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The United Nations and Nuclear Orders United Nations University Press is the publishing arm of the United Nations University. UNU Press publishes scholarly and policy-oriented books and periodicals on the issues facing the United Nations and its peoples and member states, with particular emphasis upon international, regional and transboundary policies. The United Nations University was established as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution 2951 (XXVII) of 11 December 1972. It functions as an international community of scholars engaged in research, postgraduate training and the dissemination of knowledge to address the pressing global problems of human survival, development and welfare that are the concern of the United Nations and its agencies. Its activities are devoted to advancing knowledge for human security and development and are focused on issues of peace and governance and environment and sustainable development. The Univer- sity operates through a worldwide network of research and training centres and programmes, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. The United Nations and nuclear orders The United Nations and nuclear orders Edited by Jane Boulden, Ramesh Thakur, and Thomas G. Weiss United Nations a University Press TOKYO u NEW YORK u PARIS 6 United Nations University, 2009 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: þ81-3-5467-1212 Fax: þ81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: þ1-212-963-6387 Fax: þ1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Joyce C. Weston Printed in United States of America ISBN 978-92-808-1167-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The United Nations and nuclear orders / edited by Jane Boulden, Ramesh Thakur and Thomas G. Weiss. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9280811674 (pbk.) 1. Nuclear nonproliferation. 2. United Nations. I. Boulden, Jane, 1962– II. Thakur, Ramesh Chandra, 1948– III. Weiss, Thomas George. JZ5675.U53 2009 341.7034—dc22 2009006980 Contents Tables.................................................................. vii Contributors........................................................... viii Foreword by Jayantha Dhanapala ................................... xiii Acknowledgements . ............................. xvi Abbreviations ......................................................... xviii 1 The United Nations and nuclear orders: Context, foundations, actors,tools,andfutureprospects................................ 1 Jane Boulden, Ramesh Thakur, and Thomas G. Weiss Part I: Actors .......................................................... 29 2 TheSecurityCouncilandnucleardisarmament ................. 31 Ernie Regehr 3 General Assembly majorities on the preferred nuclear order . 52 M. J. Peterson 4 TheSecretary-GeneralandtheSecretariat ...................... 73 Randy Rydell vi CONTENTS Part II: Actual and potential tools ................................... 109 5 United Nations sanctions and nuclear weapons ................. 111 George A. Lopez and David Cortright 6 Theuseofforce................................................... 132 Ian Johnstone 7 Verificationandcompliance...................................... 151 Harald Mu¨ller 8 Codificationandlegalissues...................................... 170 Lori Fisler Damrosch Part III: Looming threats, new challenges ........................... 189 9 Technology proliferation, globalization, and the role of the UnitedNations.................................................... 191 Brian Finlay and Rita Grossman-Vermaas 10 Dealing with extra-NPT actors and non-state actors ............ 210 Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu 11 The international nuclear trade: Harnessing peaceful use whilepreventingproliferation.................................... 230 Nicole C. Evans 12 Nuclear proliferation and regional security orders: Comparing NorthKoreaandIran ............................................ 248 Amitav Acharya 13 NPT regime change: Has the good become the enemy of the best? ............................................................... 273 Ramesh Thakur Index .................................................................. 298 Tables 12.1 Theoriesofregionalsecurityorders .......................... 253 12.2 NorthKoreaandIran.......................................... 258 13.1 Number of nuclear warheads in the inventory of the five NPT nuclear weapons states, 1945–2005 . .................. 288 13.2 Public opinion on nuclear weapons . ......................... 292 vii Contributors Amitav Acharya is Professor of Global written widely on the United Governance in the Department of Nations and on arms control and Politics at the University of Bristol, disarmament, and has been a UK, and Director of its Centre for consultant to governments on Governance and International those issues. From August 2000 Affairs. His books include until December 2003 she was a Constructing a Security Community MacArthur Research Fellow at the in Southeast Asia (2001); Crafting Centre for International Studies, Cooperation: Regional International University of Oxford. Her recent Institutions in Comparative books as author or editor include Perspective (2007); and Whose Ideas Terrorism and the UN: Before and Matter: Agency and Power in Asian After September 11 (2004), co-edited Regionalism (2009). His recent with Thomas G. Weiss; Dealing journal articles have appeared in with Conflict in Africa: The United International Organization, Nations and Regional Organizations International Security,andWorld (2003); and Peace Enforcement Politics. (2001). Jane Boulden holds a Canada David Cortright is Research Fellow Research Chair in International at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Relations and Security Studies at International Peace Studies at the Royal Military College of the University of Notre Dame, Canada. She is also the Associate USA, and president of the Fourth Chair of War Studies and is a Senior Freedom Forum. He has served as Research Associate at the Centre consultant or adviser to agencies of for International Studies at the the United Nations, international University of Oxford, UK. She has think tanks, and the foreign viii CONTRIBUTORS ix ministries of Canada, Japan, and Affairs and International Trade several European countries. He (DFAIT). In this capacity, she has written widely on nuclear manages Canada’s efforts to secure disarmament, multilateral counter- nuclear and radiological materials terrorism, and the use of incen- internationally in order to help tives and sanctions as tools of prevent terrorist acquisition and use. international peacemaking. He is While at DFAIT, she was also a the author or editor of 15 books, Sessional Lecturer in Political including, most recently, Peace: A Science at Carleton University in History of Movements and Ideas Ottawa. Prior to joining DFAIT in (2008); Uniting Against Terror: 2005, she was the Retained Lecturer Cooperative Nonmilitary Responses in International Relations at to the Global Terrorist Threat Wadham College, University of (2007), co-edited with George A. Oxford, UK, specializing in Soviet Lopez; and Gandhi and Beyond: and Russian strategic nuclear Nonviolence in an Age of Terrorism policies. She has published on (2006). missile defense and nuclear strategy. Lori Fisler Damrosch is the Henry Brian Finlay is a Senior Associate at L. Moses Professor of Law and the Henry L. Stimson Center, USA, International Organization at where he co-directs the Cooperative Columbia University, USA, Nonproliferation Program. Prior to where she has taught since 1984. joining the Center, he served as She was an attorney with the US Director of the Threat Reduction Department of State (1977–1981) Campaign, a Senior Researcher at and practiced law in New York the Brookings Institution, and a (1981–1984). In 1995–96 she was a Program Officer at the Century fellow at the United States Institute Foundation. Before emigrating from of Peace in Washington, DC. Her Canada, he was a Project Manager books include The International for the Laboratory Center for Court of Justice at a Crossroads Disease Control in Ottawa. He (1987); Enforcing Restraint: has also served as a consultant Collective Intervention in Internal to the Canadian Department of Conflicts (1993); Beyond Foreign Affairs. He sits on the Confrontation: International Law board of directors of Information for the Post-Cold War Era (1995); Management and Mine Action and International Law: Cases and Programs (iMMAP), a pioneering Materials (2001). She has been organization leading the way co-editor in chief of the American forward in the effective use of Journal of International Law since information management practices 2003. in the service of humanitarian relief and development. Nicole Evans is the Deputy Director (Senior Program Manager) for Rita Grossman-Vermaas is an analyst Nuclear and Radiological Security in at the US Department of the the Global Partnership Program at Treasury, focusing on financial Canada’s Department of Foreign networks that facilitate the spread of x CONTRIBUTORS weapons of mass destruction and Deliberative
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