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Species Diversity and Ecological Characteristics of Benthic Int'l Journal of Advances in Agricultural & Environmental Engg. (IJAAEE) Vol. 2, Issue 1 (2015) ISSN 2349-1523 EISSN 2349-1531 Species Diversity and Ecological Characteristics of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in the Intertidal Zone of Satun Province, Thailand and the First Record of Petersenaspis sp. Khwanta Tantikamton, Nathawut Thanee, Suwit Jitpukdee, and Murray Potter Benthic macroinvertebrate plays a key role in the cycling of Abstract—The aims of this research were to investigate diversity organic materials in the aquatic ecosystems and used as of benthic macroinvertebrates and their ecological characteristics in potential bioindicators. The study on the ecological intertidal zone of Pak Bara and Pak Bang beaches,Thailand during characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates concerns their 2012-2013. Sediment and water samples were collected and certain habitat types and the environmental variables which measured seasonally from nine stations. In comparison, both beaches are used to determine the basis for patterns of them and to were mostly similar in water and sediment qualities excepting evaluate the beach environments by the presence or absence of organic matter content and sediment particle sizes. All beaches had these invertebrates to a greater extent [1]. The polychaete moderate species diversity. The major components of benthic macroinvertebrates were polychaetes, molluscs and crustaceans. family (Sternaspidae), typically found in mud or sandy mud, Principal component analysis showed that water temperature, are thought to be subsurface deposit feeders [2, 3]. In sediment particle sizes, and nitrate in sediment were important factors Thailand, only the genus Sternaspis (S. scutata and Sternaspis to biodiversity index, whereas water temperature, dissolved oxygen, sp.) belonging to this family was recorded [4-6]. Therefore, salinity and nitrate in sediment were related to biodiversity of the objectives of this study were to determine species diversity polychaete. The results of benthic macroinvertebrate composition and some ecological characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates showed that Dendronereis arborifera and Dotilla intermedia in beach intertidal zone of Satun province, Thailand. distinguished the two beaches. Sternaspis andamanensis had wider habitats, while Petersenaspis sp. was found only in Pak Bara beach and it was the first record in Thailand. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Sampling Areas Keywords—Diversity, benthic macroinvertebrate, intertidal zone, The study was conducted on 2 beaches along the sea coast Sternaspis andamanensis, Petersenaspis sp. of Satun province including Pak Bara and Pak Bang beaches. Pak Bara beach is about 3 km long where the Pak Bara pier I. INTRODUCTION is located on the northern side of the beach. It has a long ATUN province is located at the Andaman Sea Coast of sandy/muddy intertidal flat but the landward side is sandy. Pak S Thailand. Most of the area is mountainous with plain lands in Bang beach is about 6 km long. It has long, moderate and the centre near the coast. Brooks lie in the east of Satun and sandy slope below, which is a long muddy flat and is never mangroves can be found along the coast. Pak Bara and Pak Bang drained completely even during lowest tides. On the southern beaches are quite shallow and are located near the mouth side, the beach is scattered with rocky patches. Sediment, region of the estuary, which brings organic materials from the water and the benthic macroinvertebrate samples were upper reaches and then deposits in the estuary. Moreover, the collected from 3 stations at Pak Bara beach and from 6 intertidal zone of these beaches is affected by many stations at Pak Bang beach. The sampling areas are shown in anthropogenic activities such as shrimp farms, tourism and Fig. 1. transportation from a pier nearby the beach. B. Sampling Methods Khwanta Tantikamton is with the School of Biology, Institute of Science, The sediment was sampled during Northeast monsoon Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand (e-mail: [email protected]). (December 2012), in the dry season (April 2013) and during Assist.Prof. Nathawut Thanee, (Ph.D.) is with the School of Biology, Southwest monsoon (August 2013). Quadrate sampling was Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand done at intertidal zone during low tide. The sampling areas in (corresponding author’s phone: +6644-224-633; fax: +6644-224-633; e-mail: 2 [email protected]). each quadrate transect were 2.25 m . Samples were collected Assist.Prof. Suwit Jitpukdee, (Ph.D.) is with the Faculty of Science and along the beach every 500 m long with three transects in each Fisheries Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thailand station. Sampling positions were estimated by global (e-mail: [email protected]). positioning system (GPS). Each sample was sieved in the field Prof. Murray Potter, (Ph.D.) is with the Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, New Zealand (e-mail: using a 1000 μm mesh. The materials retained on the sieve [email protected]). were fixed in 4% buffer formalin and then preserved in 70% http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IJAAEE.C0415023 23 Int'l Journal of Advances in Agricultural & Environmental Engg. (IJAAEE) Vol. 2, Issue 1 (2015) ISSN 2349-1523 EISSN 2349-1531 ethanol. The samples were brought back to a laboratory for intertidal habitat was the least affected area from the shore sorting and taxonomic identification. (Fig. 1). The benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled and Samples from the two beaches in the three seasons during identified under an Olympus SZX7 microscope with DP 2012 to 2013 yielded a total of 4,036 individuals of 64 species camera and the Cellsens Dimension program to magnify the benthic macroinvertebrates. detail of the specimens based on the keys to marine These samples contained four phyla, including Annelida, invertebrates and previous identification reports [7-12]. Brachiopoda, Mollusca, and Arthropoda. All annelids found were belonging to the class Polychaeta and only a single C. Sediment Analysis species was found in the class Lingulata under the phylum Surface sediment was collected for sediment grain size and Brachiopoda. Molluscs found were classified in the classes organic content analysis. Sediment grain size structure was Bivalvia and Gastropoda. Malacostraca was only a class found determined by dry sieving, using vibrating-sieving machine under the phylum Arthropoda (Table II). The density of species and a sieve series of 0.5 phi resolution. Before sieving, each recorded from both beaches was likely to be conformable. The sample was washed with deionized water over a filter paper abundance of polychaetes was the highest, comprising of 20 o (20 µm mesh size) to remove salt and then oven-dried at 80 C species in Pak Bara beach and 30 species in Pak Bang beach. for 24 h. The percentage weight of gravel, sand and mud were The molluscs represented 17 species in Pak Bara beach and 11 calculated for each sediment sample. The statistical species in Pak Bang beach. The crustacean abundance was parameters of the grain size distribution were calculated in lower than those of polychaetes and molluscs that documented each size and the sediment particles size fractions were 7 species in Pak Bara beach and 8 species in Pak Bang beach. determined following a standard mechanic sieving procedure The densities of the benthic macroinvertebrates are shown in and classified according to Wentworth scale. The classified Table II. particle sizes were: gravel ( > 2 mm), very coarse sand (2 Although the species composition between Pak Bara and mm > > 1 mm), coarse sand (1 mm > > 0.5 mm), Pak Bang beach were not different distinctively, some species medium sand (0.5 mm > > 0.25 mm), fine sand (0.25 mm > composition in both beaches typified the ecological > 0.125 mm), very fine sand (0.125 mm > > 0.062 mm) characteristics. The species, D. arborifera was the most and silt ( < 0.062 mm) [13, 14]. abundance in Pak Bang beach compared to other taxa recorded Sediment for the analysis of organic content was collected in the beach, whereas D. intermedia occurred at the highest at a depth of 15 cm and stocked with ice during fieldwork, and density in Pak Bara beach. Abundance of D. arborifera then frozen at -20oC in the laboratory. The percentage of distinguished Pak Bang beach from Pak Bara beach markedly. organic content in sediment was estimated by loss on ignition However, D. arborifera were abundant at the sites which were (500oC for 24 h) [15]. characterized by muddy substrata and high organic content [17, 18], whereas D. intermedia were associated with sandy D. Water Analysis substrata. Water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and pH were recorded in situ by using multi-probe TABLE I BIODIVERSITY INDICES OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES FOUND IN PAK instrument. Turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) BARA AND PAK BANG BEACHES, SATUN PROVINCE and nutrients (phosphate and nitrate) in water were analyzed in Shannon- Number Evenness Magalef Dominance Wiener a laboratory [16]. Station of index index species index species (J) (R) index E. Data Analysis (H) ST-PR Benthic macroinvertebrate structures were analyzed using st1 49 2.70 0.69 7.85 0.12 the calculation diversity indices including Shannon-Wiener ST-PR index, evenness index, Margalef richness index, and st2 29 2.28 0.68 5.02 0.14 dominance species index. Principal Component Analysis ST-PR st3 26 2.12 0.65 4.06 0.19 (PCA) was performed by PASW statistics 18. ST-BB st4 29 2.29 0.68 4.52 0.15 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ST-BB st5 33 2.22 0.64 5.21 0.15 A. Benthic Macroinvertebrates ST-BB st6 29 2.21 0.66 4.52 0.16 The benthic macroinvertebrate species diversity was ST-BB determined by biodiversity indices from 9 selected stations. st7 29 2.09 0.62 4.42 0.18 The result showed that station 1 at Pak Bara beach (ST-PR ST-BB st1) had the highest species diversity and richness, whereas st8 30 2.17 0.64 4.65 0.17 ST-BB station 9 of Pak Bang beach (ST-BB st9) showed the lowest st9 18 1.70 0.59 2.94 0.26 species diversity and richness (Table I).
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