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Guía Dinámica De Los Anfibios Del Bosque Húmedo Tropical Del Chocó

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Guía Dinámica De Los Anfibios Del Bosque Húmedo Tropical Del Chocó guía dinámica de los anfibios del bosque húmedo tropical del chocó santiago ron coordinador editorial Lista de especies Número de especies: 86 Anura Hemiphractidae Gastrotheca cornuta, Rana marsupial cornuda Gastrotheca angustifrons, Rana marsupial pacífica Bufonidae Atelopus elegans, Jambato del Pacífico Atelopus longirostris, Jambato esquelético Rhaebo blombergi, Bamburé Rhaebo caeruleostictus, Sapo de Chanchan Rhaebo haematiticus, Sapo de Truando Rhinella alata, Sapo del Obispo Rhinella horribilis, Sapo gigante de Veracruz Incilius coniferus, Sapo de Talamanca Centrolenidae Cochranella mache, Rana de cristal de Mache Cochranella litoralis, Rana de cristal del litoral Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum, Rana de cristal de manchas doradas Hyalinobatrachium chirripoi, Rana de cristal de Costa Rica Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni, Rana de cristal de San José Espadarana callistomma, Rana de cristal Ojilinda Espadarana prosoblepon, Rana de cristal variable Sachatamia albomaculata, Rana de cristal punteada de blanco Sachatamia ilex, Rana de cristal limón Sachatamia orejuela, Rana de cristal de Orejuela Teratohyla pulverata, Rana de cristal de Chiriqui Teratohyla spinosa, Rana de cristal de Espinosa Aromobatidae Allobates talamancae, Rana saltarina de Talamanca Dendrobatidae Epipedobates machalilla, Rana nodriza de Machalilla Epipedobates boulengeri, Rana nodriza de Boulenger Epipedobates espinosai, Rana nodriza de Espinosa Hyloxalus awa, Rana cohete awa Hyloxalus toachi, Rana cohete de Toachi Hyloxalus erythromos, Rana venenosa de Río Palenque Hyloxalus infraguttatus, Rana cohete de Chimbo Oophaga sylvatica, Kiki Hylidae Agalychnis spurrelli, Rana mono planeadora Agalychnis psilopygion, Rana mono del Chocó Cruziohyla calcarifer, Rana esplendida Dendropsophus ebraccatus, Ranita reloj de arena Dendropsophus gryllatus, Ranita arbórea grillo Hyloscirtus alytolylax, Rana de torrente de Tandapi Hyloscirtus palmeri, Rana de torrente de Palmer Boana boans, Rana gladiadora Boana picturata, Rana Chachi Boana rosenbergi, Rana gladiadora de Rosenberg Boana rubracyla, Rana de líneas cafés Boana pellucens, Rana arbórea de Palmar Scinax quinquefasciatus, Rana de lluvia polizona Scinax sugillatus, Rana de lluvia de Palenque Smilisca phaeota, Rana bueyera Trachycephalus jordani, Rana de casco de Jordan Trachycephalus macrotis, Rana lechera de Pastaza Trachycephalus quadrangulum, Rana lechera del Chocó Strabomantidae Barycholos pulcher, Cutín de Chimbo Pristimantis achatinus, Cutín común de occidente Pristimantis latidiscus, Cutín del Chocó Pristimantis parvillus, Cutín de Pichincha Pristimantis subsigillatus, Cutín de Salidero Pristimantis walkeri, Cutín de Walker Pristimantis caprifer, Cutín de Las Palmas Pristimantis chalceus, Cutín del valle Pristimantis esmeraldas, Cutín de Esmeraldas Pristimantis muricatus, Cutín del río Faisanes Pristimantis ornatissimus, Cutín adornado Pristimantis rosadoi, Cutín de Rosado Pristimantis tenebrionis, Cutín tenebroso Pristimantis labiosus, Cutín trompudo Pristimantis nietoi, Cutín de Nieto Pristimantis hampatusami, Cutín Hampatusami Strabomantis anomalus, Cutín bocón de Cachabé Craugastoridae Craugastor longirostris, Cutín de hocico largo Leptodactylidae Engystomops guayaco, Rana túngara guayaca Engystomops pustulatus, Rana bullanguera de pústulas Engystomops randi, Rana túngara de Rand Leptodactylus peritoaktites, Rana terrestre de la selva costera de Ecuador Leptodactylus rhodomerus, Rana terrestre de muslos rojos Leptodactylus melanonotus, Rana terrestre mexicana Leptodactylus labrosus, Rana terrestre labiosa Leptodactylus ventrimaculatus, Rana terrestre mugidora Microhylidae Ctenophryne aterrima, Rana de hojarasca negra Ranidae Rana vaillanti, Rana común de Vaillant Rana bwana, Rana común del río de Dixon Eleutherodactylidae Diasporus gularis, Rana naranja de Esmeraldas Caudata Plethodontidae Bolitoglossa sima, Salamandra del noroccidente Bolitoglossa biseriata, Salamandra de dos bandas Bolitoglossa chica, Salamandra chica Bolitoglossa medemi, Salamandra de Medem Gymnophiona Caeciliidae Caecilia leucocephala, Cecilia de cabeza blanca Caecilia nigricans, Cecilia del río Lita Caecilia tenuissima, Cecilia de Guayaquil Anura Hemiphractidae Gastrotheca cornuta Rana marsupial cornuda Boulenger (1898) Orden: Anura | Familia: Hemiphractidae Regiones naturales Bosque Húmedo Tropical del Chocó, Bosque Piemontano Occidental, Bosque Montano Occidental Pisos Altitudinales Tropical occidental Identificación Machos Longitud Rostro-cloacal promedio = 66.7 mm (rango 44.1–81.1 mm; n=30) (Duellman 2015) Hembras Longitud Rostro-cloacal promedio = 70.8 mm (rango 51.2–77.4 mm; n=8) (Duellman 2015) Rana mediana a grande sin co-osificación craneal; piel del dorso lisa con crestas tranversales lisas. Presenta apéndices triangulares a manera de solapa sobre el párpado superior; calcar triangular en los talones. Dorso café con franjas transversales de color café oscuro a negro; flancos café oscuro; vientre crema. Dedo manual I del mismo largo que el II; dedos manuales membranados basalmente; membrana en los dedos pediales se extiende máximo hasta el tubérculo subarticular del Dedo IV y V. A diferencia de Gastrotheca cornuta, Gastrotheca dendronastes presenta crestas transversales tuberculosas, dorso rugoso, Dedo manual I más largo que el II, líneas longitudinales oscuras en los flancos, y tubérculos pequeños en los talones (crestas lisas, dorso liso, Dedo manual I igual al II, flancos con puntos oscuros longitudinales, y talón con calcar triangular en Gastrotheca cornuta). Se diferencia de Gastrotheca angustifrons por presentar calcares triangulares en los talones, apéndices triangulares a manera de solapa sobre el párpado superior, y flancos con puntos oscuros longitudinales (talón con un tubérculo, apéndices sobre el párpado superior ausentes, y flancos sin marcas en Gastrotheca angustifrons) (Duellman 2015). Descripción Es una rana de tamaño mediano a grande con la siguiente combinación de caracteres (modificado de Duellman 2015): (1) cabeza no co- osificada, ligeramente más ancha que larga, casi tan ancha como el cuerpo; (2) hocico redondeado en vista dorsal, inclinado bruscamente anteroventralmente, casi truncado en vista lateral; (3) canthus rostralis angular transversalmente y ligeramente curvo; región loreal claramente cóncava; labios redondeados; (4) parte superior de la cabeza ligeramente deprimida; zona internarial plana; fosas nasales ligeramente protuberantes; (5) tímpano verticalmente ovoide, separado desde el ojo por una distancia doble de la longitud del tímpano; anillo timpánico indistinto y tuberculoso; pliegue supratimpánico débil, se extiende directamente por detrás de la esquina posterior de la órbita y oscurece el borde superior del tímpano; (6) brazo moderadamente delgado; tubérculos ulnares ausentes; (7) dedos manuales largos y esbeltos; dedos externos palmeados basalmente; discos de los dedos grandes, ligeramente más anchos que largos, y mucho más amplios que el ancho de los dígitos; diámetro del disco del Dedo manual III casi el doble de la longitud del tímpano; largo relativo de los dedos manuales: I = II < IV < III; (8) tubérculos subarticulares grandes y redondos; tubérculos supernumerarios pequeños, subcónicos, y numerosos en el segmento proximal; tubérculo palmar bajo y bífido; tubérculo prepollical elíptico; (9) excrecencias nupciales ausentes; (10) calcar triangular presente en el talón; tubérculo y pliegue tarsal ausentes; tubérculo metatarsal interno pequeño, elíptico, apenas visible desde arriba; (11) dedos pediales largos y delgados; largo relativo de los dedos pediales: I < II < III < V < IV; palmeados alrededor de ⅔, fórmula de la membrana: I (2-2- )-2 II 1-2 III 2-(1-2) IV (1-2)-(1-1½) V; (12) tubérculos subarticulares moderadamente grandes y redondos; tubérculos supernumerarios pequeños, subcónicos, e indistintamente presentes sólo en los segmentos proximales; (13) piel de las superficies dorsales lisa; piel de los flancos areolada; piel de garganta, vientre y superficies posteroventrales de muslos es granular; otras superficies lisas; (14) prominente proceso supraciliar triangular presente en el margen del párpado superior; (15) par de tubérculos grandes presente ventrolateralmente a la cloaca; (16) abertura del marsupio en forma de V, con borde anterior a nivel del sacro; (17) procesos dentígeros vomerianos elevados, ligeramente inclinados posteromedialmente, estrechamente separados a un nivel entre las coanas; moderadamente grandes y redondas; cada proceso tiene de siete a nueve dientes. Coloración Dorso marrón o café, con marcas transversales color café oscuro en la cabeza, cuerpo y extremidades. Cuando están activos en la noche, son usualmente de color amarillento pálido bronceado, grisáceo bronceado o color oliva bronceado, con los flancos y vientre de color blanco cremoso. En el día el dorso es café oscuro, los flancos son de color crema pálido con marcas marrón. La garganta es café, el vientre y superficies ventrales de las extremidades son rosado pálido o café claro. Tienen una pequeña mancha subocular color crema que es evidente durante el día. La raya supracloacal es de color crema (Duellman 2015). Hábitat y Biología Especie nocturna que habita el dosel de bosques maduro, secundario y remanentes boscosos. Ha sido reportada cerca de riachuelos y cascadas. A pesar de carecer de hendiduras vocales, los machos cantan generalmente desde el dosel. El canto consiste en un ruidoso "bop" que se asemeja al sonido que hace una botella de champagne al ser descorchada, con una duración de
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