Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy Application of the Household Energy Assessment Rapid Tool (HEART)

INDIA

Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy Application of the Household Energy Assessment Rapid Tool (HEART) INDIA Opportunities for transition to clean household energy: application of the Household Energy Assessment Rapid Tool (HEART) in India

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Cover photo: Heather Adair-Rohani Contents 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations andacronyms Annex 2. Annex 1. 8. 7. 6. Context References Conclusions Discussion 5.2 5.1 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 1.2 6.1 5.3 1.1 6.3 6.2 Stakeholder organization andcoordination Social welfare programmes Household energy –the current situation Health sectordata �� and children’s health Health sectorpoliciesandprogrammes related tohouseholdenergy andwomen’s Role ofthehealth sectorinaddressing HAP Other welfare programmes School feeding programmes Poverty alleviation programmes Climate changeconsiderations Electricity use LPG use Kerosene use Coal use Biomass fuels Household fuelshare Demographic andeconomic factors Barriers toadoptionofclean technology Environmental health riskassessments Geographical context Recommendations for accelerating the transition Opportunities for increasing access tocleanfuels Nongovernmental and civil society organizations concerned with energy and health in India Market promotion schemesfor liquefiedpetroleum gas(LPG) �� 30 26 50 47 42 41 34 31 30 28 28 26 25 22 13 12 12 32 38 36 34 vi iv 5 3 1 8 5 1 1 v iii iv Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India FPS DWCD DDUGJY COPD CAG BPL acronyms Abbreviations and TSP TERI PMUY PM PM PHFI PDS NSS NITI Aayog NGO NCD MoPNG MoHFW MNRE LPG LED JGSY HEART HAP 2.5

at 2.5 μmaerodynamic diameter. PM particles thatcan passthrough asize-selective inletwitha50%efficiencycut-off National Institutionsfor Transforming India Ministry ofHealth andFamily Welfare Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana convention” asdefinedinISO7708:1995, 7.1 public distributionsystem National SampleSurvey nongovernmental organization noncommunicable disease Ministry ofPetroleum andNatural Gas Ministry ofNewandRenewable Energy liquefied petroleum gas light emittingdiode Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana Household Energy Assessment Rapid Tool household airpollution fair price shop Department of Women andChildDevelopment chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease Comptroller andAuditor General ofIndia below thepoverty line total suspendedparticles The Energy andResources Institute Pradhan MantriUjjwala Yojana particulate matter Public Health Foundation ofIndia 2.5 corresponds tothe“high-riskrespirable Asia and by Karin Troncoso and Rufus Edwards, from the WHO Regional Office for South-East the WHO CountryOffice forIndia, withsupport The initiative was coordinated andfacilitatedby Palit (TERI)andDamodarBachani(PHFI). Kirk R. Smith(TERI), Divya Datt(TERI), Debajit (PHFI) andBhargav Krishna(PHFI), withadvisers (PHFI), Vidushi Bahuguna(PHFI), BanalataSen Deborshi Brahmachari (TERI), Samayita Ghosh Ipsita Satpathy (TERI), MartandShardul (TERI), Resources Institute(TERI):ManishAnand(TERI), Foundation ofIndia(PHFI)and The Energy and a teamofconsultants from thePublicHealth This report was researched andprepared by Acknowledgements Rapid Tool(HEART). application oftheHouseholdEnergy Assessment transition tocleanhouseholdenergy incountries by funding theproject toidentifyopportunitiesfor WHO isgrateful toBloomberg Philanthropies for of Health, Geneva, Switzerland. Health, Environmental andSocialDeterminants (Technical Officers), WHODepartmentofPublic by Heather Adair-Rohani and Jessica Lewis Government officials. The report was reviewed were alsomadeby local organizations and Indian of Health, Geneva, Switzerland. Contributions Health, Environmental andSocialDeterminants consultants for the WHO DepartmentofPublic

v vi Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India cancer, aswell asseriousinjuriesfrom scalding, respiratory illness, cardiovascular diseasesand deaths annually amongchildren andadults from cookstoves causes almost4million premature cooking andheating. Widespread useofpolluting burnt in inefficient, highly polluting stoves for animal dung, charcoal, crop wastes andcoal) income countries, still rely onsolidfuels(wood, 3 billion people, mainly inlow- andmiddle- global environmental health risks today. Almost fuel combustion isoneofthemostimportant Household airpollution (HAP) from inefficient Preface policies and programmes on household energy relevant stakeholders, andmapoutacountry's Assessment Rapid Tool (HEART), toidentify WHO hasdeveloped atool, theHouseholdEnergy In support of the implementation of the guidelines, benefits from thecleanenergy transition. environmental andotherissuestoensure health and specialists working on energy, health, technical recommendations for policy-makers household fuelcombustion (2014) provide The WHO guidelinesfor indoorairquality: burns andpoisoning. global workonmappingdiseaseincidence nor identify nationalenergy priorities, nationaland the detailedeconomic evaluations required to The rapid assessments do not take the place of accelerate a transition to clean household energy. and opportunitiesfor thepublichealth sectorto country-specific barriers to implementation shared responsibilities andcoordinated actions, on theimpactsofhouseholdenergy interventions, impacts andtostimulateaninformed dialogue on household energy use and its public health It isusedtogatherandsynthesizeinformation to address access to clean energy technologies. situational assessmentsofcountries’ readiness pilot-tested asaguidetoconducting rapid and/or related health impacts. The toolisbeing presents theresults obtainedwithHEART inIndia. support intersectoral cooperation. This report identify key stakeholders andwill ultimately current householdenergy andhealth situation, health. They do provide a broad overview of the implementing majorsocialinterventions inpublic the socialandpolitical considerations required in vii 1 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India Context 1 India isanagrarian economy: about60%oftheland total geographical area ofIndia. km and tree cover is701 673 on the state of forests in 2015 other trees for fuelwood. According toareport Much ofIndia’spopulationdependsonforests and 1.2 billion, a17.7%increase since 2001. estimated the total population of India to be and economic factors. The 2011census report household level are influenced by demographic The energy choice andtransition trajectories at 17.4% tothegross domesticproduct 48.9% oftheworkforce andcontributes around provides livelihoods andemployment tomore than area isusedfor agriculture. The agriculture sector 1.2 1.1 Demographic andeconomic factors Geographical context (1) 2 , or21.3%ofthe , the total forest (2) . From its land asafertilizer ordirectly asafuel. common usesofmanure are application tothe of manure from cows andbuffalos. Themost agricultural system, resulting inlarge quantities Livestock rearing isanintegral partofthe domestic energy varies by region. off farms. Thepatternofusecrop residues for substantial amountofcrop residue bothonand huge agricultural landarea, Indiaproduces a it was 31.14%(Table 1andFig. 1). had increased to 27.82%, and in the 2011 census of urbanization in India was 25.73%; in 2001 it continue to differ significantly. In1991, the level energy usedby rural andurbanhouseholdswill of energy demand. The amountsandtypesof Urbanization isamajordemographic driver Source: + . 55% ofthepopulation males) Sex ratio (females to domestic product Nominal gross Population (millions) in Maharashtralive . + Fig. 1. Table 1. with solidfuels More than80% in ruralareas cook mainly or kerosene 2011census. Demography andenergy status, Maharashtra andRajasthan Key demographic andeconomicindicators 2.45 trillion 1210 US$ (3) solid fuelsorkerosene 24% cookmainlywith urban areas India 45% livein 940 (2013–2014 377 (urban) percentage 833 (rural) growth) 11.54 390 billion US$ 112 (4) Maharashtra mainly withsolidfuels 75% ofthepopulation More than98%cook in Rajasthanlive 929 rural areas (2013–2014 percentage 51 (urban) 61 (rural) growth) 7.55 115 billion US$ (5) 68 solid fuelsorkerosene 30% cookmainlywith Rajasthan urban areas 25% livein 928 (2013–2014 percentage 17 (urban) 51 (rural) growth) 11.86

Demographic and economic factors 2 3 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India Health sectordata 2 al. cataracts, ascatalogued by Balakrishnanet lung cancer, tuberculosis, low birthweight and chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease(COPD), including acutelower respiratory infections, of health outcomes in women and children, early 1980s epidemiological studies, starting from the exposure toHAPinIndiaconsists ofnumerous The evidence base onthehealth impactsof background diseaserates. around 1730 in 2016, primarily due to decreasing decreasing from more than 5000 in 1990 to over time, morbidityper 100000population The impactofHAPhasbeendecreasing steadily Source: heart disease. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease;LC, lungcancer; ALRI, acutelower respiratory infection; IHD, ischaemic + on qualitative indicators ofexposure, including + 409172; (7) Fig. 2. COPD; . Many of the studies were based, however, 33% reference 319767; Stroke; Deathsattributable to householdairpollutionexposure in India, 2012 25% (6) 8. . The studiesaddressed arange 8%; 102149; ALRI; 2% 24078; LC; 32% 395160; IHD; for mortalityandmorbidityinIndia. that HAPwas thefourth mostimportantriskfactor edition ofthe in children are themaincauses (Fig. 2). The latest diseases andacutelungrespiratory infections and thatchronic cardiovascular and respiratory over onemillion deathsperyear inIndia2012 It hasbeenestimatedthatexposure toHAPcaused to thesource ofexposure. on thetypeoffuelusedfor cooking andproximity data collected indemographic health surveys, and intensityofsolidfueluseare depictedinFig. 3. guidelines far above thelevels prescribed in WHO’s airquality concentrations of 500–1500 worst affected. They are exposed toparticle Women andtheir young children are the COPD Stroke IHD LC ALRI (9, 10) Global burden ofdisease . The numberofsolidfuelusers µg/m 3 during cooking,

(8) showed Source: dependence onsolidfuels(%ofhouseholds)right + Millions ofhouseholdsdependentonsolidfuels: + Fig. 3. >10 reference DistributionofsolidfuelusersinIndia(millionshouseholds)onleft; Intensity of 5-10 11. 1-5 0.1-1 and betterphysical infrastructure. income levels, andthere isgreater private sectorparticipation to exhibit similaritiesincooking habits, have overall higher overall hasalarge numberofsolidfuelusers. Householdstend Although ithasalower intensityofsolidfueluse, SouthIndia would startfrom alow base. levels ofincome andeducation imply thatcookstove initiatives as well asthehighestintensityofsolidfueluse. However, low Central Indiahasboththehighestnumberofsolidfuelusers <0.1 % dependence onsolidfuels: >80% 65% -80% 50% -65% 35% -50% <35%

Health sector data 4 5 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India the current situation Household energy – 3 demand for primaryenergy sources. For example, and improved qualityoflife are increasing the growth, poverty alleviation, modernlifestyles Rapid urbanization and the quest for economic with nonrenewable sources ofenergy. Duringthe mix. Hence, mostoftheexisting demandismet Currently, fossil fuels dominateIndia’senergy Source: + 3.1

+ Thousand tonnes of oil equivalent on Fig. 4. a net caloriﬁc value basis reference 165 000 170 000 175 000 180 000 185 000 190 000 195 000 Household fuelshare Total finalenergy consumptioninthe residential sector 12 . Total ﬁnalconsumption(residential) 174 890 2011 177 228 2012 181 044 was recorded (Fig. 4). a growth of9%intotalfinalenergy consumption in theresidential sectorbetween2011and2015, (Fig. 5). over 80% of India’s energy consumption mix financial year 2015–2016, fossil fuels constituted 2013 185 932 2014 190 659 2015 2 1 people) suppliedby publicsectoroilmarketing consumers (more than120 million 60 million gas (LPG)programmes have addedanadditional decade. Since 2015, nationalliquifiedpetroleum based on conditions in the early part of the access toelectricity, buttheseestimates are lacked cooking and that more than 100 million relied oninefficientburningofsolidbiomass for it was estimated that more than 700 million people Agency’s In the2016editionofInternationalEnergy (see recommendations insection7.3). household energy survey isurgently required since the last census in 2011. A good national to thelackofcomprehensive nationalsurveys made towards modern household fuels owing to assessexactly how muchprogress hasbeen challenge despitethenewpolicies. Itisdifficult to cleantechnologyandmodernfuelsremains a and remote areas andinurbanslums, thetransition At householdlevel, however, particularly inrural fossil fuelsinorder toprotect theenvironment. The country isnow attemptingtomove from (Fig. 6). products inthecountry between2015and2016 total natural gasand20%ofthetotalpetroleum is generated primarily from coal), 11%ofthe consumed 24%ofthetotalelectricity(which inhabitants, was estimatedtohave 1 billion The residential sector, comprising more than Source: ORS, otherrenewable energy sources. + and lignite

+ The toolwas developed by NITIAayog in partnership withinstitutions inandoutsideIndia. The toolisaccessible at: In 2017, NITIAayog presented adraft nationalenergy policy, which iscurrently openfor publicconsultation. gov.in/iess/what_IESS.php Fig. 5. Coal 47% reference India’s energy mixduring2015–2016(percentage share ofeachfueltype) World energy outlook (14) 13 . . , for example, 6% Natural gas 13% and ORS hydro, nuclear, Electricity from 34% Crude andpetroleum electricity, although this has not beenverified by that had not been electrified by 2015 now have companies, and 99% of the 18 452 census villages calculates that lightingandmajorappliances nearly instantly. With regard toelectricity, thetool stoves withmodernfuelscan beturned onandoff smoke well beyond thecooking period, while both before andaftercooking, thusproducing electric fuels. Solid fuels burn for much longer, well for comparing solidwithliquid, gaseousor of “useful energy” in cooking does not work are consumed annually for cooking. The concept m estimated that8–10LPGcylinders, 170standard is approximately 7MJ/day. NITIAayog natural gas), takingstove efficiencyinto account, with modernenergy (electricity, LPG, piped energy required perday for cooking perhousehold cooking inIndianhouseholds 1104 TWh annually iscurrently usedfor domestic It isassumedthat an average total energy of other householdenergy demandandsupply issues. modelling ofvarious scenarios for cooking and Security Scenarios, 2047tool, (NITI) Aayog The NationalInstitutionfor Transforming India a significant proportion ofenergy consumption. modern energy sources, cooking accounts for In mostIndianhouseholdsthatlackaccess to a reliable survey. 3 of piped natural gas or 1022 kWh of electricity 1 recently promulgated its India Energy (15) http://www.indiaenergy. 2 whichallows .average The (16) has

Household fuel share 6 7 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India round ofthe National SampleSurvey (NSS). Amore since completion ofthe2011census andthe68 available. Mostoftheprogress hasbeenachieved evaluation report onthescale ofthecensus is LPG coverage are available, norecent survey or and householdelectrification and residential about physical access andcoverage ofvillage fuel has increased substantially. Although data and householdelectrification and residential LPG schemes by the Government, thecoverage ofvillage In recent years, withtheintroduction oftargeted electricity usedinhouseholds. and airconditioners consume almost80%ofthe such asceiling fans, televisions, refrigerators 4 3 they usedkerosene for lighting. percentage ofhouseholds(67.3%)reported that reported usingelectricity for cooking. Asignificant for lighting, analmostnegligiblepercentage (0.1%) reported using electricity as the primary source (2011 census). Although 67.3%ofhouseholds residential sectorwas reported tobe28.6% kerosene. The national LPG coverage in the to useprimarily solidbiomass, and2.9%used For cooking, 67.4%ofhouseholdswere reported Source: LPG, liquefiedpetroleum gas. + Kerosene: 2.9% + None ofthemore recent sources ofhouseholdenergy usesisas large asthe2011census andtheNSS(68 Most large surveys, suchasthecensusofIndia andtheNSS, donotcapture dataonenergy sources usedfor space heating, boiling July 2011 andJune2012). water orheatingfood for livestock inthehome. Fig. 6. 2011census. Access to fuelsources for cookingandlightinginIndia cake, coal,ligniteandcharcoal:67.4% Firewood, cropresidue,cowdung Electricity, biogas,any other andnocooking: 1.3% LPG: 28.6% th

Any other:0.2% electricity –isprovided inthefollowing sections. sources – solid biomass, coal, kerosene, LPG and detailed discussiononeach of the major fuel energy source for lighting. households were reported to usekerosene asan kerosene for cooking, respectively, and1.1 million slums were reported tousesolid biomassand householdsin and1.9 million Around 4.5 million slum areas, particularly in unauthorizedslums. In urbanareas, access toenergy isachallenge in and kerosene for lightingandcooking (Fig. 7). more households relied on solid biomass for cooking is evidentinthe2011census. Inrural areas, The disparity between rural andurban areas clean cooking was observed (Fig. 6). of access to electricity for lighting and access to In the2011census, asharpcontrast inthelevels to rely ontheavailable information. significantly. Nevertheless, thepresent studyhad the situationislikely tohave changed, perhaps taken since thelastnationalsurveys meanthat As noted above, however, the new initiatives the census andthe NSS, are lightingandcooking. that are captured intheavailable large surveys, At householdlevel, thetwomajorusesofenergy Other oil:0.2% Solar energy:0.4% Electricity: 67.3% th round conducted between Kerosene: 31.4% Nolighting:0.5% 3 4

frequency offuelwood collection and for boilingwater, addingtotheamountor In the State, biomass is alsousedfor space heating women, whousually carry biomassontheirheads. the difficult terrain increases thedrudgery of In mountainous regions such as Himachal Pradesh, to 374hevery year collecting firewood women whousetraditional stoves spendup cooking in some parts of the world of findinganadequateamountbiomass for There isagrowing literature onthedifficulties ambient particulatematter(PM and thatHAPisresponsible for 29.6%ofthe pollution inIndiacomes from householdsources WHO for igniting afire orin kerosene wick lamps. in the home when usedin traditional cookstoves concentration ofpollutants suchasblackcarbon often considered amodernfuel, increases the particulates. Similarly, kerosene, whichis in emissionofarange ofairpollutants and it burnsinefficiently in traditional stoves, resulting Although biomassisarenewable energy resource, Source: LPG: liquefiedpetroleum gas; PNG:pipednatural gas. + 3.2 Other sources:1 Electricity: 55.3 Kerosene: 43.2 No lighting:0.3 + Fig. 7. (18) reference Biomass fuels reported thatalmost 30%of outdoor air Energy accessinrural andurbanareas (inpercentages) asperthe2011census 17 . Rural cake, coal,ligniteand residue, cowdung LPG/PNG: 11.47 No cooking:0.2 Firewood, crop charcoal: 86.5 Electricity: 0.1 Any other:0.6 Kerosene: 0.7 Biogas: 0.4 2.5 (19) (21) ). . On average, . (20) . of thecountry. heat animalfodder andbathwater inmany parts and north-easternIndia. Biomassisalso burnt to heating, particularly in the hilly regions of north with dung. Biomassfuelsare alsousedfor space that nearly 10%ofrural householdsstill cooked For example, the68 while richer states use more modern fuels. fuelwood, dung, charcoal andcrop residues, Households in poorer states use biomass like Fig. 8)andbetweenrichpoor Indianstates. differs inurbanandrural India(Table 2and The consumption pattern of biomass like fuelwood fuel options. the scale ofitsconsumption andchoice over other and cost ofbiomassfuelssignificantly influences in both rural and urban areas. The free availability Biomass fuelusefor cooking iscommon inIndia, 3.2.1. Other sources:0.5 Electricity: 92.7 No lighting:0.3 Kerosene: 6.5

Household use th round oftheNSSindicated Urban cake, coal,ligniteand residue, cowdung No cooking:0.5 Firewood, crop charcoal: 26.1 Any other:0.2 Kerosene: 7.5 LPG/PNG: 65 Biogas: 0.4

Biomass fuels 8 9 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India and 15 million m as compared withtheavailability of40 million m country was 23.5and40 million m The consumption offuelwood andtimberinthe the largest globalconsumer offuelwood cooking andheatingenergy needs, makingIndia fuelwood suppliesabout40%ofthecountry’s the results oftheforest survey showed that (wood, crop residues, dung and charcoal). In 2011, India isamajorconsumer ofbiomassfuels Source: energy source households thatusefirewood andchipsasthe . Source energy source for cooking, 2001–2012 + impacts 3.2.2. Urban Rural

. + Percentage of households Table 2. Fig. 8. NSS Round57 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 : Compiledfrom various NSSreports. 0 reference 22.

Environmental andsocial Proportions ofrural andurbanIndianhouseholdsinwhichfuelwood istheprimary 4.0 67.3 India 2001/02 Proportions ofrural andurban 23.3 73.4 th 3 from forests. 2003 74.9 20 57.0 62.1 Maharashtra 59 th 2004/05 21.7 75 3 61 , respectively, 18.7 89.3 Rajasthan st 2005/06 20.9 74 (23) 62 3 . nd 2006/07

22.1 75.4 each statehasitsown system for regulating Although forests fall undertheIndianConstitution, and estimatedconsumption. estimated timespentgatheringfuelwood, the cost fuels for cooking onpeople’slives, withthe Table 3illustrates theimpactof the useofsolid an urbanphenomenon. Table 3). Paying for fuelwood is therefore not just although many householdsdonotpay atall (see fuelwood, whileurbandwellers spendRs13, rural IndiaspendsaboutRs48permonthon to forests (see Table 2). The average person in rural householdsbutalsoofurbanareas close is harvested tomeetthedemandnotonly of fuelwood remains highinmany areas. Fuelwood Not all firewood isfree, and expenditure on ban commercial useoffuelwood. proposed, noconcrete stepshave beentaken to action planfor implementingthisnotification was establishments, includinghotels. Although an is allowed for use as a fuel for commercial establishments for cooking andbonfires. Only LPG to restrict theuseoffuelwood by commercial of Environment andForests issuedanotification several policiesonfuelwood. In2009, theMinistry few decades, theGovernment hasimplemented the procurement offuelwood. Over thepast 2007/08 20.1 77.6 63 rd 2009/10 17.6 75.9 64 th 2011/12 67.3 14 66 th Urban Rural and industrial userather thanfor households pellets for cooking fuel, mainly for commercial inIndiamanufacture biomass 250 factories expanding exponentially. At present, more than making themmore affordable, andproduction is of renewable solidfuelpellets andbriquettesis dioxide emissions. Industrial-scale manufacture replacing LPGandthereby reducing direct carbon energy-efficient biomasspellets withtheaim of of companies inIndiaproduce anddistribute stoves) and/orcommercial purposes. Anumber residential cooking andheating(withpellet Biomass pellets are mostly usedinIndiafor Sources: . of biomasspellets 3.2.3. fire inAmritsar. ThenorthernIndiancityofAmritsar • • • Time spentcollecting fuel Indian rickshaw pullers warm themselvesaround a . faces severe coldconditionswiththetemperature 10 minperboy perweek 16 minpergirlweek 2.74 hperadult perweek Table 3. dipping towards thezero degree Celsiusmark. references

Production anddistribution Credit: GettyImages/AFP/GnarinderNanu Time spentcollectingfuelwood, costandconsumption 24 and 25 . Urban Rural Fuel cost (Rs/GJ)  (26) . 62 80 biomass pellet production), whichwas estimated from agriculture, forestry and wasteland (for to belarge, given thebiomasssurplusavailable household needsfor cleanenergy inIndiaappears The scope ofthepellet fuelindustrytomeet being sold 2010, although thistypeofstove isnolonger pellet fuelwere soldinIndiabetween2006and gasification” device orstove andbiomass-based a combination of a uniquely designed “micro- For example, more than 400 000 stoves with launched by theMinistryof NewandRenewable The National Biomass Cookstoves Initiative was models developed. and local, participated, with dozens of stove programmes, andhundreds ofNGOs, bothnational Research Centre. Many stateshadtheirown World BankandtheInternationalDevelopment involving internationalagenciessuchasthe Chulha programme, theNationalProgramme for Improved cookstoves, since the 1950s of “smokeless organization (NGO)-funded development and use country inthepublicandnongovernmental India has perhaps the longest history of any or impossible. at a different price would therefore be difficult supply system for poorand rural households biofuels, suchasbioethanol. Creating aseparate they are valuable fuels, asisthecase for other by thecommercial andmodernsectors, where will bedominated(andthustheprice determined) India indicate, however, that the market for pellets Simple energy economics andlocal experience in to be 242 Mt in2010–2011 and isexpected torise. 3.2.4. s, ran over 20 years from the early 1980s,

Stove types (27) Urban Rural Estimated meanconsumption . chulha (MJ/capita/annum) s” or“improved” biomass (28) . Alarge national 3250 1000 10 Biomass fuels 11 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India draft typesofimproved domesticandcommunity and testprotocols for portablenatural andforced Initiative, theMinistryissuedrevised standard As afollow-up totheNationalBiomassCookstoves chulha assess thestatusofvarious typesofimproved of Technology, NewDelhi, during2009–2010to was undertaken by theMNREat the Indian Institute device. Anewinitiative for improved cookstoves efficient, cost-effective, durable, easy-to-use development. The aimwas to design the most facilities andstrengthening research and modern testing, certification andmonitoring cookstoves. The initiative includedsettingup aim ofincreasing theuseofimproved biomass Energy (MNRE)on 2 December 2009withthe particulate emissionof56 mg/MJ. This metricisa meets Indian standards, has a measured rate of report, theforced-draft XXLEco household stove by farinthe appendixoftheMNRE its interimstandards International Organization for Standardization in in its guidelines for indoor air quality restrictive) than thosepromoted by either WHO The limitsin Table 4are, however, farhigher(less Source: . 13152 (part1)2013specification intests conducted accordance withtheBureau ofIndianStandards approved on the basis of their performance in The MNRE maintains a list of models it has for performance testingofcookstoves. with advanced equipmentandtestingmethods Accordingly, thetestfacilitieswere strengthened the Bureau ofIndianStandards inAugust 2013. biomass cookstoves, whichwas publishedby Forced draft Natural draft cookstove Type ofbiomass . Table 4. reference s, theirsuitabilityanddelivery mechanisms. Standard performance parameters for biomasscookstoves 29 . (30) .

For example, thebest Not lessthan35 Not lessthan25 Thermal efficiency(%) Standard performance parameters chulha (10) , which or the shown in Table 4. must comply withtheperformance requirements subsidies under the MNRE programme, stoves at MNRE-supported test centres. To be eligible for clean stoves shouldbetoprotect health. be improved toreflect current thinkingonhow Thus, the Indian standard(0.23 mg/min). could stoves to protect 90% of Indian households times thatrecommended by WHO for unvented to 1.6mg/mininIndianconditions oraboutseven and isnothealth-related, butisroughly equivalent different from thatusedininternationalguidelines ≤ 5 ≤ 5 CO (g/MJperday) suspended onawall athouseholdinIndia Air pollutionmonitoringequipmentis Credit: HeatherAdair-Rohani ≤ 150 ≤ 350 PM (mg/MJperday)  5 Distribution System (PDS), As kerosene isdistributedthrough the Public slow, hasincreased rapidly inrecent years electricity gridtorural areas, whichwas initially dim, inefficientandpolluting. Extensionofthe primary orback-up lighting, and theselampsare households use simple kerosene lamps for for lighting(2011census). About91% ofrural 95% dependedprimarily onkerosene lamps in Indiahadnoaccess togridelectricity, andabout In 2011, 33%ofthe247 million rural households to lightthefire inthe cookstove. and crop residues) for cooking butusekerosene biomass (includingfirewood, chips, dung cake 86.5% and26.2%, respectively, rely primarily on and urbanhouseholds, respectively; however, cooking fuelinonly 0.7%and7.5%ofall rural indicated thatkerosene isusedastheprimary for cooking than for lighting. The 2011 census decreased inIndia, anditisused much less a primaryfuelfor cooking orfor lightinghas LPG penetration. Dependence on kerosene as electricity supply andinurbanareas withlimited lighting andcooking inrural areas withno Kerosene isusedasasupplementaryfuelfor is higherinthecoal-rich statesofJharkhand, used as cooking fuel in the country, their use While acertain amountofcoal andligniteare 3.4.1. 3.4 3.3 institutional framework 3.4.2. An Indianfood securitysystem through whichfood andnon-food itemsare soldtopoorhouseholds at subsidizedrates instate-owned ration shopsorthrough thePDSnetwork.

Legal, regulatory and Household use Kerosene use Coal use 5 states’departmentsof (31) . about 8.5%between2011–2012and2012–2013 allocations tostatesinIndia were reduced by with thenecessary revisions (for example, Natural Gas(MoPNG), whichapproves therequests for kerosene totheMinistryofPetroleum and food andcivilsuppliessubmittheirrequirements introduced inthosestates. Manipur. Therefore, tailored policiescould be West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Meghalaya and on theopenmarket, because ofleakages inthe cooking fuel. Kerosene can alsobepurchased used mainly for lighting, but someisusedas to poor households each month from FPS. It is A fixed amountofsubsidized kerosene is available the entitlementfixed by thestategovernment. kerosene issoldtoconsumers inaccordance with managed jointly by state governments. Subsidized Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, FPS are Government undertheMinistryofConsumer under thetargeted PDS. Establishedby the Commodities Act, 1955toration card holders an order issuedundersection 3oftheEssential licensed to distributeessentialcommodities by of saletotheconsumer. FPSare shopsthatare it tofair-price shops(FPS), whichare thepoint at asubsidizedprice andsubsequently supply dealers procure kerosene from company depots to provide theallocated amounts. Wholesale allocations, itdirects theoilmarketing companies 2013–2014). Once theMoPNGhasfinalized and by about4.5%between2012–2013and constraints 3.4.3.

Market andsupply 12 Coal use 13 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India is diverted for otheruses. the allocated PDS kerosene and that about 44% in 2016 the CouncilonEnergy, Environment and Water of datafrom the68 subsidies shouldbereformed of kerosene from PDSsuggestthatkerosene PDS supply chain solar energy, for instance inwinter, whenthere LPG isusedasabackup by peoplewhorely on and very large cooking stoves. In some rural areas, and refrigeration. Itisusedtopower stand-alone India, butitmay alsobeusedfor lighting, heating Domestic LPGisusedmainly asfuelfor cooking in 3.5 LPG use (38) Chowkipur India. Chowkipur isavillage60 Credit: GettyImages/Simonde Trey-White Boys studyby lanternlightinahouse showed aleakage ofabout51% KM from Patna thathasnoelectricity. (32–34) th NSSround undertaken by . Studiesoftheleakages (35–37) . Analysis  market prices, as the Government provides a PDS kerosene issoldfor lessthaninternational been declared “kerosene free”. Delhi, Haryana andotherjurisdictionshave already end themnationally by early inthenext decade. continue todecrease kerosene subsidiesandto kLin2016–2017. The planisto to 6.93 million kLin2011–2012 decreased from 10.36 million The allocation ofsubsidizedkerosene tostates consumption offuel. that issafe for use indoors andleadstolower being anenvironmentally friendly, cleanfuel accessibility andlow cost perunit, aswell as is lesssunlight exploration companies. financial assistance from upstream oilandgas subsidy, whileanotherportioniscovered by from theGovernment, over and above thefiscal recovery iscompensated for by cash assistance marketing companies. Alarge portionoftheunder- price, resulting in“under-recoveries” for oiland price (includingmarketing costs) andtheselling only partofthedifference betweenthe cost fiscal subsidy. Thesubsidy, however, covers subsidies 3.4.5. distributors of producers andwholesale 3.4.4.

Prices, taxationand Industry structure interms (39) . LPGhasattributessuchas . LPG coverage inthecountry was estimated tobe of publicsectoroilmarketing companies. the 2011census andactive domesticconnections household growth rate during2001–2011)asper number ofhouseholdson1July 2017(basedonthe estimated theLPGcoverage inIndiafrom the The Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell 3.5.1. 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 Year . Table 5.

Penetration A womancooks foodonagas-connectedstove atherhomeinthevillageofMangrauli, UttarPradesh. Domesticmarket for LPG domestic LPG registered 201.8 181.9 166.3 150.4 137.1 125.4 115.1 105.7 101.0 94.3 (million) consumers 101.9 91.7 82.7 74.9 68.9 62.4 56.9 52.2 50.9 49.0 (million) customers DBC registered (40) Credit: GettyImages/Bloombert/Prashanth Vishwanathan 26.31 million inthetwostates, respectively. and were estimated to be was 12.54 million numbers of registered double-bottle connections to be79.7%and87.0%, respectively, andthe of RajasthanandMaharashtra was estimated national survey results. LPGcoverage inthestates have not, however, beenindependently verified by oil marketing companies (Table 5). These estimates 206.7 active domesticconnections ofpublicsector 75.5%, with243 million domesticconsumers and 166.3 148.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA (million) customers domestic LPG active a 61.9 56.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA percentage) (estimated LPG coverage b  14 LPG use 15 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India The latestinformation onthenumbers ofBPL The Government hasinitiatedvarious schemes. Source: b a DBC, doublebottleconnections;LPG, liquefiedpetroleum gas;NA, not available. Source: PMUY, . transfer schemeandrelated initiatives. Customers otherthanthoseregistered whoseduplicate, fake orinactive accountshasbeenblocked underthedirect benefit of households. Estimated from active domestic LPGconnectionsofpublicsectoroilmarketing companiesdividedby estimatednumber India South West East North-east North Region 1 July 2017 2017 Year in SangliDistrict, Maharashtra. They found that30%ofthe householdssurveyed usedLPGas Kumbhar &Pawar low usage, probably for only alimitedsetof cooking tasks. The householdsreported that, onaverage, onecylinderlastedfor more than2months, indicating the connections were less than5years old, andmore than 68%were single-cylinder connections. charcoal) asthemainsource offuelfor cooking. With respect toLPGaccess andusage, 75%of had access to LPGstoves, butmost still used solidfuel(firewood, dung, crop residue and sources offuelfor cooking in2010 The GlobalAlliance for CleanCookstoves commissioned astudyinRajasthantodeterminethe consumption ofLPGinkitchenswas related tothelevel ofincome. preference, indicating thathouseholdswere willing toshiftLPG. The study alsoshowed that type offuelfor cooking was ranked by preference, firewood was thefirst andLPGthesecond the mainfuelfor cooking, whilesomeused acombination of LPG, biogasandwood. When the Box 3: Box 2: . Table 6. Pradhan MantriUjjwala Yojana. reference reference Fuel consumption pattern inSangliDistrict(Maharashtra) LPGstatusinRajasthan BPLcustomers covered undervarious schemesasof1July 2017 No. ofhouseholdscovered under stategovernment- 41 40. . sponsored scheme 242.8 234.6 (million) consumers domestic LPG registered (43) reported onfuelconsumption inasamplesurvey ofrural households 11 327232 10 569073 225 350 104 207 189 036 239 566 (42) 110.6 108.9 (million) customers DBC registered . The studyshowed that24%ofthehouseholdssurveyed funds ofpublicsectoroilcompanies corporate socialresponsibility No. ofhouseholdscovered by the five regions andnationally isshown in Table 6. households covered undervarious schemesin 206.7 198.8 (million) customers domestic LPG active 6 998064 2 649901 1 331438 1 113108 1 787557 116 060 a covered underPMUY No. ofhouseholds 75.5 72.8 LPG coverage percentage) (estimated Scheme 24 476756 5 990047 9 111728 8 814726 531 332 28 923 b view ofthelackroads insomerural areas. distances isexhausting, (5–11 km) especially in major problem, ascarrying cylinders over long distributors withinareasonable distance isa penetration ofdomesticLPG. The lack ofLPG hilly areas, isamajorobstacleto complete system inrural areas, especially inremote and (47) of awareness inlow-income rural households infrastructure, highprice subsidiesandlack population density, migration patterns, poorroad to have low LPGuptake duetotheirlow distributors, as rural markets are considered LPG has low commercial viability for LPG market LPGatnon-subsidizedrates. Several private companies (for example, Reliance) Corporation andtheBharat Petroleum Corporation. the IndianOilCompany, theHindustanPetroleum marketing companies, thethree majorones being LPG ismarketed mainly by public sector oil per month authorized toprovide more thanonecylinder emergency, oilmarketing companies were of onecylinderpermonth. Incases ofgenuine subsidized LPGcylinders perannum, withacap 2014. Further, eachbeneficiary isentitledto12 to 11cylinders for theyear ending31March LPG under the direct benefit transfer scheme In 2014, theMoPNGrevised thecap onsubsidized supplies since the1960s to encourage itsuse, hassubsidized household important of source of modern fuel for cooking and, The Government has recognized LPG as an states thetermsofuseLPGcylinders of Supply andDistribution) Order 2000, which the MoPNGLiquefied Petroleum Gas(Regulation under theEssentialCommoditiesAct, 1955and essential commodity andistherefore administered LPG istheresponsibility oftheMoPNG. Itisan penetration andadoptionofLPG 3.5.3. institutional framework 3.5.2. . Furthermore, thelimited LPGdistribution

Barriers andconstraints to Legal, regulatory and (46) . (45) . (44) . traditional practices andtoberesistant tochange. obstacle, asilliterate peopletendtoprefer their householders. Lackofliteracy can beanother as unsafe oreven dangerous, particularly by older saving andhealth). Insomeareas, LPGisperceived about thebenefitsofLPG(environmental, time- There isalsolackofawareness inrural households income households. to theuptake and regular useofLPGby all low- outlay for eachrefill presents anotherbarrier households, limitingtheuptake ofLPG. The cash 3000 (approximately US$50), ishighfor poor The initial investment cost, which is about Rs residential address. lives inslumsandhave nomeanstoprove their urban areas, mostoftheimmigrant population a bankaccount oranidentitycard. Insemi- Another barrierislackofproof ofaproper address, LPG. Households withmore adult members are plays acritical role in decidingwhethertoadopt or theageandgenderstructure ofthehousehold disincentive inrural households. The demography on LPGstoves unacceptable. This was another chullah preferred thetaste of Interviews indicated thatmany households Credit: GettyImages/UIG/Majority World/Mahmud andinitially found thetasteof A womancarries cylinders ofLiquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG)onherback. roti madeontraditional roti cooked  16 LPG use 17 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India time taken tocollect andprepare biomassfuel. many donottake intoaccount thevalue ofthe have nomotivation tochangeLPG. Furthermore, Many rural areas are nearforests, andresidents another obstacleinmarketing andadoptingLPG. such aswood, dungorcrop residue, whichisyet apparently cheaper or free fuel alternative, Rural areas andcommunities often have an for betterhealth andtheenvironment. the benefitsofLPGandbewilling tomake changes adopt LPG, asthey are more likely tounderstand households may bemore readily motivated to in thesepopulationscan bedifficult. Younger using firewood for cooking, andchangingbehaviour likely to have fixed opinions and perceptions about Source: + + Fig. 9. reference NumbersofLPGdistributors perstate on1July 2017 41 . Industry Profile, 2017 to 17 916 (upby 12.5%)in2015–2016. The PPAC increased significantly, from 15 The numbers of LPGdistributers in Indiahas 49% market share and thelargest capacity toproduce LPG;ithasa Company has the largest number of refineries Hindustan Petroleum Company. The IndianOil Oil Company, Bharat Petroleum Company and produce andmarket LPGinIndiaare theIndian main publicsectoroilmarketing companies that GAIL IndiaLtdandReliance Industries. The three in Indiaare theOilandNatural GasCorporation, sector firms. SomeofthemajorLPGproducers LPG isproduced inIndiaby bothpublicandprivate by 4.9%between2016and2017. increased by 12.5%between2015and2016 The numberofLPGdistributors inthecountry 18 950LPGdistributors inIndiaon1July 2017. distributors producers andwholesale 3.5.4.

Industry structure: (48) (41) . , showed thatthere were

930 in 2014–2015 in 2002, whentheGovernment decidedtoprovide domestic LPG. The mechanismwas dismantled petroleum products, includingsubsidizationof “administered price mechanism”for pricing In 1975, the Government established an annum in2015–2016. per annumin2014–2015to15172000t capacity increased by 8.03%, from 14044000 t plants) of16414000tperannum. LPGbottling with a total bottlingcapacity (number ofshiftsat there were 189bottlingplantsinthecountry tperannum.capacity is215.06 million In2017, According toMoPNGfigures, the current refinery subsidies 3.5.6. and receiving storage capacity 3.5.5.

Prices, taxationand Current refinery capacity in theinternationalreference period. are mandatedtosell LPGbelow thecost price the Government, andoilmarketing companies The price ofdomestic LPGisstill controlled by recoveries for theoilmarketing companies. LPG, low. This resulted inlarge amountsofunder- sensitive petroleum products, including domestic global oil prices by keeping the retail selling price of consumers from theimpactofvolatile andhigh in 2002. This schemehelpedtoinsulateIndian kerosene anddomesticLPGsubsidyscheme subsidies, theGovernment formulated thePDS administration andimplementationofbudgetary under the budget. Further, to ensure proper subsidies on domestic LPG at specified flat rates summarized in Table 7. Measures to promote uptake of LPG are measures 3.5.7.

Market promotion 18 LPG use 19 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India

.. Table 7. Policies, programmes and schemes for increasing market penetration of LPG (see also Annex 1) Policy, scheme Launch date and Nodal ministry Objective Success Limitations or programme status PAHAL scheme: MoPNG Launched in 2014 To rationalize subsidies by The number of LPG subsidies Rural areas (especially hilly direct benefit in 54 districts (first reducing subsidy leakages but increased from 13 crorea in and remote villages) lack transfer of LPG phase): extended in not the subsidies themselves. 2014 (launch year) to 17.4 banking services and have January 2015 to 622 crore in 2016. poor infrastructure, which LPG consumers who join the districts of India. are obstacles to promoting PAHAL scheme can obtain cashless transfer of LPG Status: ongoing LPG cylinders at the non- subsidies to poor households. subsidized price and receive the LPG subsidy (as per their entitlement) by direct payment into their bank account. Pradhan Mantri MoPNG Launched in May The Government launched Under the PMUY scheme, There is no concession for Ujjawala Yojana 2016 PMUY to provide LPG 709 districts are covered the second refill, and even (PMUY) connections to 5 crore women and 29 543 113 connections a subsidized cylinder costs Status: ongoing in BPL families over 3 years, have been supplied to BPL around Rs 450, which is starting in financial year households. a large amount for a poor 2016–2017. household to pay each month. In 2016–2017, there were 32.2 million new LPG connections, of which 20 million were PMUY beneficiaries. Ujjwala Plus MoPNG Launched in August The scheme was launched Results not yet available. Results not yet available. Scheme 2017 for low-income people to increase coverage of free LPG Status: ongoing connections. Under the Ujjwala Plus Scheme/Yojana, LPG consumers who have voluntarily given up their subsidy on cooking gas are asked to provide a free LPG connection to nearby needy families. Policy, scheme Launch date and Nodal ministry Objective Success Limitations or programme status “Give it Up” MoPNG Launched in March Higher income households Nearly 1 crore LPG consumers It is a voluntary scheme. or “Giveback” 2015 are asked to voluntarily give have voluntarily given up their scheme up their LPG subsidy. The LPG subsidy. Status: ongoing main objective is to enable provision of LPG to poor households. SAHAJ Oil manufacturing Launched in August SAHAJ is a digital initiative The Indian Oil Corporation Rural areas lack the companies, under 2015 intended to facilitate pilot-tested the SAHAJ Internet connections and the MoPNG application for a new scheme in Delhi on 1 infrastructure required to use Status: ongoing LPG connection. An LPG May 2015. It covered 308 the services. connection is released after distributors, and 550 “SAHAJ Some people in the rural online payment and issuance (e-SV)s” were released population are illiterate of an “e-SV”. for online registration and and cannot use information payment. Almost 98% of the technology. connections, registered online were released within 7 days of registration. Emergency A multilingual Launched in This facility is available As of 29 November 2016, Anecdotal evidence suggests helpline no. LPG emergency January 2016 around the clock, with two 137 832 complaints had that some customers have “1906” helpline was shifts of 12 h for attending been received and 137 814 difficulty in connecting to the Status: ongoing dedicated to to emergency LPG leakage had been resolved on this helpline. the nation on 1 reports. The call centre has emergency helpline number. January 2016 a web-based application by the MoS(I/C) for logging, viewing and MoPNG monitoring calls and updating the contact details of mechanics and field officers.

a One crore = 10 million 20 LPG use 21 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India The IndianOilCorporation Madurai area office LPG market clearly indicating theexistence ofleakages inthe hotels, connections butthere are three timesthatmany in Shimla, there are about1500commercial gas dhabas commercial uses such as small fast-food outlets, Domestic LPG issold on the blackmarket for misused duetolackofvigilance ormonitoring. during thefestival season, domesticLPGisoften are soldontheblackmarket. Furthermore, In both rural and urban areas, some LPG cylinders • bank account. that twoconnections were oftenlinked toone to only 21504bankaccounts, clearly indicating consumer identification numbers were linked Indian Oil Corporation revealed that 43 323 LPG multiple connections. Similarly, the database of the were linked to700identitycard numbers, indicating Corporation showed that1400LPGconnections A random checkoftheHindustanPetroleum bank account ornameinoilmarketing companies. connections have the same identity card number, of India(CAG) in2016 report oftheComptroller andAuditor General Leakages alsooccur intheLPGsubsidy. The audit the blackmarket asasource ofextra income often left with extra cylinders that they can sell on LPG, firewood, cow dungand kerosene), they are generally useamixoffueltypes(for example, cylinders inayear. Asdomesticconsumers that aconsumer generally usessixtoseven LPG and commercial cylinders owing totheprice differential betweendomestic misusing domesticLPGfor commercial purposes premises. The officer statedthatpeoplewere filling stations and on business and commercial in thecityandseizeddomesticcylinders atgas conducted araid inMarch 2017ofvarious locations 3.5.9. 3.5.8. misuse ofLPGfor commercial purposes, extend An LPGhouseholdenergy policywouldreduce , restaurants andsmall hotels. For example, dhabas

Enablers for LPGadoption Leakage from end-use (49) , restaurants and fast-food outlets, . (52) (50) noted thatmany LPG . Interviews indicated (51) .

• • • • • • • • • disseminate information aboutthebenefitsand traditional andsocialmediacould beusedto Regular publicawareness campaigns in minimize difficulty from LPGdistributors. find a nearby LPG dealer or refill stationand connection, complain about an LPG cylinder, apply for an LPG connection, track their LPG to obtainall thenecessary information onLPG, initiative wouldallow prospective consumers An online system suchas the Digital India adoption anduseofLPGby households. oil marketing companies wouldensure greater dealers andprompt consumer service by the Timely delivery andperiodicsafety checks by LPG connections and theiruse. establish amore robust system for monitoring schemes (for example, “pay as you go”)and marketing strategy, includeinnovative payment delivery system, rationalize price diversity anda establish auniform, systematic transport and the provision oftwo-cylinderconnections, shift toLPG. to curb tree-cutting for firewood, enabling a Deforestation regulations shouldbeenforced small familiesormigrants. use of5-kg cylinders withmountedstove for an LPGcylinderandstove andalsopromote the rasoi ghar The Government shouldpromote theconcept of local markets commonly visitedby villagers. increased andmadeavailable at The numberofLPGfilling facilitiesshouldbe economic value ofthesignificant saving oftime. employment programme could emphasizethe Linkage oftheLPGschemeswithrural a periodwhenbehaviour changeislikely. income level inwhichbiomassisburntduring pregnant womencould reach householdsofany Linkage ofLPGtothebenefitspackage for health networks. National Rural Health Mission)andinprimary instituted by theMofHFW as apart of the health activists” (community health workers in primary health centres, by “accredited social sourse ofmessagesonLPGandhealth, e.g. The health sectorwouldbethemostcredible safety ofLPG andhow toadaptcooking practices. (community kitchens) equipped with haat , fairs and efficient light-emitting diode (LED)bulbs. As of bulbsare tobe replaced byfluorescent lamp Minister in2015, incandescent andcompact appliances for all” scheme, launchedby the Prime as part of the of householdstoefficient equipment. For example, The Government isalsopromoting thetransition and 6%ofrural households air conditioners oraircoolers by 24% ofurban 80% ofurbanand50%rural householdsand urban and9%ofrural households, televisionsby 64% ofrural households, refrigerators by 44%of urban areas. Fans are owned by 93%ofurbanand of electrical appliance ownership inrural and The 68 space cooling. areas have only aceiling fanoratablefor have airconditioners, poorhouseholdsinrural Unlike mosthouseholdsinurban areas, which during thesummer, space cooling isrequired. humid climateandhighambienttemperatures phones. Asseveral states inIndiahave avery in agrowing numberof houses, for charging mobile Electricity isusedby householdsfor lighting and, the households are estimated to lack electricity. electrified, while, inMaharashtra, lessthan3%of In Rajasthan, over 20%ofhouseholdsare yet tobe achieved 100% electrification of census villages. and thestatesofMaharashtra andRajasthan have 100% electrification ofinhabited census villages, and union territories have achieved 17 states in rural areas. The dashboard shows that village electrification andhouseholdelectrification ensure transparency inreporting tocitizenson dashboard (GARV dashboard) mobile application and an accompanying online The Government launchedthe 3.6.2. 3.6.1. 3.6 th round oftheNSSreported ondistribution

Household use Penetration Electricity use Unnat Jyoti “affordable LEDsand (54). Gramin Vidyitikaran (53) in order to

the With theintroduction ofnewpoliciessuchas economic andsocial activities safety, especially for women, and encourages lighting afterdaylight hours increases personal acknowledges thataccess toelectricityand The Government’s had beendistributedwithinthisscheme 16 October 2017, more than 269 million LED bulbs of theDDUGJY setamaximum grant (including the central and state governments. The guidelines financial overheads for village electrification with Gramin VidyutikaranGandhi Yojana GramJyoti Yojana In theongoingschemes, governments decideonsubsidiesfor consumers. central and the state governments; however, state Electricity isunderthejurisdictionofboth purchase power. sufficient financial resources maynotbeable to Hence, adistributioncompany thatlacks companies operating in the region or state. government andtheelectricitydistribution distribution is, however, vested ineachstate The responsibility for thepower supply and cuts ineachstatesandunionterritory. average numberandaverage duration ofpower the power supply. The website to facilitateaccess todataonthereliability of areas, the Government haslaunchedawebsite the supply inrural areas isimproving. For urban of electricityservice delivery, thereliability of the central Government andbettermonitoring 3.6.3. and subsidies 3.6.4. Ujwal DISCOMAssurance Yojana

Reliability ofservice Pricing structure, taxation (DDUGJY) andtheprevious Saubhagya Deen Dayal Upadhyaya (57) (56) . provides the shared the schemeby scheme (55) Rajiv . 22 Electricity use 23 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India pricing structure, whichisguidedby theNational Regulatory Commission, eachstatehasitsown is guidedby orders oftheCentral Electricity state. Although theoverall pricing structure by the electricity regulatory commission of each The price ofelectricityfor consumers isregulated are given afree electricityconnection. or theutility. Within theDDUGJY, all BPLhouseholds infrastructure are borneby thestategovernment strengthening andimproving theelectricity for acontribution from theutlity. Expensesfor respective utilityandisalsoexpected toarrange is mandatedtoprovide anupfront subsidytothe and 75%for theotherstates. The stategovernment prescribed milestones) of90%for “special” states an additional grant payable upon achievement of time, thedistributioninfrastructure requires In villages thathave hadelectricityfor some houses inrural andurbanareas. electrified householdsandnewly constructed due toadditionalenergy requirements innewly for domesticpower is, however, expected togrow expected to achieve a power surplus. The demand that Indiahasmadesignificant progress andis supply was notduetolackofpower, implying energy availability. The gapbetween demand and position intermsofenergy requirement and was registered for theactualpower supply 2016–2017, andthelowest deficitever (−0.7%) more than350000MW duringthefinancial year India hadanelectricitygenerating capacity of of supply. shall beatleast50%oftheaverage (overall) cost Policy 2005 statesthatthetariff for BPL consumers Tariff Policy 2016 heating andlighting electricity demand for cooking, 3.6.6. penetration incentives toincrease 3.6.5.

Carrying capacity and Programmes and (58) . The National Electricity for heatingandcooking. pay; they are therefore unable touseelectricity primarily because oftheirlimitedcapacity to be provided withalow-capacity connection, Off-grid communities andpoorhouseholdsmay be financially sound. the local electricitydistributioncompany must required tosupportproductive loads;therefore, transformers andotherinfrastructure will be infrastructure. Newer, highercapacity distribution only single-phasepower supportedby older feasible for householdsthathave access to and cooking applications mightnotbetechnically unfit for larger loads. Similarly, productive load maintenance andupgrading; otherwise, itwill be a mini-grid policy inplace 2016 the Government issuedadraft nationalpolicy in and mini-gridsbased on renewable energy, After private enterprisesbegan providing micro- private players. Plan, 2006, whichpromoted theparticipation of 2003, andthesubsequentRural Electrification enterprises, withimpetusfrom theElectricityAct, interest from bothIndianandinternationalsocial based on renewable energy are attracting Off-grid and decentralized generation systems energy sources in the electricity generation mix. increasing the cumulative share of renewable and theGovernment hascommitted itselfto Saubhagya the For difficult andinaccessible terrains andlocations, hydro-energy, whichdependson therains. of Nagaland, muchelectricityisgenerated from is aprimaryrequisite. For example, intheState hydro andbiogas, consistency intheavailability to nonconventional energy sources, suchas Arunachal Pradesh, will bedifficult. With regard terrain, such as in the north-eastern state of census villages, andextending ittomountainous not reached small dispersed hamletsandnon- has reached almost99%ofcensus villages, ithas generation andsupply capacity. While thegrid Two general barriers restrict augmentationofgrid 3.6.7. Deen (59)

Increasing gridcapacity d . Only UttarPradesh Statealready has ayal Upadhaya Gram Jyoti Yojana schemeprovide off-gridsystems, (60) . Several social and the • • • • • • • The barriers include: a numberoffactors limitcomplete transition. most urbanandrural villages covered by thecensus, Although electricityinfrastructure isavailable in households were usingelectricityfor cooking. The 2011census reported thatbarely 0.1%of biogas inthecountry central Government schemefor promotion of manure managementprogramme isthelargest power generation solar-based technology but also biogas for off-grid rural areas. The Government provides notonly have installed orcommissioned micro-grids in enterprises andnon-Government institutions cooking to adoptionofelectricityfor 3.6.8. new technologies. distrust by many rural residents for residue; and availability offree biomassandagricultural lack ofreliable after-sales service; the rural poor; limited, unpredictable disposable income of induction stove; bread, thatmightbedifficult to cookon an certain food preferences, suchasthick not suitablefor cooking for large families; commercially available induction cookstoves are generally large families in rural areas, while most induction stoves require aminimumof1KW; households (usually <1KW), whilemost inadequate electricitycapacity for BPL

Enablers andbarriers (61) , andthenationalbiogas (62) . • • • • • • The enablingfactors are: for cooking. limited availability ofsolidbiomassfuel options for procuring stoves; and access toafter-sales service duetothemultiple alternative, LPG; lower price of electricity as compared with the save time; and mightbeattracted toinductionstoves to and eatinghabitsthatsuittheirworkinghours households are more opentomoderncooking multicultural environment incities, where smaller familiesinurbanareas; power supply inurbanareas; adequate infrastructure andarelatively reliable Employed Women's Association(SEWA) asshe mud atherresidence inthevillageofKeiyal, prepares foodonatraditional stove madeof Credit: GettyImages/AFP/SamPanthaky An Indianvillagerisshown anew'Clean Cooking Stove' by members of The Self some 50kilometers from Ahmedabad.  24 Electricity use 25 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India short-lived climatepollutant are emittedincludeblackcarbon, whichisa during burningofsolidbiomass, thetoxins that including degradation oflocal tree cover. Further, cooking and lighting has an environmental impact, traditional, inefficient, polluting fuelsources for The reliance ofenergy-poor householdson 3.7 Himalayan region threatens communitiesdependent The retreat ofsnowfields andglaciers inthe Climate changeconsiderations on meltwater toirrigatesubsistencecrops. Credit: JonathanMingle (63, 64) .  of statessuchasRajasthanandMaharashtra. urban areas andalsoindrought-prone areas the numberofcows isdecreasing inmodern people’s choice offuelandfood. For example, Modern lifestyles andclimatevariations alsoaffect had thelowest emissionfactors. charcoal stoves andadvanced biomassstoves highest medianemissionsofblackcarbon, while found thatsimplewoodandrocket stoves hadthe et al. benefits for eitherhealth ortheclimate. Garland cookstoves ontheIndianmarket failtoprovide most commercially available improved biomass however, Sambandametal. women andtoreduce emissionsofharmfulsoot; in Indiafor decades toprotect thehealth of Improved biomasscookstoves have beenpromoted available tousers. to make affordable, more effective technology climatic conditions, andresearch isrequired Technology should match lifestyles and local as themostappropriate solution inall locations. Hence, abiogassystem cannot berecommended (66) assessedseven typesofcookstove and (65) reported that Social welfare programmes 4 are describedbelow. Some programmes withpotentialtoaddress HAP offering amechanismtointegrate HAPmitigation. and mandateintersectoral cooperation, thereby reported tohave generated jobs 50 million tothe programme, which is of Rs 480 billion The 2017unionbudgetmadethehighestallocation and increases employment inunskilled work. The schemeguarantees 150days of paidwork be leveraged topromote theuseofcleanenergy, for the employment card use of a latrine by a household is a prerequisite conditionality. For example, theconstruction and and has been an instrument of reform by imposing by creating alternative employment for thepoor It hassignificantly increased householdincome political importance initiatives toboostemployment Raj institutions and self-help groups. Welfare to generate employment through Panchayati The aimofpoverty alleviation programmes is Rural Employment Guarantee Act 4.1.1. 4.1

Mahatma Gandhi National Mahatma GandhiNational Poverty alleviation programmes (68) (70) , asthey are popular . Such schemes could (67) have immense (69) . well-being. Itisanintersectoral initiative ofthe improve women’s ability toachieve their rights and The aim of the initiative is to alleviate poverty and to buycleanfuels. as they give householdstheeconomic capacity for beneficiarie through self-help groups could provide financing plant by providing halftheamount. Micro-credits individual householdsfor installation ofabiogas The MNRE’sbiogasprogramme subsidizes under the to finance purchase ofanLPGstove and refills in theSwachh Bharat Mission. Itcould beused safe energy, like thelatrinepromotion initiative to credit. The initiative could beusedtopromote addresses economic needs by prompt, easyaccess Agriculture andRural Development. The model Innovation DepartmentoftheNationalBankfor Raj, the Reserve Bank of India and the Micro-credit of Rural Development, the Ministry of Panchayati Ministry of Tribal Welfare andJustice, theMinistry 4.1.2.

Self-help group initiative Pradhan MantriUjjwala Yojana (57) . . 26 Poverty alleviation programmes 27 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India tribes. The programme isadministered through schemes for scheduled castes and scheduled families andfundsfor individual beneficiary provide sustainedwage employment to BPL improve infrastructure inrural areas andto Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana distribution networktounderserved areas. The PDSsystem could be usedtoextend theLPG distribution ofLPGcylinders atsubsidizedrates. 400 000 FPS, plays an instrumental role in the Food andPublicDistribution, withitsnetwork of The PDS, undertheMinistryofConsumerAffairs, Yojana 4.1.4. (PDS) 4.1.3.

Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Public distributionsystem was started promoting green businesses of clean fuel by increasing purchasing power and could cater to boththedemand and thesupply income less than Rs 11 000. The Programme labourers andrural artisans whohave anannual group is small and marginal farmers, agricultural cooperatives andregional rural banks. The target and termcredit advanced by commercial banks, given in the form of a subsidyfrom the Government self-employment intherural sector. Assistance is poverty by creating sustainable opportunities for The aimoftheProgramme istoalleviate rural cooking options Act, could beusedtopromote uptake ofclean Gandhi NationalRural Employment Guarantee village Development Programme 4.1.5. Credit: GettyImages/Universal ImagesGroup panchayats

Integrated Rural (71) . The scheme, like the Mahatma . Woman usingbiogascooker. (72) .  as agriculture, health, education, sanitation, ensure integrated development inareas such to buildmodelvillages intheirconstituencies to Yojana scheme, Members ofParliament are encouragedGram Aadarsh Sansad National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. India Mission–Rural) andtheMahatmaGandhi as the Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin (Clean toilets by convergence withprogrammes such also provides assistance for the construction of harmful airpollutants. have adequateventilation toreduce exposure to could ensure thathousesbuilt underitsauspices dilapidated housesby 2022. The programme to people without a house or who are living in amenities including a hygienic cooking space, is toprovide permanenthousingwithbasic of HousingandUrbanAffairs for urbanareas, Development for Rural Areas and the Ministry Yojana this programme, runby theMinistryofRural Awas Mantri Pradhan of biomass could increase clean fuel usage number ofmidday mealscooked withLPGinstead access tosubsidizedLPGcylinders. Increasing the Members ofthemidday mealprogramme have while improving the nutritional status of children. encouraging schoolenrolment andattendance by designatedcooks andhelpers, are a meansof schools.. The meals, cooked onschoolpremises 1–8 inGovernment, Government-aided andlocal Primary Education, now covers studentsingrades National Programme of Nutritional Support to Ministry of Human Resource Development as the India’s midday mealscheme, establishedby the 4.3 4.2 Other welfare programmes School feeding programmes Pradhan MantriAwas Yojana : : Through this The aim of (73) .

(74) children andtheelderly), health andeducation safety and security (particularly for women, citizen participation), a sustainable environment, good governance (especially e-governance and housing, robust connectivity anddigitalization, (including solidwaste management), affordable adequate water and electricity supplies, sanitation application solutions. of “smart” These include of life inaclean, sustainableenvironment by provide core infrastructure andadecent quality is to promote sustainable, inclusive cities that Mission Cities Smart the Swachh Bharat Mission(CleanIndiaMission). villages”, whichare currently mandatedunder “smokeless villages” and“opendefaecation-free The schemecould encourage thedevelopment of some initiatives tocreate smokeless villages. governance. The IndianOilCorporation isleading models oflocal development andeffective local environment andlivelihoods, generating . Access to clean fuels for cooking and heating, : The objective ofthisproject Credit: HeatherAdair-Rohani  28 School feeding programmes 29 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India villages free ofopendefaecation, they wouldbe smoke. Asenvironmental awareness isgreater in that were free ofbothopendefaecation and Welfare health awareness aboutsanitationanditslinkwithpublic change unhealthy sanitationbehaviour andraise scientific municipalsolid waste management, stop manualscavenging, introduce modern, mission are to eliminate open defaecation, Mission Bharat Swachh urban andperiurbanuseofbiomass. could beconsidered inorder toprevent arisein although currently not included in the objectives, (75) (76) . The MinistryofHealth andFamily recommended creation ofvillages : The objectives ofthis powered implements and polythene tunnels as e-rickshaws, solarpumpsandenergy- of interest to Scheduled Castes for equipment such unit cost uptoRs0.1 million ataconcessional rate to address climatechangeby providing loansfor a Justice and Empowerment launched this scheme Scheme Business Green clean fuelsfor cooking andheating. in whichevery householdhasaccess toanduses good places totestthesmokeless village concept, for cooking andheating. the useofcleanandrenewable energy sources This schemecould offermechanismstoencourage : The MinistryofSocial (77) . and coordination Stakeholder organization 5 NCDs, India established the national programme For example, to address the growing burden of could include the health effects ofairpollution. MoHFW programmes andpolicies (seebelow) health outcomes. not thedriver ofthispolicyaction, itwill improve poor householdsby 2019. Although health was HAP by providing cleancooking gasto50 million inthe2016–2017budgettoaddress 1.5 billion the Government’s commitment of at least US$ health benefits possible reduction inexposure andconsequent outlined in2016, was toachieve thegreatest health concern. The aimofthecommittee’s actions, country to address air pollution as a national as thefirst step by alow- andmiddle-income and health in2015. This hasbeenrecognized established anexpert committee onairpollution attributable toambientandHAP, theMoHFW To address thesubstantialhealth burden advisory armfor theNCDprogramme. General ofHealth Services isthetechnical and the NationalHealth Mission, andtheDirectorate Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke is under Prevention andControl ofCancers, Diabetes, Development. The NationalProgramme for programme oftheMinistry Women andChild aligns the Integrated Child Development Services manages andimplementshealth policy and Although health isaStatesubject, theMoHFW and health (seeAnnex 2). At Government level, organizations workingincleanhouseholdenergy schemes ofNGOsandcivilsocietycommunity 11 governmentprogrammes16 and ministries and The stakeholder mappingexercise identified addressing HAP 5.1 Role ofthehealth sectorin (78) . Anotablepolicyactionwas no convergence withtheMoHFW. undertake energy initiatives; however, there is of Power, withthenodaldepartments(Fig. 10) and ClimateChange, theMoPNGandMinistry the MNRE, the Ministry of Environment, Forest Screening will beconducted for oral, breast and the year, andanincreased emphasisonresearch. patients withselectedchronic illnesses around The policyproposes medication andaccess for consultations andfollow-up attheprimary level. health care network, withlinks tospecialist will beincludedin the comprehensive primary step. The mechanisms for achievingtheseaims preventable mortality, withscreening asthefirst an integrated approach toreduce morbidityand impact ofairpollution. This istobeachieved by chronic diseases, theprimary manifestation ofthe (76) and outlines alignment of the Policy across sectors listed exposure to airpollution asapriorityfor action The 2017NationalHealth Policy, for thefirst time, 100 districts. level screening for COPDare tobeconducted in to address COPD. Pilotstudieswithpopulation- and tobuildthecapacity ofthe health system early detection, control, prevention andawareness COPD cases. The initiative isdesignedtoensure and improvement of existing referral systems for community health centres toensure preparedness is tostrengthen primaryhealth centres and equipment suchasspirometers provided withaCOPDclinic, COPDcounsellors and As part of this plan, district health centres will be led toitsinclusionintheprogramme in2016. in 2010, andrecognition ofCOPDasaleadingNCD tohalt andreverse thegrowing incidence of (79) .objective The 30 Role of the health sector in addressing HAP 31 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India of thatprovided for otherdiseases. Currently, funding for theseprogrammes isonly afraction intended toaddress theburden ofchronic diseases, Despite the national health policy directives community level. to manageemerging infectious andNCDsat of amultipurpose male health worker cadre health activistsandtherevival andstrengthening The policyrecommends useofaccredited social cervical cancers, COPD, hypertension anddiabetes. like the technologies could be incorporated into a scheme health, andclean householdenergy fuelsand multifaceted approach tomaternalandchild Adolescent Health includes 10 schemes for a on Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, Childand delivery platform. For example, theProgramme clean householdenergy orserve asanalternative used to raise awareness about the benefits of children. Some of these programmes could be morbidity among vulnerable mothers and their and financialsupportto reduce mortalityand facilities andinhouseholdsprogrammatic systems strengthening, diseasemanagementat women andearly childhoodcare comprise health The programmes and schemes for pregnant health system resources toaddress theburden its adverse effectsonhealth andalsothelackof techniques tomeasure thesources ofpollution and not overtly linked toHAPbecause ofthelack the Missionanditsauxiliaryprogrammes are in theNCDinitiative oftheprogramme; however, in children under5years. COPDisalsoincluded activists toidentifyandmanagecases, especially the Missionhasusedaccredited socialhealth To address acute lung and respiratory infections, Adolescent Health and on Communicable Diseases. on Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, Childand National Health Mission and the programmes Work onNCDsistheresponsibility oftheflagship and children’s health related tohouseholdenergy andwomen’s 5.2 Janani Shishu Suraksha Karakram Health sectorpoliciesandprogrammes , which . those targets to air pollution, it has no clear pathway to achieve mortality andmorbidityassociatedwithexposure the SustainableDevelopment Goalstoreduce or policies. While theGovernment hasadopted incorporate airpollution intohealth sectorplans There iscurrently noactionorsystematic planto and control ofinfectious diseases. is targeted tomaternalandchildhealth, vaccination a considerable proportion ofpublichealth funding births. It isrunby theMinistry of Women and and lactatingwomenfor theirfirst twolive conditional cash transfer Pradhan MantriMatritva Vandana Yojana and assessmentoftheir development needs. the health statusofthemotherandhernewborn counselling and family empowerment according to A “mother and child protection card” is used for care and vaccination, among other services. antenatal care, institutionaldelivery, postnatal of age. The system allows for timely provision of pregnant woman, infantandchildupto3years and childtracking system Health Missionisthetechnology-based mother Women andChildDevelopment withintheNational initiative by theMoHFW andtheMinistry of and provision ofantibiotics. A collaborative through thepromotion ofzincandoral rehydration respiratory infections anddiarrhoealdiseases to reduce mortality and morbidity related to acute The NationalHealthMission energy use. provide cash incentives for cleanhousehold transfer programme for newmothers could Matrivite VandanaMantri Yojana transport, all offered free ofcharge. The medicines, consumables, diagnostics, bloodand care until 30days after birth, including treatment, entitles pregnant women and sicknewbornsto (18) . schemefor pregnant has a targeted scheme , which tracks every conditional cash Pradhan isa express aninterest. Few environmental health and provides technical assistance tostatesthat conducting environmental health riskassessments General ofHealth Services isresponsible for The Environmental Health cell withintheDirectorate specialist. The services includeissuance ofa and third trimesters, under the guidance of a of high-riskpregnant women duringthesecond ensures early identification andprompt treatment Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matrutava Abhiyan 25% institutionaldeliveries. classified as“low performing”, with fewer than BPL populations, especially in states that are for eligible women. In general, the scheme targets incentives for public, private and home deliveries among poorpregnant womenby providing cash scheme, whichpromotes institutionaldelivery SurakshaJanani Yojana benefits underany otherscheme. entities andthosewhoare receiving similar central orstategovernments orpublicsector mothers except thoseregularly employed by the incentives are given toall pregnant andlactating good nutrition andfeeding practices. The cash child care andconditions for safe delivery and compensation to women during childbirth and Child Development and provides apartialwage 5.3 Environmental health riskassessments isamaternitybenefit

Nongovernmental andcivilsocietyorganizations predicted for children under5years inIndia significant, as43 million cases ofpneumoniaare to theprogramme in2017. This development is mortality rate. Pneumococcal vaccine was added preventable diseaseandhasreduced India’sinfant reduced morbidityandmortalityduetovaccine- in theworld. The programme hassignificantly vaccination programme, whichisoneofthelargest Mission Indradhanush could beincluded inthesesessions. effects ofHAPon fetal health andriskmitigation breastfeeding andcontraception. Awareness ofthe regular antenatal check-ups, institutional delivery, counselling ingroups of10–12ondiet, sleep, tablets. Underthescheme, mothers also receive and provision ofiron, folic acid andcalcium ultrasonography, vaccination withtetanustoxoid at high risk, examination, laboratory investigation, mother–child protection card identifyingmothers COPD once theCOPDprogramme gainsmomentum. are plannedfor all NCDsandwill beconducted for and evaluation division, riskassessmentstudies India. According totheNCDstatistical monitoring risk assessmentsfor HAPhave beenconducted in listed inAnnex 2. concerned withenergy andhealth inIndiaare is India’s universal (80) . 32 Environmental health risk assessments 33 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India subsequent re-organization mayhave occurred) HAP andrelated risks + Health Services + (Environment Public Health Directorate Fig. 10. General of Division communicable Health) and FamilyWelfare Ministry ofHealth Disease Division Health Non

Institutionalengagementinhouseholdenergy access, control andmanagementof

Air Pollution Committee Steering National Mission IEC Division Health Education) (Health National Programme

for Preventionand Diabetes, CVDand Control ofCancer,

Forest andClimateChange

Ministry ofEnvironment, Stroke Environmental Control of Pollution (accurate atthetime ofreport preparation inDecember2018, although Health Cell Unit

Mission Green Remote village India electriﬁcation Biogas

Saubhagya Ministry ofPower Mid-day MealScheme Waste to Scheme Energy systems lnstitutional framework O-grid Environment andEnergy

Systems Lighting Heating

Solar and Yojana Ujala

Development Technology Division Bio Gas Grid systems

Ministry ofNew and Renewable Decentralized

building Green systems Energy

Programme Cook-stove Mantri Ujjwala Biomass National LPG scheme (Pradhan Yojana) Petroleum and natural Gas Ministry of Department of (Mid-day Meal Education

Bureau) School Ministry ofConsumer

Mantri Awas Aairs andPDS Swacch Gramin Bharat (Housing) Pradhan Yojana Panchayati Sanitation and Ministry of Village Health Committee Nutrition Business Raj Green

Development Ministry of Housing and Rural Ministry of Alleviation Poverty Social welfare Development Ministry of Resource

human Social Justice and Welfare

Ministry of

Discussion 6 (for refilling cylinders), behavioural aspects and the poorbutignores issues like affordability addresses theprovision ofLPGconnections to than by health and gender equity. The scheme motivated more by considerations ofenergy access Government schemeslike Ujjwala are seentobe in rural India. use twosources ofenergy for lighting, especially the lackofareliable electricitysupply, many people expensive andthesupply isunreliable. Because of energy source for household lighting, asitis The poor may not adopt electricity asthe primary traditional foods. change tocleancooking systems for preparing cooking vessels are neededfor peopleto Technological innovations in cookstoves and of newstoves determinetheircontinued use. the social, cultural and economic suitability and theachievable emissionsreductions, whereas only ontechnical aspects, suchastheirefficiency the schemestopromote clean cookstoves focus its designmeetspeople’spreferences. Most of only onitstechnical efficiencybutalsoonwhether Adoption ofcleanenergy systems dependsnot term success andperformance technology-based systems can affecttheirlong- for settingupandoperating renewable energy technical knowledge andtoofew skilled personnel negative outcomes application ofcleanhouseholdenergy can have ignorance ofpolicy-makers abouttheuseand policies andincorrect implementationdueto to theadoptionofcleanenergy. Poorly designed electric stoves might cause fires are deterrents fear thatLPGcylinders mightexplode andthat major barriertoadoption population aboutcleanenergy technologiesisa Lack oftechnical knowledge andawareness inthe 6.1 Barriers toadoptionofcleantechnology (83, 84) . Inaddition, insufficient (81, 82) (81, 82) . Householders’ . success ofuniversal access programmes. will beavailable for free indefinitely will limitthe expectation ofpoorpeoplethatenergy supplies effective inthelongrun. Furthermore, thefalse into consideration inorder for theschemetobe the distributionnetwork, whichmustbetaken mortality, isalsolimited. impact ofexposure toPM questionable quality. The number ofstudiesthe collected by Government agenciesare few andof health record-keeping, anddataonairquality are scarce duetolackofstandardized orelectronic outcomes from publicandprivate medical facilities since the1980s. Good-qualitydataonhealth been characterized mainly inindividualstudies monitoring programmes, exposure toHAPhas ambient airqualityare available from national quality andhealth outcomes. Although dataon with the quality and the availability of data on air India faces many challenges, mostly associated Research onthehealth effectsofairpollution in areas inIndia. There is, however, adearthofworkonthese pollution andtheadvantages ofitsmitigation. information aboutthehealth impactsofair a strong communication platform to disseminate benefit analyses ofinterventions. It also requires on thebestepidemiological evidence andcost– issue of air pollution requires an approach based Addressing the multidimensional and multisectoral 6.1.1. Lack ofdata engagement

Challenges tohealth sector 2.5 onhealth, including 34 Barriers to adoption of clean technology 35 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India health messagesintheir information, education of Health toshare information orincorporate mechanism for cooperating withtheMinistry and ClimateChangetheMoPNGhave no reduction, the Ministry of Environment, Forest Despite theoverlap intheirobjectives for HAP and welfare. and itsimplications for publichealth, pollution to address access tocleanhouseholdenergy and ministriesthataddress orare well positioned agenda isrequired, involving thedepartments welfare andaccess toenergy. Anoverarching and departmentsresponsible for health, social Currently, there are nolinkages among ministries been made. household energy goals, littleprogress has to coordinate thevarious ministriesthataddress been recommended thatabodybeestablished cells tofulfiltheirmandates. Although ithas ministries have separate environmental health and communication strategies. Moreover, thetwo Interdepartmental cooperation A womantakes aspirometry testtomeasure herlungfunctioninaclinicOdisha, India. strategy ineffective. Therefore, othermechanisms would probably overburden them, makingthe for COPD, inadditiontotheircurrent tasks, responsible for riskcommunication andscreening Making accredited socialhealth activists facilities shouldundergo training. staff, health administrators and nurses at health should betrained to screen for COPD, and medical and it should be strengthened. Front-line staff health system for themanagementofCOPD, There isclearly alackofcapacity withinthe is animportantriskfactorfor COPD. Health workers shouldbemadeaware thatHAP awareness ofthediseaseanditsriskfactors. subdistrict and village levels, where there is little of COPDwill beimplementedatstate, district, The nationalprogramme for prevention andcontrol in HAP-related activities. engagement ofaccredited socialhealth activists appropriate incentive mechanism toencourage the and capacity-building activitiesbutwill alsofindan The COPDprogramme includesnotonly training should be found for front-line engagement. health system Lack ofawareness andcapacity inthe Credit: Jessica Lewis  income threshold (> Rs 1 million/year). Thereincome threshold (>Rs1 million/year). have lostthemsince establishment ofthenew LPG subsidiesandseveral hundred thousand middle-class households have given up their be agoodsocialinvestment. Some12 million Fuel subsidies tageted to the very poor can Fuel subsidies should be further targeted. term impact. quite new, andlittleisknown aboutthelonger- in rural areas; however, the programme is still in asignificant increase inthe demand for LPG number ofLPGconnections hasnotyet resulted decreased substantially since 2014. The increased dormant connections, although theproportion has connections indicates potentialmultiple and The relatively large numberofhouseholdLPG reliability inrural areas remains achallenge. supply has helped to promote use of LPG, but full Some improvement inthereliability ofthe Make cleanhouseholdenergy available. clean fuels 6.2 Credit: Bloomberg viaGettyImages/Dhiraj Singh Opportunities for increasing access to operated by thecompany inMumbai, India petroleum gas(LPG)cylinders atadepot A worker ridesatricycle loadedwith Hindustan Petroleum Corp. liquefied 

household energy inrural areas. be considered partofthesolutionfor clean In thenear-term, rural electrification should the prospects ofbiogasplants. with anemphasisonreducing HAPtoimprove cost reductions andenhanced functionality, to reduce dependence on livestock manure, networks. They also argue for flexible designs technology hinge on developing adequate servicing and repair. Therefore, future prospects for the world are notfunctionaldue topoormaintenance reported that about 50% of the biogas plants in the offers asignificant incentive forunintended little initialinvestment, andthesubsidizedprice prices. Incontrast toLPG, kerosene requires Kerosene issuppliedthrough FPSatsubsidized increase inuseofLPGby thepoorest groups. total Government expenditure and a substantial offers possibilities. The result wouldbeless More creative useofinformation technology middle-class (slowly, toavoid political disruption). very poorandtoeliminatethesubsidies ways shouldbefound totarget subsidiestothe the subsidytocontinue touseLPG. Thus, better middle-class households that no longer need are nevertheless still tensof millions more although ithasheavy social costs. Electricity cooking. Biomassrequires littleeconomic cost, with the biomass fuels used by the poor for rural areas because itisunlikely tobecompetitive cannot resolve theproblem ofenergy access in Bhattacharyya Biogas shouldbepromoted such subsidiesinthelongrun. budget constraints face difficulties inmaintaining rise, and governments operating under severe burden whenprices intheinternationalmarket India, the subsidized supply becomes a financial Moreover, for import-dependent countries like poor, astherural populationusesitfor lighting. accrue totheurbanpopulationthanrural subsidy isregressive andthatmore benefits Further, Rao use (smugglingandadulteration withdiesel). (32) (86) contended thatthekerosene , rural electrification alone . Bond& Templeton Asargued by (85)

36 Opportunities for increasing access to clean fuels 37 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India renewable energy sources. move Indiatoanelectriceconomy powered by with planstoelectrifyvehicles andgenerally other electriccooking devices. This isconsistent term, withmoderninductioncookstoves and could become themajorcooking fuelinthelonger and introduction ofclean cookstoves indeveloping New programmes tosupport research, financing the very poorest populations. and introduce improved biomasscookstoves for opportunities toeliminate traditional cookstoves to cooking energy mightbetaken. There are and heating by the poor, an “LPG-plus” approach Given the extensive use of solid fuels for cooking acceptable stoves have yet tobedesigned. India’s greenhouse gasemissions. Clean, widely premature deaths and 4%of prevent 570 000 emissions andimprove energy efficiencywould national biomasscookstoves initiative toreduce factors. Venkataraman etal. low householduptake andhighcost, amongother little success, duetopoortechnical design, programme onimproved combustion cookstoves. design anduseracceptability ofadvanced More thoughtshouldbegiven tothetechnical A womaninUttarakhand, India, cooks with anelectriccoilstove. Credit: Jessica Lewis India’s national (87) chulha reported thata s metwith  These data are currently lacking. Their availability cardiovascular andrespiratory illness ordeath. effect of exposure ontheincidence ofchronic HAP are basedmainly onestimatesofthe Cost–benefit analyses ofinterventions toaddress transition toanall-electric future. solid fuel (coal andbiomass) as aclean, efficient and NorthAmerica, withgasfuelssubstitutingfor align Indiawiththestrategy followed inEurope this clean fuel inthecoming decade. This would with encouragement, isexpected tochange Indian population could beconnected toLPG and, clean householdenergy. countries could accelerate the transition to was includedintheNational Programme for the national health policy only in 2016, when COPD The linkbetweenHAPand health was recognized in health outcomes isby farthestrongest. constituents, theassociation ofblackcarbon with sources to identifythehealth effects ofthedifferent the composition ofbiomasssmoke will help India for cooking and heating. Understanding pollutants. Awidevariety offuelsare usedin of airpollution andthehealth impactsofthe Studies shouldbeconducted ofthecomposition rather thantimesavings the greater perceived value placed onmonetary more likely toswitchcleanerfuels, reflecting rather thancollect solidfuelsthemselves are It hasbeennotedthathouseholdspurchase to thetimespentincooking orfuelcollection. and labourare abundant, donotattachimportance disadvantaged rural communities, where both fuel Several studies have found that economically in cleancooking. could strengthen thecase for greater investment base 6.2.1. interdepartmental cooperation 6.2.2. (89)

Strengthening theevidence Improved . For instance, although PM (88) Alarge partofthe . 2.5 hasmany • • have publishedamanualfor capacity-building of community organizations. The twodepartments nutrition committees, schoolteachers andother health activists, village health, sanitation and It collaborates informally withaccredited social Anganwadi and their mothers and is implemented by nutrition andhealth ofchildren under6years Child Development Services addresses the and listsmeansfor convergence. The Integrated and theDepartmentofHealth andFamily Welfare Department of Women and Child Development an overlap in the operational scope of the The NationalRural Health Missionhasidentified state implementationplans. reduction strategies will lead to its adoption in responses, riskcommunication andharm outcome and addressing it with systemic Stroke. Recognition of COPD as a key health Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseaseand 6.3.1. the transition 6.3 household energy policyandprogrammes communication amongrelevant ministrieson energy andhealth, they functioninsiloes. Lackof current programmes are linked tohousehold coordination andcooperation: Facilitate institutionalandinterministerial energy companies toplanresources. The results will enablestategovernments and should be increased to reflect actual conditions. implementing household energy interventions and Government agenciesinplanningand Collaboration amongtechnical experts Increase technical andgovernment cooperation on household energy. Suchinterministerial in more cohesive, health-centred policy-making a standingcommittee onairpollution could result making. The proposal by the MoHFW to establish prevents health from being apriority in decision-

Convening andcoordination Recommendations for accelerating workers and helpers invillages. While several : • implementation oftheNCDprogramme. areas for training of staff, toensure effective common indicators andidentification offunctional management information systems, including block and district levels. It is also developing operational strategies for planningat village, and communication materialsandmessages communication strategies, Information, education Mission formulates behaviour change In additiontotheabove, theNationalHealth COPD programme. HAP. They could also serve as a launch for the prerequisite tohealth-centred effortstotackle convergences withthehealth cadre are oftena and health promotion. These interdepartmental and householdactionfor diseaseprevention health service delivery system andcommunity the rightsandresponsibilities ofthepublicsector members, highlightingprimaryhealth care issues, self-help groups andPanchayati RajInstitution • Programme for Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular be incorporated intothework oftheNational attributable toHAP. For instance, HAPcould care pathways for diseasesthatare directly household energy useandtodeveloping direct given tohealth strategies toreduce inefficient programmes: Integrate care pathways into health mechanisms for reporting progress. effective technologybutwill alsostrengthen only facilitatethedesignanddevelopment of for improved biomasscookstoves) will not clear standards andprotocols (for example Similarly, inthecase ofcooking technologies, of off-grid suppliers in the electricity sector. mini-grids, restrict participationand scaling-up regulatory barriers, suchastariffsonmicro- and Overcome regulatory barriers: office. Prime Minister’s cooperation may require intervention by the More emphasis shouldbe Current

38 Recommendations for accelerating the transition 39 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India • • and evaluation 6.3.2. example, ventilation). and housing characteristics (for and technologiesused, theimpactonlivelihoods energy use, suchasaninventory ofall thefuels should collect detailed information onhousehold health, livelihoods, theenvironment, etc. The survey energy andtheimpactofthistransition on leads to long-term adoption of clean household to determine whether the provision of connections scale survey orevaluation shouldbeundertaken rapid increase invillage electrification, alarge- In viewofthesurge inLPGconnections andthe Design survey tools, and plan future scenarios: the uptake ofclean householdenergy. of theNationalHealth Mission could facilitate the maternalandchildhealth tracking system economic Castecensus for LPGsubsidieswith HAP. For example, linkage ofthelistSocio- vulnerable populationsfrom theill effectsof and health interventions could protect themost programmes: Link thebenefitsofclean cooking tohealth post-screening NCDcounselling. Disease andStroke orasan intervention during

Assessment, monitoring A research team conductsasurveyonhousehold energy useinUttarakhand, India. Credit: Jessica Lewis Convergence ofexisting energy

• • • would facilitateexchange ofexperiences and development. A system for information-sharing chould inform future policy and programme household energy useproject orprogramme ownership, funding)affectthesuccess ofaclean different factors (for example, community Monitoring and cataloguing what and how to address household energy have failed. learning Embed monitoring, evaluation andcontinuous patient care andfollow-up. of household energy use and ensure better should bedesignedtotrack thehealth impacts and treatment over time. Anintegrated system screening, there isnomechanismfor follow-up national NCDprogramme hasinitiatedsome for effective policyandplanning. Whilethe associated withHAP, although theseare required of the chronic diseases andinjuries (burns) surveillance: Integrate health information systems and allocation offinancial resources. prioritized tosupportpolicyandadequate household energy. Such analyses should be and health costs orsavings associatedwith have beenconducted todeterminethesocial few accurate cost–benefit analysis studies Conduct socialandhealth costing lead tomore effective programmes. : Many of the programmes initiated Currently, there isnosurveillance : In India,  • • • • 6.3.4. education 6.3.3. to theappropriate communities, accompanied programmes shouldbeextended andtargeted induction stoves for urbanareas. Biogas the rural poorinremote areas andelectrical affordable advanced combustion cookstoves for technologies shouldbepromoted, suchas a universal solutionisnotrealistic. Targeted In awidely diverse country suchasIndia, Find customizedsolutionsfor access toenergy help tochangebehaviour. household energy aboutthe health risks could programmes toadviseusers oftraditional by introducing aHAPmodule intotheirtraining workers: Provide refresher training for front-line health as ahealth risk. the health sectortoaddress householdenergy made toeducate andstrengthen thecapacity of to mitigate the risk. A concerted effort should be patients onthehealth impactsofHAPandhow Consequently, physicians donotadvisetheir system, includingamongmedical professionals. associated withHAPthroughout thehealth of HAPandalsomisperceptions abouttherisks is lackofawareness aboutthehealth impacts Generate awareness inthehealth system different stakeholders. should becross-cutting andtailored for Information, education andcommunication about cleanhouseholdenergy anditsbenefits. and schoolteachers, they shouldbeinformed energy and health departments, village heads and women, health workers, Government technology. To gain support from both men strong role inadoptionofmodern, efficient communication activities: Conduct information, education and

Policy advocacy Communication and Engaging front-line health workers Behaviour plays a : There : • • • • LPG use. When thesubsidyfor millions of costs ofcylinders andrefills alsodiscourage long toencourage LPGadoption. The upfront low andthedelay toreceiving thesubsidytoo currently offered topoorhouseholdsistoo Delivery effective subsidies financing anddistribution. are required, includingbettermechanismsfor financial reasons. Smarterdelivery models cylinders refilled for logistic, behavioural and cylinders), andtheconsumers donothave their Distributors have littlebusiness(refilling LPG for eithertheconsumers orthedistributors. cylinders inrural andremote areas isnotviable The current mechanismofdistributionLPG Find innovative service delivery mechanisms: is notpossibleinttheshort-term. in remote locations where access toelectricity batteries andsolarlightingcould bepromoted capacity-building for maintenance. Dry-cell by innovative approaches tofinancingandlocal more lightontheappriatenessofmodel. areas of Rajasthan andMaharashtra could shed model for India, andapilotstudyintherural as-you-go” model for LPG use might be aviable studies insub-Saharan countries witha“pay- biomass could encourage broader usage. Pilot make LPGpricingcompetitive withthatof micro-finance and savings schemes that would of cleanhouseholdenergy inIndia. Innovative disposable income, which is barrier to adoption Poor householdsoftenhave limited, unpredictable finance for refilling LPGcylinders isessential. Innovate consumer financing: and subsidies). solution (technology, financialinstruments and the appropriate target group for each should befound toidentifythebesttechnology technologies: Better tools for delivering subsidies and poverty line. they includepopulationslivingjustabove the for beneficiariesshouldbedefinedsothat will beeven more challenging. Broader criteria out, the transition to cleaner household energy consumers just above the poverty line is phased More effective, smarter ways Easy access to : The subsidy: The

40 Recommendations for accelerating the transition 41 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India Conclusions 7 • • household energy infour areas. sustained useof clean fuels and technologies for The health sectorcould encourage adoptionand • • • Assessment, monitoringandevaluation Convening andcoordination injuries andincidentsassociatedwithfueluse. Assess the capacity for surveillance of disease, and health impactassessments. Prepare scenarios ofhouseholdenergy policies a health-based policy for clean household energy. Convene leaders inhealth andenergy topromote based recommendations. Review current policies, andprovide health- Family Welfare. group headed by theMinistryofHealth and Establish andsupportan interministerial • • • • • • • • Policy advocacy Communication and education Promote adoptionof WHO Guidelines. Evaluate theimpactoftheseactivities. and staff. Provide information for Government leaders health sector. Design campaigns and training for the demonstration project that could bescaled up. Identify andevaluate aperi-urbancleanfuel Evaluate theimpactofadvocacy. introduce LPG. Support thePresidential initiative to use ofLPG. Promote adoptionofnewlaws andpolicieson References 8 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

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Effects Institute;2004. review (Special report 15). Boston (MA): Health developing countries ofAsia:aliterature Health effectsofoutdoorairpollution in Perspect. 2013;122:120–30 stoves: asystematic review. Environ Health large-scale uptake ofimproved solidfuel Pope D, Bruce NG. Enablers and barriers to Rehfuess EA, PuzzoloE, Stanistreet D, 46 References 47 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) Annex 1. Market promotion schemesfor A join thePAHAL schemeobtaintheLPGcylinders not the subsidies themselves. LPG consumers who The objective was to reduce subsidy leakages but districts on1January, 2015(second phase). subsequently extended ittotheremaining 622 scheme in54districts2014(first phase)and The Government ofIndialaunchedthePAHAL cashless transfer of LPGsubsidies, this ispossible about thePAHAL scheme. Although itpromotes grow further. There are, however, someconcerns 17.4 increased from 13 by 2016, andthenumberofLPGsubsidiesgranted PAHAL generated savings of up to Rs 21 000 to totalcash untilthey become CTC consumers. market-determined price andare notentitled non-CTC consumers receive cylinders atthe an additionalperiodof3months, andthenall the grace period, non-CTC consumers are given applicable subsidizedretail selling price. After entitlement ofsubsidizedcylinders atthethen- During thisperiod, theconsumers receive their may bemadetobecome aCTC consumer. under thescheme, duringwhichanapplication consumers, a3-monthgrace periodisgiven cap) according totheirentitlement. For non-CTC for eachsubsidizedcylinderdelivered (uptothe cylinder istransferred tothebeneficiary’saccount a subsidy), andtheamountpayable onanLPG market-determined price (thatdoesnotinclude is soldtoaCTC domesticLPG consumer at Under thePAHAL scheme, adomesticLPGcylinder for LPGsubsidies. of peoplewithoutanidentitycard inorder topay initiated tomake alinkwiththebankaccounts identity card. CTC (cash transfer compliant) was mandatory; however, many peopledidnothave an the bankaccount withtheidentitycard was their bankaccounts. Underthescheme, linking (as pertheirentitlement)ispaiddirectly into at thenon-subsidizedprice, andtheLPGsubsidy Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh scheme –direct benefittransfer ofLPG Hanstantrit Pratyaksh crore in2016. This numberisexpected to crore in2014(launchyear) to (PAHAL) crore

LPG subsidy by 24%, whereas Barnwal (2015) transfer of LPG was responsible for reducing the Survey 2015–2016reported thatdirect benefit studies withcontradictory results. The Economic for LPGhave beenpublished, although there are on theeffectiveness ofdirect benefit transfers households. Nounequivocal estimatesorstudies to cashless transfer ofLPGsubsidiestopoor services, and the poor infrastructure is an obstacle and remote villages) of India often lackbanking are available. The rural areas (especially hilly road connectivity andinformation technology only in urbanareas, where bankinginfrastructure, found amore moderate impact of11–14% national average. and tostateswithLPGcoverage lower thanthe Scheduled Casteand Tribe BPLfamilies census (rural data), andpreference isgiven to one deprivation, asperSocio-economic Caste of BPL households who suffer from at least the connection isissuedtofemale members 2011. Important aspectsoftheschemeare: from dataintheSocio-economic Castecensus, Eligible BPL household beneficiaries are identified of thescheme. 8000 through equated monthly installments. A total of Rs by oil marketing companies and recoverable Alternatively, itmay befinanced atzero interest customer pays for the hotplate and the first refill. up toRs1600for eachnewconnection, whilethe and installation charges. The Government pays regulator, DGCCcard, hoseandadministration towards purchase ofthecylinderandapressure a BPLfamily, which includesasecuritydeposit LPG connection totheadult womanmemberof areas. The Government provides a deposit-free clean fueltopoorhouseholds, especially inrural year 2016–2017. The objective istoprovide BPL families over 3 years, starting from fiscal provide LPGconnections to5 The Government ofIndialaunchedPMUY to Pradhan Mantri Ujjawala Yojana Ujjawala Mantri Pradhan crore has been allocated to implementation crore womenin (PMUY) . (1) previous financial year. Thisdecisiontookeffect 000ormore duringthe income ofRs 1 000 by consumers ifthey ortheirspousehadataxable decided thattheLPGsubsidy cannot beclaimed families have done so. Further, theGovernment the “Give It Up” programme, any many well-to-do to voluntarily give uptheir LPGsubsidyaspartof The Government hasasked well-to-do households ought toberectified by theUjjwala PlusScheme. Socio-economic Caste census. This situation did notprovide afamily nameatthetimeof out andcould notclaimthebenefitbecause they Under thePMUY scheme, many peoplewere left 50 million gasconnections over thenext 3years. available to1.5 beneficiaries. Theaim was tomake gas connections provide free LPGconnections tomore targeted the Ujjwala Plus Scheme, theGovernment will fixed thelimitofbeneficiaries; however, under families. UnderthePMUY scheme, theGovernment provide free LPGconnections tonearby needy their subsidyoncooking gaswill beasked to LPG consumers whohave voluntarily not claimed Scheme connections. This is the next step from the PMUY people, to increase the coverage with free LPG the launch of the Ujjwala Plus Scheme for poor On 15August 2017, thePrimeMinisterannounced household topay eachmonth about Rs450, whichisahugeamountfor apoor the second refill. Even asubsidizedcylinder cost instalments, whilethere isnoconcession for of paying for agas stove and the first refill in connections are fitted, and they have the option not have topay thesecuritydepositwhenLPG This is not surprising, as PMUY beneficiaries do reports thatfew PMUY customers buyrefills. in 2015–2016 to 9.8% in 2016–2017. This confirms increase inLPGconsumption, whichrose from 9% 16.2% in2016–2017, there was only anegligible connections grew from 10.2%in2015–2016to PMUY beneficiaries. While the number of LPG were to LPG connections, ofwhich20 million During 2016–2017, there were 32.2 million new and 29 543 113 connections have been released. The PMUY schemecovers 709districts, Ujjwala PlusScheme “Give ItUp”or“Giveback” scheme . Under theUjjwala PlusScheme/Yojana, crore peoplein2017andtoprovide (2) . number ofcylinders andthepressure regulator available throughout India. The e-SV records the the DigitalIndiaInitiative, andthefacilityisnow an electronic subscriptionvoucher, “e-SV”, under connection withonline payment andissuance of launched the facility for the release of an LPG new LPG connection. The oil marketing companies straightforward way for consumers to apply for a SAHAJ isadigitalinitiative intendedtoprovide a urban andrural areas to encourage useofcleanfuelfor cooking inboth to better target subsidies to poor households and their LPGsubsidy, thushelpingtheGovernment 1 fuelwood and dung. It is estimated that nearly replace traditional fuelssuchaskerosene, coal, scheme istoprovide LPGtopoorhouseholdsand from 1January2016. The mainobjective ofthe details ofmechanicsand fieldofficers and monitoring calls and updating the contact centre hasaweb-based application for logging to emergency LPGleakage complaints. The call clock, withtwoshiftsof12heach, for attending the MoPNG. Assistance is available around the dedicated to thenationon1January2016by A multilingual LPGemergency helplinewas and distributors across India study, thefacilitywas extended tocover states of registration. After thesuccess ofthispilot registered onlinewere released within7days payment, and almost 98% of the connections e-SVs were released for onlineregistration and 2015, with308distributors. Atotalof550SAHAJ pilot-testing theSAHAJ schemeinDelhion1May of connections. The Indian Oil Corporation started problems. Itwill alsoreduce thetimefor release to complete theformalities anddealwithany distributors showrooms by prospective consumers It should eliminate the need for multiple visits to duplication isalsomadepossiblewiththee-SV. bills isalsoincluded. Onlineinter-company de- payment facilityfor bookingrefills andpaying release oftheLPGconnection online. Anonline The documentisemailedtothecustomerupon lent totheconsumer againstasecuritydeposit. SAHAJ Emergency helpline crore LPGconsumers have voluntarily given up (3) . (4) . 48 Market promotion schemes for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 49 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India have been provided with a facility to make online To promote cashless transactions, consumers every delivery. and capture ofthegeographical coordinates of control ofdelivery staffandthesupply chain delivery, confirmation ofdeliveries made, better like smartcard-based delivery options, real-time application for delivery personnel, withfeatures LPG transparent by promoting afriendly mobile introduced tomake thesupply anddistributionof The Smart Delivery Management System was 1. potential issueofovercharging. without having tobepresent andaddressing the can arrange for delivery ofarefill totheirhomes payments for bookingarefill. Thus, consumers References booking Facility for onlinepayment for refill Smart Delivery ManagementSystem with biometricidentification systems: Barnwal P. Curbingleakage inpublicprograms 4. 3. 2. SAHAJ (E-SV): aninitiative undertaken by 18 June 2018). articleshow/51929960.cms, accessed crore-lpg-users-gave-up-their-subsidies/ industry/energy/oil-gas/give-it-up-over-1- 2016 (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ their subsidies. The Economic Times, 21April Give-it-Up: Over 1crore LPGusers gave up 18 June 2018) they-got-under-Ujjw.html, accessed Indias-poor-are-not-using-LPG-cylinders- com/Politics/oqLQDFKNuMdbmLEVL88krN/ LiveMint, 28June2017(http://www.livemint. cylinders they got under Ujjwala scheme. Kishore R. India’spoorare notusingLPG accessed 18 June2018). edu/~pb2442/subsidyLeakageUID.pdf, University; 2015 (http://www.columbia. International andPublicAffairs, Columbia Market Paper). New York City(NY):Schoolof evidence from India’sfuelsubsidies(Job co.in/e-SV.php, accessed 18June2018). IndianOil Corporation Ltd;2015(https://indane. OMCS as part of Digital India plan. New Delhi: health inIndia organizations concerned withenergy and Annex 2. Nongovernmental andcivilsociety A Barefoot College Envirotech Samuchit Gram Oorja PRAYAS Envirofit Greenway Infra Grameen India Foundation of Public Health SEWA Seva Mandir Foundation Research Environmental Applied Action Group Environment Kalpvriksh KEM Hospital Foundation Chest Research organization Name of NGO enterprise Social enterprise Social NGO enterprise Social enterprise Social NGO NGO NGO NGO NGO facility Medical Research Category solutions Provides solarcooking andlighting Promotes cleancooking technologies cooking gridsandsolarpumps photovoltaic microgrids, biogas-based needs oftribalcommunities using electricity, cooking fuelandwater Provides renewable energy tomeet groups training andsupporttocivilsociety regulatory intheenergy sector;offers Research andintervention inpolicyand Stove manufacturer Stove manufacturer policy advocacy inpublichealth capacity-building, implementation, Conducts research, training and bank loansfor itsmembers efficient cookstoves byguaranteeing Provides solarlanternsandenergy- households inUdaipurandRajasthan Provides cleanenergy cookstoves to management conservation andnatural resource Work oncommunity-based issues Work onenvironmental andsocial pregnant women a trialofintroduction ofLPG to noncommunicable disease. Conducting child health, communicable and Conducts research onmaternaland evaluation ofdrugs specifically asthmaandCOPD; clinical Conducts research onairway diseases, pollution Work related tohouseholdair http://www.kalpavriksh.org/ hospital www.kemhrcpune.org/vadu- www.crfindia.com Website www.barefootcollege.org www.samuchit.com www.gramoorja.in http://www.prayaspune.org/ www.envirofit.org www.greenwayappliances.com www.phfi.org www.sewabharat.org www.sevamandir.org http://www.aerfindia.org 50 Nongovernmental and civil society organizations concerned with energy and health in India 51 Opportunities for Transition to Clean Household Energy in India Water Environment and for Energy, Council Foundation Energy Sustainable Shakti Foundation Infosys Tata Trust Access Network Clean Energy organization Name of NGO Category NGO NGO NGO NGO Work toimprove cleanenergy access pollution Work related tohouseholdair issues includingcooking Conducts policyresearch onenergy renewable energy andenergy efficiency Promotes policiesthatencourage part oftheircarbon offsetprojects Supports cleancooking programme as clean cooking systems andbiogas rooftop solarsystems, popularizing systems for individualhomes, installing solar systems, facilitatinglighting to energy through community off-grid irrigation pumps, facilitatingaccess such aspopularizationofsolar-based Supports various cleanenergy projects, for rural andurbanpoor http://ceew.in http://shaktifoundation.in/ infosys-foundation/ https://www.infosys.com/ www.tatatrust.org www.cleannetwork.org Website

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