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Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus Hudsonicus) Cache Sites and Cache Pattern in Pattee Canyon Montana

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Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus Hudsonicus) Cache Sites and Cache Pattern in Pattee Canyon Montana University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1991 Red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) cache sites and cache pattern in Pattee Canyon Montana Rebecca S. Burton The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Burton, Rebecca S., "Red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) cache sites and cache pattern in Pattee Canyon Montana" (1991). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 7053. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/7053 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY Copying allowed as provided under provisions of the Fair Use Section of the U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW, 1976. Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be under^en only with the author’s written consent. MontanaUniversity of Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. RED SQUIRREL {TAMIASCIURUS HUDSONICUS) CACHE SITES AND CACHE PATTERN IN PATTEE CANYON, MONTANA By Rebecca S. Burton B. S. The Evergreen State College, 1986 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Montana 1991 Approved by : Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean, GraduateSeilool f / b^ / / Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP37854 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction Is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will Indicate the deletion. UMT OtMortation Publi«h»ng UMI EP37854 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright In the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All lights reserved. This work Is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQ^st* ProQuest LLC. 789 East Elsenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Burton, Rebecca S., M.A., March 1991 Zoology Red squirrel (Tamiascuirus hudsonicus) Cache sites and cache pattern in Pattee Canyon, Montana. (46 pp.) Director: Richard L. Hutto The spatial pattern and physical attributes of seed caches used by red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) were the focus of this study conducted in Pattee Canyon, near Missoula, Montana. Within the 320 X 290-m study site there were 103 active caches. Approximately 58% of the caches were centered around stumps, 18% were centered around logs, 14% were centered around piles of debris, 7% were centered around trees, and 4% were centered around a combination of a stump and a log. Each of the 4 squirrels on the site used at least 10 caches. In comparison with randomly-selected unused sites, cache sites were associated with soft soil. The mean distance from cache to nest was 26.5 m, significantly less than the distance for unused sites. There was a trend towards caches being near large ponderosa pine {Pinus ponderosa) trees and in areas with high tree and log density. Caches had more vegetative cover around the center of the cache than at 3 or 5 m from the center. For unused sites, cover was not significantly different at different distances from the center. Total cover was not significantly different for cache and unused sites. The mean number of cones eaten per cache was 57.4. The mean minimum home range for squirrels on the site was 3600 sq m. There was no evidence of overlapping cache use or theft of cones. These data were used to distinguish among hypotheses about the determination of cache pattern. Results suggest that the number of cache sites may be limited. This population may be acting to reduce the energy and time spent storing cones. Decreasing the time spent storing food may be important because the primary food source used by this population is non-serotinous cones. 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT.................................................... Ü LIST OF TABLES............................ iv LIST OF FIGURES........................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................... vi INTRODUCTION............................................... 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS.............. 6 Study Site........................................... 6 Cache sites.......................................... 9 Winter observation.................................. 11 Behavioral observation.............................. 13 Analysis.............................................. 16 RESULTS..................................................... 17 Cache sites.......................................... 17 Winter Activity...................................... 27 Behavior.............................................. 27 DISCUSSION................................................. 35 Cache pattern................................ 35 Theft deterrence..................................... 36 Predator deterrence........................... 36 Site availability.................................... 39 Energy constraints.................................. 39 Time constraints..................................... 41 APPENDIX A .................................................. 43 LITERATURE CITED........................................... 44 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Page 1 Type of sites in five categories. The subset group was chosen randomly from the group of all caches............................................ 12 2 Minimum home range and number of caches for each of four squirrels.............. 18 3 Site variables for cache and unused sites........ 20 4 Cache pattern reported for populations feeding on serotinous and non-serotinous cones.......... 37 5 Caloric value of selected western conifer cones (after Smith 1970)................................. 40 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Page 1 Map showing location of the study site.............. 8 2 Number of plants in a 50 X 50-cm frame 1 m from the center of the cache and unused sites.................. 22 3 Number of plants in a 50 X 50-cm frame 3 m from the center of the cache and unused sites.................. 24 4 Number of plants in a 50 X 50-cm frame 5 m from the center of the cache and unused sites.................. 26 5 Squirrel movements. Each point signifies one marked cache. Movement lines were determined by using track and observation records................................ 2 9 6 Proportion of time spent on each type of activity in relation to month.................................... 31 7 Proportion of time spent on each type of activity in relation to ambient temperature.................... 34 V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S I thank the members of my committee; Dr. R. L. Hutto, Dr. C. B. Henderson, and Dr. B. W. 0^ Gara for their help in reviewing this manuscript, and for their invaluable advice on the design of this study. Susan Robinson helped with computations, the finding of marked trees, and the study site map, for which I am most grateful. I thank Dave Worthington and Andrew Bosma for all of their help and advice on computers. Dr. John R. Burton and Dr, Grace M. Burton gave me a love for learning and underwrote my undergraduate education They also provided unfailing love and support throughout this project, as they have throughout my life. Part of this study was funded by an American Museum of Natural History Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Grant, VI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION Animals that cache food have either one central storage site or several scattered ones. The caching pattern used by a particular population may be determined by risk of theft, exposure to predators that feed on the caching animal, energetic costs of storage and retrieval, site availability, time availability, type of food stored, or a combination of these variables (Barry 1976, Stapanian and Smith 1978 and 1984, Kraus 1983, Hurly and Robertson 1987, Elliot 1988, Waite 1988, Andrusiak and Harestad 1989). The characteristics of sites used as caches should reflect the pressures to which a particular population is subject. For example, such attributes as the location of the cache relative to food sources, other caches, and to the nest might be expected to vary depending on what pressures are most important to the caching animal. I will outline the predictions related to cache site characteristics for several hypotheses relating to the determination of cache
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