DOCSLIB.ORG

Examining the Role of Preventive Diplomacy in South Africa's Foreign

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Examining the Role of Preventive Diplomacy in South Africa's Foreign Examining the Role of Preventive Diplomacy in South Africa’s Foreign Policy towards Zimbabwe, 2000-2009 by ALLISON MARIE COADY A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER’S OF ARTS (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS) in the DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR H. SOLOMON PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA DECEMBER 2012 © University of Pretoria To Mom, Dad and Peter with love and to the memory of Eddie Matsangaise, your struggle lives on. ii Acknowledgements The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without the support of so many people. First and foremost, I would like to thank Professor Hussein Solomon for his unwavering belief in my capabilities and his valuable supervision throughout the project. Hussein, I look forward to the day we work together again. To Seán, you took a chance on me when I most needed direction. I was nurtured and was able to flourish under your guidance and your patience. Thank you for helping me get more of this vast and beautiful African continent under my skin. Amy Eaglestone, you have been my mentor for this study, for work, for life. You are my best friend and I thank you for your constant love and support. To all of you at BICCCS, thank you for giving me a welcoming home through the long days of the writing process. I am grateful to all my friends in South Africa for being my surrogate family for the past six years, and to my friends at home in Canada for sending constant encouragement while I’ve been so far from that home. To Gabriel, Jestina and Irene, you take risks every day as you work towards the respect of human rights and the development of a more open and democratic society in Zimbabwe. Your dedication and passion will continue to inspire me. Last but not least, I would like to take this moment to express my love and gratitude to my beloved parents and brother. You believe in me and love me unconditionally. You lift me up, dust me off, and give me the strength to be the person I strive to be. iii Abstract The recent political conflict in Zimbabwe has attracted the attention of policymakers, academics and the media alike in the neighbouring countries of the region, across the African continent and internationally. While the story of an ageing African liberation hero turned dictator who, through autocratic rule, has governed his country and his people to the ground in order to maintain power is captivating, a key element of the fascination is the critical diplomatic role played by South Africa from 2000 onward. Foreign policy in post-apartheid South Africa on paper is driven by human rights and democracy, conflict prevention and conflict resolution through peaceful means, and the promotion of African interests in world affairs. However, after observing South Africa’s involvement in the Zimbabwe conflict between 2000 and 2009, South Africa’s foreign policy appears to be propelled more by African solidarity and sovereignty, anti- imperialism, and a softer interpretation of preventive diplomacy than its international counterparts. Thabo Mbeki’s preventive diplomacy toward Zimbabwe during his presidency was slow to produce results, lacked transparency and frustrated many, yet, when examined under a preventive diplomacy theoretical lens, Mbeki’s policy did eventually garner success through the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA) and the formation of an inclusive government in Zimbabwe. This dissertation examines the role of preventive diplomacy in South Africa’s foreign policy toward Zimbabwe under Mbeki’s leadership and determines the point at which South Africa switched from an approach of preventive diplomacy to one of conflict resolution and conflict management. The concept of ‘preventive diplomacy’ is often focused on government-to-government relations or the high level diplomacy of intergovernmental organizations such as the iv United Nations (UN). Multi-track diplomacy expands on this traditional interpretation and considers the preventive diplomacy contributions of a variety of non-state actors to the practice of conflict prevention. This dissertation uniquely moulds the preventive diplomacy theoretical framework of Michael Lund with Kumar Rupesinghe’s concept of multi-track diplomacy to form a more comprehensive illustration of the role of preventive diplomacy in the approach of multiple actors towards the Zimbabwe conflict. The more inclusive preventive diplomacy theoretical framework is then applied to the conflict in Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2009. Through the application of a preventive diplomacy framework which incorporates the concept of multi-track diplomacy it is then possible to observe the South African government’s preventive diplomacy approach toward Zimbabwe first between 2000 and 2007 and then as mandated by SADC between 2007 and 2009 and finally compare it with the diplomacy of multi-track actors such as the UN, Zimbabwe-based and South African-based civil society organizations, the Zimbabwean Diaspora, religious groups, and financial institutions. The examination of the larger role of preventive diplomacy in the Zimbabwe conflict situation leads to the understanding that each diplomatic effort is interlinked. Therefore the culminating event of the South African government’s preventive diplomacy approach in the Global Political Agreement could not have been achieved without the preventive diplomacy efforts of a multitude of actors who were also committed to preventing violence and finding a lasting solution to the conflict in Zimbabwe. v Key Concepts: Conflict, Conflict Intervention, Conflict Prevention, Conflict Resolution, Conflict Management, Preventive Diplomacy, Conflict Life Cycle, Early Warning, Track One Track Two Diplomacy, Multi-track Diplomacy, Inter-governmental Diplomacy, Governmental Diplomacy, Ecumenical Diplomacy, Citizen Diplomacy, Economic Diplomacy, South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, ANC, Zimbabwe, MDC, ZANU-PF, SADC, AU, Foreign Policy, UN, CSOs, NGOs, Zimbabwean Diaspora, Global Political Agreement, Inclusive Government. vi Abbreviations AIPPA Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act ANC African National Congress AU African Union BEE Black Economic Empowerment CC Constitutional Commission CCJPZ Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe CHOGM Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting CSO Civil Society Organization ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme EU European Union GNU Government of National Unity GPA Global Political Agreement IMF International Monetary Fund JOC Joint Operations Command JOMIC Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee MDC Movement for Democratic Change NCA National Constitutional Assembly NGO Non-governmental Organization OAU Organization of African Unity OSISA Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa POSA Public Order and Security Act RF Rhodesian Front SADC Southern African Development Community SALC South African Litigation Centre SATAWU South African Transport and Allied Workers Union UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence vii UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund ZANLA Zimbabwe National Liberation Army ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union ZANU-PF Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front ZAPU Zimbabwe African People’s Union ZCBC Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops Conference ZCC Zimbabwe Council of Churches ZCTU Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions ZEF Zimbabwe Evangelical Fellowship ZEF Zimbabwe Exiles Forum ZIPRA Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army ZLHR Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights viii Chronology of Key Events 1964 – Rhodesian Front’s (RF) Ian Smith becomes Prime Minister of Rhodesia 1965 – Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on 11 November. Economic sanctions imposed by Britain 1966 – Britain imposes sanctions on all trade with Rhodesia. UN imposes oil embargo on Rhodesia. 1968 – UN imposes comprehensive mandatory sanctions on Rhodesia. 1969 – A new Rhodesian constitution extends franchise to selected groups. 1972 – Guerilla war led by rival African nationalist groups ZANU and ZAPU against white rule escalates as the violence extends into urban areas. 1975 – Mozambique attains independence and closes border with Rhodesia. Robert Mugabe replaces Sithole as leader of ZANU 1976 – Patriotic Front is formed to unite ZANU and ZAPU. 1978 – Internal settlement between Smith, Muzorewa (African National Council), Sithole (ZANU) and Chief Chirau (traditional leader) for majority rule elections. Patriotic Front boycotts agreement. The new state of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia formed. Civil war continues. 1979 – Lancaster House Conference of all parties brokered by Britain concludes with a peace agreement and a new constitution. 1980 – ZANU wins elections supervised by Britain. Zimbabwe attains independence on 18 April with Mugabe as Prime Minister. 1982 – Mugabe removes ZAPU’s Nkomo from cabinet. Zimbabwe holds non-permanent seat in the UN. 1982-1987 – Gukurahundi Massacres. Estimated 20,000 civilians killed in Midlands and Matabeleland provinces by government forces. 1987 – Constitutional amendment introduces Executive Presidency, centralizing power. Unity Accord forms ZANU-PF and ends violence but eliminates political opposition. ix 1988 – World Health Organization and UNICEF recognize Zimbabwe’s accomplishments in the provision of water and sanitation to rural households. 1991 – Harare Declaration adopted by Commonwealth. Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) introduced.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Butcher, W. Scott
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project WILLIAM SCOTT BUTCHER Interviewed by: David Reuther Initial interview date: December 23, 2010 Copyright 2015 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born in Dayton, Ohio, December 12, 1942 Stamp collecting and reading Inspiring high school teacher Cincinnati World Affairs Council BA in Government-Foreign Affairs Oxford, Ohio, Miami University 1960–1964 Participated in student government Modest awareness of Vietnam Beginning of civil rights awareness MA in International Affairs John Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies 1964–1966 Entered the Foreign Service May 1965 Took the written exam Cincinnati, September 1963 Took the oral examination Columbus, November 1963 Took leave of absence to finish Johns Hopkins program Entered 73rd A-100 Class June 1966 Rangoon, Burma, Country—Rotational Officer 1967-1969 Burmese language training Traveling to Burma, being introduced to Asian sights and sounds Duties as General Services Officer Duties as Consular Officer Burmese anti-Indian immigration policies Anti-Chinese riots Ambassador Henry Byroade Comment on condition of embassy building Staff recreation Benefits of a small embassy 1 Major Japanese presence Comparing ambassadors Byroade and Hummel Dhaka, Pakistan—Political Officer 1969-1971 Traveling to Consulate General Dhaka Political duties and mission staff Comment on condition of embassy building USG focus was humanitarian and economic development Official and unofficial travels and colleagues November
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of U.S. Women Diplomats Between 1945 and 2004 Rachel Jane Beckett
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2009 The Role of U.S. Women Diplomats Between 1945 and 2004 Rachel Jane Beckett Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE ROLE OF U.S. WOMEN DIPLOMATS BETWEEN 1945 AND 2004 BY RACHEL JANE BECKETT A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2009 The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Rachel Beckett defended on December 10, 2008. ____________________________________ Suzanne Sinke Professor Directing Thesis ____________________________________ Charles Upchurch Committee Member ___________________________________ Michael Creswell Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables iv Abstract v INTRODUCTION 1 1. ACCOMPLISHED BUT STILL LAGGING BEHIND 13 2. “PERCEPTION” AS THE STANDARD 29 3. STRATEGICAL GATEKEEPERS 48 CONCLUSION 68 REFERENCES 74 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 83 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Degree Type 17 Table 1.2 Degree Concentration 17 Table 1.3 Number of Foreign Languages Spoken 18 Table 1.4 Type of Languages Spoken 19 Table 1.5 Female Chiefs of Mission by Region, 1933-2004 27 Table 2.1 Where Female Ambassadors are Most Frequently Assigned 34 Table 2.2 Percent of Women in National Legislatures, by region, 1975-97 35 Table 2.3 Appointment of Women as Chiefs of Mission and to other Senior Posts by Administration, 1933-2004 44 iv ABSTRACT Though historical scholarship on gender and international relations has grown over the last few decades, there has been little work done on women in the Foreign Service.
    [Show full text]
  • Preventive Diplomacy by Intergovernmental Organizations: Learning from Practice
    International Negotiation 17 (2012) 349–388 brill.com/iner Preventive Diplomacy by Intergovernmental Organizations: Learning from Practice Eileen F. Babbitt*, 1 !e Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, 160 Packard Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA (E-mail: [email protected]) Received 29 July 2012; accepted 12 August 2012 Abstract Conflict prevention is enjoying a renaissance in international policy circles. However, the official machin- ery of the international community presently offers few institutions with a specific mandate to address the causes of political violence at an early stage. One such multilateral mechanism dedicated solely to the prevention of conflict is the High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Over two decades, the office has developed a signifi- cant track record of effectiveness against which to examine the preventive efforts of other intergovern- mental organizations. In this article, we examine the prevention efforts of the HCNM in Georgia, Macedonia, and Ukraine and compare these with the preventive diplomacy of three other intergovern- mental organizations (IGOs): the Organization of American States (OAS) in Guyana, the Common- wealth in Fiji, and the UN in Afghanistan, Burundi, and Macedonia. Our findings offer some useful and surprising insights into effective prevention practice, with implications for how IGOs might improve preventive diplomacy in the future. *) Eileen F. Babbitt is Professor of Practice in international conflict management, Director of the Inter- national Negotiation and Conflict Resolution Program, and co-director of the Program on Human Rights and Conflict Resolution at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.
    [Show full text]
  • Preventive Diplomacy: Regions in Focus
    Preventive Diplomacy: Regions in Focus DECEMBER 2011 INTERNATIONAL PEACE INSTITUTE Cover Photo: UN Secretary-General ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Ban Ki-moon (left) is received by Guillaume Soro, Prime Minister of IPI owes a debt of thanks to its many donors, whose Côte d'Ivoire, at Yamoussoukro support makes publications like this one possible. In partic - airport. May 21, 2011. © UN ular, IPI would like to thank the governments of Finland, Photo/Basile Zoma. Norway, and Sweden for their generous contributions to The views expressed in this paper IPI's Coping with Crisis Program. Also, IPI would like to represent those of the authors and thank the Mediation Support Unit of the UN Department of not necessarily those of IPI. IPI Political Affairs for giving it the opportunity to contribute welcomes consideration of a wide range of perspectives in the pursuit to the process that led up to the Secretary-General's report of a well-informed debate on critical on preventive diplomacy. policies and issues in international affairs. IPI Publications Adam Lupel, Editor and Senior Fellow Marie O’Reilly, Publications Officer Suggested Citation: Francesco Mancini, ed., “Preventive Diplomacy: Regions in Focus,” New York: International Peace Institute, December 2011. © by International Peace Institute, 2011 All Rights Reserved www.ipinst.org CONTENTS Introduction . 1 Francesco Mancini Preventive Diplomacy in Africa: Adapting to New Realities . 4 Fabienne Hara Optimizing Preventive-Diplomacy Tools: A Latin American Perspective . 15 Sandra Borda Preventive Diplomacy in Southeast Asia: Redefining the ASEAN Way . 28 Jim Della-Giacoma Preventive Diplomacy on the Korean Peninsula: What Role for the United Nations? . 35 Leon V.
    [Show full text]
  • Vatican Secret Diplomacy This Page Intentionally Left Blank Charles R
    vatican secret diplomacy This page intentionally left blank charles r. gallagher, s.j. Vatican Secret Diplomacy joseph p. hurley and pope pius xii yale university press new haven & london Disclaimer: Some images in the printed version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. Copyright © 2008 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Set in Scala and Scala Sans by Duke & Company, Devon, Pennsylvania. Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gallagher, Charles R., 1965– Vatican secret diplomacy : Joseph P. Hurley and Pope Pius XII / Charles R. Gallagher. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-300-12134-6 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Hurley, Joseph P. 2. Pius XII, Pope, 1876–1958. 3. World War, 1939–1945— Religious aspects—Catholic Church. 4. Catholic Church—Foreign relations. I. Title. BX4705.H873G35 2008 282.092—dc22 [B] 2007043743 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Com- mittee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my father and in loving memory of my mother This page intentionally left blank contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 A Priest in the Family 8 2 Diplomatic Observer: India and Japan, 1927–1934 29 3 Silencing Charlie: The Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Paper and Case Studies Capturing UN Preventive Diplomacy Success: How and Why Does It Work?
    United Nations University Centre for Policy Research UN Preventive Diplomacy April 2018 Policy Paper and Case Studies Capturing UN Preventive Diplomacy Success: How and Why Does It Work? Dr. Laurie Nathan Professor of the Practice of Mediation and Director of the Mediation Program, Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame Adam Day Senior Policy Advisor, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan João Honwana Former Director in the UN Department of Political Affairs Dr. Rebecca Brubaker Policy Advisor, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan © 2018 United Nations University. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-92-808-9077-8 Acknowledgements UNU-CPR is deeply grateful to the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom to the United Nations for its support to this project. Special thanks go to Thomas Wheeler who was the focal point for both prevention-related projects. UNU-CPR worked in close partnership with the UN Department of Political Affairs throughout this project and benefited greatly from the time and substantive inputs of Teresa Whitfield and Dirk Druet in particular. UNU-CPR would like to thank participants for their contributions to the project’s mid-point peer-review process, including Roxaneh Bazergan, Richard Gowan, Michele Griffin, Marc Jacquand, Asif Khan, Karin Landgren, Ian Martin, Abdel- Fatau Musah, Jake Sherman, and Oliver Ulich. Numerous individuals provided helpful input for and feedback on the country case studies that form the empirical foundation for this project. They are acknowledged in the respective case study chapters in this volume. We are deeply grateful for their support. Finally, we are especially grateful to Emma Hutchinson for her invaluable editorial support to this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Preventive Diplomacy and Ethnic Conflict: Possible, Difficult, Necessary
    ISSN 1088-2081 Preventive Diplomacy and Ethnic Conflict: Possible, Difficult, Necessary Bruce W. Jentleson University of California, Davis Policy Paper # 27 June 1996 The author and IGCC are grateful to the Pew Charitable Trusts for generous support of this project. Author’s opinions are his own. Copyright © 1996 by the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation CONTENTS Defining Preventive Diplomacy ........................................................................................5 CONCEPTUAL PARAMETERS FOR A WORKING DEFINITION....................................................6 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN MEASURING SUCCESS AND FAILURE.....................8 The Possibility of Preventive Diplomacy .........................................................................8 THE PURPOSIVE SOURCES OF ETHNIC CONFLICT ..................................................................8 CASE EVIDENCE OF OPPORTUNITIES MISSED........................................................................9 CASE EVIDENCE OF SUCCESSFUL PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY ...............................................11 SUMMARY...........................................................................................................................12 Possible, but Difficult.......................................................................................................12 EARLY WARNING................................................................................................................12 POLITICAL WILL .................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Preventive Peacemaking in Macedonia: an Assessment of U.N
    BYU Law Review Volume 2003 | Issue 2 Article 13 5-1-2003 Preventive Peacemaking in Macedonia: An Assessment of U.N. Good Offices Diplomacy David J. Ludlow Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/lawreview Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons Recommended Citation David J. Ludlow, Preventive Peacemaking in Macedonia: An Assessment of U.N. Good Offices Diplomacy, 2003 BYU L. Rev. 761 (2003). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/lawreview/vol2003/iss2/13 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Brigham Young University Law Review at BYU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in BYU Law Review by an authorized editor of BYU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LUD-FIN 5/31/2003 1:18 PM Preventive Peacemaking in Macedonia: An Assessment of U.N. Good Offices Diplomacy I. INTRODUCTION In March of 2001, ethnic Albanian rebels launched Macedonia1 into a violent civil conflict that made the international community hold its breath at the prospect of a new Balkan war. Until the hostilities of 2001, Macedonia had managed to remain virtually unsullied by the violent ethnic conflicts of its Balkan sister states. In part, Macedonia’s success was due to recognition by the United Nations (“UN”), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (“OSCE”), and other international actors of the fragile ethnic situation in Macedonia after the dissolution of the Communist bloc. As
    [Show full text]
  • PARLIAMENTARY DIPLOMACY and the NORTH-SOUTH DIALOGUE Noel Lateef*
    GEORGIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW VOLUME 11 1981 ISSUE 1 PARLIAMENTARY DIPLOMACY AND THE NORTH-SOUTH DIALOGUE Noel Lateef* I. INTRODUCTION: DELIMITATION OF THE PROBLEM The search for a right answer to a question of law is rarely relegated to theory in a mature legal system. Legal reasoning should and usually does eventuate in practice. Diplomacy, as a kind of problem-solving, enjoys no such assurance. Revisionist ac- tors in the North-South dialogue avoid the fact that world order is achieved without the intervention of an omniscient global- ordering device (GOD), ie., a monolithic body or hodgepodge of in- ternational organizations with a "roving jurisdiction to do good." In a world replete with diverse passions and interests, which can- not be exorcised by even the most interventionist GOD,' the cogwheels of the international system catch as states pursue primarily national objectives. What order is achieved is the pro- duct of interaction among states. Hence, the rational conduct of in- ternational relations requires procedural sophistication: revi- sionist actors must not overtax diplomatic infrastructure and ex- pect fruitful outcomes; status quo actors would do well to ap- preciate the importance of flexibility without overlooking the observation of Justice Holmes that "the substance of the law is secreted in the interstices of procedures."' *The author served in the State Department (1977-78) on the staff of Ambassador Jean Wilkowski, United States Coordinator for the U.N. Conference on Science and Technology for Development. He is presently at the Yale Law School researching the interaction of law and development. The assistance of Myres S.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr
    UNITED NATIONS A General Assembly Distr. GENERAL A/48/763 17 December 1993 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: SPANISH Forty-eighth session Agenda items 10, 18, 23, 51, 79, 80, 87, 91, 114, 138, 139 and 140 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE WORK OF THE ORGANIZATION IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION ON THE GRANTING OF INDEPENDENCE TO COLONIAL COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES PROGRAMMES AND ACTIVITIES TO PROMOTE PEACE IN THE WORLD IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RESOLUTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS REVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION ON THE STRENGTHENING OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY MAINTENANCE OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE WHOLE QUESTION OF PEACE-KEEPING OPERATIONS IN ALL THEIR ASPECTS DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION HUMAN RIGHTS QUESTIONS ADMINISTRATIVE AND BUDGETARY ASPECTS OF THE FINANCING OF THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING OPERATIONS UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME OF ASSISTANCE IN THE TEACHING, STUDY, DISSEMINATION AND WIDER APPRECIATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW MEASURES TO ELIMINATE INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM 93-71964 (E) 221293 221293 /... A/48/763 English Page 2 Letter dated 16 December 1993 from the Permanent Representative of Equatorial Guinea to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit herewith the statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Francophone Questions, His Excellency Mr. Benjamín Mba Ekua Miko, on the expulsion of the Consul- General of Spain, Mr. Bustamante, and the scheduled evacuation plan of the Spanish Government (see annex). I should be grateful if you would have the text of this letter and its annex circulated as an official document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 10, 18, 23, 51, 79, 80, 87, 91, 114, 138, 139 and 140.
    [Show full text]
  • Ban Ki-Moon, the UN, and Preventive Diplomacy
    Global Governance 18 (2012), 387 –404 GLOBAL INSIGHTS “Less Bound to the Desk”: Ban Ki-moon, the UN, and Preventive Diplomacy Richard Gowan WHAT SORT OF DIPLOMATIC STRATEGIST IS BAN KI-MOON ? S INCE BAN TOOK office as Secretary-General of the United Nations in 2007, there has been a great deal of discussion about his personal diplomatic style. Until the Arab Spring, he was typically characterized as an archetypal (though not always effective) quiet diplomat. In January 2011, Human Rights Watch accused Ban of having an “undue faith in his professed ability to convince by pri - vate persuasion” when dealing with repressive governments in cases such as Myanmar, Sudan, and Sri Lanka. 1 As I argued in a previous article for Global Governance, Ban’s belief in diplomacy meant that he took too little interest in peacekeeping during his first term leading the UN. 2 Since the beginning of the Arab Spring, however, Ban appears to have lost some of his faith in diplomatic niceties. He spoke out early in favor of the protestors in Egypt, became a consistent supporter of military action in Libya, and publicly condemned the Syrian regime’s violence against civilians as early as May 2011. 3 As the Syrian crisis deteriorated in 2012, Ban appointed first his predecessor, Kofi Annan, and later the stalwart UN mediator Lakhdar Brahimi as envoys to Damascus but repeatedly escalated his own criticism of President Bashar Al-Assad. Previous leaders of the UN have experienced similar tensions between the imperatives of quiet diplomacy and the impulse to speak out over certain crises.
    [Show full text]
  • 10-Commandments-For-Preventive
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The European Institute of Peace would like to extend a gracious thank you to everyone who contributed to the project, with a special mention of the following individuals for their valuable time and expertise: Eldridge Adolfo, Senior Advisor, Dialogue and Mediation at Folke Bernadotte Academy Günther Bächler, former OSCE Special Representative to the South Caucasus Mohamed Ibn Chambas, UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General for West Africa and the Sahel, and head of UNOWAS Jeffrey DeLaurentis, Distinguished Resident Fellow in Latin American Studies at Georgetown University, former Chargé d'affaires ad interim of the Embassy of the United States, Havana Alan Doss, President of the Kofi Annan Foundation Lyse Doucet, Chief International Correspondent, BBC Michael Doyle, former European Union Ambassador to Lesotho Jan Eliasson, Chair of SIPRI Governing Board, former Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations Jeffrey Feltman,former United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs Fernando Gentilini, Managing Director for the Middle East and North Africa at the EU External Action Service, former EU Special Representative to the Middle East Peace Process Eamon Gilmore, EU Special Representative for Human Rights, former EU Special Representative to the Colombia Peace Process Andrew Gilmour, Assistant-Secretary-General for Human Rights at the United Nations Sergio Jaramillo Caro, Former High-Commissioner for Peace for the Government of Colombia Bruno Joubert, Former Deputy Secretary-General the Ministry
    [Show full text]