lio taff C 2013S Executive Editor Katie Healey Editors Eugene Boyd Katie Culliton Elizabeth Dukovich Lorraine Dias Herbon Brittani Orona Brittney Smith Tim Tadlock Faculty Advisor Nikolaos Lazaridis, Ph.D. Clio 2013 was made possible by generous grants and support from: Contents Editors’ Biographies 7 Authors’ Biographies 9 Women of the Revolution 13 Mark Albion Vera Brittain: 25 A Woman’s Experience During the Great War Lorraine Dias Herbon Te Sisters Of History: 37 Fernand Braudel, Te Social Sciences, And Te Development Of Te Annales School Tim Tadlock Female Katabasis in Ancient Mediterranean Cultures 57 Katie Culliton Popular Discourse and Genocide Recognition: 77 Te Armenian Genocide in the American Press during WWI Elizabeth Dukovich Agency, Empathy, and Social Justice: 99 Te Federal Dance Teatre, Tamiris, and How Long, Brethren? Carey Galbraith Females Under Fire: 125 Working in Danger During World War II Megan Randolph In Pursuit Of Te Public: 149 Populist Perspectives In New Deal Art Janet Rankin Sacramento’s Central City: 171 Its Gridiron Plan and Public Squares in Perspective Michael Kremer Website Review: America’s Black Holocaust Museum 189 Matthew Walker 5 Editors EUGENE BOYD Eugene Boyd is a student in the Master of Arts program at Cali- fornia State University, Sacramento. His interest is Modern European history with an emphasis on the last half of the 19th century through the frst half of the 20th century. Eugene earned his Bachelor of Arts from Sacramento State with a dual major of Journalism/ Political Science. He has written technical, political, academic and political articles throughout his career. KATIE CULLITON Katie Culliton is a graduate student in the Liberal Arts program at California State University, Sacramento. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Davis in Politi- cal Science with a minor in Latin. After working as a lobbyist and with a variety of non-profts, she returned to school to make better use of her minor by studying ancient history and culture. After receiving her Master of Arts, she plans to pursue a doctorate de- gree in Classics. ELIZABETH DUKOVICH Elizabeth Dukovich graduated magna cum laude from the Univer- sity of California, Davis with a Bachelor of Arts in History, where she completed original research on Armenian Genocide denial. Elizabeth presented her reserach at the Tird International Con- ference on Genocide held in November 2011. In Fall 2012, Eliza- beth will graduate with a Master of Arts in History from Cali- fornia State University, Sacramento with a focus on Comparative Genocide. She hopes to continue exploring the commission and denial of genocide in future scholastic and professional endeavors. 6 KATIE HEALEY Katie Healey received her Bachelor of Arts in history and Deaf Studies/American Sign language from California State University, Sacramento in 2010. She is excited to join the Ph.D. program at Yale University in the history of science and medicine. Her re- search interests include disability history, cultural Deafness, and eugenics. LORRAINE DIAS HERBON Lorraine Dias Herbon is a graduate student in history at Califor- nia State University, Sacramento. Her interests include California history, primarily the history of her hometown of Sacramento, although she is expanding her horizons with a desire to learn more about U.S. women’s history and medieval history. Lorraine hopes to transfer to an out-of-state university to pursue a doctorate degree once she has completed her Master of Arts degree at Sacra- mento State. BRITTANI ORONA Brittani Orona is a graduate student in Public History at Califor- nia State University, Sacramento. Brittani earned her Bachelor of Arts in History from Humboldt State University in 2010. Her re- search interest lies in Native American history with a special focus on how Native Americans are interpreted historically in museums and historic sites. Brittani has worked at the Ofce of Historic Preservation and the California State Indian Museum. She recent- ly obtained employment with the University Archives and Special Collections at Peter J. Shields Library at UC Davis and the Cali- fornia State Archives. After graduation, Brittani hopes to obtain her Ph.D. in Native American Studies at UC Davis. BRITTNEY SMITH Brittney Smith is currently a graduate student at California State University, Sacramento. Having received her Bachelors of Arts from Sacramento State in the history pre-credential program, 7 she felt she had more to learn from their magnifcent faculty and decided to remain for an additional two years of tortured scholar- ship. She is interested in African American women’s history. After completing her graduate studies at Sacramento State, Brittney aspires to pursue a doctorate in history and teach at the university level. TIM TADLOCK Tim Tadlock is a graduate student in history at California State University, Sacramento. Since graduating from Sacramento State with a Bachelor of Arts in geography in 2003, he has worked as an environmental researcher and a city planner. He has an interest in world history and environmental history with a focus on the Brit- ish Atlantic, but his recent career has left him with a strong desire to further explore the intersection of commerce and the environ- ment in history. He plans to pursue a Ph.D. in history with a fo- cus on Early America and the Atlantic World following graduation with his Master of Arts. 9 Authors MARK ALBION Mark Albion is a graduate student in history at California State University, Sacramento. His primary interest is in modern U.S. history with an emphasis on politics and race. Mark earned his Bachelor of Science degree in psychology from the United States Air Force Academy in the spring of 1992. Mark plans to teach his- tory at the community college level following graduation. KATIE CULLITON Katie Culliton is a graduate student in the Liberal Arts program at California State University, Sacramento. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Davis in Politi- cal Science and worked as a lobbyist for several years. However, disenchanted by the chasm between the study and the practice of politics, she is pursuing her interest in a less hypocritical area - an- cient history and culture. After receiving her Master of Arts, she plans to pursue a doctorate degree in Classics. ELIZABETH DUKOVICH Elizabeth Dukovich graduated magna cum laude from the Univer- sity of California, Davis with a Bachelor of Arts in History, where she completed original research on Armenian Genocide denial. Elizabeth presented her reserach at the Tird International Con- ference on Genocide held in November 2011. In Fall 2012, Eliza- beth will graduate with a Master of Arts in History from Cali- fornia State University, Sacramento with a focus on Comparative Genocide. She hopes to continue exploring the commission and denial of genocide in future scholastic and professional endeavors. 10 CAREY GALBRAITH Carey Galbraith is a graduate student in History at California State University, Sacramento. Carey graduated Summa Cum Laude from Sacramento State with her Bachelor of Arts in History and a double minor in Political Science and Dance. She received the Peter H. Shattuck scholarship, the Semester in the Capitol Schol- arship Grant, was selected to apply for the Faculty Endowment for Student Scholarships Award in 2008, 2009, and 2011, and was honored as the Top History Student of Sacramento State for the 2008-2009 school year. Carey is a member of Phi Kappa Phi, Phi Alpha Teta, and the Golden Key International Honour Society. Carey’s current areas of interest include the experiences of women in the United States, the role of art in refecting and evoking social change, and urban issues in modern Europe. After receiving her Master of Arts degree, she hopes to teach history at the commu- nity college level and inspire students to ask questions of the past and think critically. LORRAINE DIAS HERBON Lorraine Dias Herbon is a graduate student in history at Califor- nia State University, Sacramento. Her interests include California history, primarily the history of her hometown of Sacramento, although she is expanding her horizons with a desire to learn more about U.S. women’s history and medieval history. Lorraine hopes to transfer to an out-of-state university to pursue a doctorate degree once she has completed her Master of Arts degree at Sacra- mento State. MICHAEL KREMER Michael Kremer is a recent graduate student in public history at California State University, Sacramento. His primary interest lies in nineteenth and twentieth-century U.S. history with a focus on architectural and urban histories, and historic preservation. Mi- chael earned his Master of Arts in Public History from Sacramento 11 State in the spring of 2012, and his Bachelor of Arts in History and Religious Studies from the University of California, Riverside. Michael plans to work for either a historic preservation program for a local/city government or a historic preservation and cultural resources agency/frm following graduation. MEGAN RANDOLPH Megan Randolph is a graduate student in history at California State University Sacramento. Her primary interests lay in Medi- eval European and U.S history with an emphasis on women’s and gender history. Megan earned her Bachelor of Arts in history from Sacramento State in the spring of 2011, graduating Magna Cum Laude. Megan plans to teach at the community college level fol- lowing graduation. JANET RANKIN Janet Rankin is a graduate student in the History/Humanities program at California State University, Sacramento where she also received her Bachelor of Arts in Humanities. Her concentration of study has been in American history (both colonial and modern) with special interest in cultural history, gender studies, and public art. Janet was honored in 2011 to receive the George and Eleanor Craft Scholarship.