURE AND EDUCATION, APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE. LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE SOLD AT THE DEPOSITORIES : FIELDS 77, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN J PICCADILLY 4, ROYAL EXCHANGE J 48, J AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. New York : Pott, Young & Co. 1S76. silenced, but not satisfied. And my dissatisfaction was justified, for in course of time the interior of Africa, south of the Sahara, was found to be not LONDON: Printed by Jas. Tniscott & Son, Suffolk Lane, City. CONTENTS. —— PAGB Geographical Features of Africa i The"Different Races of Africa—^The Nilotic Family . 29 The Different Races of Africa—^The Nigritian Family . 55 Different Forms of Government in Africa ... 80 Religious Beliefs and Customs of the Africans . n i Domestic and Social Customs of the Africans . 144 African Slavery and Slave Trade 171 Christianity in Africa . 211 — AFRICA UNVEILED. — CHAPTER I. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF AFRICA. Many years ago, when I was a small boy, I recollect pondering over a map of Africa, and being greatly perplexed thereby. My difficult)^ was this. South of Barbary, and west of the valley of the Nile, the map described a desert which extended right across the continent to the Atlantic Ocean, and southwards to the Mountains of the Moon, below which mysterious range of hills was a blank space, reaching to the region of the Cape, which, I was told, was also a barren region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Economy of Africa's Natural Resources And
    Theme On The Environment, Macroeconomics, Trade And Investment (TEMTI) Economic Perspectives on Global Sustainability TEMTI Series EP 02/2015 The Political Economy of Africa’s natural resources and the ‘Great Financial Crisis’ Bram Büscher Sociology of Development and Change, Wageningen University, the Netherlands; Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg and Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Stellenbosch in South Africa Recommended Citation Büscher, B. (2015), The political economy of Africa’s natural resources and the ‘Great Financial Crisis,’ TEMTI Series of Economic Perspectives on Global Sustainability, EP 02- 2014, TEMTI –CEESP / IUCN. Available at: http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/ceesp/what_we_do/wg/temti.cfm Original publication: Büscher, B. (2012), The political economy of Africa’s natural resources and the ‘Great Financial Crisis,’ in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie – 2012, Vol. 103, No. 2, pp. 136–149. Original article available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467- 9663.2012.00708.x/ International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policies (CEESP) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AFRICA’S NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ‘GREAT FINANCIAL CRISIS’tesg_708 136..149 Bram Büscher1 ABSTRACT Over the last decade, Africa’s natural resources have seen another rapid rise in political- economic importance. The continent’s abundant biodiversity underpins the fast-growing (eco)tourism industry, while its rich energy resources have seen renewed attention from global powers. Obviously, these boom-and-bust cycles of interest in African natural resources have signified the continent’s place in the capitalist world order for a long time.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography of Africa: Local Resources and Livelihoods in a Global Context1 Spring Semester, 2020
    Geography 243 Geography of Africa: Local Resources and Livelihoods in a Global Context1 Spring Semester, 2020 Class Time and Location: 9:40-11:10, Tuesdays & Thursdays, Rm 107, Carnegie Hall Instructor: Bill Moseley Office: Rm 104d, Carnegie Hall Office Hours: 1:15-2:15 MTWR, or by appointment Phone: 696-6126 Email: [email protected] Teaching Assistants: Sophia Alhadeff ([email protected]), 7-9pm Wed, 104 Carnegie (Geography lounge) Augusta Fricke ([email protected]), 7:30-9:30pm Mon, 104 Carnegie (Geography lounge) Course Description and Objectives From the positive images in the film Black Panther, to the derogatory remarks of President Trump, the African continent often figures prominently in our collective imagination. This class goes beyond the superficial media interpretations of the world’s second largest region to complicate and ground our understanding of this fascinating continent. Africa South of the Sahara has long been depicted in the media as a place of crisis – a region of the world often known for civil strife, disease, corruption, hunger and environmental destruction. This perception is not entirely unfounded, after all, Ebola in west and central Africa, the kidnapping of school girls in northern Nigeria, or civil war and hunger in Somalia are known problems. Yet Africa is a place of extraordinarily diverse, vibrant, and dynamic cultures. Many Africans also expertly manage their natural resources, are brilliant agriculturalists and have traditions of democratic governance at the local level. As such, the African story is extremely diverse and varied. The thoughtful student must work hard to go beyond the superficial media interpretations of the vast African continent and appreciate its many realities without succumbing to a romanticized view.
    [Show full text]
  • Pan Africanism and the Challenge of EAC Integration
    Pan-Africanism and the Challenge of East African Community Integration By Issa G. Shivji Mwalimu Nyerere University Professor of Pan-African Studies University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam [email protected] Paper to be presented at the EAC 10th Anniversary Symposium, 13-14 November 2009, Arusha, Tanzania. 1 Pan-Africanism and the Challenge of East African Community Integration By Issa G. Shivji Mwalimu Nyerere University Professor of Pan-African Studies University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam [email protected] I. Introductory The purpose of this short paper is to assess the challenge of regional unity like the East African Community (EAC) from the standpoint of pan-Africanism. We use the term ‘regional unity’, or regionalism, to refer to include both economic integration and political association. As we celebrate the 10th anniversary of the second-generation East African Community, it is opportune to stand back from the dominant debates on forms of integration – common market, monetary union, fast-tracking or snail-walking of the East African Federation etc. – and ask certain core questions: What exactly is the vision, the lodestar, so to speak, of the regional project? What is its historical genesis? What are the driving forces of the project, in whose interest and for what purpose? How does the project relate to the larger global forces, and in particular, to the changing world hegemonies? It is only by asking these bigger questions that we can critically assess where we are going and chart the possible way forward. It is not my intention to enter into a debate on the merits or demerits of the forms of economic integration or the speed of political association.
    [Show full text]
  • JULIUS KAMBARAGE NYERERE (1922-) Yusuf Kassam1
    The following text was originally published in Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education (Paris, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education), vol. XXIV, no. 1/2, 1994, p. 247-259. ©UNESCO: International Bureau of Education, 2000 This document may be reproduced free of charge as long as acknowledgement is made of the source. JULIUS KAMBARAGE NYERERE (1922-) Yusuf Kassam1 Julius Nyerere, the former and founding President of the United Republic of Tanzania, is known not only as one of the world’s most respected statesmen and an articulate spokesman of African liberation and African dignity but also as an educator and an original and creative educational thinker. Before launching his political career, he was a teacher, and as a result of his writings on educational philosophy and the intimate interaction between his political leadership and educational leadership for the country, he is fondly and respectfully referred to by the title of ‘Mwalimu’ (teacher) by Tanzanians and others. This is Gillette’s view of him: Indeed, part of Nyerere’s charisma lies in the fact that, before launching his political career with the founding of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) in 1954, he was a teacher and that his concept of his role as national leader includes constant reassessment, learning and explanation, i.e. education in the broadest sense. Since Independence, and particularly since the threshold year of 1967, Tanzania has been something of a giant in-service seminar, with Nyerere in the professor’s chair (Gillette, 1977). Many features of his educational philosophy have a universal relevance and have inspired many educators and educational and development organizations around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Prospects for a Monetary Union in the East Africa Community: Some Empirical Evidence
    Department of Economics and Finance Working Paper No. 18-04 , Guglielmo Maria Caporale, Hector Carcel Luis Gil-Alana Prospects for A Monetary Union in the East Africa Community: Some Empirical Evidence May 2018 Economics and Finance Working Paper Series Paper Working Finance and Economics http://www.brunel.ac.uk/economics PROSPECTS FOR A MONETARY UNION IN THE EAST AFRICA COMMUNITY: SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE Guglielmo Maria Caporale Brunel University London Hector Carcel Bank of Lithuania Luis Gil-Alana University of Navarra May 2018 Abstract This paper examines G-PPP and business cycle synchronization in the East Africa Community with the aim of assessing the prospects for a monetary union. The univariate fractional integration analysis shows that the individual series exhibit unit roots and are highly persistent. The fractional bivariate cointegration tests (see Marinucci and Robinson, 2001) suggest that there exist bivariate fractional cointegrating relationships between the exchange rate of the Tanzanian shilling and those of the other EAC countries, and also between the exchange rates of the Rwandan franc, the Burundian franc and the Ugandan shilling. The FCVAR results (see Johansen and Nielsen, 2012) imply the existence of a single cointegrating relationship between the exchange rates of the EAC countries. On the whole, there is evidence in favour of G-PPP. In addition, there appears to be a high degree of business cycle synchronization between these economies. On both grounds, one can argue that a monetary union should be feasible. JEL Classification: C22, C32, F33 Keywords: East Africa Community, monetary union, optimal currency areas, fractional integration and cointegration, business cycle synchronization, Hodrick-Prescott filter Corresponding author: Professor Guglielmo Maria Caporale, Department of Economics and Finance, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Julius Nyerere's Philosophy of Education: Implication for Nigeria's
    Julius Nyerere’s Philosophy of Education: Implication for Nigeria’s Educational System Reforms by Francis Diana-Abasi Ibanga [email protected] Department of Philosophy, Federal University of Calabar Cross River State, Nigeria. Abstract Julius K. Nyerere’s philosophy of education is one of the most influential and widely studied theories of education. Policy-makers have continued to draw from it for policy re- engineering. In this paper, the Nigerian educational system is examined in the light of the philosophy. This approach is predicated on the informed belief that there are social and historical commonalities between Nigeria and the society of Nyerere’s philosophy. To this end, it is argued that the philosophy holds some important lessons for Nigeria’s education. For this reason, there is need to inject some doses of its principles in the body polity of education in Nigeria. Therefore, the paper identifies three areas where the principles of the philosophy can be practically invaluable for Nigeria, i.e., school financing, curricula development and entrepreneurial education, in and an the final analysis, the paper identifies the linkage between national philosophy of education and national developmental ideology; and argues that a national philosophy of education of any country must be embedded in the national development ideology which the country’s philosophy of education must drive. Key Words: Nyerere, Nigeria, Philosophy of Education, Tanzania, Ujamaa, Self-reliance, Development 109 Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.9, no.3, June 2016 Introduction Education has been defined in two broad ways. On the one hand, education has been defined as the process by which a society, through certain formal and informal institutions, deliberately transmits its cultural heritage from one generation to another.
    [Show full text]