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Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: “Overseas with the ANC: Experiences of Nebraska Nurses.” For more articles from this special World War II issue, see the index to full text articles currently available. Full Citation: Michele L Fagan, “Overseas with the ANC: Experiences of Nebraska Nurses,” Nebraska History 76 (1995): 106-121 Notes: The experiences of twelve Nebraska nurses overseas showed what could happen to ordinary young women carrying out their professional duties under extraordinary circumstances. All twelve served in the European Theater of Operations. URL of Article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/1995_War_07_Nurses.pdf Photos: 167th General Hospital near Cherbourg, France, April 1945; ANC nurse Florence Fattig and others; Harvard Medical Unit, summer 1942; ANC nurse Ida Britton Clark; Jeanette Meyer Davis; Ida Britton Clark bicycling in the English countryside; triage area used by 104th Evacuation Hospital; Dressing patient wound, summer 1941; Orthopedic surgery in tent hospital; Lt Jean Painter Knudsen, ANC nurse in 1944; German prisoners carrying a litter at the Fiftieth General Hospital near Carentan, France; Fiftieth General Hospital nurses washing clothes in buckets, 1944; Blood bank equipment at the 104th Evacuation Hospital; Florence Fattig receiving the Bronze Star from George S Patton, February 22, 1945; Nurses of the 179th General Hospital at lunch on the road to Paris, September 1945 Overseas With the ANC: in World War II By Michele L. Fagan Advertising did not come naturally to could happen to ordinary young Before the war began several of the nurses in the 1940s, so few people later women carrying out their professional women had moved west-to California, realized that American nurses served duties under extraordinary circum­ Washington, Oregon, and Hawaii. Mary overseas during World War II, some­ stances. Their stories also show the ef­ Rupprecht lived and worked in Seattle. times under conditions as strenuous fects of combat on servicemen and give A native of the Columbus area, she and dangerous as those many service­ some insights into medical care during graduated from St. Catherine's in 1931 men experienced. "The selflessness of World War II. The women whose stories and moved to the West Coast in 1933. nurses' training was so inbred" that appear here do not represent a proper When the war broke out she was on a these women who joined the Army statistical sample of all nurses in the surgical ward of the Harborview Hospi­ Nurse Corps CANC) during the war ANC or even of all Nebraska members. tal. Phyllis Vavra Johnson of Schuyler "made little attempt during or since the Starting with my mother, I used the and Barbara Gier of Seward, both 1940 war to draw attention to their record." A "snowball sampling" technique to inter­ St. Catherine's graduates, were living in historian of nurses in another war, Viet­ view or correspond with women willing Los Angeles and working at St. Vincent's nam, commented that she had not real­ to share their memories. In two cases I Hospital. After graduation they had be­ ized that nurses had served in Southeast drew on interviews or recollections al­ come nurse-stewardesses for the Union Asia, although ANC members provided ready done. All twelve women served in Pacific Railroad and worked on trains nursing care during the entire conflict. I the European Theater of Operations and running between Omaha and Los Ange­ The experiences of twelve Nebraska six attended the same nursing school­ les. When the UP eliminated the posi­ nurses who went overseas showed what St. Catherine's in Omaha. Nine worked tions to free nurses "for the war effort," in general hospitals, one was assigned the two joined the staff of St. Vincent's Michele L. Fagan is university archivist and to a hospital train for three months, and Hospital. Catherine Flannery Prussa, a head ofthe special collections department at the University ofNebraska-Lincoln Libraries. another did some detached duty in a St. Catherine's graduate from Atkinson, She has previously published articles in field hospital. Three were in evacuation lived in the most exotic location. In Nebraska History and other scholarly journals. hospitais.2 June 1941, after nursing in Los Angeles, --.----_.. __._-------­------------~-,,--- . .. t . ...... --~ . I .. _-" '~j _~_ r...L.- _" _ ".=c tt ., j The 167th General Hospital near Cherbourg, France, In April 1945. Courtesy of Elizabeth Feehan Fagan 106 Nebraska Nurses she took a job at the Queen's Hospital worrien were in italy, New Guinea, the Hospital), served in an evacuation hos­ in Honolulu, Hawaii, not far from the Philippines, India, Persia, Iceland, pital in the Mediterranean Theater. War­ major naval base at Pearl Harbor. Alaska, the Aleutians, North Africa, Aus­ time censorship prevented the newspa­ Florence Shotkoski Fattig from near tralia, New Zealand, China, or Burma. pers from stating which hospital, but the Loup City (also in the 1940 St. None were among the army and navy reporters did disclose that the nurses in Catherine's class) went to Roseberg, nurses held prisoner by the Japanese af­ her mobile evacuation unit in North Af­ Oregon. In August 1941 she decided to ter the fall of the Philippines. rica in 1943 U can take it, make no mis­ heed the urging of the Red Cross during There were other nurses from Ne­ take, and they are living and working the national emergency and join the braska who went overseas. By 1943, 119 under as rugged and trying conditions Army Nurse Corps for one year. She women in Omaha and 82 in Lincoln as the fighting men in the field." went to Fort Lewis, Washington. Bernice Wingerd was also one of the first nurses Tonjes DeLong of Pender graduated to land in Italy. She was wounded there from the Methodist Hospital nursing and received a Purple Heart.4 The stories school in June 1941. Like Fattig, she was of these other Nebraska nurses, culled interested in serving in the Army Nurse from the wartime newspapers, indicate Corps for one year before going back to what a large pool of unrecorded memo­ school. She also joined temporarily in ries there are. August 1941. Ida Britton Clark, a gradu­ The Army Nurse Corps grew out of ate of Mary Lanning Hospital in the surgeon general's request to appoint Hastings, was already in England when female nurses for government service the U.S. entered the war. While working during the Spanish-American War in at Mary Lanning she joined the Harvard­ 1898. In 1901 Congress established the Red Cross medical unit. She sailed to Nurse Corps as a permanent part of the Great Britain in the spring of 1941. U.S. Army's Medical Department, al­ The rest of the women remained in though the nurses were not commis­ Nebraska until after the U.S entered the sioned officers. The corps members war. Elizabeth Feehan Fagan from staffed regular military hospitals in Clarks, a 1938 St. Catherine's graduate, peacetime. The American Red Cross be­ was doing private duty nursing at St. came the authorized recruiter for the Catherine's when the war broke out. ANC. Nurses who were Red Cross mem­ Sarita Wilson from Trumbull was work­ bers, and many were, could be asked to ing at her alma mater, Mary Lanning in serve in the ANC in an emergency just Hastings. Since her graduation in 1933 as in the case of a natural disaster. In she had been in Scottsbluff, Nebraska; ANC nurse Florence Fattig (right) and a December 1942 ANC members received in Ogden, Utah; and had done some colleague pose with an anesthesiologist. relative military rank, which meant the graduate work in New York before Courtesy of Florence Fattig title, the pay, and the benefits of a com­ returning. missioned army officer. In 1944 they re­ Several of the women were still in joined the ANC through the Red Cross. ceived temporary commissions. It was school. Jeanette Meyer Davis was at the At least fifteen served in the Pacific The­ not until 1947, two years after the war, Methodist Hospital School of Nursing in ater. Among them was Viela Fleming that the nurses received actual commis­ Omaha. Wilma Dankert Kellogg from from Mitchell, Nebraska, who told a re­ sions. ANC members continued to serve Palmer did not graduate from St. Francis porter that uoverseas duty gives me the during peacetime and in subsequent Hospital school in Grand Island until feeling of being part of the forces that military conflicts.5 1942. Helen Louise Logan Knapp of will bring the war to a close. n Lucille Ida Britton Clark from Mary Lanning Callaway was at the University of Ne­ Chaloupka of Omaha was a flight nurse Hospital, Hastings, became the sole braska School of Nursing in Omaha un­ who had completed fifty round trips midwesterner to join the Harvard Medi­ til her graduation in 1944. from the Continent to England in Sep­ cal Unit. Her parents had immigrated The experiences of these twelve tember 1944. She had landed to help from England, and when she saw an ar­ barely touch on all the places army evacuate the wounded in France four ticle in the American Journal ofNursing nurses served and the conditions under days after D-day.3 about this unit, she wanted to join.

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