DOCSLIB.ORG

Africa Unveiled

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Africa Unveiled MERENGKY-CIOM'^TrrrKi u::iVEn£iTE:T AFRICA UNVEILED. Digitized by the internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/africaunveiledOOrevh : ; AFRICA UNVEILED. BY THE REV. HENRY ROWLEY, Formerly of the Unmersifies' Mission to Central Africa. "AFRICA SEMPER ALIQUID NOV! REFERT." WITH MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS. PUBLISHID UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMITTEE OF GENERAL LITERATURE AND EDUCATION, APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE. LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE SOLD AT THE DEPOSITORIES : FIELDS 77, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN J PICCADILLY 4, ROYAL EXCHANGE J 48, J AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. New York : Pott, Young & Co. 1S76. silenced, but not satisfied. And my dissatisfaction was justified, for in course of time the interior of Africa, south of the Sahara, was found to be not LONDON: Printed by Jas. Tniscott & Son, Suffolk Lane, City. CONTENTS. —— PAGB Geographical Features of Africa i The"Different Races of Africa—^The Nilotic Family . 29 The Different Races of Africa—^The Nigritian Family . 55 Different Forms of Government in Africa ... 80 Religious Beliefs and Customs of the Africans . n i Domestic and Social Customs of the Africans . 144 African Slavery and Slave Trade 171 Christianity in Africa . 211 — AFRICA UNVEILED. — CHAPTER I. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF AFRICA. Many years ago, when I was a small boy, I recollect pondering over a map of Africa, and being greatly perplexed thereby. My difficult)^ was this. South of Barbary, and west of the valley of the Nile, the map described a desert which extended right across the continent to the Atlantic Ocean, and southwards to the Mountains of the Moon, below which mysterious range of hills was a blank space, reaching to the region of the Cape, which, I was told, was also a barren region. But I could not beUeve that this great area was a desert It seemed to my boyish mind contrary to the providence of God, to condemn so vast a portion of the world to such a repulsive sterility, and, in my fashion, I said as much. I was told by my preceptor, a rigid but most devout old Puritan, that God knew what was best for the world, and was warned not to trouble myself with matters that were too high for me. I was silenced, but not satisfied. And my dissatisfaction was justified, for in course of time the interior of Afiica, south of the Sahara, was found to be not 2 POPULATION OF AFRICA. a torrid desert, not " a barren and dry land where no water is," and " without inhabitants," but a land crowned by fertile plains, where lived vast numbers of animals, that for their sustenance required much flesh, and a never-failing abundance of pas- " turage ; dense forests, where were both small and great beasts"; inland seas, which in extent equalled the lakes of North America; far reaching rivers, whose life waters and valleys swarmed with ; great mountains, some of which were raised so high that their summits were covered with perpetual snow ; a climate which needed but the agency of civilisation to make it as healthy as any other region within the tropics ; and, above all, a land which gave food and shelter to probably 150 milUons of human beings; and under happier circumstances might sustain 1,000 millions. It may be thought that this is an exaggerated esti- mate of the population of Africa, I do not think so. is is It more thickly peopled than generally supposed ; indeed, some parts of the country are densely popu- lated. The Shillocks afford an illustration of this. These people inhabit the left bank of the White Nile, and occupy a territory about two hundred miles long and ten broad. In 1871 they were subjected to Egypt ; a census of their villages was then made, and it was proved that 1,200,000 souls had been added to the dominion of the Khedive. In the ShUlock country, it is true, there is to be found everything that contributes to the exuberance of life—agriculture, pasturage, fishing, and the chase ; but there are many PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 3 such districts in Africa, and few where human beings are not plentiful The physical geography of Africa is very remarkable, and until within the last thirty years was but little known. Various theories on this subject had from time to time been propounded by eminent men, but it was not till 1852 that the true structure of the country was demonstrated. In his address to the Royal Geo- graphical Society in this year, Sir Roderic I. Murchison declared what were the true featmes of the most ancient, as well as the actual, geography of Africa. He maintained that during countless ages, anterior to the creation of the human race, the old rocks which now form the outer fringe of Central Africa, circled round an interior marshy or lacustrine country, and that the present state of this region represented the resi- dual geographical phenomena of that primeval age. At the same time, he also showed that the differences between the geological past and present of Africa were enormous ; that the lands of Central Africa have been much elevated above the level of the sea, that eruptive rocks have penetrated them in many places ; that deep chasms and defiles have been sud- denly formed in the subtending ridges, through which the waters have been let off to a lower level to cleave their way finally as rivers to the sea. By one of those happy coincidences, which may more properly be called providences, that have tended to excite and maintain interest in Africa of late years, Dr. Livingstone, at the very time this theory was 4 THE VICTORIA FALLS. propounded, was forcing his way across the continent, and, in utter ignorance of Sir Roderic's great inductive feat, had ascertained by actual observation, and be- yond all doubt, that the whole of Central South Africa was at one time a vast lake country ; and, furthermore, on his discovery of the Victoria Falls, had found the exact spot where, by some mighty convulsion, the rocks which there held in the waters were rent in twain, so as to permit them to escape outwards. The Victoria Falls are rightly placed amongst the wonders of the world. The Zambezi, which at this place is nearly a thousand yards broad, suddenly dis- appears. It descends at one plunge into an enor- mously deep chasm less than a himdred feet wide. This great fissure traverses the channel of the river from the right bank to the left, and thence continues its course through the hills to the north-east for thirty or forty miles, where the river emerges into a compara- tively low country, through which, with but few obstructions, it pursues its way down to the Mozam- bique channel. The convulsion which caused this enormously deep chasm undoubtedly broke through the barrier by which the waters of the Zambezi were dammed back in the great central lake. The superstitions of the natives who live in the neigh- bourhood of these falls lead them to invest them with supernatural characteristics. They call them Mosyoa- tunya (the sounding smoke), because dark clouds, which look like the smoke of a burning jungle, are constantly seen to hang over the broad belt THE VICTORIA FALLS. 5 of the river, and thundering sounds are constantly- heard to proceed from the falls. The sudden plunge of the river into the yaw-ning chasm naturally produces these sounds, and the conflict between the raging waters and the walls of rock through which they force their way, produces volumes of spray which rise high above the river, and are then collected into clouds and borne before the wind. But the spray is not uniformly diffused above the great fissure, for in some places it assumes the form of great pillars, like the pLUar of cloud that guided the Israelites of old, among which the sunbeams play and produce glorious circles of prismatic colour. Dr. Linngstone was the first civilised man who beheld these falls. The natives who accompanied him on his first visit to them, saw them for the first time, and were awe-struck with the awful grandeur and wondrous beauty of the scene. The roaring of the waters, the rainbow hues in the rising spray, the gorgeous tropical verdure on either side of the river, so impressed them with religious feeling, that they offered prayers and sacrifices to what they imagined to be the spiritual powers of the locality. -Recent researches have tended to show that the basin-shaped structure of Central South Africa ex- tends northwards ; but how far northwards it extends, has not yet been clearly ascertained. This, however, is certain, the physical structure of Central Africa determines that of almost the entire continent. The watershed is not, as was long supposed, a 6 WATERSHED OP CENTRAL AFRICA. mountain chain sending its roaring torrents on the one side to the Atlantic, and on the other towards the Indian Ocean, but is represented by a vast basin-shaped plateau, varying in height from two to foiu: thousand feet above the level of the sea, which stretches through many degrees of longitude and many degrees of latitude, and in which the Nile, the Zambezi, the Congo, and some other rivers of con- siderable magnitude, have their source—immediately, in the existing lakes, like the Nile and the Shire, or as the drains of the country, like the Niger, the Zambezi, the Congo, and the Orange river. Africa, it is said, has always something new to show, and for many years to come geographical enterprise will find an ample recompense in the discoveries it will make ; yet I think it may be safely affirmed, with regard to the physical geography of Africa, that all future discoveries will prove subsidiary to those already made.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Geography 243 Geography of Africa
    Geography 243 Geography of Africa: Local Resources and Livelihoods in a Global Context 1 First Year Seminar Fall Semester, 2018 Class Time and Location : 1:20-2:50, Tuesdays & Thursdays, Rm 105, Carnegie Hall Instructor : Bill Moseley Office : Rm 104d, Carnegie Hall Office Hours : 1:30-2:30pm MW, 3-4pm on Thurs, or by appointment Phone : 651-696-6126. Email : [email protected] Writing Assistant: Rosie Chittick ([email protected] ). Office hrs: 6:30-8pm MW, Dupre, Geography Dept Office Lounge, Carnegie 104 Course Description and Objectives From the positive images in the film Black Panther , to the derogatory remarks of President Trump, the African continent often figures prominently in our collective imagination. This class goes beyond the superficial media interpretations of the world’s second largest region to complicate and ground our understanding of this fascinating continent. Africa South of the Sahara has long been depicted in the media as a place of crisis – a region of the world often known for civil strife, disease, corruption, hunger and environmental destruction. This perception is not entirely unfounded, after all, Ebola in west and central Africa, the kidnapping of school girls in northern Nigeria, or civil war and hunger in Somalia are known problems. Yet Africa is a place of extraordinarily diverse, vibrant, and dynamic cultures. Many Africans also expertly manage their natural resources, are brilliant agriculturalists and have traditions of democratic governance at the local level. As such, the African story is extremely diverse and varied. The thoughtful student must work hard to go beyond the superficial media interpretations of the vast African continent and appreciate its many realities without succumbing to a romanticized view.
    [Show full text]
  • Resume of Chief Examiners' Report for the General
    RESUME OF CHIEF EXAMINERS’ REPORT FOR THE GENERAL SUBJECTS SECTION 1. STANDARD OF PAPERS All the Chief Examiners reported that the standard of the papers compared favourably with that of previous years. 2. PERFORMANCE OF CANDIDATES The Chief Examiners expressed varied opinions about candidates’ performance. An improved performance was reported by the Chief Examiners of History, Economics, Geography 1B, Christian Religious Studies, Islamic Studies, Government and Social Studies. However the Chief Examiner for Geography 2 reported a slight decline in the performance of candidates. 3. A SUMMARY OF CANDIDATES’ STRENGTHS The Chief Examiners noted the following commendable features in the candidates’ scripts. (1) Orderly Presentation of material and good expression The subjects for which candidates were commended for orderly presentation of material and clarity of expression include Christian Religious Studies, Economics, History, Islamic Studies , Government and Social Studies . (2) Relevant examples and illustrations An appreciable number of candidates in Geography 1, Social Studies, History and Government were commended by the Chief Examiners for buttressing their points with relevant examples. (3) Compliance with the rubrics Candidates of History, Christian Religious Studies, Government , Geography 1 and 2 were reported to have adhered to the rubrics of the paper very strictly. (4) Legible Handwriting The Chief Examiners for Christian Religious Studies, Economics , History, Islamic Studies, Government and Social Studies commended candidates for good handwriting. 4. A SUMMARY OF CANDIDATES’WEAKNESSES The Chief examiners reported the following as weaknesses of most of the candidates: (1) Inability to draw diagrams properly The Chief Examiner for Geography 1B reported that the candidates failed to draw well-labelled diagrams and could not interpret graph and other statistical data.
    [Show full text]
  • About the Geography of Africa
    CK_4_TH_HG_P087_242.QXD 10/6/05 9:02 AM Page 146 IV. Early and Medieval African Kingdoms Teaching Idea Create an overhead of Instructional What Teachers Need to Know Master 21, The African Continent, and A. Geography of Africa use it to orient students to the physical Background features discussed in this section. Have them use the distance scale to Africa is the second-largest continent. Its shores are the Mediterranean compute distances, for example, the Sea on the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Red Sea and Indian Ocean length and width of the Sahara. to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south. The area south of the Sahara is Students might be interested to learn often called sub-Saharan Africa and is the focus of Section C, “Medieval that the entire continental United Kingdoms of the Sudan,” (see pp. 149–152). States could fit inside the Sahara. Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea The Red Sea separates Africa from the Arabian Peninsula. Except for the small piece of land north of the Red Sea, Africa does not touch any other land- Name Date mass. Beginning in 1859, a French company dug the Suez Canal through this nar- The African Continent row strip of Egypt between the Mediterranean and the Red Seas. The new route, Study the map. Use it to answer the questions below. completed in 1869, cut 4,000 miles off the trip from western Europe to India. Atlantic and Indian Oceans The Atlantic Ocean borders the African continent on the west. The first explorations by Europeans trying to find a sea route to Asia were along the Atlantic coast of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914
    Delineating Dominion: Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert H. Clemm Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: John F. Guilmartin, Advisor Alan Beyerchen Ousman Kobo Copyright by Robert H Clemm 2012 Abstract This dissertation documents the ways in which cartography was used during the Scramble for Africa to conceptualize, conquer and administer newly-won European colonies. By comparing the actions of two colonial powers, Germany and Britain, this study exposes how cartography was a constant in the colonial process. Using a three-tiered model of “gazes” (Discoverer, Despot, and Developer) maps are analyzed to show both the different purposes they were used for as well as the common appropriative power of the map. In doing so this study traces how cartography facilitated the colonial process of empire building from the beginnings of exploration to the administration of the colonies of German and British East Africa. During the period of exploration maps served to make the territory of Africa, previously unknown, legible to European audiences. Under the gaze of the Despot the map was used to legitimize the conquest of territory and add a permanence to the European colonies. Lastly, maps aided the capitalist development of the colonies as they were harnessed to make the land, and people, “useful.” Of special highlight is the ways in which maps were used in a similar manner by both private and state entities, suggesting a common understanding of the power of the map.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Economy of Africa's Natural Resources And
    Theme On The Environment, Macroeconomics, Trade And Investment (TEMTI) Economic Perspectives on Global Sustainability TEMTI Series EP 02/2015 The Political Economy of Africa’s natural resources and the ‘Great Financial Crisis’ Bram Büscher Sociology of Development and Change, Wageningen University, the Netherlands; Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg and Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Stellenbosch in South Africa Recommended Citation Büscher, B. (2015), The political economy of Africa’s natural resources and the ‘Great Financial Crisis,’ TEMTI Series of Economic Perspectives on Global Sustainability, EP 02- 2014, TEMTI –CEESP / IUCN. Available at: http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/ceesp/what_we_do/wg/temti.cfm Original publication: Büscher, B. (2012), The political economy of Africa’s natural resources and the ‘Great Financial Crisis,’ in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie – 2012, Vol. 103, No. 2, pp. 136–149. Original article available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467- 9663.2012.00708.x/ International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policies (CEESP) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AFRICA’S NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ‘GREAT FINANCIAL CRISIS’tesg_708 136..149 Bram Büscher1 ABSTRACT Over the last decade, Africa’s natural resources have seen another rapid rise in political- economic importance. The continent’s abundant biodiversity underpins the fast-growing (eco)tourism industry, while its rich energy resources have seen renewed attention from global powers. Obviously, these boom-and-bust cycles of interest in African natural resources have signified the continent’s place in the capitalist world order for a long time.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography of Africa: Local Resources and Livelihoods in a Global Context1 Spring Semester, 2020
    Geography 243 Geography of Africa: Local Resources and Livelihoods in a Global Context1 Spring Semester, 2020 Class Time and Location: 9:40-11:10, Tuesdays & Thursdays, Rm 107, Carnegie Hall Instructor: Bill Moseley Office: Rm 104d, Carnegie Hall Office Hours: 1:15-2:15 MTWR, or by appointment Phone: 696-6126 Email: [email protected] Teaching Assistants: Sophia Alhadeff ([email protected]), 7-9pm Wed, 104 Carnegie (Geography lounge) Augusta Fricke ([email protected]), 7:30-9:30pm Mon, 104 Carnegie (Geography lounge) Course Description and Objectives From the positive images in the film Black Panther, to the derogatory remarks of President Trump, the African continent often figures prominently in our collective imagination. This class goes beyond the superficial media interpretations of the world’s second largest region to complicate and ground our understanding of this fascinating continent. Africa South of the Sahara has long been depicted in the media as a place of crisis – a region of the world often known for civil strife, disease, corruption, hunger and environmental destruction. This perception is not entirely unfounded, after all, Ebola in west and central Africa, the kidnapping of school girls in northern Nigeria, or civil war and hunger in Somalia are known problems. Yet Africa is a place of extraordinarily diverse, vibrant, and dynamic cultures. Many Africans also expertly manage their natural resources, are brilliant agriculturalists and have traditions of democratic governance at the local level. As such, the African story is extremely diverse and varied. The thoughtful student must work hard to go beyond the superficial media interpretations of the vast African continent and appreciate its many realities without succumbing to a romanticized view.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES 2013: the Lagos Dialogues “All Roads Lead to Lagos”
    AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES 2013: The Lagos Dialogues “All Roads Lead to Lagos” ABOUT AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES A SERIES OF BIANNUAL EVENTS African Perspectives is a series of conferences on Urbanism and Architecture in Africa, initiated by the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (Kumasi, Ghana), University of Pretoria (South Africa), Ecole Supérieure d’Architecture de Casablanca (Morocco), Ecole Africaine des Métiers de l’Architecture et de l’Urbanisme (Lomé, Togo), ARDHI University (Dar es Salaam, Tanzania), Delft University of Technology (Netherlands) and ArchiAfrika during African Perspectives Delft on 8 December 2007. The objectives of the African Perspectives conferences are: -To bring together major stakeholders to map out a common agenda for African Architecture and create a forum for its sustainable development -To provide the opportunity for African experts in Architecture to share locally developed knowledge and expertise with each other and the broader international community -To establish a network of African experts on sustainable building and built environments for future cooperation on research and development initiatives on the continent PAST CONFERENCES INCLUDE: Casablanca, Morocco: African Perspectives 2011 Pretoria/Tshwane, South Africa: African Perspectives 2009 – The African City CENTRE: (re)sourced Delft, The Netherlands: African Perspectives 2007 - Dialogues on Urbanism and Architecture Kumasi, Ghana June 2007 - African Architecture Today Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: June 2005 - Modern Architecture in East Africa around independence 4. CONFERENCE BRIEF The Lagos Dialogues 2013 will take place at the Golden Tulip Hotel Lagos, from 5th – 8th December 2013. We invite you to attend this ground breaking international conference and dialogue on buildings, culture, and the built environment in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Sub-Saharan African Development
    REVERSE THE CURSE: THE CASE OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT by Alyssa Buda A thesis is submitted to the faculty of the Department of Politics and International Relations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts Roger Williams University Abstract Many African nations have been known to have an abundance of natural resources such as oil, minerals, diamonds, and other gemstones. With such resources at hand it comes as a surprise that African nations have not developed successfully. This is what is typically referred to as the resource curse. African countries are all too often characterized by corruption, slow economic growth, armed conflict, and damage to the environment. This paper will evaluate the extent to which the abundance of natural resources has affected development by looking at geographic factors such as location, climate, and resource availability in different African nations. By establishing the relationship between natural resources and development this paper seeks to expand the resource curse hypothesis to incorporate these additional geographic factors. The conclusion will offer suggestions for reversing the curse. Introduction The question of why Africa has developed slowly is not new. Each argument utilizes different points to illustrate why Africa has been left out of modern economic development. There is a constant debate between whether African development has been hindered by its geographic destiny or poor policy decisions by individual governments. The physical geography of Africa leaves it with many challenges to overcome. Its tropical climate limits agricultural ability and allows for disease burdens. Sixteen African countries are landlocked, thus face high transportation costs which limits access to international trade.
    [Show full text]
  • West African Chimpanzees
    Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan West African Chimpanzees Compiled and edited by Rebecca Kormos, Christophe Boesch, Mohamed I. Bakarr and Thomas M. Butynski IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group IUCN The World Conservation Union Donors to the SSC Conservation Communications Programme and West African Chimpanzees Action Plan The IUCN Species Survival Commission is committed to communicating important species conservation information to natural resource managers, decision makers and others whose actions affect the conservation of biodiversity. The SSC’s Action Plans, Occasional Papers, newsletter Species and other publications are supported by a wide variety of generous donors including: The Sultanate of Oman established the Peter Scott IUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund in 1990. The Fund supports Action Plan development and implementation. To date, more than 80 grants have been made from the Fund to SSC Specialist Groups. The SSC is grateful to the Sultanate of Oman for its confidence in and support for species conservation worldwide. The Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan has awarded major grants to the SSC’s Wildlife Trade Programme and Conser- vation Communications Programme. This support has enabled SSC to continue its valuable technical advisory service to the Parties to CITES as well as to the larger global conservation community. Among other responsibilities, the COA is in charge of matters concerning the designation and management of nature reserves, conservation of wildlife and their habitats, conser- vation of natural landscapes, coordination of law enforcement efforts, as well as promotion of conservation education, research, and international cooperation. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) provides significant annual operating support to the SSC.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 18 Guided Notes Physical Geography of Africa: the Plateau
    __________________________________________________________________________________________ NAME Chapter 18 Guided Notes Physical Geography of Africa: the Plateau Continent Africa is a continent of plateaus, basins, and rift valleys; Africa features dense rain forests, vast grasslands, and the world’s largest desert. Section 1: Landforms and Resources A Vast Plateau • Pangaea supercontinent broke up 200 million years ago • Africa moved very little, unlike Americas, Antarctica, Australia, and India. Africa’s Plateau • Huge plateau covers most of Africa, rising inland from coasts; known as the “plateau continent” Basins and Rivers • Basin—a huge depression on a plateau; each is more than 625 miles across, up to 5,000 feet deep. • Nile—world’s longest river: 4,000 miles through Uganda, Sudan, South Sudan, and Egypt. o Waters are used for irrigation; 95% of Egyptians get water from the Nile. Distinctive African Landforms • Waterfall’s, rapids, and gorges make rivers less useful for transportation. • Rivers’ meandering courses also make them less useful Rift Valleys and Lakes • East Africa: continental shift created huge cracks in East Africa. o Land sank, formed long, thin rift valleys. These stretch 4,000 miles from Jordan to Mozambique o Eastern part is still slowly pulling away from Africa. • Long, deep lakes form at bottoms of rift valleys o Lake Tanganyika is the longest freshwater lake in world. Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake. Mountains • Africa mainly has volcanic mountains: Mount Kenya, Mount Kilimanjaro. o Mount Kilimanjaro
    [Show full text]
  • Geography, Demography, and Economic Growth in Africa
    DAVID E. BLOOM Harvard Institute for International Development JEFFREY D. SACHS Harvard Institute for International Development Geography, Demography, and Economic Growth in Africa THE POVERTY of sub-Saharan Africa is one of the most obdurate features of the world economy. Since the industrial revolution, this has been the world's poorest and also its most slowly growing region. The most reliable estimates of world and regional gross domestic products for the period 1820-1992 are those prepared by Angus Maddison.1 Figure 1 shows estimated long-term growth profiles for selected regions. Ac- cording to these estimates, sub-Saharan Africa (hereafter, Africa) began the modern era at approximately one-third of the income level of the richest region at that time, Western Europe. In 1992 it had approxi- mately one-twentieth of the income level of the richest region, Maddi- son's "western offshoots," which includes the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Maddison estimates that Africa's per cap- ita income in 1992 was approximately that of Western Europe in 1820: This paper has benefited from work done under several research programsat the HarvardInstitute for InternationalDevelopment, including those on economic geography and development, populationand reproductivehealth, and African economic develop- ment. We gratefullyacknowledge the contributionsof our colleagues in those programs, in particular,Peter Ashton, Kwesi Botchwey, David Canning,Lisa Cook, John Gallup, Gerald Keusch, Pia Malaney, Richard Marlink, Andrew Mellinger, Marc Mitchell, Steven Radelet, SaraSievers, AndrewSpielman, Andrew Warner, and JeffreyWilliam- son. We also appreciatethe valuable commentsof participantsin the BrookingsPanel meeting, especially our discussants Paul Collier and Chris Udry, and participantsin seminarsat the HarvardSchool of Public Health, the University of Houston, and Rice University.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Resource Guide Trunk Contents
    AFRICA RESOURCE GUIDE TRUNK CONTENTS Upon receiving the map, please check the trunk for all contents on this list. If anything is missing or damaged, please call or email Liesl Pimentel immediately at 1-480-243-0753 or [email protected]. When you are done with the map, carefully check the trunk for all the contents on this list. Please report any missing or damaged items before the map is picked up. PROPS CARDS [ ] Inflatable globe [ ] A Legend-ary Exploration Cards (36) [ ] Electric air pump [ ] Country Cards (52) [ ] Menu holders (40) [ ] Cardinal Directions Cards (32) [ ] Blue nylon scale bar straps (4) [ ] African Animal Safari Cards (32) [ ] Red nylon Equator strap [ ] Physical Features Cards (24) [ ] Bingo chips [ ] Map Keys (4) [ ] Cones: 12 each, Red, Yellow, Green, Blue [ ] Plastic chains: 1 each, Red, Yellow, Green, Blue, Orange [ ] Knotted rope, Yellow Borrowers will be [ ] Hoops (20) financially responsible [ ] Poly spots—Small: 8 each, Yellow, Blue, Red, for replacement costs Green of any missing or [ ] Poly spot—Large: Orange (1) damaged items. [ ] Lanyards: 10 each, Red, Yellow, Green, Blue [ ] Straps (extra) with buckles for tying map for transit (2) [ ] Extra Quick Link (for replacement if lost/broken) Copyright © 2015 National Geographic Society The National Geographic Society is one of the All rights reserved. world’s largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations. Founded in 1888 to “increase and diffuse geographic knowledge,” the Society’s mis- STAFF FOR THIS PROJECT sion is to inspire people to care about the planet. Dan Beaupré, VP, Experiences, Education and It reaches more than 400 million people worldwide each month Children’s Media through its official journal, National Geographic, and other mag- Julie Agnone, VP, Operations, Education and azines; National Geographic Channel; television documentaries; music; radio; films; books; DVDs; maps; exhibitions; live events; Children’s Media school publishing programs; interactive media; and merchan- Amanda Larsen, Managing Art Director dise.
    [Show full text]