The Russian Empire • Describe the Kievan State

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LESSON PLAN 2 Basilica San Marco, Archangel Michael, 14th-century OBJECTIVES Venice, Italy Russian Byzantine icon • Summarize the Slavic, Greek, and Viking roots of Russia and Russian culture. The Russian Empire • Describe the Kievan state. • Explain how the Mongols conquered MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES and ruled Russia. • Describe Russia’s rise to independence. EMPIRE BUILDING Russia grew Early Russia was separated from • Slavs • Alexander out of a blending of Slavic and the West, leading to a difference • Vladimir Nevsky Byzantine cultures and adopted in culture that still exists today. • Yaroslav the • Ivan III Eastern Orthodox traditions. Wise • czar FOCUS & MOTIVATE Ask students what they know about Russia. (Possible Answers: Superpower, SETTING THE STAGE In addition to sending its missionaries to the land of the Slavs during the ninth century, Byzantium actively traded with its neighbors to communist government until recently) the north. Because of this increased interaction, the Slavs began absorbing many Greek Byzantine ways. It was this blending of Slavic and Greek traditions that INSTRUCT eventually produced Russian culture. Russia’s Birth Russia’s Birth TAKING NOTES Recognizing Effects Use Critical Thinking Russia’s first unified territory originated west of the Ural Mountains in the a chart to show how region that runs from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. Hilly grasslands are found Mongol rule affected • Why would the Slavs ask Rurik to be in the extreme south of that area. The north, however, is densely forested, flat, different parts of their king? (Possible Answer: The Slavs Russian society. and swampy. Slow-moving, interconnecting rivers allow boat travel across these needed political unity; Rurik was a plains in almost any direction. Three great rivers, the Dnieper (NEE•puhr), the powerful enough leader to unite them.) Don, and the Volga, run from the heart of the forests to the Black Sea or the Nobles Church • How did Kiev’s location on the Dnieper Caspian Sea. (See the map on page 308.) In the early days of the Byzantine Empire, these forests were inhabited by River help establish Christianity among tribes of Slavic farmers and traders. They spoke similar languages but had no Moscow the Slavs? (The Dnieper gave access to People Princes political unity. Sometime in the 800s, small bands of adventurers came down Constantinople with its Byzantine among them from the north. These Varangians, or Rus as they were also called, Christianity.) were most likely Vikings. (The name “Russia” is taken from this group.) In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 Eventually, these Vikings built forts along the rivers and settled among the Slavs. • Guided Reading, p. 23 (also in Spanish) Slavs and Vikings Russian legends say the Slavs invited the Viking chief Rurik • Geography Application: Growth of Early to be their king. So in 862, he founded Novgorod (NAHV•guh•rahd), Russia’s Russia, p. 27 first important city. That account is given in The Primary Chronicle, a history of • Primary Source: from Primary Chronicle, Russia written by monks in the early 1100s. Around 880, a nobleman from p. 31 Novgorod named Oleg moved south to Kiev (KEE•ehf), a city on the Dnieper River. From Kiev, the Vikings could sail by river and sea to Constantinople. There they could trade for products from distant lands. Kiev grew into a principality, a small state ruled by a prince. As it did, the TEST-TAKING RESOURCES Viking nobles intermarried with their Slavic subjects and adopted many aspects Test Generator CD-ROM of Slavic culture. Gradually, the line between Slavs and Vikings vanished. Kiev Becomes Orthodox In 957, a member of the Kievan nobility, Princess Strategies for Test Preparation Olga, paid a visit to Constantinople and publicly converted to Christianity. From Test Practice Transparencies, TT39 945 to 964, she governed Kiev until her son was old enough to rule. Her son Online Test Practice Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact 307

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ALL STUDENTS • Skillbuilder Practice, p. 81 GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 Reading Study Guide (Spanish), p. 101 In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 • Guided Reading, p. 23 Reading Study Guide Audio CD (Spanish) • Primary Source: from Primary Chronicle, p. 31 • Skillbuilder Practice: Formulating Historical Electronic Library of Primary Sources Questions, p. 26 STRUGGLING READERS • “The Court of the Great Khan” • Geography Application: Growth of Early Russia, In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 p. 27 • Guided Reading, p. 23 • History Makers: Ivan III, p. 37 • Building Vocabulary, p. 25 Formal Assessment • Reteaching Activity, p. 40 eEdition CD-ROM • Section Quiz, p. 169 Reading Study Guide, p. 101 Power Presentations CD-ROM Reading Study Guide Audio CD Electronic Library of Primary Sources ENGLISH LEARNERS • “The Court of the Great Khan” In-Depth Resources in Spanish classzone.com • Guided Reading, p. 79 Teacher’s Edition 307 CHAPTER 11 • Section 2 The Viking Invasions of resisted Christianity. However, soon Eastern Europe, 820-941 after Olga’s grandson Vladimir (VLAD•

24 32 uh•meer) came to the throne about 980, 40 48 56 E E

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16 he considered conversion to Christianity. The Primary Chronicle reports that History from Visuals Vladimir sent out teams to observe the Norwegians lga R. major religions of the times. Three of Vo Interpreting the Map a 58N e Novgorod the teams returned with lukewarm S

c W Ask students, What is the approximate Swedes i . accounts of Islam, Judaism, and West- t Dv l ina a R. latitude of Kiev? (about 52N) Then have Danes B ern Christianity. But the team from

man KIEVAN Byzantium told quite a different story: them use the map of North America in Ne R . RUS D SAXONY V on the atlas to estimate the approximate E i O st R . lb ula . PRIMARY SOURCE e de R R r Kiev latitude of their own community and R . Dn The Greeks led us to the [buildings] where 50N . ieper compare it with Kiev’s. R. they worship their God, and we knew not BAVARIA whether we were in heaven or on earth. Extension Using the world map in the Area of Viking control For on earth there is no such splendor or atlas, have students compare the sea Viking invasions such beauty, and we are at a loss how to describe it. We only know that God dwells route and river route from Scandinavia to Black Sea A D there among men, and . . . we cannot d an R. Constantinople. Discuss with them the ri ube A. Answer at forget that beauty. 42N ic Se Uniformity in reli- pros and cons of each route. Rome a Constantinople from The Primary Chronicle B Y Z A gion might make N T I N Aegean E E M P I R E This report convinced Vladimir to people easier to SKILLBUILDER Answers Sea convert to Byzantine Christianity and to govern; one source of dissent would be 1. Human-Environment Interaction make all his subjects convert, too. In 0 500 Miles Cyprus eliminated. Vladimir Russian rivers Crete 989, a baptism of all the citizens of Kiev 0 1,000 Kilometers may have wanted 2. Human-Environment Interaction 34N was held in the Dnieper River. Kiev, to extend his power Possible Answer: South. The climate GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps already linked to Byzantium by trade, over even his sub- 1. Human-Environment Interaction Which geographical feature now looked to the empire for religious jects’ deepest farther south was less harsh than in of Russia did Vikings use to further their invasions? beliefs. Scandinavia. Because of the better cli- 2. Human-Environment Interaction Besides east, what was the guidance. Vladimir imported teachers to instruct the people in the new faith. All mate, there would be rich farms, cattle, other basic direction taken by Vikings in their Eastern European invasions? Why do you think they chose to invade in the beliefs and traditions of Orthodox Analyzing Motives and food to plunder. that direction? Christianity flourished in Kiev. Vladimir Why might Vladimir think it appreciated the Byzantine idea of the important that all emperor as supreme ruler of the Church. So the close link between Church and his subjects state took root in Russia as well. become Christian?

Kiev’s Power and Decline Kiev’s Power and Decline Thanks to its Byzantine ties, Kiev grew from a cluster of crude wooden forts to the Critical Thinking glittering capital of a prosperous and educated people. The rise of Kiev marked the appearance of Russia’s first important unified territory. • What kind of standing did women have in Kievan society? Explain. (They had a Kievan Russia Vladimir led the way in establishing Kiev’s power. He expanded his state west into Poland and north almost to the Baltic Sea. He also fought off lower standing than men. Vladimir troublesome nomads from the steppes to the south. arranged marriages for his daughters In 1019, Vladimir’s son Yaroslav the Wise came to the throne and led Kiev to and sisters. Sons inherited the throne.) even greater glory. Like the rulers of Byzantium, Yaroslav skillfully married off his • Which problem that led to Kiev’s daughters and sisters to the kings and princes of Western Europe. Those marriages decline was the most severe? Why? helped him to forge important trading alliances. At the same time, he created a (Possible Answer: Division of the legal code tailored to Kiev’s commercial culture. Many of its rules dealt with realm among all the sons because crimes against property. Yaroslav also built the first library in Kiev. Under his rule, Christianity prospered. By the 12th century, Kiev was home to some 400 churches. it caused conflict and established an ongoing custom.) 308 Chapter 11

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CHAPTER GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: LOCATION 11 Growth of Early Russia DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS Section 2 Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. Then answer the questions that follow.

uring the sixth and seventh centuries, early Russia to Christianity. Although Kiev’s proximity DScandinavian traders transported goods to and and contact with Byzantium is largely responsible from Constantinople. They traveled through an for the conversion to Christianity, one account area of present-day Russia so frequently that com- states that Vladimir chose Christianity over Islam munities and a primitive government began to because he could not accept a religion that rejected form. These Scandinavians even coined the word alcohol. The Geography of Early Russia Russia. They may have gotten it from the Greek Kievan Russia declined in the 12th century word for red, which was the hair color of many of because of internal problems and the Mongol inva- these Viking traders. sions. Around 1300, the Orthodox Church chose Around 855, a Danish man named Rurik Moscow as its center. As a result, Moscow, original- became the ﬁrst Russian king and Kiev became the ly a region of Russia, began to emerge as an impor- center of early Russia. A descendant of Rurik, tant city. Class Time 30 minutes • What routes did they use to reach Constantinople? Vladimir I, who ruled from 980 to 1015, converted Early Russia, 1000–1505 Task Identifying places in early Russia Draw the routes on the map from the In-Depth ARARCTICCTIC OCEAN a yyyi a v i n d n a c S Resources book. Ob R. a e Purpose To use a map to study the history of Russia S c

i yyy l t VVolkhovolkhov R. a B Novgorod

• What bodies of water would the Vikings use in Lovat R.

D D

EUROPE D

n n n

i i Instructions Have students work in pairs and review the i

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r . yy R R D U r a l R Kiev . a . o g reaching Constantinople? l n o R. V Kievan Russia sections titled “Russia’s Birth” and “Kiev’s Power and about 1000 Moscow about 1300 ArAralal yyyyMoscow a c C B l k S Sea y e a a about 1505 • Circle the city that formed the first capital of Russia. Constantinople s p i Decline.” Then have students use the map on page 27 in © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. M a e B y z n d a n t 0 1,000 Miles i i u S t m e e r a r 0 2,000 Kilometers a n e y a n the In-Depth Resources for Unit 3 and the map on • Draw a square around the city that was Vladimir’s S e a page 308 in the textbook and answer these questions. most important city. Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact 27 • Where did the Vikings come from? In addition, have students make a list of the people of In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 early Russia and their leaders. Have students meet as a group to compare 308 Chapter 11 their responses. Kiev’s Decline The decline of the Kievan state started with the death of Yaroslav in CHAPTER 11 • Section 2 1054. During his reign, Yaroslav had made what turned out to be a crucial error. He had divided his realm among his sons, instead of following the custom of passing on the throne to the eldest son. Upon their father’s death, the sons tore the state apart fighting for the choicest territories. And because this system of dividing the kingdom among sons continued, each generation saw new struggles. The Crusades—the The Mongol Invasions numerous clashes between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Lands of the Middle East that began in 1095—added to Kiev’s troubles by disrupting trade. Critical Thinking Then, just when it seemed that things could not get worse, a new threat emerged. • How did the size of the Mongol Empire compare to that of Byzantium? (The The Mongol Invasions Mongol empire was much larger.) In the middle 1200s, a ferocious group of horsemen from central Asia slashed their • Why did most Russian nobles crush Vocabulary way into Russia. These nomads were the Mongols. (See Chapter 12.) They had revolts against the Mongols? (The Khan is the Mongol exploded onto the world scene at the beginning of the 1200s under Genghis Khan Mongols protected the nobles.) word for “ruler.” (JEHNG•gihs KAHN), one of the most feared warriors of all time. The Mongols may have been forced to move out by economic or military Electronic Library of Primary Sources pressures. They may have been lured by the wealth of cities to the west. • “The Court of the Great Khan” Whatever their reasons for leaving, they rode their swift horses across the steppes of Asia and on into Europe. Their savage killing and burning won them a reputation for ruthless brutality. When Genghis Khan died in 1227, his successors continued the conquering that he had begun. At its fullest extent, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Yellow Sea to the Baltic Sea and from The Khanate of the History from Visuals the Himalayas to northern Russia. Golden Horde, 1294 In 1240, the Mongols attacked and Interpreting the Map Arctic Circle E E

demolished Kiev. They rode under the E Have students look at the map. Ask, Why E 40

Novgorod 60 20 80 leadership of Batu Khan, Genghis’s S would the Mongols choose Sarai as the N I Moscow A grandson. So many inhabitants were Vladimir T Ob R RUSSIAN N . 60 N capital of the Khanate of the Golden Kiev U

D slaughtered, a Russian historian reported, PRINCIPALITIES O

n M

i . Horde rather than Moscow, Kiev, or one e D R p L

that “no eye remained to weep.” A Roman o e a A r n g l R R R o of the other Russian cities? (It was closer U I . V r Catholic bishop traveling through Kiev . ty s KHANATE OF THE h R to the other khanates.) five years later wrote, “When we passed . lack GOLDEN HORDE B Sea through that land, we found lying in the Sarai Extension Have pairs of students use an Constantinople CA U C A C field countless heads and bones of dead M S encyclopedia to find three present-day Seljuk O U a Aral Sy U S s r N p people.” After the fall of Kiev, Mongols Turks T Sea D Lake A i a a I r Balkhash countries that were once part of the N n y ruled all of southern Russia for 200 years. S a E Tabriz S u T e Mongol Empire. (Possible Answers: p i h g a The empire’s official name was the r r CHAGATAI a i 40 N s t Maragheh e R China, Korea, Mongolia, Iran, Turkey, s KHANATE “Khanate of the Golden Horde”: Khanate, R . Jerusalem . ILKHANATE Armenia, Burma, Vietnam, Cambodia, from the Mongol word for “kingdom”; Baghdad (PERSIA) Golden, because gold was the royal color Laos, Thailand, Pakistan, Russia, H IM of the Mongols; and Horde, from the AL Iraq, Afghanistan) AY AS Mongol word for “camp.” Khanate of the Golden Horde . R at its greatest extent s DELHI du Mongol Rule in Russia Under Mongol Other land controlled by In SULTANATE SKILLBUILDER Answers Mongols 0 500 Miles rule, the Russians could follow all their Capital 1. Location more than 2,800 miles usual customs, as long as they made no 0 1,000 Kilometers 2. Region Possible Answer: The Mongols attempts to rebel. As fierce as they were, GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps found it too difficult to cross the the Mongols tolerated all the religions in 1. Location About how many miles did the Khanate of the Himalayas. their realms. The Church, in fact, often Golden Horde stretch from east to west? acted as a mediator between the Russian 2. Region What role might geography have played in the people and their Mongol rulers. Delhi Sultanate’s escape from Mongol rule?

Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact 309

Name Date CHAPTER 11 Section 2 (pages 307–313) TÉRMS AND NAMES eslavos Pueblos que habitaban los The Russian Empire bosques al norte del mar Negro Yaroslav el Sabio Gobernante ruso; DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: ENGLISH LEARNERS convirtió a Kiev en una ciudad rica y ANTES DE LEER poderosa Alexander Nevsky Noble ruso que tomó el poder de Moscú En la sección anterior, leíste acerca de 105 inicios y el dete- Ivan III El príncipe de Moscú que rioro del imperio bizantino. dirigió la rebelión contra la regla En esta secci6n, leeras acerca de la inﬂuencia bizantina en mongólica Rusia. zar Emperador ruso AL LEER Understanding the Mongol Invasions Usa la línea cronológica para mostrar 105 acontecimientos Mongols claves del desarrollo inical de Rusia. Class Time 30 minutes siglo 9 1019 1453 Los vikingos Ilegan a demand absolute tierras eslavas Task Analyzing the impact on Russia of Mongol invasions obedience Mongols 957 Media dos del siglo 13 1480 Purpose To share information on the impact of Mongols Mongols demand are savage huge amounts Russia’s Birth (pages 307–308) Con el tiempo, los vikingos rus adoptaron la cul- ¿Quiénes eran los eslavos? tura de los eslavos. Desaparecieron las diferencias Instructions Have students work in pairs to fill out a web entre los dos pueblos. Sin embargo, la sociedad and brutal Los eslavos vivían en 10 que hoy es el este de estaba dividida entre una gran masa de campesinos of money Rusia. Esta región limita con los montes U rales y y unos pocos nobles, 0 boyardos. convirtió el mar Negro al sur, y el mar Báltico al norte. En el 957, la princesa Olga de Kiev se characterizing the Mongol invasions of Russia. Use Critical Los eslavos vivían en zonas boscosas. al cristianismo. Su nieto, Vladimir, también se con- Mongol Trabajaban como agricultores y comerciantes. En virtió al cristianismo bizantino. Como era el gober- el siglo 9, llegó un pueblo vikingo del norte, llama- nante de Rusia, ordenó que todos sus súbditos do rus. Construyó fuertes allado de los ríos y se adoptaran esa religión. Ahora, algo más que el mezc1ó con el pueblo eslavo. Fundó las ciudades de comercio vinculaba a Rusia con el imperio bizanti- Thinking Transparency CT78 and guide students through © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. Novgorod y Kiev, y gobernó esas tierras. Empezó a no. Rusia también seguía la dirección religiosa de invasions of Constantinopla. Maestros del imperio instruían a comerciar en Constantinopla pieles, madera y eslavos, que eran sus súbditos. Allí los vendían los rusos en la nueva religión. Al rey Ie agradaba la the exercise. Here is an example. como esclavos. De hecho, la palabra esclavo viene idea de que el gobernante del imperio fuera tam- Russia de eslavo. bién el líder de la iglesia. Students who need additional help may Mongols attack Mongols allow CHAPTER 11 BYZANTINES, RUSSIANS, AND TURKS INTERACT 101 and destroy use the Reading Study Guide in Spanish. local customs Reading Study Guide: Spanish Terrible Kiev slaughter Translation in Kiev Teacher’s Edition 309 CHAPTER 11 • Section 2

Resisting Mongol Rule Rebelling Against the Mongols Although Russians by and large obeyed their Mongol rulers, Resistance against Mongol rule occasionally broke out into pockets of resistance existed, shown by this 1259 diary open rebellion, as this account from an anti-Mongol upris- Analyzing Primary Sources entry of a resident of Novgorod. ing in Tver in 1327 indicates.

Have students read and compare the two PRIMARY SOURCE PRIMARY SOURCE accounts. What kind of people were The same winter the accursed raw-eating Tartars The lawless Shevkal, the destroyer of Christianity, . . . behind these rebellions? (The common [Mongols], Berkai and Kasachik, came with their wives, came to Tver, drove the Grand Prince from his court and people were behind the rebellions in and many others, and there was great tumult in entrenched himself there with great haughtiness and Novgorod, and they did much evil in the province, violence. . . . The entire city assembled and the uprising both accounts.) taking contribution for the accursed Tartars. And the was in the making. The Tverians cried out and began to Answers to Document Based-Questions accursed ones began to fear death; they said to [Prince] kill the Tartars wherever they found them until they Alexander: ‘Give us guards, lest they kill us.’ And the killed Shevkal and the rest [of his men]. They missed 1. Comparing The people of Novgorod Knayz ordered the son of Posadnik and all the sons of killing the messengers who were with the horses that were resisting the demand for tribute; the Boyars to protect them by night. The Tartars said: grazed in the meadow [outside the city]. They [the ‘Give us your numbers for tribute or we will run away messengers] saddled their best horses and swiftly the people of Tver were rebelling and return in greater strength.’ And the common people galloped to Moscow and from there to the [Golden] against the new ruler’s violence. would not give their numbers for tribute but said: ‘Let Horde, where they brought the news of the death of 2. Making Predictions Possible Answer: us die honourably for St. Sophia and for the angelic Shevkal. houses.’ Tver Eyewitness Account, from Medieval Russia They appeared to be a brutal, warlike Resident of Novgorod, from Medieval Russia people. They probably dealt with these events swiftly and harshly. DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS 1. Comparing In what way did the reasons for the uprisings in Novgorod and Tver differ? 2. Making Predictions Based on what you have read about the Mongols, what do you think their response was to the above events of resistance and rebellion? Tip for Struggling Readers Struggling readers may have trouble with The Mongols demanded just two things from Russians: absolute obedience and the language in these primary sources. massive amounts of tribute, or payments. By and large, the Russian nobles agreed. Read the excerpts aloud. Pause after each Novgorod’s prince and military hero Alexander Nevsky, for example, advised his sentence or passage and have students fellow princes to cooperate with the Mongols. The Russian nobles often crushed paraphrase it. revolts against the Mongols and collected oppressive taxes for the foreign rulers. Mongol rule isolated the Russians more than ever from their neighbors in Western Europe. This meant that among other things, the Russians had little access B. Answer It was to many new ideas and inventions. During this period, however, forces were at work strategically situated that eventually would lead to the rise of a new center of power in the country, and along three major to Russia’s liberation. rivers, and thus anyone who could Russia Breaks Free gain control of Russia Breaks Free Moscow might con- The city of Moscow was first founded in the 1100s. By 1156, it was a crude village trol all of European Critical Thinking protected by a log wall. Nonetheless, it was located near three major rivers: the Russia. • Why did having control of the Volga, Volga, Dnieper, and Don. From that strategic position, a prince of Moscow who Dnieper, and Don rivers allow the could gain control of the three rivers could control nearly all of European Russia— Analyzing Issues princes of Moscow control of European and perhaps successfully challenge the Mongols. What about Moscow’s location Moscow’s Powerful Princes A line of Russian princes eventually emerged on the Russia? (By controlling the rivers, they was significant? controlled travel, transportation, and scene who would do just that. During the late 1320s, Moscow’s Prince Ivan I had earned the gratitude of the Mongols by helping to crush a Russian revolt against trade in the region.) Mongol rule. For his services, the Mongols appointed Ivan I as tax collector of all the • Ivan III wanted to make Russia the Slavic lands they had conquered. They also gave him the title of “Grand Prince.” Ivan “Third Rome.” What were the first two had now become without any doubt the most powerful of all Russian princes. He also “Romes”? (Rome itself, and Byzantium) became the wealthiest and was known as “Ivan Moneybag.” 310 Chapter 11

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CHAPTER SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Formulating 11 Historical Questions SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE: FORMULATING HISTORICAL QUESTIONS Section 2 Asking questions will help you clarify information you read and enhance your understanding of events, people, and issues in history. Read the passage below and then ﬁll in the diagram with questions that would help you ﬁnd out more about the Kremlin. (See Skillbuilder Handbook)

n 1480, Moscow, the strongest of the Russian was adorned with 20 towers. Within the Kremlin, Istates, freed itself from Mongol rule. Moscow’s Ivan built a palace for himself, a second palace for Prince Ivan III, who called himself “czar,” the the head of the Russian Church, and three great Russian version of Caesar, wanted to make Moscow churches that faced onto a central square. Analyzing the Rise of Moscow a capital city ﬁt for an emperor. Moscow became the capital of a new and The center of the city was a walled citadel, or aggressive empire and Ivan became the ﬁrst czar fortress, known as the Kremlin. The term kremlin of a united Russian nation. Hundreds of years refers to the walled central section of any city or later, the Kremlin would became synonymous with town. Ivan had the old triangular wall around the the government of the Soviet Union. It would Kremlin torn down and a massive new wall, 60 feet house the Soviet parliament and Communist party Class Time 40 minutes Have students reread the section titled “Russia Breaks high and 15 feet thick, built in its place. The wall conventions. Task Asking questions about history Free” on pages 310 and 311. Then have them work in Purpose To develop in-depth knowledge of a small groups to write questions about the rise of Moscow. historical topic Questions might include these: The History of the Kremlin Instructions Asking questions about an event in the past • How did the Mongols help Moscow rise to power? • When was Moscow founded? helps one better understand what happened. For exam- © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. ple, after a car accident has occurred, one might ask: • When did Moscow become important? Who was involved in the accident? When and where did • How did Russian princes make Moscow important? 26 Unit 3, Chapter 11 it happen? What caused the accident? Likewise, asking Groups should exchange their work and answer each In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 questions about historical events helps readers better other’s questions. understand and remember the events they read about. 310 Chapter 11 Ivan convinced the Patriarch of Kiev, the leading bishop CHAPTER 11 • Section 2 of Eastern Europe, to move to Moscow. The move improved the city’s prestige and gave Moscow’s princes a powerful ally: the Church. Ivan I and his successors used numerous strategies to enlarge their territory: land pur- History chases, wars, trickery, and shrewd marriages. From gener- Makers ation to generation, they schemed to gain greater control over the small states around Moscow. Ivan III An Empire Emerges The Russian state would become a Based on this description of Ivan III, genuine empire during the long, 43-year reign of Ivan III. how do you think the Mongols felt about Upon becoming the prince of Moscow, Ivan openly chal- facing his armies in battle? Why? (They lenged Mongol rule. He took the name czar (zahr), the probably feared him, knowing his armies Russian version of Caesar, and publicly claimed his intent Ivan III would be well prepared, fearless, and to make Russia the “Third Rome.” (The title “czar” 1440–1505 without pity.) became official only during the reign of Ivan IV.) Those around him often viewed Ivan In 1480, Ivan made a final break with the Mongols. as cold, calculating, and ruthless. This In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 may have been due in part to a diffi- After he refused to pay his rulers further tribute, Russian • History Makers: Ivan III, p. 37 cult upbringing. Ivan came of age and Mongol armies faced each other at the Ugra River, during a time of great civil strife in about 150 miles southwest of Moscow. However, neither Russia. His father, Grand Prince Vasali side advanced to fight. So, after a time, both armies turned II, was at one point imprisoned and around and marched home. Russians have traditionally blinded by opposition forces. Vocabulary Note: Compound Words marked this bloodless standoff as their liberation from Ivan’s cautious and calculating Point out the word standoff and explain style drew criticism from Russians that it is a compound noun formed by Mongol rule. After this liberation, the czars could openly eager for more bold and swift action pursue an empire. against the Mongols. Even a close combining the verb stand and the adverb Such a defeat for the Mongols would have seemed aide questioned his tactics. “Would off. The meaning is “a tie.” The armies impossible nearly two centuries earlier, as they pushed you surrender Russia to fire and are staying apart, neither advancing west from present-day China and crushed nearly every- sword?” he asked the prince. After nor retreating. thing in their path. One of the peoples whom they con- Russian forces won the standoff at the Ugra River, however, such quered back then was a new group that had risen to power criticism turned to praise. in Central Asia—the Turks. ASSESS SECTION2 ASSESSMENT

TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT • Slavs • Vladimir • Yaroslav the Wise • Alexander Nevsky • Ivan III • czar Have students work individually and answer the questions. Then have them USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING 2. Which group fared the worst 3. How did Yaroslav’s decision to 6. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS How did Vladimir’s conversion to meet in small groups and discuss under Mongol rule? divide his realm among his Christianity affect Kiev? their answers. sons help cause Kiev’s decline? 7. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS Do you approve Formal Assessment Nobles Church 4. What main demands did the of Nevsky’s cooperation with the Mongols? Was his policy Mongols make on their Russian practical or cowardly? Explain. • Section Quiz, p. 169 subjects? 8. ANALYZING ISSUES How was Ivan I both friend and foe People Moscow 5. How did Ivan III lead the to the Mongol rulers? Princes RETEACH Russians to their independence 9. WRITING ACTIVITY EMPIRE BUILDING Imagine you are a from the Mongols? reporter for a major Russian newspaper. Write a headline Direct students to the Reading Study and lead paragraph about Ivan III’s standoff with Mongol forces at the Ugra River and its aftermath. Guide for Section 2 to review the main ideas of this section.

INTERNET ACTIVITY Reading Study Guide, pp. 101–102 (also in Use the Internet to create a photo gallery of modern-day Moscow. INTERNET KEYWORD Spanish) Possible subjects include the city’s architecture, street scenes, and Moscow photos people. In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact 311 • Reteaching Activity, p. 40

ANSWERS

1. Slavs, p. 307 • Vladimir, p. 308 • Yaroslav the Wise, p. 308 • Alexander Nevsky, p. 310 • Ivan III, p. 311 • czar, p. 311 2. Sample Answer: Nobles—Collected tribute; 6. Possible Answers: Vladimir’s subjects had to 9. Rubric Articles should put down revolts. Church—Accepted Mongols; convert to Christianity. Byzantine teachers • be clearly written. mediated between Mongols and Russians. taught religion in Kiev. Vladimir became head • adequately summarize the events. People—Paid high taxes. Princes—Collected of the Church in Kiev. taxes; controlled small states. People fared 7. Possible Answers: Practical—Nevsky prevented worst: obeyed Mongols, paid tribute. some violence; Cowardly—Nevsky helped Rubric The photo gallery should 3. Sons fought each other for the best territories, oppress Russians. • include major public buildings. causing chaos and disorder. 8. Possible Answer: He collected taxes and • show people active in the city. 4. obedience and tributes, or payments helped the Mongols crush revolts while direct- • be arranged in a clear, easy-to-follow format. 5. He refused to pay them tribute and then ing the rise of Moscow. stood up to their army at the Ugra River.

Teacher’s Edition 311 CHAPTER 12 • OBJECTIVE Empires in East Asia, Study East Asian empires and analyze the movement of people 600-1350 and ideas among them. Previewing Main Ideas Previewing Main Ideas Ask students why nomadic and settled RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS Buddhism, which had reached China from India, spread from China to Japan. Both Hindu and Buddhist societies might develop different ethical missionaries from India spread their religions across Southeast Asia. or religious values. (Possible Answer: Geography Why might the Khmer Empire, rather than Korea or Japan, settled societies isolated) Then have be more open to influence from India? students discuss what might happen if EMPIRE BUILDING The Tang Dynasty built China into the most powerful such distinct cultures were to interact. and advanced empire in the world. Later, China fell to another group of (conflict, sharing of ideas) empire builders, the Mongols. Geography Locate the Great Wall on the map. Why do you think the Accessing Prior Knowledge Chinese constructed the wall along their northern border?

Ask students to discuss what they already CULTURAL INTERACTION Chinese culture spread across East Asia, know about empires in East Asia. Ask if influencing Korea, Japan, and much of mainland Southeast Asia. The they are familiar with the origins of such Mongol conquests led to interaction between settled and nomadic peoples across Asia. items as paper, silk, gunpowder, the Geography Why would China tend to exert a strong influence over compass, and movable type. Have them other parts of East Asia? speculate about the impact such inventions might have on different societies and why that impact might differ from society to society. INTERNET RESOURCES • Interactive Maps Go to classzone.com for: Geography Answers • Interactive Visuals • Research Links • Maps • Interactive Primary Sources • Internet Activities • Test Practice RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS • Primary Sources • Current Events • Chapter Quiz It was located closer to India.

EMPIRE BUILDING They believed the wall would protect China from Mongol invasions.

CULTURAL INTERACTION It was much larger than its neighbors, and it was centrally located in East Asia.

320

TIME LINE DISCUSSION

Point out to students that the top time line 2. What historical period in Japan was 4. About how much time passed between focuses on the dynasties controlling China, contemporaneous with the rule of China’s the unification of the Arabian Peninsula Japan, and Korea from the early 7th century to Tang Dynasty? (Heian) under Islam and Christianity’s split into the late 13th century. 3. How long after the Tang Dynasty was Roman Catholic and Orthodox branches? 1. According to the time lines, what are two established did Kublai Khan conquer China? (about 400 years) major seventh-century events? (the beginning (661 years) 5. How long after the fall of the Tang of the Tang Dynasty and Muhammad’s unifi- Dynasty was the Song Dynasty established? cation of the Arabian Peninsula under Islam) (over 50 years)

320 Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12

History from Visuals

Interpreting the Map Have students examine the two human- made structures featured on the map. Ask them what these structures suggest about Chinese society of the period. (Possible Answer: The wall and the canal stretch across vast spans of territory—each structure is hundreds of miles long. Such feats of engineering presuppose a powerful society with significant resources.) What purpose might the Grand Canal have served? (It allowed the movement of people and goods among the Huang He, the Chang Jiang, and the port at Hangzhou.) Extension Ask students to use a dictionary or an encyclopedia to find alternative names for some of the Chinese cities and rivers featured on the map. (Possible Answers: Huang He—Yellow River; Chang Jiang—Yangtze River; Guangzhou—Canton)

321

RECOMMENDED RESOURCES

Books for the Teacher Books for the Student Videos and Software Cotterell, Arthur. East Asia: From Chinese Benn, Charles D. Daily Life in Traditional China in Transition: 581–1279. VHS. Social Predominance to the Rise of the Pacific Rim. China: The Tang Dynasty. Westport, CT: Studies School Service, 1995. 800-421-4246. New York: Oxford UP, 1994. Greenwood, 2001. A thorough exploration of Genghis Khan. VHS. Teacher’s Discovery, 1995. Holdsworth, May, Wei Li, and Kevin Bishop. everyday life in China during the Tang Dynasty. 800-543-4180. Women of the Tang Dynasty. New York: Lister, R. P. Genghis Khan. New York: History and Culture of China. CD-ROM. Queue, Odyssey, 1999. Using excavated pottery figures Cooper Square Press, 2000. Well-written and 1997. 800-232-2224. Includes discussion of and surviving gold and silver objects, the authors easy-to-read account of the early life and rise to dynastic rule and geographic isolation. discuss a remarkably open society in which power of Genghis Khan. women took an active part.

Teacher’s Edition 321 CHAPTER 12 • INTERACT Which Chinese invention would be most useful to Interact with History your society?

Objectives Imagine yourself in the year 1292. You have spent the last 17 years traveling in • Introduce students to some of China’s China—the world’s most advanced country. Your own civilization is on the other side most significant inventions. of the world. It, too, is very sophisticated, but it lacks many of the innovations you • Help students understand the potential have seen on your travels. During your stay in China, you were of great assistance to the emperor. As a benefits and costs of the inventions. going-away present, he asks you to choose one of the inventions shown here to take back to your own society. He also will provide you with the knowledge of how to EXAMINING the ISSUES create the invention of your choice.

Silk makes a luxurious cloth— Possible Answers soft to the touch but also • The compass would most improve amazingly strong and warm. the quality of life, because it would promote prosperity by facilitating trade. The magnetic compass can help sailors navigate • Gunpowder would generate the the open sea. most profit. Criminals could use gunpowder. Arms merchants could Gunpowder can be sell it to militaries, police forces, and used for fireworks or made into explosive criminals. Entrepreneurs could use it weapons. to produce fireworks or to manufacture blasting materials for mining and construction projects. • Gunpowder might benefit a society by increasing its military strength and creating a deterrent to attack. But it is likely that the technology would spread to other societies and cause an arms race that would result in an increase in deadly weapons. Paper is a relatively inexpensive and easy- to-produce surface for Discussion writing and printing. Have students do research on Alfred Nobel. Ask how Nobel’s life reflects the EXAMINING the ISSUES dual nature of technological progress. (Students should discuss the relationship • Which invention would most improve the quality of life? of Nobel’s invention of powerful new • Which might be the most profitable? explosives to the award he created to • What benefits and drawbacks might there be to introducing honor those who have made distin- the item into your society? guished contributions to humanity.) Discuss these questions with your classmates. In your discussion, remember what you have learned about the spread of new ideas. As you read about China in this chapter, see how its ideas spread from the East to the West. 322 Chapter 12

WHY STUDY THE EMPIRES OF EAST ASIA?

• Some of the inventions of Tang and Song China, witnesses to the burial. Recent expeditions have such as paper money and gunpowder, are still focused on a site 200 miles north of Ulan Bator, used widely today. (See the Social History feature the Mongolian capital. on pages 328 and 329.) • Business leaders believe that a knowledge of the • During the Song Dynasty, advancements were history and culture of other nations contributes made in the practice of acupuncture, a technique to the success of international commerce. Japan, in which needles are used to improve health. China, and Korea are major U.S. trading partners, Today, many U.S. physicians and dentists take exchanging hundreds of billions of dollars in acupuncture courses authorized by their state goods with the United States each year. governments. • Familiarity with the history of Southeast Asian • Researchers continue to hunt for the tomb of peoples, such as the Khmer and the Vietnamese, Genghis Khan. According to legend, the Mongol will lead to a richer understanding of important leader had himself buried with the spoils of his chapters of U.S. history, such as the Vietnam War. 322 Chapter 12 campaigns and provided for the execution of all LESSON PLAN 1 Pavilion on West Lake in Sculpture at the Temple of OBJECTIVES Hangzhou, China Angkor Wat, Cambodia • Identify main rulers of the Tang Dynasty. Tang and Song China • Describe the causes and effects of the Song Dynasty’s retreat to the south. • Summarize the achievements of the MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES Tang and Song empires. • Describe changes in Chinese society. EMPIRE BUILDING During the Chinese inventions from this • Tang • movable Tang and Song dynasties, China period, such as printing, Taizong type experienced an era of prosperity gunpowder, and the compass, • Wu Zhao • gentry and technological innovation. changed history. FOCUS & MOTIVATE Explain that rulers of Tang China used civil service exams to choose public offi- SETTING THE STAGE After the Han Dynasty collapsed in A.D. 220, no emperor was strong enough to hold China together. Over the next 350 years, cials. Ask students why it is better to fill more than 30 local dynasties rose and fell. Finally, by 589, an emperor named jobs based on exam results rather than Wendi had united northern and southern China once again. He restored a strong on money or family influence. (fairer to central government. Under the next two dynasties, the Tang and the Song, China have the best-qualified person for a job) experienced a prolonged golden age. It became the richest, most powerful, and most advanced country in the world. INSTRUCT The Tang Dynasty Expands China TAKING NOTES Comparing and The Tang Dynasty Wendi declared himself the first emperor of the Sui (sway) Dynasty. The dynasty Contrasting Use a Expands China lasted through only two emperors, from 581 to 618. The Sui emperors’ greatest Venn diagram to note accomplishment was the completion of the Grand Canal. This waterway con- the similarities and nected the Huang He and the Chang Jiang. The canal provided a vital route for differences between the Critical Thinking Tang and Song dynasties. trade between the northern cities and the southern rice-producing region of the • Why was it important to connect the Chang delta. northern cities and the southern region About a million peasant men and women toiled five years to dig the more Tang only of the Sui Dynasty? (to unify nation, to than 1,000-mile waterway. Perhaps as many as half of the workers died on this Both get food to city dwellers) project. Thousands more toiled and died rebuilding the Great Wall. The endless • Why might Tang rulers have fought labor on state projects turned the people against the Sui Dynasty. Overworked Song only and overtaxed, they finally revolted. In 618, a member of the imperial court to expand China’s borders? (Possible assassinated the second Sui emperor. Answer: thought it was their duty to Tang Rulers Create a Powerful Empire While short-lived, the Sui Dynasty recover land once controlled by China) built a strong foundation for the great achievements of the next dynasty, the Tang In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 (tahng). The Tang Dynasty ruled for nearly 300 years (618–907). The Tang • Guided Reading, p. 42 (also in Spanish) emperor who began these achievements was Tang Taizong. His brilliant reign lasted from 626 to 649. Under the Tang rulers, the empire expanded. Taizong’s armies reconquered the TEST-TAKING RESOURCES northern and western lands that China had lost since the decline of the Han Dynasty. By 668, China had extended its influence over Korea as well. The ruler Test Generator CD-ROM during the campaign in Korea was the empress Wu Zhao (woo jow). From about Strategies for Test Preparation 660 on, she held the real power while weak emperors sat on the throne. Finally, in 690, Empress Wu assumed the title of emperor for herself—the only woman Test Practice Transparencies, TT41 ever to do so in China. Online Test Practice Empires in East Asia 323

SECTION 1 PROGRAM RESOURCES ALL STUDENTS STRUGGLING READERS In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 eEdition CD-ROM • Guided Reading, p. 42 • Guided Reading, p. 42 Voices from the Past Audio CD • History Makers: Wu Zhao, p. 58 • Building Vocabulary, p. 47 Power Presentations CD-ROM Formal Assessment • Reteaching Activity, p. 61 Geography Transparencies • Section Quiz, p. 183 Reading Study Guide, p. 107 • GT12 China in Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties Reading Study Guide Audio CD ENGLISH LEARNERS World Art and Cultures Transparencies In-Depth Resources in Spanish GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS • AT25 Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk • Guided Reading, p. 84 In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 Electronic Library of Primary Sources Reading Study Guide (Spanish), p. 107 • Connections Across Time and Cultures: Two Golden • from Ten-Thousand-Word Memorial Ages: Greece and China, p. 60 Reading Study Guide Audio CD (Spanish) classzone.com Electronic Library of Primary Sources • NetExplorations: Chinese Healing Arts • from Ten-Thousand-Word Memorial Teacher’s Edition 323 CHAPTER 12 • Section 1 Tang rulers further strengthened the central government of China. They expanded the network of roads and canals begun by the Sui. This helped to pull Tang Taizong 600–649 the empire together. They also promoted foreign trade and improvements in agriculture. History Makers The man who restored China to its glory was a Scholar-Officials To manage their large empire, distinguished general the Tang rulers needed to restore China’s vast Tang Taizong and Wu Zhao named Li Shimin. He bureaucracy. They did this by reviving and expand- seized the imperial throne Some historians argue that the change to ing the civil service examination system begun by in 626 after killing his scholar-officials as rulers was promoted brothers and forcing his the Han Dynasty. The relatively few candidates by Wu Zhao’s policies. Why might the father, the first Tang who passed the tough exams became part of an elite empress have favored such a change? emperor, to step aside. As group of scholar-officials. emperor, Li Shimin took (Since Chinese tradition did not include In theory, the exams were open to all men, even the title Taizong, meaning “Great Ancestor.” commoners. However, only the wealthy could leadership roles for women, creating Taizong’s military campaigns extended afford the necessary years of education. Also, men a new government of scholar-officials China’s borders north to Manchuria, south to Vietnam, and west to the Aral Sea. At home, with political connections could obtain high posi- beholden to her for their power may aided by his gifted advisers, Taizong reformed tions without taking the exams. Despite these have helped Wu Zhao secure her the government organization and law code. flaws, the system created a remarkably intelligent own position.) These became models for all of East Asia. and capable governing class in China. Before the Tang Dynasty, a few noble families dominated the Wu Zhao 625–705 country. As the examination system grew in impor- At the age of 13, the beautiful Wu Zhao arrived tance, talent and education became more important than noble birth in winning power. As a result, More About . . . at the court of Tang Recognizing Taizong to become one of many moderately wealthy families shared in Effects Muslims in Western China the emperor’s secondary China’s government. What resulted wives. After Taizong’s from the revival The Tang Lose Power To meet the rising costs of About eight million Muslims live in death, she became a and expansion of government, Tang rulers imposed crushing taxes in China’s western province of Xinjiang favored wife of his son the civil service and successor. Wu Zhao the mid-700s. These brought hardship to the people system? and belong to the region’s Uighur ethnic soon rose above rival but failed to cover the costs of military expansion A. Answer intelli- group. Many Uighurs are campaigning wives and became the and new building programs. gent and capable emperor’s chief wife, or empress. for their own independent state, which Moreover, the Tang struggled to control the vast governing class, less For many years, Empress Wu virtually ruled powerful noble would be called East Turkistan. China on behalf of her sickly husband. After empire they had built. In 751, Muslim armies families, raised his death, two of their sons briefly held the soundly defeated the Chinese at the Battle of Talas. prestige of educa- throne. Frustrated by their lack of ability, she As a result, Central Asia passed out of Chinese con- tion, spread power took the throne herself at the age of 65. She trol and into foreign hands. After this time, border across wider group The Song Dynasty was 80 when she finally lost power. A strong attacks and internal rebellions steadily chipped leader, Wu Zhao continued the work begun Restores China by Taizong to build and expand China. away at the power of the imperial government. Finally, in 907, Chinese rebels sacked and burned Critical Thinking the Tang capital at Ch’ang-an and murdered the last • What concerns might Song emperors Tang emperor, a child. have had when buying peace from their northern enemies? (Possible Answers: The Song Dynasty Restores China After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, rival warlords divided China into separate Enemies might attack regardless of kingdoms. Then, in 960, an able general named Taizu reunited China and pro- tribute; enemies might demand larger claimed himself the first Song (sung) emperor. The Song Dynasty, like the Tang, payments; tribute might cause hard- lasted about three centuries (960–1279). Although the Song ruled a smaller empire ships and unrest at home.) than either the Han or the Tang, China remained stable, powerful, and prosperous. • Why might the Huang He have become Song armies never regained the western lands lost after 751. Nor did they regain a stable border for the Southern Song? northern lands that had been lost to nomadic tribes during the Tang decline. For a (Enemies would have had difficulty time, Song emperors tried to buy peace with their northern enemies. They paid crossing the river if Song troops were hefty annual tributes of silver, silk, and tea. This policy, however, ultimately failed stationed on southern banks.) 324 Chapter 12

Name Date

CHAPTER HISTORYMAKERS Wu Zhao 12 Ruthless Rise to Power

Section 1 “A sage mother will befall and her [empire] will be prosperous forever.” DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS —inscription on a stone, created to legitimize the rule of Wu Zhao

ne day the Chinese emperor Tang Taizong was operations, and both reformed the government and Ohaving difficulty taming a particular horse. As permitted criticism of it. a young mistress in his court, Wu Zhao offered her In the next few years, the eldest son she bore ruler some advice on how to tame the animal. Her with Gaozong died mysteriously. It is believed that advice would both reveal her boldness of character Wu had a hand in her son’s death, since the two dis- and foreshadow the actions she would take to agreed frequently. A few years later, she had their Wu Zhao’s Rise to Power achieve her goals. She would use three tools to second son sent into exile. In 683, Gaozong died, and tame the horse, she said. First, she would use the another son replaced him. When he tried to act inde- whip and a mace to subdue the beast. If that did pendently, Wu solved the problem. She threw that not work, she would use the third tool—a knife to son off the throne and put another son in his place. cut the animal’s throat. In 686, opposition to her rule produced a rebel- In 625, Wu was born to a wealthy family allied lion. However, Wu’s soldiers defeated the rebels, Class Time 30 minutes Suggest possible lines of questioning to students. For with the rulers of the Tang Dynasty. When she was and she began a careful campaign to formally seize about 14 years old, rumors spread of her beauty. the royal seat. First, she tried to win popularity by As a result, Tang Taizong brought her to the palace increasing aid to the poor and by removing corrupt to become one of his many wives. Soon after she government officials. Second, she had a stone planted arrived, the emperor’s son Gaozong fell in love with in a river inscribed with the words quoted above. example, have students try to get Wu Zhao to talk about her. That stone was accidentally “discovered” and then Task Writing a script for a talk show revealed. She also caused a fake Buddhist scripture Upon the death of Taizong, Wu was sent to a nunnery with all the other minor wives. But a year to be discovered—one that predicted that a female later, Gaozong visited her and his passion was god would appear to become the greatest ruler in the ethical questions raised by her rise to power. Were renewed. After her return to the palace, Wu began the world. Finally, she may have caused three peti- a determined quest for power. tions to be signed, one with 60,000 signatures, that Purpose To understand Empress Wu Zhao’s rise to power Gaozong had a primary wife, the empress. begged her to assume the throne. In 690, she Though that wife had not borne any children, tradi- agreed and became the first Chinese empress. tion gave her a powerful claim to authority and For the next 15 years, Wu Zhao ruled success- her ruthless techniques less extraordinary in earlier respect. Wu found a shocking but effective way to fully. Her reign was filled with economic develop- remove her rival. Wu gave birth to a daughter, ment and the entry of many brilliant men into an Instructions Have students complete the activity “Wu whom the emperor deeply loved. After the empress honest and efficient government. Nevertheless, had played with the baby one day, Wu entered her rule by a woman was wrong in Confucian teaching. daughter’s room secretly and strangled her. When When she died and was buried, tradition was bro- periods of history than they would be today? Do the ken. No words were carved onto the monument the infant’s death was discovered, the empress was blamed and sent away. Gaozong made Wu Zhao his marking her tomb. Zhao: Ruthless Rise to Power” in In-Depth Resources: empress in 655. Wu’s drive for power was not finished, however. Questions achievements of her reign justify the techniques she She managed to transfer or reduce the power of officials who did not back her. As Gaozong grew 1. Making Inferences What does the story about older and weaker, she took increasing control. By taming the horse reveal about Wu’s character? Unit 3. Ask them to pay special attention, as they read, to 2. Clarifying Describe two methods Wu used to 674, she took the title Heavenly Empress, matching her husband’s title of Heavenly Emperor. She also gain power. used to acquire power? instituted a shrewd set of reforms aimed at gaining 3. Evaluating Courses of Action What did Wu support for herself. She cut taxes, raised the salaries do to make it appear she had a right to the the techniques used by Wu Zhao to accumulate power. of government officials, reduced expensive military throne? Why did she take those steps? If time permits, have small groups practice selected scripts Then have students write a script for a talk-show interview 58 Unit 3, Chapter 12 and act them out for the class. with her. In-Depth Resources: Unit 3

324 Chapter 12 to stop the threat from the north. In the early 1100s, a Manchurian people called CHAPTER 12 • Section 1 the Jurchen conquered northern China and established the Jin Empire. The Jurchen forced the Song to retreat south across the Huang He. After 1127, the Song emperors ruled only southern China. The Song rulers established a grand new capital at Hangzhou, a coastal city south of the Chang Jiang. Despite its military troubles, the dynasty of the Southern Song An Era of Prosperity and (1127–1279) saw rapid economic growth. The south had become the economic Innovation heartland of China. Merchants in southern cities grew rich from trade with Chinese in the north, nomads of Central Asia, and people of western Asia and Europe. Critical Thinking • How might officials’ distribution of a An Era of Prosperity and Innovation new strain of rice have been a political, During the Tang and Song dynasties, China’s population nearly doubled, soaring to as well as an agricultural, decision? 100 million. By the Song era, China had at least ten cities with a population of (Reliable food supplies might mean 1 million each. China had become the most populous country in the world. It also less unrest in cities.) had become the most advanced. • What factors might have contributed Science and Technology Artisans and scholars made important technological advances during the Tang and Song to China’s scientific and technological eras. Among the most important inventions were movable achievements? (Possible Answers: type and gunpowder. With movable type, a printer could Increased socioeconomic mobility gave arrange blocks of individual characters in a frame to make more people opportunity; competition up a page for printing. Previously, printers had carved the necessitated innovation; urbanization words of a whole page into one large block. The develop- brought creative individuals together.) ment of gunpowder, in time, led to the creation of explosive • What was meant by the comment weapons such as bombs, grenades, small rockets, and can- “Black is ten colors”? (A talented artist nons. Other important inventions of this period include porcelain, the mechanical clock, paper money, and the use can make a scene vivid without color.) of the magnetic compass for sailing. (See the Social History feature on pages 328–329.) The 1000s to the 1200s was a rich period for Chinese Making mathematics. The Chinese made advances in arithmetic and Connect to Today Inferences algebra. Many mathematical ideas, such as using negative Acupuncture How might the numbers, spread from China southward and westward. During the Song Dynasty, the Chinese spread of mathe- Acupuncture Agriculture The rapid growth of China resulted in part carefully studied human anatomy matical ideas from and created charts and models of the Researchers have advanced different China affect other from advances in farming. Farmers especially improved the body. These helped to improve the countries? cultivation of rice. In about the year 1000, China imported a theories to explain acupuncture’s B. Possible Answer practice of acupuncture, a system of effectiveness. Some believe that the new variety of fast-ripening rice from Vietnam. This allowed treatment that involves inserting These ideas could the farmers to harvest two rice crops each year rather than slender needles into the body at needles stimulate the body’s production help countries one. To make sure that farmers knew about this improved specific points, depending on the count more effi- of natural painkillers. Others suggest that nature of the problem. ciently, solve com- variety, Chinese officials distributed seedlings throughout the practice closes neurological “gates” In recent years, this ancient plex engineering the country. The agricultural improvements enabled China’s practice has gained some acceptance that transmit pain impulses. problems, and do farmers to produce more food. This was necessary to feed in mainstream Western medicine. pure mathematical the rapidly expanding population in the cities. More and more practicing doctors are research. Trade and Foreign Contacts Under the Tang and Song seeking training in acupuncture emperors, foreign trade flourished. Tang imperial armies methods. And mainstream doctors guarded the great Silk Roads, which linked China to the are increasing their referrals to Interactive Refer students to acupuncture specialists. In 2001 West. Eventually, however, China lost control over these alone, Americans made about 20 NetExplorations: Chinese Healing Arts routes during the long Tang decline. After this time, Chinese million visits to acupuncturists, at classzone.com. There, students can merchants relied increasingly on ocean trade. Chinese seeking treatment for everything from learn more about the Chinese philosophy migraine headaches to drug advances in sailing technology, including use of the mag- of medicine. netic compass, made it possible for sea trade to expand. Up dependency. and down China’s long coastline, the largest port cities in the Empires in East Asia 325

GT MCDOUGAL LITTELL China in Sui, Tang, and Song 12 World History: Patterns of Interaction Dynasties, 589–1279 DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS

Changing Borders in China Class Time 20 minutes • Do you notice any common features in the land Task Using a map to understand historical change added to China by the Tang Dynasty? (Possible Purpose To visualize border changes that took place Answer: Major rivers—the Huang He, Chang Jiang, during the rise and fall of empires and Xi Jiang—flow through the new territories.) Instructions Have students examine the Geography • Why do you think Tang rulers wanted influence in Central Asia? (to protect Silk Road routes)

Transparencies map GT12, China in Sui, Tang, and Song © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. Dynasties, 589–1279. Ask students the following questions. • How did the borders of Song China reflect a change • What happened over time to the land controlled by in traffic along the Grand Canal? (The northern termi- China? (The Tang Dynasty increased its territory. nal at Beijing was no longer controlled by China.) Geography Transparencies The Song Dynasty lost territory.)

Teacher’s Edition 325 CHAPTER 12 • Section 1 world bustled with international trade. Merchant ships carried trade goods to Korea and Japan. They sailed across the Indian Ocean to India, the Persian Gulf, and even the coast of Africa. Chinese merchants established trading colonies around Southeast Asia. Many foreign traders, mostly Arabs, resided in Chinese cities. Through trade and travel, Chinese culture spread throughout East Asia. One major cultural export Tip for English Learners was Buddhism. This religion spread from China to Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. The Explain to students that a “Golden Age” exchange of goods and ideas was two-way. For example, foreign religions, including describes a time of great happiness, Islam and some Eastern sects of Christianity, spread to China and won followers. wealth, and achievement. A Golden Age of Poetry and Art The prosperity of the Tang and Song dynasties nourished an age of artistic brilliance. The Tang period produced great poetry. Two of its most celebrated poets were Li Bo, who wrote about life’s pleasures, and Tu Fu, who praised orderliness and Confucian virtues. Tu Fu also wrote critically about war and the hardships of soldiers. Once he himself was captured by rebels More About . . . and taken to Ch’ang-an, the capital city. He had sent his family to the village of Fuzhou for safety. Here he describes their separation: The Poet Li Bo In his poetry, Li Bo celebrated friendship, PRIMARY SOURCE Analyzing nature, and drinking. According to legend, Primary Sources he died during a night of drinking while What themes does Tu Fu explore sailing. As he leaned over the side of the in this poem? boat, trying to catch the moon’s reflection C. Answer in the water, he lost his balance, toppled loneliness, loss, and love of family in, and drowned.

Chinese painting reached new heights of beauty during the Song Dynasty. Painting of this era shows Daoist influence. Artists emphasized the beauty of natural landscapes and objects such as a single branch or flower. The artists did not More About . . . Birds and flowers use bright colors. Black ink was their favorite paint. Said one Song artist, “Black were favorite is ten colors.” Chinese Paintings subjects for Song painters. M Students may have noticed the mysteri- ous red marks stamped onto many Chinese paintings. Explain that these marks were made with seals, or “chops,” which painters used to “sign” their name or collectors used to indicate ownership. Paintings might contain one or several seals. They often enhance the beauty of a painting, but the seals of a succession of owners can also detract from a painting’s impact. World Art and Cultures Transparencies • AT25 Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk

326 Chapter 12

DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: ENGLISH LEARNERS

Analyzing a Poem by Tu Fu Class Time 20 minutes to use information not in the poem. For example, students might begin Task Rewriting a poem in the form of a letter their letters as follows: “Dear Friend, I really miss my family. I sent them Purpose To give students a sense of the difference between poetry away because I knew that the rebels would soon capture me. I was cap- and prose tured, and now I am in the city of Chang’an, and my family is in Fuzhou.” Instructions Have students reread Tu Fu’s poem on this page. Explain After students have finished their letters, have them compare and contrast that poetry is often contrasted with prose—the ordinary language people the two types of writing. (Possible Answers: Poetry usually uses fewer use in speaking or writing. Then ask students to explore the differences words and tries to communicate images to the reader. Prose usually uses between these two types of writing by rewriting Tu Fu’s poem in the form more words and is more matter-of-fact in style. Both can deliver facts and of a letter to a friend or a family member. Tell students that they are free set a mood.)

326 Chapter 12 Changes in Chinese Society CHAPTER 12 • Section 1 China’s prosperity produced many social changes during the Tang and Song periods. Chinese society became increasingly mobile. People moved to the cities in growing numbers. The Chinese also experienced greater social mobility than ever before. The most important avenue for social advancement was the civil service system. Changes in Chinese Society Levels of Society During Tang and Song times, the power of the old aristocratic families began to fade. A new, much larger upper class emerged, made up of Critical Thinking scholar-officials and their families. Such a class of powerful, well-to-do people is • Which groups benefited most from called the gentry. The gentry attained their status through education and civil serv- changes in Chinese society? (males ice positions rather than through land ownership. Below the gentry was an urban middle class. It included merchants, shopkeepers, skilled artisans, minor officials, in the gentry and possibly the urban and others. At the bottom of urban society were laborers, soldiers, and servants. In middle class) Which groups benefited D. Answer To the countryside lived the largest class by far, the peasants. They toiled for wealthy least? (Aristocrats declined in power; upper-class men, landowners as they had for centuries. laborers, soldiers, and servants foot binding ren- dered women help- The Status of Women Women had always been subservient to men in Chinese remained at the bottom of urban less but beautiful; society. Their status further declined during the Tang and Song periods. This was society; peasants’ lives were mostly thus, among the especially true among the upper classes in cities. There a woman’s work was unchanged; women’s status declined.) wealthy, women deemed less important to the family’s prosperity and status. Changing attitudes • Why did the change in women’s status were deemed affected peasant families less, however. Peasant women worked in the fields and increasingly less not affect peasant women? (peasants’ helped produce their family’s food and income. important for any- lives unchanged; wives had to work to thing but their One sign of the changing status of women was the new custom of binding the beauty. feet of upper-class girls. When a girl was very young, her feet were bound tightly keep the family from starving) with cloth, which eventually broke the arch and curled all but the big toe under. This • Can you think of contemporary customs Making produced what was admiringly called a “lily-foot.” Women with bound feet were that might be compared to foot bind- Inferences crippled for life. To others in society, such a woman reflected the wealth and pres- ing? (Possible Answer: Workplace attire, How did the tige of her husband, who could afford such a beautiful but impractical wife. such as women’s high heels and men’s practice of foot The social, economic, and technological transformations of the Tang and Song ties, is also symbolic and impractical.) binding reflect the periods permanently shaped Chinese civilization. They endured even as China changing status of Chinese women? fell to a group of nomadic outsiders, the Mongols, whom you will learn about in Section 2.

SECTION1 ASSESSMENT ASSESS TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT • Tang Taizong • Wu Zhao • movable type • gentry Have students individually draft answers USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING to the questions, then trade papers with 2. How are the accomplishments 3. How did the Tang Dynasty 6. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS What impact did improvements in of the two dynasties similar? benefit from the accomplish- transportation have on Tang and Song China? a partner for peer evaluation. ments of the Sui? 7. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS “Gaining power Formal Assessment 4. What steps did the Tang take to depends on merit, not birth.” Do you agree with this view restore China’s bureaucracy? of China under the Tang and Song? Explain. • Section Quiz, p. 183 Tang only 5. Describe the urban social 8. PRIMARY SOURCES How do the feelings expressed in Tu Both classes that emerged during Fu’s poem on page 326 still relate to life today? RETEACH Song only the Tang and Song periods. 9. WRITING ACTIVITY EMPIRE BUILDING Write two short paragraphs, one discussing how Tang and Song Use the Guided Reading activity for emperors strengthened China’s empire, and the other Section 1 to review main ideas. discussing how they weakened it. In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 CONNECT TO TODAY CREATING A LIST • Guided Reading, p. 42 Gunpowder is used in the making of fireworks. Conduct research to find interesting facts about • Connections Across Time and Cultures: Two fireworks in the United States—the number produced in a year, the amount of gunpowder in a Golden Ages: Greece and China, p. 60 typical firework, and so on. Present your findings in a list titled “Fun Facts About Fireworks.” • Reteaching Activity, p. 61 Empires in East Asia 327

ANSWERS

1. Tang Taizong, p. 323 • Wu Zhao, p. 323 • movable type, p. 325 • gentry, p. 327 2. Sample Answer: Tang—Expanded China; 6. New roads and canals linked regions of China 9. Rubric Paragraphs should Song—Lost territory and paid tribute; and spurred internal trade. New sailing tech- • clearly describe Tang and Song successes and Both—Founded eras of stability and prosperity. nology expanded trade and cultural exchange failures in empire building. 3. by building on the Sui restoration of Chinese with other nations. • show an appreciation of the challenges rulers unity and central government 7. Agree—Talent and education will find the face in administering empires. 4. They revived and expanded the civil service best person for the job. Disagree—Nobles are CONNECT TO TODAY begun by the Han Dynasty. best suited for office because they have good Rubric Lists should 5. Upper—Gentry/scholar-officials; educations and are used to being in charge. • provide at least six facts about fireworks. Middle—Merchants, shopkeepers, artisans, 8. Feelings of loss and love of family are still part • include “fun” information—for example, about minor officials; Lower—Laborers, soldiers, of our experience today. chemicals added to produce colors. servants; Peasants—Lowest and largest.

Teacher’s Edition 327 CHAPTER 12 • Section 1

Tang and Song China: Social History People and Technology The Tang and Song dynasties were eras of major technological OBJECTIVES advancement in China. The technologies improved China as a country • Identify the major technological and, in turn, helped people conduct their daily business. Much of China’s technology spread to other parts of the world advances of Tang and Song China. where it improved the lives of the people living there. The table on • Explain the impact of the new tech- this page identifies some of that movement. nologies on China and other societies.

RESEARCH LINKS For more on Tang INSTRUCT and Song China, go to classzone.com Ask students to identify major Porcelain M technological advances made in the Marco Polo was the first to describe the pottery found in China as past two centuries and to discuss their porcelain. The plain piece shown here is an early example of porcelain work from the Song Dynasty. A piece like this might be used daily. Later impact on society. (Possible Answers: porcelain work, such as the distinctive blue and white porcelain of the Ming automobiles, airplanes, antibiotics, Dynasty, became more decorative. Porcelain, however, was a luxury reserved telephones, televisions, refrigeration, for the middle and upper classes of Chinese society. computers, satellites) Inventions of Tang and Song China Description Impact

Porcelain Bone-hard, white ceramic made of a special Became a valuable export—so associated History from Visuals Late 700s clay and a mineral found only in China with Chinese culture that it is now called china; technology remained a Chinese Interpreting the Chart secret for centuries Explain that the mechanical clock was Mechanical Clock in which machinery (driven by running Early Chinese clocks short-lived; idea for invented in China in the eighth century clock water) regulated the movements mechanical clock carried by traders to and then independently in Europe in 700s medieval Europe 1310. Discuss factors, including social Printing Block printing: one block on which a whole Printing technology spread to Korea and and economic circumstances, that might Block printing: 700s page is cut; movable type: individual char- Japan; movable type also developed later explain such a gap. (Possible Answers: Movable type: 1040 acters arranged in frames, used over and over in Europe amount of wealth or degree of learning Explosive powder Made from mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and First used for fireworks, then weapons; in a society) 800s charcoal technology spread west within 300 years

Paper money Paper currency issued by Song government to Contributed to development of large- SKILLBUILDER Answers 1020s replace cumbersome strings of metal cash scale commercial economy in China 1. Making Inferences gunpowder used by merchants (explosive powder) and the Magnetic Floating magnetized needle that always points Helped China become a sea power; magnetic compass compass (for north-south; device had existed in China for technology quickly spread west 2. Forming and Supporting Opinions navigation) centuries before it was adapted by sailors for 1100s Possible Answer: magnetic compass, use at sea because it allowed ships to better SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Charts navigate the open oceans 1. Making Inferences Which inventions eventually affected warfare and exploration? 2. Forming and Supporting Opinions Which of these inventions do you think had the greatest impact on history? Why?

328

RECOMMENDED RESOURCES

Books Beshore, George. Science in Ancient China. Needham, Joseph, Lu Gwei-Djen, Wang Ling, and London: Orchard, 1998. Examines ancient Chinese Ho Ping-Yü. Science and Civilisation in China: achievements in science, medicine, astronomy, Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, and cosmology, and describes such innovations as Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder rockets, wells, the compass, water wheels, and Epic. New York: Cambridge UP, 1987. Tracks movable type. China’s development of explosive powder, from Cheng, François. In Love With the Way: Chinese its use in bombs and grenades to its uses in civil Poems of the Tang Dynasty. Boston: Shambhala, and mechanical engineering. 2002.

328 Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 • Section 1

Movable Type M LEGACY OF TANG AND Traditionally, an entire page of characters was carved into a block SONG CHINA Critical Thinking of wood from which prints were made. Pi Sheng, a Chinese alchemist, came up with the idea of creating individual characters Printing • Ask students if there are new technolo- that could be reused whenever needed. Later, a government • U.S. publishers produced gies that, like porcelain in Tang China, 122,108 books in 2000. official created rotating storage trays for the characters. are reserved for the middle and upper As you have read, Tang rulers restored China’s system of • The Library of Congress, the scholar-officials. Thus, education and printed materials became largest library in the world, has classes of society. (Possible Answers: important to a larger part of Chinese society. over 18 million books. high-speed Internet connections, super- • The world’s best-selling book is sonic aircraft such as the Concorde, the Bible. Since 1815, around 2.5 billion copies of the Bible cosmetic surgery) The trays allowed the typesetter to have been sold. quickly find the characters. The • Ask students what the word gunpowder typesetter would then order the suggests about the history of the mix- characters in a tray that would be used Porcelain to produce the printed pages. The two • The United States imported ture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal wheels held about 60,000 characters. 423,041 one-piece toilet bowls developed by the Chinese. (Though and tanks in 2002. Of those, 302,489 came from China. its inventors may not have intended • In 2001, a Chinese newspaper it to be used for such a purpose, the reported the production of invention is now associated with its possibly the world’s largest porcelain kettle—just under use in weapons.) 10 feet tall, about 6 feet in diameter, and weighing Vocabulary Note: 1.5 tons. Academic Vocabulary Explosive Powder Explain that an alchemist was a person • In 2002, the United States who tried to turn other metals into gold. imported over 90 percent of its fireworks from China. • The largest single firework was used at a Japanese festival in 1988. It weighed over 1,000 pounds, and its burst was over More About . . . half a mile wide. Paper Money New technologies have provided con- sumers with alternative ways to purchase

Explosive Powder M goods and services, such as credit and Around A.D. 900, Chinese alchemists first discovered that the right mixture of debit cards. Even so, paper money is saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal could be still widely used in the United States. explosive. The Chinese initially used the In recent years, the U.S. government has powder for fireworks, then for military applications. It is now commonly referred implemented new design and security to as gunpowder. features for paper money. Because crimi- The device shown here is a modern 1. Forming and Supporting Opinions nals are now using digital equipment to reproduction of an ancient rocket launcher. Of all the inventions listed on these counterfeit bills, the U.S. government has The Chinese tied gunpowder charges to pages, which do you think had the arrows, balanced them, and placed them most lasting impact? Why? found it necessary to update its currency in a holder. The holder helped aim the See Skillbuilder Handbook, page R19. every seven to ten years. rockets, and its flared shape spread the rockets over a large area. 2. Hypothesizing What are some modern inventions that you believe will still have an impact 1,000 years from now? 329

CONNECT TO TODAY: ANSWERS

1. Forming and Supporting Opinions 2. Hypothesizing Possible Answers: explosive powder, because it led to the widespread Rubric Hypotheses should use of even deadlier explosives in warfare; the magnetic compass, • describe the factors that will continue to make a modern invention because it eventually allowed explorers to navigate around the world; useful 1,000 years from now. printing, because it became the primary means for informing and • explain—if students believe that no modern inventions will educating a large audience; paper money, because it is still very much survive—how circumstances that make inventions useful now will in use today; the mechanical clock, because knowing the time aids change or disappear. businesses and is an important part of our everyday lives

Teacher’s Edition 329 LESSON PLAN 2 OBJECTIVES Pavilion on West Lake in Sculpture at the Temple of • Describe the geography of the Hangzhou, China Angkor Wat, Cambodia steppe and the lifestyles of nomads. The Mongol Conquests • Explain the Khans’ successes. • Summarize the extent of the Mongol Empire and its divisions. MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES

EMPIRE BUILDING The The Mongols built the largest • pastoralist •Pax FOCUS & MOTIVATE Mongols, a nomadic people from unified land empire in world • clan Mongolica the steppe, conquered settled history. • Genghis Khan Explain that this section describes the societies across much of Asia. Mongols, a nomadic people of East Asia. Ask students if any groups in the United SETTING THE STAGE While the Chinese prospered during the Song Dynasty, States today are similar to nomads. a great people far to the north were also gaining strength. The Mongols of the (Possible Answer: full-time users of Asian steppe lived their lives on the move. They prided themselves on their skill recreational vehicles) on horseback, their discipline, their ruthlessness, and their courage in battle. They also wanted the wealth and glory that came with conquering mighty INSTRUCT empires. This desire soon exploded into violent conflict that transformed Asia and Europe forever. Nomads of the Asian Steppe TAKING NOTES Nomads of the Asian Steppe Following Chronological Critical Thinking Order Use a chart to list A vast belt of dry grassland, called the steppe, stretches across the landmass of • Why were peoples of the steppe the series of events Eurasia. The significance of the steppe to neighboring civilizations was twofold. nomadic? (Dry, windswept land is leading to the creation First, it served as a land trade route connecting the East and the West. Second, it of the Mongol Empire. was home to nomadic peoples who frequently swept down on their neighbors to poor farmland.) plunder, loot, and conquer. • How might a clan system be suitable Genghisg Khan Geography of the Steppe There are two main expanses of the Eurasian steppe. for a nomadic society? (can bring a unites Mongols The western steppe runs from Central Asia to eastern Europe. It was the original large number of people together for home of some of the ancient invaders you have read about, including the Hittites. mutual support and defense) The eastern steppe, covering the area of present-day Mongolia, was the first • How might the values of nomadic and home of the Huns, the Turks, and the Mongols. settled societies differ? (Stability, per- Very little rain falls on the steppe, but the dry, windswept plain supports short, manence, and land ownership might hardy grasses. Seasonal temperature changes can be dramatic. Temperatures in be more important in settled societies.) Mongolia, for example, range from –57°F in winter to 96°F in the summer.

Rainfall is somewhat more plentiful and the 80

The Steppe E In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 climate milder in the west than in the east. 0 1,000 Miles

40 SIBERIA 0 • Guided Reading, p. 43 (also in Spanish) For this reason, movements of people have E 2,000 Kilometers historically tended to be toward the west Moscow EUROPE ASIA S T E P P E and the south. E R N Kiev S T TEST-TAKING RESOURCES W E EASTERN Aral Nomadic peo- C STEPPE The Nomadic Way of Life a Sea s p Karakorum Test Generator CD-ROM i Constantinople a ERT ples were pastoralists—that is, they n Tashkent GOBI DES

40N S e Beijing herded domesticated animals. They were a Samarkand Strategies for Test Preparation Kashgar CHINA constantly on the move, searching for good Test Practice Transparencies, TT42 Kaifeng pasture to feed their herds. But they did not INDIA Online Test Practice wander. Rather, they followed a familiar 330 Chapter 12

SECTION 2 PROGRAM RESOURCES

ALL STUDENTS STRUGGLING READERS Electronic Library of Primary Sources In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 • from The History of the World Conqueror • Guided Reading, p. 43 • Guided Reading, p. 43 Formal Assessment • Building Vocabulary, p. 47 • Section Quiz, p. 184 • Reteaching Activity, p. 62 eEdition CD-ROM Reading Study Guide, p. 109 ENGLISH LEARNERS Power Presentations CD-ROM Reading Study Guide Audio CD Critical Thinking Transparencies In-Depth Resources in Spanish • CT11 Comparing Seven Empires • Guided Reading, p. 85 GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS Electronic Library of Primary Sources Reading Study Guide (Spanish), p. 109 In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 • from The History of the World Conqueror Reading Study Guide Audio CD (Spanish) • Primary Source: from The Secret History of the Mongols, p. 51 classzone.com

330 Chapter 12 seasonal pattern and returned on a regular basis to the same campsites. Keeping CHAPTER 12 • Section 2 claim to land that was not permanently occupied was difficult. Battles frequently arose among nomadic groups over grassland and water rights. Asian nomads practically lived on horseback as they followed their huge herds over the steppe. They depended on their animals for food, clothing, and housing. History Their diet consisted of meat and mare’s milk. They wore clothing made of skins Makers and wool, and they lived in portable felt tents called yurts. Steppe nomads traveled together in kinship groups called clans. The members Genghis Khan of each clan claimed to be descended from a common ancestor. Different clans Ask students if they think that Genghis sometimes came together when they needed a large force to attack a common Khan’s personality is summed up in the enemy or raid their settled neighbors. quote by his personal historian. (Yes—It Steppe Nomads and Settled Societies The differing ways captures the major features of his char- of life of nomadic and settled peoples resulted in constant acter: aggressiveness and ruthlessness. interaction between them. Often, they engaged in peaceful No—Surely there are more sides to such trade. The nomads exchanged horses, for example, for basic items they lacked, such as grain, metal, cloth, and tea. a brilliant organizer and strategist.) Nomads were accustomed to scarcity and hardship. They After he was named “universal ruler,” A. Answer by prided themselves on their toughness. However, they were building defensive Genghis Khan is quoted as saying, “I will walls, maintaining sometimes tempted by the rich land and relative wealth of rule them by fixed laws [so] that rest border armies, townspeople and took what they wanted by force. As a result, and happiness shall prevail in the world.” maintaining internal settled peoples lived in constant fear of raids. He is said to have made good on this control over frontier Time and again in history, nomadic peoples rode out of regions, keeping the steppe to invade border towns and villages. When a state promise by ordering the recording of loyalty of army and legal judgments to establish precedents civil servants or empire was strong and organized, it could protect its frontier. If the state or empire became divided and weak, the for use in Mongol legal proceedings. nomads could increase their attacks and gain more plunder. In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 Making Inferences Occasionally, a powerful nomadic group was able to con- How might a • Primary Source: from The Secret History of quer a whole empire and become its rulers. Over genera- strong, organized the Mongols, p. 51 empire defend its tions, these nomadic rulers often became part of the Genghis Khan 1162?–1227 frontier? civilization they conquered. Electronic Library of Primary Sources Temujin, according to legend, was born with a blood clot in his fist. In • from The History of the World Conqueror The Rise of the Mongols his lifetime, his hands were often For centuries, the Mongol people had roamed the eastern covered with the blood of others. steppe in loosely organized clans. It took a military and When Temujin was about nine, the Tatars, a rival people, poisoned his The Rise of the Mongols political genius to unite the Mongols into a force with a father. For a time, he and his family single purpose—conquest. lived in extreme poverty, abandoned Critical Thinking Genghis Khan Unites the Mongols Around 1200, a by their clan. When in manhood he • What factors would someone trying to Mongol clan leader named Temujin sought to unify the fought and defeated the Tatars, he slaughtered every male taller than a Mongols under his leadership. He fought and defeated his unify clans need to consider? (Possible cart axle. Answers: the likely resistance of each rivals one by one. In 1206, Temujin accepted the title While driven by revenge, Genghis Genghis Khan, or “universal ruler” of the Mongol clans. also loved conquest. He once clan’s khan; animosity between rival Over the next 21 years, Genghis led the Mongols in remarked to his personal historian: clans; how to protect and provide for conquering much of Asia. His first goal was China. After Man’s greatest good fortune is to a large number of people) invading the northern Jin Empire in 1211, however, his chase and defeat his enemy, seize his total possessions, leave his • What are advantages to using cruelty attention turned to the Islamic region west of Mongolia. married women weeping and as a weapon? (some enemies surren- Angered by the murder of Mongol traders and an ambas- wailing, [and] ride his [horse]. dering without a fight; enemy morale sador at the hands of the Muslims, Genghis launched a campaign of terror across Central Asia. The Mongols poor) What about disadvantages? destroyed one city after another—Utrar, Samarkand, RESEARCH LINKS For more on (unrest among survivors more likely) Bukhara—and slaughtered many inhabitants. By 1225, Genghis Khan, go to classzone.com Central Asia was under Mongol control. Empires in East Asia 331

DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS

Major Events of the Mongol Conquests and Empire Class Time 20 minutes Task Creating a time line 1200 Temujin tries to unite and lead Mongols. Purpose To help students follow a sequence of events Instructions To help students follow the sequence of events described in 1206 He becomes Genghis Khan, which means “king of all.” this section, work with them to create a time line. As students read the 1211 Mongols attack Jin Empire. material under “The Rise of the Mongols” and “The Mongol Empire,” pause and ask students to identify each new event and its corresponding date. On the board, write students’ responses in a vertical or horizontal time line. An example is at right. 1225 Mongols control Central Asia. 1227 Genghis Khan becomes sick and dies. Teacher’s Edition 331 CHAPTER 12 • Section 2 Genghis the Conqueror Several characteristics lay behind Genghis Khan’s stunning success as a conqueror. First, he was a brilliant organizer. He assembled his Mongol warriors into a mighty fighting force (see below). Following the model of the Chinese military, Genghis grouped his warriors in armies of 10,000. These in turn were organized into 1,000-man brigades, 100-man companies, and 10-man The Mongol Empire squads. He put his most battle-proven and loyal men in command of these units. Second, Genghis was a gifted strategist. He used various tricks to confuse his B. Answer Critical Thinking enemy. Sometimes, a small Mongol cavalry unit would attack, then pretend to gal- assembled a well- • The Pax Mongolica is similar to lop away in flight. The enemy usually gave chase. Then the rest of the Mongol army organized army, what concept from Chapter 6? would appear suddenly and slaughter the surprised enemy forces. used tricks to fool Finally, Genghis Khan used cruelty as a weapon. He believed in terrifying his the enemy, used (the Pax Romana) terror as a weapon enemies into surrender. If a city refused to open its gates to him, he might kill • Was the empire strengthened by the entire population when he finally captured the place. The terror the Mongols making descendants of Genghis inspired spread ahead of their armies, which led many towns to surrender with- Summarizing Khan leaders of the four khanates? out a fight. As one Arab historian wrote, “In the countries that have not yet been What were some of the tactics (Yes—Armies are more likely to be loyal overrun by them, everyone spends the night afraid that they may appear Genghis Khan used to descendants; relatives are more there too.” in war? likely to cooperate. No—Khanates are too large and culturally complex for The Mongol Empire family ties to mean much.) Genghis Khan died in 1227—not from violence, but from illness. His successors • Why would the Mongols concern continued to expand his empire. In less than 50 years, the Mongols conquered ter- themselves with the safe passage of ritory from China to Poland. In so doing, they created the largest unified land empire in history. (See the map on page 334.) traders? (trade probably taxed; luxury goods greatly desired)

Historyin Depth Under his armor, each A Mighty Fighting Force cavalry warrior wore silk A Mighty Fighting Force underwear, which arrows Mongol soldiers were superb horsemen, having often did not pierce. The Tell students that men from the same spent all their lives in the saddle. Annual game warriors could use the silk clan were not allowed to fight side roundups gave young men the chance to practice to help pull the arrow cleanly out of a wound. by side in battle. Allegiance to the skills they would use in battle and gave their commander outweighed all clan loyalties. leaders the opportunity to spot promising warriors. A huge pair of kettledrums, eight to ten When on the move, each soldier was accompanied feet across and mounted to camels, gave by three extra horses. By changing mounts, soldiers could stay in the saddle for up to ten days and the signal for the battle to begin. nights at a time. When charging toward a target, they covered as much as 120 miles a day. If food SKILLBUILDER Answer was scarce, a Mongol soldier might make a small Making Inferences soldiers had their gash in the neck of one of his horses and sustain families with them, carried own food sup- himself by drinking the blood. ply, took livestock and homes with them A key to Mongol horsemanship was the stirrup, which was invented on the steppe in the second century B.C. Stirrups enabled a mounted warrior to stand, turn, and shoot arrows behind him. The cavalry warrior’s weapons included leather armor, a lance, Interactive This feature is available in an a dagger, a bow and arrows, and his stout, sturdy horse. interactive format on the eEdition.

332 Chapter 12

CT MCDOUGAL LITTELL Critical Thinking: 11 World History: Patterns of Interaction Interpreting Graphs DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: ENGLISH LEARNERS 54.8 125.0 40 60 80 120100 Comparing Seven Empires 30.0 14.0 20 6.0 Population at Its Height 4.5 3.0 (Est. Millions of People) 0 11.7 Class Time 15 minutes • How much territory was controlled by Mongols at the 12 Task Comparing the size of the Mongol Empire with other height of their empire? (11.7 million square miles) 3.4 2.0 Territory at Its Height 246810 1.4 .4 .9 .2 great empires • What was the population of the empire at its height? (Est. Millions of Squ. Miles) 0 Comparing Seven Empires . 1453 D ) . . C A . . B C .

(125 million people) . 476 B . 1520 D . 1380 . 1400 .

Purpose To help students use a graph to understand the D . D D A . 395 – . . .–332 A D A A C . . .– .–338 A C B C . . B B Length (Years 27 2780 . 1325 – . 1206 – . 1200 – 612 D . D D . . A 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 A unprecedented extent of the Mongol Empire • Which empire came closest to the Mongols in terms A 0 of territory and population? (Roman)

Instructions Have students examine Critical Thinking © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. EMPIRE Egyptian Persian Roman Byzantine Mali Mongol Aztec Transparency CT11. Use the following questions to prompt • Which empire lasted longest? (Egyptian: 3,112 years) a discussion. • How long did the Mongol Empire last? (174 years) • Where does the Mongol Empire rank on the chart in Critical Thinking Transparencies terms of its duration? (last)

332 Chapter 12 The Khanates After Genghis’s death, his sons and grandsons continued the CHAPTER 12 • Section 2 campaign of conquest. Armies under their leadership drove south, east, and west out of inner Asia. They completed their conquest of northern China and invaded Korea. They leveled the Russian city of Kiev and reached the banks of the Adriatic Sea. The cities of Venice and Vienna were within their grasp. However, in the 1250s the Mongols halted their westward campaign and turned their attention to Persia. By More About . . . 1260, the Mongols had divided their huge empire into four regions, or khanates. (See the map on page 334.) These were the Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia and Mongol Ferocity China), the Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia), the Ilkhanate (Persia), and the A Persian who witnessed the devastation Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia). A descendant of Genghis ruled each khanate. wrought by the Mongols in Southwest The Mongols as Rulers Many of the areas invaded by the Mongols never Asia said, “There can be no doubt that recovered. The populations of some cities were wiped out. In addition, the Mongols even if for a thousand years to come no destroyed ancient irrigation systems in areas such as the Tigris and Euphrates val- evil befalls the country, yet will it not be leys. Thus, the land could no longer support resettlement. While ferocious in war, possible to completely repair the dam- the Mongols were quite tolerant in peace. They rarely imposed their beliefs or way age, and bring back the land to the state of life on those they conquered. Over time, some Mongol rulers even adopted aspects of the culture of the people they ruled. The Ilkhans and the Golden Horde, in which it was formerly.” for example, became Muslims. Growing cultural differences among the khanates contributed to the eventual splitting up of the empire. The Mongol Peace From the mid-1200s to the mid-1300s, the Mongols imposed Tip for Gifted and Talented stability and law and order across much of Eurasia. This period is sometimes called Students the Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace. The Mongols guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of the empire to another. In Roman religion, Pax was a deity who personified peace. Several epochs of comparative tranquility, beginning with the Pax Romana, have used the name of the deity in conjunction with the Latinized name of the epoch’s dominant military power. In addition to the Pax Mongol women took primary responsibility A Mongol army was like a moving city. The Mongolica, these include the Pax for the needs of the camp, milked the cavalry of 10,000 was accompanied by an even livestock, and treated the wounded. Some greater number of family members and by tens Britannica and the Pax Americana. also fought as warriors. of thousands of horses and livestock. When attacking, however, the warriors would leave the caravan, separate into different groups, and attack their enemy on multiple fronts. More About . . . The khan and other leaders had great mobile yurts Mongol Hunting pulled by teams of oxen. SKILLBUILDER: “When the Mongols are unoccupied by Interpreting Visual Sources war,” said Genghis Khan, “they shall Making Inferences Name at least three devote themselves to hunting. The objec- things that allowed the Mongol army to be self-sufficient. tive is not so much the chase itself as the training of warriors.” With the approach of winter, all able-bodied Mongols were legally bound to make themselves available for a hunt. In addition to providing a reserve of meat for the long, harsh winter, the hunt was a rehearsal for future military campaigns. 333

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The Mongolian Empire’s Four Khanates Class Time 45 minutes begin and end? Where was it located, and where were its centers of Task Making plans for a Web site power? Who were the major leaders, and whom did they rule? What char- Purpose To help students learn more about the similarities and acteristics and events are associated with the khanate? Did the Mongol differences among the four Mongolian khanates presence have a long-term impact on the region?) After students finish their research, have each team design a Web page for their khanate. Instructions Divide students into four groups and assign one of the four Encourage students to include in their plan features that make the page regions of the Mongol Empire to each group. Tell students that they will be visually appealing. They should also provide links to items such as maps, researching the khanates to gather information for the planning of a Web images, and time lines. After the pages are completed, work with the class site. To maintain consistency among the site’s pages, provide each group to design an introductory page for the site. with a list of research goals. (For example: How and when did the khanate

Teacher’s Edition 333 60° N Arctic Circle The Mongol Empire, 1294 Border of Mongol Empire CHAPTER 12 • Section 2 Campaigns of Genghis Khan Campaigns of his successors Vienna Route of Marco Polo Venice Moscow A EUROPE RUSSIAN m Great Wall u r 40° N D PRINCIPALITIES Kiev R. R. a a n lg u o KHANATE b V e L. Baikal Sea History from Visuals KHANATE Ir OF THE R. STEPPE ty s of OF THE h GREAT KHAN JAPAN R ASIA . Karakorum Japan Constantinople GOLDEN HORDE B (KIPCHAK) Interpreting the Map la KOREA ck S M e GOBI e a C L. Balkhash Beijing What does the map suggest about the di a Aral DESERT te s rr p Sea Yellow a i a Balasaghun 20 E n CHAGATAI Sea success of Mongol sea campaigns? ° ea n n T S ig S Tashkent KHANATE r e e e East a i s Kaifeng 20 N a Bukhara ) ° Kashgar H . (little or no territory acquired) R g R China . n CHINA Samarkand a w 140° E E Hu o Hangzhou Sea u Baghdad ell p (Y iang h TIBET J r g PACIFIC a n R.) te ia e s h tz

80 E g R ILKHANATE Kabul ° SKILLBUILDER Answers C n OCEAN R 40° E . a e (PERSIA) Y P ( d ARABIA e Lhasa r 1. Region Golden Horde; Ilkhanate; S s i e a . H 0 a 1,000 Miles n R I M Philippines s A G u G L S 60 E A u ° A Y Great Khan lf d an In g To India 0 2,000 Kilometers INDIA es 2. Region Anatolia, Arabia, India, Japan, R. South Pagan VIETNAM China MIEN 120° E 100 E Southeast Asia GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps ° M Vijaya Sea Bay of e ko n 1. Region What khanate controlled Russia? Persia? Korea? Bengal g R 2. Region What parts of Asia did the Mongols fail to control?

Trade between Europe and Asia had never been more active. Ideas and inventions Interactive This feature is available in an traveled along with the trade goods. Many Chinese innovations, such as gunpowder, interactive format on the eEdition. reached Europe during this period. Other things spread along with the goods and the ideas. Some historians speculate that the epidemic of bubonic plague that devastated Europe during the 1300s was first spread by the Mongols. (See Chapter 14.) The disease might have traveled Inclusion Tip along trade routes or have been passed to others by infected Mongol troops. Students who have difficulty For a brief period of history, the nomadic Mongols were the lords of city-based understanding complex visuals may civilizations across Asia, including China. As you will read in Section 3, China find the interactive map on the eEdition continued to thrive under Mongol rule. easier to interpret. SECTION2 ASSESSMENT

TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. ASSESS • pastoralist • clan • Genghis Khan • Pax Mongolica SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING 2. Which of the listed events do 3. In what ways did steppe 6. MAKING INFERENCES What characteristics of their culture Use the map on this page to review you think is the most nomads and the people of do you think contributed to the Mongols’ military important? Why? neighboring settled societies success? Explain your response. the section’s main ideas. interact? 7. ANALYZING MOTIVES What do you think drove Genghis Formal Assessment Genghisg Khan 4. Why was terror an important Khan to conquer a great empire? Explain your answer. unites weapon for Genghis Khan? 8. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS “The Mongols • Section Quiz, p. 184 Mongols 5. What happened to the Mongol were great conquerors but poor rulers.” Do you agree Empire in the years after with this statement? Why or why not? RETEACH Genghis Khan’s death? 9. WRITING ACTIVITY CULTURAL INTERACTION Write a brief essay discussing the impact of interaction between the Have students create a time line of Mongols and the various cultures that they conquered. events related to the Mongol Empire. In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 INTERNET ACTIVITY Today, most Mongols live in the country of Mongolia. Use the Internet to INTERNET KEYWORD • Reteaching Activity, p. 62 find information on Mongolian ways of life. Then create an illustrated Mongolia report comparing ways of life today and in Genghis Khan’s time. 334 Chapter 12

ANSWERS

1. pastoralist, p. 330 • clan, p. 331 • Genghis Khan, p. 331 • Pax Mongolica, p. 333 2. Sample Answer: Genghis Khan unites Mongols 6. infighting provided experience; skills of 9. Rubric Essays should by 1206; Mongols control Central Asia by nomadic lifestyle useful in war; hunting used • discuss positive and negative aspects of 1225; Mongol unity was most important, since as military training this interaction. conquest was impossible otherwise. 7. Possible Answers: Vengefulness—Against • address the topic clearly and logically. 3. usually traded peacefully; nomads, at times, Tatars (for killing father); Love of conquest— took what they wanted by force Believed the greatest fortune was to see his 4. It sometimes caused people to surrender enemy defeated. Rubric Illustrated reports should without a fight. 8. Agree—They quickly built a huge empire, but • list similarities and differences. 5. His successors continued the conquest and culture made them ill-equipped for ruling • discuss factors contributing to changes. extended the empire, which later broke into settled society. Disagree—Mongols were • cite at least two sources. four khanates. tolerant and seldom interfered with local cultures. Trade thrived under Pax Mongolica. 334 Chapter 12 LESSON PLAN 3 Pavilion on West Lake in Sculpture at the Temple of OBJECTIVES Hangzhou, China Angkor Wat, Cambodia • Summarize Kublai Khan’s conquest. The Mongol Empire • Describe Mongol rule in China. • Explain the fall of Mongol rule.

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES FOCUS & MOTIVATE CULTURAL INTERACTION The influence of Chinese ideas • Kublai Khan • Marco Polo Students will read about Marco Polo in As emperor of China, Kublai on Western civilization began this section. Ask students what qualities Khan encouraged foreign trade. with the Mongols’ encourage- ment of trade. travel writing should have. (Possible Answers: accuracy, useful information, engaging style) SETTING THE STAGE Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, assumed the title Great Khan in 1260. In theory, the Great Khan ruled the entire Mongol Empire. In reality, the empire had split into four khanates. Other descendants of INSTRUCT Genghis ruled Central Asia, Persia, and Russia as semi-independent states. So, Kublai focused instead on extending the power and range of his own khanate, Kublai Khan Becomes which already included Mongolia, Korea, Tibet, and northern China. To begin, Emperor however, he had to fulfill the goal of his grandfather to conquer all of China. Critical Thinking Kublai Khan Becomes Emperor TAKING NOTES Recognizing Effects • Which of the reasons given for the The Chinese held off Kublai’s attacks for several years. However, his armies Use a web diagram to Yuan’s importance is most significant finally overwhelmed them in 1279. Throughout China’s long history, the Chinese show the impact of for modern China? (Possible Answer: feared and fought off invasions by northern nomads. China sometimes lost terri- Kublai Khan on tory to nomadic groups, but no foreigner had ever ruled the whole country. With East Asia. uniting China; otherwise region might Kublai’s victory, that changed. have become several countries) Beginning a New Dynasty As China’s new emperor, Kublai Khan founded a • What were advantages and disadvan- new dynasty called the Yuan (yoo•AHN) Dynasty. It lasted less than a century, tages to Kublai Khan’s adopting until 1368, when it was overthrown. However, the Yuan era was an important Kublai Khan Chinese ways? (Possible Answer: period in Chinese history for several reasons. First, Kublai Khan united China for showed respect for Chinese culture, the first time in more than 300 years. For this he is considered one of China’s great but costly to maintain) emperors. Second, the control imposed by the Mongols across all of Asia opened China to greater foreign contacts and trade. Finally, Kublai and his successors In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 tolerated Chinese culture and made few changes to the system of government. • Guided Reading, p. 44 (also in Spanish) Unlike his Mongol ancestors, Kublai abandoned the Mongolian steppes for • History Makers: Kublai Khan, p. 59 China. He did not share his ancestors’ dislike of the settled life. On the contrary, he rather enjoyed living in the luxurious manner of a Chinese emperor. He maintained a beautiful summer palace at Shangdu, on the border between Mongolia TEST-TAKING RESOURCES and China. He also built a new square-walled capital at the site of modern Test Generator CD-ROM Beijing. Kublai built this palace to enhance his prestige, but his new capital meant something more. Previously, the Great Khans had ruled their empire from Strategies for Test Preparation Mongolia. Moving the capital from Mongolia to China was a sign that Kublai Test Practice Transparencies, TT43 intended to make his mark as emperor of China. Failure to Conquer Japan After conquering China, Kublai Khan tried to extend Online Test Practice his rule to Japan. In 1274 and again in 1281, the Great Khan sent huge fleets Empires in East Asia 335

SECTION 3 PROGRAM RESOURCES

ALL STUDENTS STRUGGLING READERS Electronic Library of Primary Sources In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 • “The Tartars,” from Travels of Marco Polo • Guided Reading, p. 44 • Guided Reading, p. 44 • History Makers: Kublai Khan, p. 59 • Building Vocabulary, p. 47 Formal Assessment • Reteaching Activity, p. 63 eEdition CD-ROM • Section Quiz, p. 185 Reading Study Guide, p. 111 Power Presentations CD-ROM Reading Study Guide Audio CD ENGLISH LEARNERS Electronic Library of Primary Sources • “The Tartars,” from Travels of Marco Polo In-Depth Resources in Spanish GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS classzone.com • Guided Reading, p. 86 In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 Reading Study Guide (Spanish), p. 111 • Primary Source: Marco Polo at the Mongol Court, Reading Study Guide Audio CD (Spanish) p. 52

Teacher’s Edition 335 CHAPTER 12 • Section 3

More About . . .

The Invasion of Japan In recent years, archaeologists working underwater off the coast of Japan have made amazing discoveries, including the remains of a massive Chinese warship lost in the 1281 Mongol invasion. Among the artifacts recovered from the ship are the world’s earliest known exploding L This detail from against Japan. The Mongols forced Koreans to build, sail, and provide provisions projectiles. X-rays taken of two of the a 13th-century Japanese scroll for the boats, a costly task that almost ruined Korea. Both times the Japanese cantaloupe-sized ceramic bombs show depicts Japanese turned back the Mongol fleets. that one was filled with gunpowder warriors fighting off The second fleet carried 150,000 Mongol, Chinese, and Korean warriors—the a Mongol warship. only, while the other was packed with largest seaborne invasion force in history until World War II. After 53 days, gunpowder and iron shrapnel. Japanese warriors had fought the invaders to a standstill. Then, on the following day, the sky darkened and a typhoon swept furiously across the Sea of Japan. Mongol ships were upended, swamped, and dashed to bits against the rocky shore, despite their sailors’ attempts to escape onto the open sea. For centuries afterward, the Japanese spoke reverently of the kamikaze, or “divine wind,” that had saved Japan.

Mongol Rule in China Mongol Rule in China Early in Kublai Khan’s reign, one of his Chinese advisers told him, “I have heard Critical Thinking that one can conquer the empire on horseback, but one cannot govern it on horse- • Why didn’t the Mongols try to adopt back.” This advice illustrates the problems Kublai faced as emperor. Mongol ways Chinese culture? (Possible Answers: would not work in a sophisticated civilization like China’s. Besides, the number of Mongols in China was few compared to the huge native population. Kublai would proud of their own culture, Chinese need to make use of non-Mongol officials to help him rule successfully. unwilling to accept them) The Mongols and the Chinese The Mongol rulers had little in common with • Why would people from lands devas- their Chinese subjects. Because of their differences, the Mongols kept their sepa- tated by Mongol armies be willing to rate identity. Mongols lived apart from the Chinese and obeyed different laws. trade with Mongol China? (Possible They kept the Chinese out of high government offices, although they retained as Answers: no other way to earn a many Chinese officials as possible to serve on the local level. Most of the highest Making livelihood, felt no attachment to their government posts went to Mongols or to foreigners. The Mongols believed that Inferences former states, wealth more important foreigners were more trustworthy since they had no local loyalties. How might the Chinese have felt than politics) Despite his differences with the Chinese, Kublai Khan was an able leader. He restored the Grand Canal and extended it 135 miles north to Beijing. Along its about their lack of • Why might a trader such as Marco power in Kublai’s banks he built a paved highway that ran some 1,100 miles, from Hangzhou to Polo be multilingual? (Trade routes government? Beijing. These land and water routes ensured the north a steady supply of grain and A. Answer They passed through many lands; a other goods from the southern heartland. probably aresented multilingual trader would probably Foreign Trade Foreign trade increased under Kublai Khan. This was largely due the power of the Mongols and the be more successful.) to the Mongol Peace, which made the caravan routes across Central Asia safe for highly placed trade and travel. Traders transported Chinese silk and porcelain, which were greatly foreigners. valued in Europe and western Asia, over the Silk Roads and other routes. These traders also carried with them such Chinese products and inventions as printing, gunpowder, the compass, paper currency, and playing cards. 336 Chapter 12

DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS

Using Questions to Develop Understanding Class Time 20 minutes • “Foreign Trade”: What happened to trade while the Mongols were in Task Turning headings into questions power? Why? What other countries exchanged goods with China? Purpose To provide students with a useful reading strategy • “Marco Polo at the Mongol Court”: Who was Marco Polo? Why was his Instructions To help students preview the material in “Mongol Rule in presence at the Mongol Court significant? China” and develop a strategy for reading, ask them to read the headings Explain that “Mongol Rule in China” is a larger head, which indicates that and turn each one into a question. For example: it gives the main idea of the entire subsection. The smaller heads give the • “Mongol Rule in China”: What are the most important things to know most important ideas of the paragraphs they are next to. about Mongol rule in China? What events were most significant? Encourage students to look for answers to their questions as they read • “The Mongols and the Chinese”: How did the Mongols and the the text. Chinese get along? How did their interaction affect Mongol rule?

336 Chapter 12 Kublai further encouraged trade by inviting CHAPTER 12 • Section 3 foreign merchants to visit China. Most of them were Muslims from India, Central Asia, and Persia. Many European traders and travelers, including Kublai Khan 1215–1294 Christian missionaries, also reached China. As ruler of both China and History Makers Marco Polo at the Mongol Court The most the Mongol Empire, Kublai famous European to visit China in these years was a Khan straddled two worlds. Kublai Khan and Marco Polo young Venetian trader, Marco Polo. He traveled by He built luxurious palaces, caravan on the Silk Roads with his father and uncle, dressed as a Chinese Why might Marco Polo’s contemporaries emperor, and supported arriving at Kublai Khan’s court around 1275. Polo the work of Chinese artists. have mistrusted his stories about Kublai had learned several Asian languages in his travels, However, he remained a Khan’s China? (Possible Answer: Anything and Kublai Khan sent him to various Chinese cities Mongol warrior at heart. appearing inaccurate or dubious in his on government missions. Polo served the Great The Great Khan is said to have planted a plot of grass from the steppe in account must have been detected and Analyzing Motives Khan well for 17 years. In 1292, the Polos left China the gardens at Beijing to remind himself of his pointed out by other European traders, Why do you and made the long journey back to Venice. home. He also loved to hunt and enclosed a think Kublai Khan travelers, and missionaries who had Later, during a war against Venice’s rival city, large hunting ground at his palace at Shangdu. employed Marco Genoa, Marco Polo was captured and imprisoned. traveled to China.) Polo? In prison he had time to tell the full story of his Marco Polo 1254?–1324 B. Answer He Kublai was the fourth son of Tolui, the The man who described preferred to use travels and adventures. To his awed listeners, he youngest of Genghis Khan’s four sons by Kublai Khan to Europeans foreigners in impor- spoke of China’s fabulous cities, its fantastic his favorite wife. tant posts, since he wealth, and the strange things he had seen there. He left behind very little trusted them more; information about himself. mentioned the burning of “black stones” (coal) in According to Polo, Kublai Electronic Library of Primary Sources Polo knew several Chinese homes. (Coal as a fuel was little known in • “The Tartars,” from languages and was recognized his “merit and Travels of Marco Polo an experienced Europe.) He also recorded the practical workings of worth” and sent him on traveler. Kublai’s government and aspects of Chinese life. special missions around the Here is his description of trade in Beijing: empire. His impressions of China became the basis of his book, but he described PRIMARY SOURCE few actual events about his life. [M]ore precious and costly wares are imported into Since his book first appeared, people have Khan-balik [Beijing] than into any other city in the debated whether Polo even visited China. He is world. . . . All the treasures that come from India— not mentioned in Chinese accounts of this time. precious stones, pearls, and other rarities—are brought His tales also fail to mention such common here. So too are the choicest and costliest products of features of China as tea, acupuncture, or foot The End of Mongol Rule Cathay [China] itself and every other province. binding. On his deathbed, Polo was asked if his MARCO POLO, The Travels of Marco Polo travel stories were true. He replied that he had told barely half of what he had seen. Critical Thinking A fellow prisoner gathered Polo’s stories into a • What factors led to the Yuan Dynasty’s book. It was an instant success in Europe, but RESEARCH LINKS For more on Kublai Khan downfall? (overexpansion, military most readers did not believe a word of it. They and Marco Polo, go to classzone.com defeats, heavy taxation, resentment thought Polo’s account was a marvelous collection of tall tales. It was clear to Marco Polo, however, from Chinese, squabbling within family, that the civilization he had visited was the greatest natural disasters, corruption) in the world. • Would the Yuan practice of retaining Chinese officials at the local level The End of Mongol Rule have helped or hindered the During the last years of Kublai Khan’s reign, weaknesses began to appear in overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty? Mongol rule. In an attempt to further expand his empire, Kublai sent several expe- (Helped—Experienced officials would ditions into Southeast Asia. His armies and navies suffered many humiliating be on hand to assist in re-establishing defeats at a huge expense of lives and equipment. Heavy spending on fruitless Chinese rule. Hindered—Ordinary wars, on public works, and on the luxuries of the Yuan court burdened the treasury Chinese would despise officials for and created resentment among the overtaxed Chinese. This presented problems that Kublai’s less able successors could not resolve. cooperating with Mongols.)

Empires in East Asia 337

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CHAPTER PRIMARY SOURCE Marco Polo at the Mongol Court

12 Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant and traveler, reached Kublai Khan’s court in about 1275 and remained in China until 1292. During Marco’s stay in China, DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS Section 3 Kublai Khan sent him on special government missions around China. After Marco returned home, he was captured during a war between Venice and Genoa and put in prison. He entertained fellow prisoners with his travel stories, and one of the prisoners gathered his stories into a book. In this excerpt, Marco describes Kublai Khan’s summer palace in Shangdu, on the border of Mongolia and China. Which features of the palace can you visualize?

eparting from the city last mentioned, and entablature. The roof is of bamboo cane, likewise Dproceeding three days’ journey in a north- gilt, and so well varnished that no wet can injure it. Kublai Khan’s Summer Palace easterly direction, you arrive at a city called Shandu, The bamboos used for this purpose are three palms built by the Grand Khan Kublai, now reigning. In in circumference and ten fathoms in length, and this he caused a palace to be erected, of marble being cut at the joints, are split into two equal parts, and other handsome stones, admirable as well for so as to form gutters, and with these (laid concave the elegance of its design as for the skill displayed and convex) the pavilion is covered; but to secure in its execution. The halls and chambers are all gilt, the roof against the effect of wind, each of the Class Time 45 minutes for generations to come. The English poet Samuel Taylor and very handsome. It presents one front towards bamboos is tied at the ends to the frame. the interior of the city, and the other towards the The building is supported on every side (like a wall; and from each extremity of the building runs tent) by more than two hundred very strong silken another wall to such an extent as to enclose sixteen cords, and otherwise, from the lightness of the miles in circuit of the adjoining plain, to which materials, it would be liable to oversetting by the Coleridge was among those inspired. In 1816, Coleridge there is no access but through the palace. force of high winds. The whole is constructed with Task Analyzing writing about Kublai Khan’s Within the bounds of this royal park there are so much ingenuity of contrivance that all the parts rich and beautiful meadows, watered by many may be taken asunder, removed, and again set up, rivulets, where a variety of animals of the deer and at his majesty’s pleasure. This spot he has selected goat kind are pastured, to serve as food for the for his recreation on account of the mild tempera- summer palace published his poem “Kubla Khan,” in which Shangdu (or hawks and other birds employed in the chase, ture and salubrity of the air, and he accordingly whose mews are also in the grounds. The number makes it his residence during three months of the of these birds is upwards of two hundred; and the year, namely, June, July, and August. . . . grand khan goes in person, at least once in the from The Travels of Marco Polo (New York: Orion Press), Xanadu, as Coleridge calls the palace) figures prominently. week, to inspect them. Frequently, when he rides 100–102. about this enclosed forest, he has one or more Purpose To have students explore different Western small leopards carried on horseback, behind their Activity Options keepers; and when he pleases to give direction for their being slipped, they instantly seize a stag, or 1. Creating a Model Make a simple architectural Provide students with a copy of the poem to read, and goat, or fallow deer, which he gives to his hawks, drawing of Kublai Khan’s summer palace and its perceptions of China and in this manner he amuses himself. grounds based on the details in this excerpt. Then In the centre of these grounds, where there is share your drawing with the class. a beautiful grove of trees, he has built a royal pavil- 2. Creating Oral Presentations With a partner, ask them to write a brief essay analyzing its meaning. ion, supported upon a colonnade of handsome pil- role-play Kublai Khan giving his guest, Marco lars, gilt and varnished. Round each pillar a dragon, Polo, a tour of his summer palace at Shangdu. likewise gilt, entwines its tail, whilst its head sus-

Instructions Have students complete the activity “Marco tains the projection of the roof, and its talons or ©All rights reserved. McDougal Littell Inc. Suggest they begin by considering how and why claws are extended to the right and left along the Polo at the Mongol Court” in In-Depth Resources: Unit 3. Coleridge’s and Polo’s descriptions of Shangdu differ. Tell students that Marco Polo’s account of Mongol China, 52 Unit 3, Chapter 12 including his description of the summer palace at Shangdu, In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 fired European imaginations not only in his own time but

Teacher’s Edition 337 CHAPTER 12 • Section 3 850 1215 1275 Gunpowder Genghis Kahn invades Marco Polo invented northern China. reaches China.

SUI TANG SONG SOUTHERN SONG YUAN History from Visuals 500 A.D. 800 A.D. 1100 A.D. 1400 A.D. 627 751 1126 1260 Tang Taizong Chinese lose Song Dynasty Kublai Analyzing Time Lines becomes emperor. Battle of Talas. retreats to becomes Ask students which dynasty ruled the 690 1024 1040 south. Great Kahn. Empress Wu Zhao Government issues Movable longest. (Tang) the shortest? (Sui) assumes throne. paper money. type invented Extension Have students copy the time line in their notebooks. Ask them to add Yuan Dynasty Overthrown Kublai Khan died in 1294. After his death, the Yuan below the time line significant events that Dynasty began to fade. Family members continually argued over who would rule. occurred in Europe in A.D. 500–1400. In one eight-year period, four different khans took the throne. (See Chapter 11.) Rebellions broke out in many parts of China in the 1300s. The Chinese had long resented their Mongol rulers, and the Mongol humiliation of the Chinese only increased under Kublai Khan’s successors. The rebellions were also fueled by years of famine, flood, and disease, along with growing economic problems and official corruption. In 1368, Chinese rebels finally overthrew the Mongols. The rebel leader Analyzing Causes founded a new dynasty, the Ming, which you will read about in Chapter 19. What factors contributed to the Decline of the Mongol Empire By the time of the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, decline and fall of the entire Mongol Empire had disintegrated. The government of the Ilkhanate in the Yuan Dynasty? Persia fell apart in the 1330s. The Chagatai khans ruled Central Asia until the C. Answer military 1370s. Only the Golden Horde in Russia stayed in power. The Golden Horde ruled defeats, heavy gov- Russia for 250 years. As you read in Chapter 11, Ivan III finally led Russia to ernment spending independence from Mongol rule in 1480. and taxes, ineffective rulers, resentment The rise and fall of Mongol rule affected civilizations from eastern Europe to of foreign rule, natu- China. Kublai Khan had tried to extend this influence to Japan but had failed. ral disasters, eco- However, several centuries earlier, the Japanese had embraced the influence of an nomic problems, outside culture—China. This development is described in Section 4. corruption

ASSESS SECTION3 ASSESSMENT

TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT • Kublai Khan • Marco Polo Have students list the page numbers where the answer to each question can USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING 2. Select one of the entries. 3. Why did the Mongols employ 6. EVALUATING DECISIONS Judging from the events of the be found. Did this event make China foreigners rather than Chinese Yuan Dynasty, do you think the Mongol policies toward Formal Assessment stronger or weaker? in high government offices? the Chinese were effective? Explain your answer. 4. How did Europeans view 7. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS What impact did the Mongol • Section Quiz, p. 185 Marco Polo’s account of his Peace have on interaction between East and West? time in China? 8. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS Do you think that RETEACH Kublai Khan 5. What happened to the Yuan Kublai Khan was a successful ruler? Why or why not? Dynasty after Kublai Khan’s 9. WRITING ACTIVITY CULTURAL INTERACTION Adopt the role Have students create a cause-and-effect death? of a traveler in Mongol China. Write a letter to friends explaining how the Chinese way of life has influenced the flow chart to show the rise and decline of Mongol conquerors. Mongol rule under Kublai Khan. In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 CONNECT TO TODAY WRITING A SUMMARY • Reteaching Activity, p. 63 Some people consider Marco Polo to be the first travel writer. Locate modern travel writing on China. Select and read descriptions of major cities, such as Beijing. Using photographs and sketches, create an illustrated summary of the main points included in the descriptions. 338 Chapter 12

ANSWERS

1. Kublai Khan, p. 335 • Marco Polo, p. 337 2. Sample Answer: Tolerated Chinese culture; Chinese resentment; Mongols fell because of 9. Rubric Letters should Promoted trade—which made China stronger; weak leadership. • clearly cite examples of how the Chinese way Failed to conquer Japan; May have employed 7. made the trade routes more secure, thereby of life affected the Mongols. Marco Polo. fostering the exchange of goods and ideas • be written in an engaging style that holds the 3. Foreigners had few local loyalties. between East and West reader’s interest. 4. with skepticism 8. Yes—He unified China, improved trade, CONNECT TO TODAY 5. Family members struggled for power, and the and tolerated local culture. No—He failed Rubric Illustrated summaries should dynasty’s power began to fade. to conquer Japan, angered the Chinese by • include descriptions that can be easily and 6. No—Chinese resentful and rebellious, and restricting their access to power, and fought clearly illustrated with images. yielding more power might have led to wars that left a weakened dynasty to • make explicit links between the images and greater acceptance. Yes—Needed to check his successors. the descriptions they illustrate.

338 Chapter 12 LESSON PLAN 4 Pavilion on West Lake in Sculpture at the Temple of OBJECTIVES Hangzhou, China Angkor Wat, Cambodia • Describe Japan’s early history Feudal Powers in Japan and culture. • Draw conclusions about life in the Heian court.

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES • Describe feudal Japan.

RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL An openness to adapting • Shinto • Bushido SYSTEMS Japanese civilization innovations from other cultures • samurai • shogun FOCUS & MOTIVATE was shaped by cultural borrow- is still a hallmark of Japanese ing from China and the rise of society. Samurai warriors are a topic of this feudalism and military rulers. section. Ask what values are emphasized in the U.S. military. (Possible Answers: Japan lies east of China, in the direction of the sunrise. SETTING THE STAGE loyalty, obedience, strength, discipline) In fact, the name Japan comes from the Chinese word ri-ben, which means “ori- gin of the sun” or “land of the rising sun.” From ancient times, Japan had borrowed ideas, institutions, and culture from the Chinese people. Japan’s genius INSTRUCT was its ability to take in new ideas and make them uniquely its own. The Growth of Japanese The Growth of Japanese Civilization TAKING NOTES Civilization Following Japan’s island location shaped the growth of its civilization. About 120 miles of Chronological Order water separates Japan from its closest neighbor, Korea, and 500 miles of water sep- Use a time line to Critical Thinking arates Japan from China. The Japanese were close enough to feel the civilizing record the main • How was early Japanese society similar effect of China. Yet they were far enough away to be reasonably safe from invasion. periods and events in Japanese history from to early Greek society? (lived near The Geography of Japan About 4,000 islands make up the Japanese 300 to 1300. mountains and coastline, lacked a archipelago (AHR•kuh•PEHL•uh•GOH), or island group, that extends in an arc centralized government) more than 1,200 miles long. Historically, most Japanese people have lived on the event 2 event 4 four largest islands: Hokkaido (hah•KY•doh), Honshu (HAHN•shoo), Shikoku • How might geography have affected (shee•KAW•koo), and Kyushu (kee•OO•shoo). Japan’s early inhabitants? (Possible Japan’s geography has both advantages and disadvantages. Southern Japan event 1 event 3 Answers: Location gave security; poor enjoys a mild climate with plenty of rainfall. The country is so mountainous, farmland led to hunting and fishing; however, that only about 12 percent of the land is suitable for farming. Natural shortages led to trade.) resources such as coal, oil, and iron are in short supply. During the late summer and early fall, strong tropical storms called typhoons occur. Earthquakes and In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 tidal waves are also threats. • Guided Reading, p. 45 (also in Spanish) Early Japan The first historic mention of Japan comes from Chinese writings of Electronic Library of Primary Sources the first century B.C. Japan at this time was not a united country. Instead, hun- • “The Manners and Customs of Early Japan” dreds of clans controlled their own territories. Each clan worshiped its own nature gods and goddesses. In different parts of Japan, people honored thousands of local gods. Their varied customs and beliefs eventually combined to form TEST-TAKING RESOURCES Japan’s earliest religion. In later times, this religion was called Shinto Test Generator CD-ROM (SHIHN•toh), meaning “way of the gods.” Shinto was based on respect for the forces of nature and on the worship of Strategies for Test Preparation ancestors. Shinto worshipers believed in kami, divine spirits that dwelled in Test Practice Transparencies, TT44 nature. Any unusual or especially beautiful tree, rock, waterfall, or mountain was considered the home of a kami. Online Test Practice Empires in East Asia 339

SECTION 4 PROGRAM RESOURCES

ALL STUDENTS Reading Study Guide (Spanish), p. 113 In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 Reading Study Guide Audio CD (Spanish) eEdition CD-ROM • Guided Reading, p. 45 Power Presentations CD-ROM • Skillbuilder Practice: Making Inferences, p. 48 STRUGGLING READERS World Art and Cultures Transparencies • Geography Application: The Ainu People, p. 49 In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 • AT26 Descent of Amida and the 25 Bodhisattvas Formal Assessment • Building Vocabulary, p. 47 Critical Thinking Transparencies • Section Quiz, p. 186 • Reteaching Activity, p. 64 Reading Study Guide, p. 113 • CT12 Japanese Cultural Borrowing from China ENGLISH LEARNERS Reading Study Guide Audio CD Electronic Library of Primary Sources In-Depth Resources in Spanish • “The Manners and Customs of Early Japan” • Guided Reading, p. 87 GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS classzone.com • Skillbuilder Practice, p. 89 In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 • Geography Application, p. 90 • Primary Sources, pp. 53, 54 • Literature: from Genji, p. 55; Pillow Book, p. 56 Teacher’s Edition 339 CHAPTER 12 • Section 4 The Yamato Emperors By the A.D. 400s, the Yamato clan had established itself as the Japan to 1300 leading clan. The Yamato claimed to be

140°E descended from the sun goddess Amaterasu. Hokkaido By the seventh century, the Yamato chiefs

History from Visuals 120°E 0 400 Miles called themselves the emperors of Japan. The 40°N early emperors did not control the entire Interpreting the Map 0 800 Kilometers PACIFIC country, or even much of it, but the Japanese Wrecks of Mongol ships were most likely Sea of gradually accepted the idea of an emperor. JAPAN OCEAN to be found off the coast of which Japan Honshu Although many of the Yamato rulers Edo (Tokyo) KOREA Mt. Fuji lacked real power, the dynasty was never Japanese island? (Kyushu) Yellow Heian (Kyoto) Kamakura Sea overthrown. When rival clans fought for Extension Have students consult a Nara CHINA Shikoku power, the winning clan claimed control of modern map of Japan. Ask if they can Kyushu Under Mongol control the emperor and then ruled in the emperor’s locate the name of a city on Kyushu City Mountain name. Japan had both an emperor who where another major military event Mongol invasion, 1274 served as a figurehead and a ruling power took place. (Nagasaki: the target of the Mongol invasion, 1281 who reigned behind the throne. This dual second atomic bomb dropped by the structure became an enduring characteristic GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps of Japanese government. United States during World War II) 1. Location How far is the southern end of the Japanese island of Kyushu from China? 2. Location On what island did Japan’s major cities develop? Japanese Culture SKILLBUILDER Answers During the 400s, the Japanese began to have 1. Location about 500 miles more and more contact with mainland Asia. 2. Location Honshu They soon came under the influence of Chinese ideas and customs, which they first learned about from Korean travelers. Buddhism in Japan One of the most important influences brought by Korean Japanese Culture travelers was Buddhism. In the mid-700s, the Japanese imperial court officially accepted Buddhism in Japan. By the eighth or ninth century, Buddhist ideas and Critical Thinking worship had spread through Japanese society. The Japanese, however, did not give up their Shinto beliefs. Some Buddhist rituals became Shinto rituals, and some • Why might Japan, with its Shinto Shinto gods and goddesses were worshiped in Buddhist temples. religion, have adopted Buddhism Cultural Borrowing from China Interest in Buddhist ideas at the Japanese court with relative ease? (Possible Answers: soon grew into an enthusiasm for all things Chinese. The most influential convert to interest in Chinese culture; aspects Buddhism was Prince Shotoku (shoh•toh•ku), who served as regent for his aunt, the of each were modified to make empress Suiko. (A regent is someone who rules when a monarch is absent, ill, or them compatible) too young to rule.) In 607, Prince Shotoku sent the first of three missions to China. • Based on what you read in Section 1, His people studied Chinese civilization firsthand. Over the next 200 years, the Synthesizing why do you think the Japanese wanted Japanese sent many such groups to learn about Chinese ways. How did Chinese culture to emulate the Chinese? (advanced The Japanese adopted the Chinese system of writing. Japanese artists painted landscapes in the Chinese manner. The Japanese also followed Chinese styles in spread to Japan? civilization, wealthy, powerful) the simple arts of everyday living, such as cooking, gardening, drinking tea, and A. Answer through Korean travelers Critical Thinking Transparencies hairdressing. For a time, Japan even modeled its government on China’s. Prince and direct contact • CT12 Japanese Cultural Borrowing Shotoku planned a strong central government like that of the Tang rulers. He also tried through missions to from China to introduce China’s civil-service system. However, this attempt failed. In Japan, noble China birth remained the key to winning a powerful position. Unlike China, Japan continued World Art and Cultures Transparencies to be a country where a few great families held power. • AT26 Descent of Amida and the The Japanese adapted Chinese ways to suit their own needs. While they learned 25 Bodhisattvas much, they still retained their own traditions. Eventually, the Japanese imperial court decided it had learned enough from Tang China. In the late ninth century, it ended formal missions to the Tang Empire, which had fallen into decline. Although Chinese cultural influence would remain strong in Japan, Japan’s own culture was about to bloom. 340 Chapter 12

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CHAPTER 12 GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: MOVEMENT The Ainu People Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. Then answer DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS Section 4 the questions that follow.

efore settlers from mainland Asia began As time progressed and the population of Japan Bmigrating to Japan, a people known as the Ainu increased, the new Japanese discriminated against had already existed in Japan. This situation is similar the Ainu, preventing them from practicing their rit- to that of North America, where an original people, uals and traditions. They suppressed Ainu religion the Native Americans, already lived when European and language and forced the children of the Ainu settlers arrived. Today’s Japanese call the Ainu the to attend Japanese schools. Furthermore, like “Hairy People” because they had long wavy hair, Native Americans, today’s Ainu suffer from a high Original Peoples of Japan and the United States thick beards, and hair covering their bodies. rate of alcoholism. The people migrating from mainland Asia formed In the process of assimilation, the Ainu have also clans, blending and assimilating into a fairly homoge- lost many of their unique physical characteristics, neous population by about ﬁrst century A.D. Around including their European-like faces. One anthro- 400 years later, the Yamato clan established itself as pologist who examined 19th-century photographs the chief clan. In the formation of a new Japanese of Ainu described them as resembling “ﬁerce, Class Time 45 minutes compare with the Ainu. After they have made their culture, the clans forced the Ainu further north on black-bearded Norwegians.” Honshu and to Hokkaido, remote areas of Japan. choices and completed their research, have students write The Movement of the Ainu People Task Writing a script for a mini-documentary MANCHURIA

Hokkaido Purpose To have students compare and contrast the a script for a mini-documentary about the two peoples. CHINA

Sea of Explain that the documentary should incorporate any JapanJ a pan histories of the native populations of Japan and the KOREA Honshu

KAYA visual styles or techniques that they have found striking in yHeian Naniwa United States PPACIFICA CIFIC Hakata ShikokuShikoku OCEAN KyushuKyushu Early migrations other documentaries. Ask students to use the following Yamato area

y yExpansion to 0 500 Miles early 5th century Instructions Have students complete the Geography Retreat of Ainu elements in their documentaries: 0 1,000 Kilometers Application about the Ainu people in In-Depth Resources: • images Unit 3. Then have them carry out further research on the Empires in East Asia 49 original peoples of Japan and the United States. Ask them • primary and secondary sources In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 to choose one Native American group to contrast and • maps, charts, graphs, and time lines

340 Chapter 12 Life in the Heian Period CHAPTER 12 • Section 4 In the late 700s, the imperial court moved its capital from Nara to Heian (HAY•ahn), the modern Kyoto (kee•OH•toh). Many of Japan’s noble families also moved to Heian. Among the upper class in Heian, a highly refined court society arose. This era in Japanese history, from 794 to 1185, is called the Heian period. Life in the Heian Period Gentlemen and ladies of the court filled their days with elaborate ritual and artistic pursuits. Rules dictated every aspect of court life—the length of swords, the color Critical Thinking of official robes, forms of address, even the number of skirts a woman wore. Vocabulary • Why did many noble families also move etiquette: the code Etiquette was also extremely important. Laughing aloud in public, for example, was governing correct frowned upon. And everyone at court was expected to write poetry and to paint. to Heian? (to be near the court, which behavior and The best accounts of Heian society come from the diaries, essays, and novels was the center of power) appearance written by the women of the court. One of the finest writers of the period was Lady • What purpose might have been served Murasaki Shikibu. Lady Murasaki’s 11th-century masterpiece, The Tale of Genji, by the rituals of the imperial court? is an account of the life of a prince in the imperial court. This long prose narrative (Possible Answers: distinguished court is considered the world’s first novel. members from lower classes; occupied free time) Feudalism Erodes Imperial Authority In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 During the Heian period, Japan’s central government was relatively strong. However, this strength was soon to be challenged by great landowners and clan • Primary Source: from The Diary of Lady chiefs who acted more and more as independent local rulers. Murasaki, p. 53 • Literature: from The Tale of Genji, p. 55; For most of the Heian period, the rich Fujiwara family Decline of Central Power from The Pillow Book, p. 56 held the real power in Japan. By about the middle of the 11th century, however, the power of the central government and the Fujiwaras began to slip. Large landowners living away from the capital set up private armies. The countryside became lawless and dangerous. Armed soldiers on horseback preyed on Feudalism Erodes Imperial farmers and travelers, and pirates took control of the seas. For safety, farmers and Authority

Critical Thinking • What factors might weaken a central Women of the Heian Court power? (Possible Answers: a feeble or The Tale of Genji picture scroll—an illustrated disloyal military, a weak economy, rival version of the story—provides insights into the centers of power) life of women at the Heian court. Since servants • What is the meaning of the term did almost all domestic chores, upper class women had much leisure time. How did they “puppet emperor”? (a powerless ruler; spend this time? someone else making the decisions) 1 Because women were expected to look attractive, they spent time on personal grooming, such as hair care. Analyzing Art 2 Women spent much time reading, usually the monogatari, or prose fiction, popular at the 1 time. As the prince notes in The Tale of Genji, Women of the Heian Court “Without these monogatari how on earth 2 Women wore up to 12 silk dresses, would [women entertain themselves] during one on top of another, each of a these tedious hours?” different color. SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Visual Sources 1. Drawing Conclusions From what you have read about Heian court life, why do you think women SKILLBUILDER Answers spent so much time in personal grooming? 2. Making Inferences Based on what you have 1. Drawing Conclusions Rules existed for read, in what other ways might the women of the how women should dress and look. Heian court have spent their time? 2. Making Inferences reading, writing, painting Empires in East Asia 341

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Recognizing Supporting Details Class Time 25 minutes • The central power’s rivals became stronger, and competition among Task Finding supporting details them was violent. (In exchange for protection, small landowners Purpose To help students read efficiently gave land to large landowners, who grew stronger. Large landowners set up private armies and hired samurais for protection, creating a Instructions On the board, write several main ideas from “Feudalism system of feudalism.) Erodes Imperial Authority.” As they read, have students write down details that support the main ideas. Then work with students as a group to • Eventually, a new leader emerged, beginning a new period of central- review the details they found. The following is a sample list of main ideas ized power. (At the end of the 11th century, the Minamoto family and supporting details. gained power, and its leader established a shogunate—or military dictatorship—at Kamakura.) • Central authority had begun to slip by the middle of the 11th century. (Countryside became lawless and dangerous for farmers and travelers; pirates took control of the seas.) Teacher’s Edition 341 CHAPTER 12 • Section 4

Japanese Samurai Historyin Depth Samurai were members of Japan’s warrior class. Early samurai protected local aristocratic landowners. In the late 1100s, however, the warrior class secured national power and dominated Japanese government until 1868. OBJECTIVES Samurai warriors followed an unwritten code that emphasized • Understand how skill, technology, honor, bravery, and loyalty. This code came to be known as Bushido. and Bushido made the samurai Their reputation as fearsome warriors has become legendary. fierce warriors. • Compare and contrast samurai with An iron mask was sometimes worn not European knights. Helmets were only to protect the made from iron face, but to frighten plates to repel the samurai’s INSTRUCT sword blows. enemy as well. L Explain that, over time, samurai changed Female Samurai Samurai were not always men. their tactics and weapons. For example, Here, Lady Tomoe Gozen, a in their first skirmish with the Mongols, famous female warrior of the they expected to fight man-to-man, but 1180s, enters bravely into battle. the Mongols advanced in columns and rows. In later battles, the samurai Samurai swords were advanced in groups. made by skilled artisans. The curvature of the blade makes the weapon more SKILLBUILDER Answers effective when slashing. 1. Comparing and Contrasting Similarities—Code of honor, protective Individual iron plates provided protection and freedom of armor, skilled fighters. Differences— movement when in combat. As Samurai armor lighter, swords curved; you can see, a samurai’s armor Samurai fought in exchange for an was often richly decorated. allowance, while knights fought for

grants of land. L Samurai Warrior 2. Hypothesizing focused samurai on In combat, a samurai’s life achievement in battle, advocated death depended on his skill and his equipment. Here you can see how before dishonor the samurai’s weapons and armor In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 aided him or her in battle. • Primary Source: A Samurai Instructs His Son, p. 54 SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Visual Sources 1. Comparing and Contrasting What are some similarities or differences between Japanese samurai and European knights? 2. Hypothesizing How might the code of the Samurai help them in battle?

342 Chapter 12

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CHAPTER SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Making Inferences

12 When you make an inference, you draw conclusions based on clues in the text, your knowledge of history, and common sense. You analyze what you read or SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE: MAKING INFERENCES Section 4 hear, looking for meaning that is suggested but not speciﬁcally stated. The excerpt below, from a letter written in 1582 by Luis Frois, a Jesuit missionary from Portugal, describes the attack on Oda Nobunaga, a Japanese daimyo. Read the excerpt and then ﬁll in the chart to help you make inferences about how daimyos lived and the code of behavior they followed. (See Skillbuilder Handbook)

hen Akechi’s men reached the palace gates, retreated into his chamber and shut the doors. Wthey at once entered as nobody was there to Some say that he cut his belly, while others Using Textual and Visual Clues resist them because there had been no suspicion believe that he set ﬁre to the palace and perished in of their treachery. Nobunaga had just washed his the ﬂames. What we do know, however, is that of hands and face, and was drying himself with a towel this man, who made everyone tremble not only at when they found him and forthwith shot him in the the sound of his voice but even at the mention of back with an arrow. Pulling the arrow out, he came his name, there did not remain even a small hair out carrying a naginata, a weapon with a long blade that was not reduced to dust and ashes. Class Time 20 minutes • What does the image of Lady Tomoe Gozen reveal made after the fashion of a scythe. He fought for from Luis Frois, History of Japan (1590). some time, but after receiving a shot in the arm he

Task Answering questions about Japanese samurai about samurai weaponry? (that samurai used Clues in the Text Personal Knowledge Inference(s) Purpose To help students use textual and visual clues to other weapons besides the sword, such as the bow make inferences and arrow) Instructions Have students carefully read the text and • What do the colors and patterns of the warrior’s analyze the images on this page. Use the following armor and weapons reveal about samurai culture? questions to demonstrate how to make inferences. (Possible Answer: The samurai viewed warfare as an art as well as a profession.) • What does the text suggest about the lives of 48 Unit 3, Chapter 12 Japanese aristocrats? (that their lives and property For more practice making inferences, have students In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 were frequently in danger) complete the Skillbuilder activity for this section.

342 Chapter 12 small landowners traded parts of their land to strong warlords in exchange for CHAPTER 12 • Section 4 protection. With more land, the lords gained more power. This marked the beginning of a feudal system of localized rule like that of ancient China and medieval Europe. Samurai Warriors Since wars between rival lords were commonplace, each lord surrounded himself with a bodyguard of loyal warriors called samurai More About . . . (SAM•uh•RY). (Samurai means “one who serves.”) Samurai lived according to a demanding code of behavior called Bushido (BUSH•ih•DOH), or “the way of the Japanese Shoguns warrior.” A samurai was expected to show reckless courage, reverence for the gods, fairness, and generosity toward those weaker than himself. Dying an honorable The title shogun is an abbreviation of death was judged more important than living a long life. sei-i tai shogun, meaning “barbarian- quelling generalissimo.” There were three B. Answer The The Kamakura Shogunate During the late 1100s, Japan’s two most powerful dynasty helped to clans fought for power. After almost 30 years of war, the Minamoto family main shogunates in Japanese history: unify the country, emerged victorious. In 1192, the emperor gave a Minamoto leader named Yoritomo Kamakura, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa. to preserve a the title of shogun, or “supreme general of the emperor’s army.” In effect, the figure of central In 1867, the last shogun, Yoshinobu shogun had the powers of a military dictator. authority, and to Tokugawa, was forced to turn over Following tradition, the emperor still reigned from Kyoto. (Kyoto was rebuilt on create a sense of administration of civil and military affairs order and tradition. the ruins of Heian, which had been destroyed in war.) However, the real center of to the emperor, ending nearly 700 years power was at the shogun’s military headquarters at Kamakura (KAHM•uh•KUR•uh). of shogun rule. Drawing The 1200s are known in Japanese history as the Kamakura shogunate. The pattern Conclusions of government in which shoguns ruled through puppet emperors lasted in Japan What advan- until 1868. tages were there to The Kamakura shoguns were strong enough to turn back the two naval invasions preserving the sent by the great Mongol ruler Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281. However, the ASSESS imperial dynasty, even if it lacked real Japanese victory over the Mongols drained the shoguns’ treasury. Loyal samurai power? were bitter when the government failed to pay them. The Kamakura shoguns lost SECTION 4 ASSESSMENT prestige and power. Samurai attached themselves more closely to their local lords, Have students work in pairs to answer who soon fought one another as fiercely as they had fought the Mongols. each question and then share answers Although feudal Japan no longer courted contact with China, it would continue with another pair of students. to absorb Chinese ideas and shape them into the Japanese way. As you will read in Section 5, China’s culture also influenced Korea and kingdoms of Southeast Asia. Formal Assessment • Section Quiz, p. 186 SECTION4 ASSESSMENT RETEACH TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. Work with the class to create a cause- • Shinto • samurai • Bushido • shogun and-effect flow chart of the events in

USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING Section 4. Review the main ideas of the 2. What event would you 3. Why were Japanese missions to 6. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS “The Japanese section as you complete the chart. consider the most important Tang China so important? selectively borrowed from Chinese culture.” Use turning point in Japan’s early 4. What was life like in the Heian information from the text to support this statement. Cause: Yamato clan rises. history? Why? court? 7. EVALUATING COURSES OF ACTION Why do you think the Effect: Japan establishes imperial dynasty. 5. What purpose did the samurai shoguns chose to rule through puppet emperors rather serve? than simply seizing the imperial throne themselves? event 2 event 4 8. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Was the rise of the shogun beneficial for Japan overall? Explain. Cause: trade with China event 1 event 3 9. WRITING ACTIVITY RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS Write a Effect: Japan adopts Chinese ideas. dialogue between two members of a Japanese family on why they have decided to convert to Buddhism.

Cause: CONNECT TO TODAY PREPARING AN ORAL REPORT After World War II, the Japanese adopted aspects of American culture such as baseball. Find Effect: information about baseball in Japan, noting how the Japanese have adapted the game to suit their own traditions. Present your findings in a brief oral report. In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 Empires in East Asia 343 • Reteaching Activity, p. 64

ANSWERS

1. Shinto, p. 339 • samurai, p. 343 • Bushido, p. 343 • shogun, p. 343 2. Sample Answer: Yamamoto leading clan by 6. Japan’s modification of Buddhism to suit 9. Rubric Dialogues should 400s; Court accepts Buddhism in mid-700s; Shinto showed how Japan adapted what it • clearly show the factors behind the decision 11th-century slide into feudalism most borrowed to suit its traditions. to convert. important because of changes it brought. 7. The emperor was a symbol of unity and order. • show students’ knowledge of Shintoism and 3. returned with information and ideas that Removing such a figure would probably have Buddhism. helped shape Japanese culture caused great unrest. CONNECT TO TODAY 4. Rules dictated daily life, determining 8. Yes—A strong military leader reduced conflicts Rubric Oral reports should everything from the color of official robes among rival clans. No—Too much power was • note at last three ways in which the Japanese to how to behave in public. concentrated in one person. adapted the game. 5. Wars were frequent among lords, so they • explain how each change reflects Japanese hired samurai for protection. traditions.

Teacher’s Edition 343 LESSON PLAN 5 OBJECTIVES Pavilion on West Lake in Sculpture at the Temple of • Describe kingdoms of Southeast Asia. Hangzhou, China Kingdoms of Southeast Angkor Wat, Cambodia • Summarize early Korean history. FOCUS & MOTIVATE Asia and Korea Ask students if they recognize the names MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES

Vietnamese and Khmer, which are dis- CULTURAL INTERACTION Chinese cultural influences still • Khmer • Koryu cussed in this section. (Some students Several smaller kingdoms affect East and Southeast Asia Empire Dynasty may associate these names with the U.S. prospered in East and Southeast today. • Angkor Wat Asia, a region culturally war in Vietnam and the rise of the Khmer influenced by China and India. Rouge in neighboring Cambodia.) SETTING THE STAGE To the south of China lies the region called Southeast Asia. It includes the modern countries of Myanmar (Burma), Laos, Cambodia, INSTRUCT Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Brunei, and the Philippines. Thousands of miles from this region, to China’s northeast, lies the Korean penin- Kingdoms of Southeast Asia sula. This peninsula is currently divided between North Korea and South Korea. In the shadow of powerful China, many small but prosperous kingdoms rose and Critical Thinking fell in Southeast Asia and Korea. • Why might India and China have taken an interest in Southeast Asia? (Possible TAKING NOTES Kingdoms of Southeast Asia Categorizing Use a Answers: control trade routes, acquire chart to note important In Southeast Asia’s river valleys and deltas and on its islands, many kingdoms markets and resources, spread religion) information on the had centuries of glory and left monuments of lasting beauty. • How might increased rice production kingdoms discussed Geography of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia lies between the Indian and in this section. have helped the Khmer prosper? Pacific oceans and stretches from Asia almost to Australia. It consists of two main parts: (1) Indochina, the mainland peninsula that borders China to the north (Possible Answer: could sell surpluses Kingdom Notes for a profit and allow some of the pop- and India to the west, and (2) the islands, the largest of which include Sumatra, Khmer Borneo, and Java. All of Southeast Asia lies within the warm, humid tropics. ulation to pursue nonagricultural Dai Viet Monsoon winds bring the region heavy seasonal rains. functions) Korea Seas and straits separate the islands of Southeast Asia. On the mainland, five • What similarities are there among these Sailendra great rivers flow from the north and cut valleys to the sea. Between the valleys kingdoms? (influenced by neighboring rise hills and mountains, making travel and communication difficult. Over time, Srivijaya powers, trade and religion important) many different peoples settled the region, so it was home to many cultures. Throughout Southeast Asia’s history, the key to political power often has been In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 control of trade routes and harbors. This is because Southeast Asia lies on the • Guided Reading, p. 46 (also in Spanish) most direct sea route between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. Two important waterways connect the two seas: the Strait of Malacca, between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, and the Sunda Strait, between Sumatra and Java. TEST-TAKING RESOURCES Influence of India and China Indian merchant ships, taking advantage of the Test Generator CD-ROM monsoon winds, began arriving in Southeast Asia by the first century A.D. In the period that followed, Hindu and Buddhist missionaries spread their faiths to the Strategies for Test Preparation region. In time, kingdoms arose that followed these religions and were modeled Test Practice Transparencies, TT45 on Indian political ideas. Gradually, Indian influence shaped many aspects of the Online Test Practice region’s culture. This early Indian influence on Southeast Asia is evident today in the region’s religions, languages, and art forms. 344 Chapter 12

SECTION 5 PROGRAM RESOURCES

ALL STUDENTS STRUGGLING READERS In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 eEdition CD-ROM • Guided Reading, p. 46 • Guided Reading, p. 46 Power Presentations CD-ROM Formal Assessment • Building Vocabulary, p. 47 World Art and Cultures Transparencies • Section Quiz, p. 187 • Reteaching Activity, p. 65 • AT27 Vajimukha, Horse-Headed God Reading Study Guide, p. 115 Critical Thinking Transparencies ENGLISH LEARNERS Reading Study Guide Audio CD In-Depth Resources in Spanish • CT48 Chapter 12 Visual Summary • Guided Reading, p. 88 GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS Electronic Library of Primary Sources Reminiscences in Retirement Reading Study Guide (Spanish), p. 115 Electronic Library of Primary Sources • from Reading Study Guide Audio CD (Spanish) • from Reminiscences in Retirement classzone.com

344 Chapter 12 Chinese ideas and culture spread southward in the region through migration and CHAPTER 12 • Section 5 trade. At different times, the Chinese also exerted political influence over parts of mainland Southeast Asia, either through direct rule or by demanding tribute from local rulers. The Khmer Empire The Khmer (kmair) Empire, in what is now Cambodia, was More About . . . A. Possible Answer for centuries the main power on the Southeast Asian mainland. By the 800s, the It was wealthy and Khmer had conquered neighboring kingdoms and created an empire. This empire Early Sea Trade Routes well organized, had reached the peak of its power around 1200. skilled laborers and Improved rice cultivation helped the Khmer become prosperous. The Khmer built Evidence exists of sea trade between great engineering elaborate irrigation systems and waterways. These advances made it possible to grow Mediterranean countries and Southeast knowledge, was influenced by three or four crops of rice a year in an area that had previously produced only one. Asia, India, and China from about the first Hinduism. At their capital, Angkor, Khmer rulers built extensive city-and-temple com- century A.D. Mediterranean objects from plexes. One of these, called Angkor Wat, is one of the world’s greatest architec- the Roman period have been discovered tural achievements. The complex, which covers nearly a square mile, was built as Making in the waters of Southeast Asian ports. a symbolic mountain dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. The Khmer also used it Inferences Indian ships may have carried goods What does the as an observatory. size and splendor farther east to these shores, or vessels Island Trading Kingdoms Powerful kingdoms also developed on Southeast Asia’s of Angkor Wat sug- from Mediterranean ports may have gest about the islands. For example, a dynasty called Sailendra ruled an agricultural kingdom on empire that con- the island of Java. The Sailendra kings left behind another of the world’s great made the entire voyage. structed it? architectural monuments, the Buddhist temple at Borobudur. Built around 800, this World Art and Cultures Transparencies temple—like Angkor Wat—reflects strong Indian influence. The massive complex • AT27 Vajimukha, Horse-Headed God has nine terraced levels like a stepped pyramid. The Sailendra Dynasty eventually fell under the domination of the powerful island empire of Srivijaya. At its height from the 7th to the 13th centuries, Srivijaya ruled the Strait of Malacca and other waters around the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. It grew wealthy by taxing the trade that passed through its waters. The History from Visuals

120 Interpreting the Map ASIA E 1 Ask students to note the latitudes of Southeast Asia, 900–1200 Korea and Southeast Asia. How would GOBI the climates of these two areas differ? DESERT Sea of 40 TAKLIMAKAN KOREA Japan How would this difference affect agricul- DESERT e H g Heian ture? (Southeast Asia is farther south, so n Hua Yellow (Kyoto) Sea much of the region would enjoy warmer CHINA JAPAN ng (SONG) TIBET ia temperatures and a longer growing J g Hangzhou n a season than Korea.) HIM YAS h ALA C 2 L Gang Built in the 1100s, Extension Ask students to list the mod- es R Angkor Wat is the world’s INDIA . DAI VIET ern names of Southeast Asian countries Hanoi largest religious structure. M PACIFIC e k P reached by sea routes from India. They o n h i OCEAN g South l i R p L The temple at may refer to the political map of Asia in . p Bay of KHMER China i n Borobudur has 92 e Bengal Angkor Sea the textbook atlas. (Myanmar, Thailand, 1 I s statues of Buddha

a n on its top level. Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam)

d s Malay INDIAN Peninsula Trade route SKILLBUILDER Answers OCEAN Sumatra Borneo Strait of SRIVIJAYA 0 Equator 1. Location between Sumatra and Malacca GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps Celebes Moluccas Malay Peninsula; connected Indian Palembang 1. Location Where is the Strait of Malacca and why was it Sunda 2 0 500 Miles Strait important to trade? Ocean and South China Sea and Borobudur Java 2. Movement Name one way Chinese culture might have spread Pacific Ocean 0 1,000 Kilometers around Southeast Asia. Empires in East Asia 345 2. Movement through trade

DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS

Angkor Wat and Borobudur: Two Holy Sites Class Time 45 minutes most significant features of the structure. Each project should incorporate Task Creating a poster or a three-dimensional model of a famous explanatory captions that: religious structure • identify important facts about the building (such as when it was Purpose To analyze the aesthetic, historical, and religious significance of constructed, what its dimensions are, and what types of materials Angkor Wat and Borobudur were used) Instructions Have small groups of students use library resources or the • elaborate upon the religious significance of the structure’s design Internet to research Angkor Wat or Borobudur. Explain that the goal of and major elements their research is to gather information that they can use to create a poster • explain how the building was used in the past and how it is or three-dimensional model of the religious structure they choose. Tell stu- used today dents that, in designing their project, they should be careful to include the If time permits, have students present their work to the class.

Teacher’s Edition 345 CHAPTER 12 • Section 5 Srivijayas established their capital, Palembang, on Sumatra. Palembang became a great center of Buddhist learning, where Chinese monks could study instead of traveling to India. Dai Viet The people of Southeast Asia least influenced by Tip for English Learners India were the Vietnamese. Located in the coastal region just south of China, Vietnam fell under Chinese domination. Point out to students the two sentences Around 100 B.C., during the mighty Han Dynasty, China took in the passages about the Dai Viet that northern Vietnam. When China’s Tang Dynasty weakened in B. Answer the early A.D. 900s, Vietnam managed to break away. It Vietnam use the verb fall in conjunction with a adopted many became an independent kingdom, known as Dai Viet, in 939. preposition (fall under and fall from). aspects of Chinese The Vietnamese absorbed many Chinese cultural influ- Have students explain each phrase’s culture but strove ences, including Buddhism and ideas about government. to preserve its own meaning. Ask students who speak other However, they also preserved a strong spirit of independence cultural identity. languages whether their word for fall is and kept their own cultural identity. Vietnamese women, for used similarly. example, traditionally had more freedom and influence than Comparing their Chinese counterparts. How was Rulers of the Ly Dynasty (1009–1225) located their capital Vietnam’s culture at Hanoi, on the Red River delta. They established a strong influenced by Chinese culture? central government, encouraged agriculture and trade, and L An uprising greatly improved road and river transportation. The changes made by the Ly against the Chinese continued to influence life in Vietnam long after they fell from power. in A.D. 40 was led by Vietnamese Korean Dynasties women. Korean Dynasties According to a Korean legend, the first Korean state was founded by the hero Critical Thinking Tan’gun, whose father was a god and whose mother was a bear. Another legend • Is cultural influence, such as that of relates that it was founded by a royal descendant of the Chinese Shang Dynasty. China on Korea, a positive or negative These legends reflect two sides of Korean culture. On one hand, the Koreans were a distinct people who developed their own native traditions. On the other hand, phenomenon? (Possible Answer: their culture was shaped by Chinese influences from early dynastic times. depends on how the interaction is However, like the Japanese, the Koreans adapted borrowed culture to fit their own viewed by members of affected needs and maintained a distinct way of life. cultures) Geography of Korea Korea is located on a peninsula that juts out from the Asian • What benefits and drawbacks might the mainland toward Japan. It is about the same size as the state of Utah. Korea’s cli- Koryu Dynasty have created by making mate is hot in the summer and very cold in the winter. Like Japan, Korea is a moun- government positions hereditary? (less tainous land, and only a limited portion of the peninsula can be farmed. A conflict and competition; country would mountainous barrier lies between Korea and its northern neighbor, Manchuria. not necessarily be governed by the Because of the mountains and the seas, Korea developed somewhat in isolation from its neighbors. most capable people) Early History In early Korea, as in early Japan, different clans or tribes controlled Electronic Library of Primary Sources different parts of the country. In 108 B.C., the Han empire conquered much of Korea • from Reminiscences in Retirement and established a military government there. Through the Chinese, Koreans learned about such ideas as centralized government, Confucianism, Buddhism, and writing. During Han rule, the various Korean tribes began to gather together into federa- More About . . . tions. Eventually, these federations developed into three rival kingdoms. In the mid-600s, one of these kingdoms, the Silla, defeated the other kingdoms, drove out The Period of Silla Rule the Chinese, and gained control of the whole Korean peninsula. Under Silla rule, the Koreans built Buddhist monasteries and produced elegant The capital of Silla, which is now Kyongju stone and bronze sculptures. They also developed a writing system suitable for City, housed nearly one million people. writing Korean phonetically though still using Chinese characters. By the ninth century, it had become the The Koryu Dynasty By the tenth century, Silla rule had weakened. Around 935, a fourth-largest city in the world. rebel officer named Wang Kon gained control of the country and became king. He 346 Chapter 12

DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: ENGLISH LEARNERS

Understanding Korean Dynasties Word/Information Meaning/Details Strategies Class Time 20 minutes legend a story that is made synonyms: myth, tall tale, Task Creating a chart of challenging words and information up or only partly true fable Purpose To introduce a reading strategy to English learners Korea’s rulers clans, Han, Silla, Koryu, mnemonic: Children have Instructions Before students begin to read “Korean Dynasties,” on this Mongols, Choson studied Korea’s many chiefs. page, ask them to draw a three-column table in their notebooks. As they read, have students write words or information that they find difficult in century 100 years etymology: from Latin the first column. Students should use the text or a dictionary to complete root meaning 100; also in the second column. Work with students to fill the third column with strate- cent (100 cents/dollar), gies to help them remember their entries. Examples are synonyms and percent (per 100) antonyms, mnemonics (memory devices), etymologies (word origins), and tribute payment to someone own sentence: My younger using a word in a sentence they create. A sample chart is shown here. stronger so they will sister pays me a monthly leave you alone tribute of one pack of gum. 346 Chapter 12 named his new dynasty Koryu. The Koryu Dynasty CHAPTER 12 • Section 5 lasted four and a half centuries, from 935 to 1392. The Koryu Dynasty modeled its central government after China’s. It also established a Two Koreas CHINA civil service system. However, this system did not Since the end of World provide the social mobility for Koreans that it did War II, Korea has been NORTH Connect to Today KOREA Sea of for the Chinese. Koryu society was sharply divided arbitrarily divided into two Japan between a landed aristocracy and the rest of the countries—communist SOUTH Two Koreas North Korea and KOREA population, including the military, commoners, and democratic South Korea. Until the mid-1970s, North Korea was slaves. Despite the examination system, the sons For years, many Koreans significantly richer than South Korea Comparing of nobles received the best positions, and these longed for their country to be reunited. How did the positions became hereditary. Hopes for such a day rose in 2000 when the in terms of per capita gross domestic Koryu government The Koryu Dynasty faced a major threat in 1231, presidents of the two nations sat down to product. The situation has changed dra- compare with the when the Mongols swept into Korea. They demanded discuss reunification. In 2002, however, North matically since then, with South Korea early imperial gov- a crushing tribute including 20,000 horses, clothing Korea announced that it was developing ernment of Japan nuclear weapons and would use them against achieving something of an economic for 1 million soldiers, and many children and arti- (page 340)? South Korea if necessary. This greatly dimmed miracle and North Korea struggling sans, who were to be taken away as slaves. The harsh C. Answer Both people’s hopes for one Korea. simply to feed its population. were modeled after period of Mongol occupation lasted until the 1360s, the Tang govern- when the Mongol Empire collapsed. ment, although In 1392, a group of scholar-officials and military their civil service leaders overthrew the Koryu Dynasty and instituted INTERNET ACTIVITY Write a news story systems did not outlining the latest developments in the provide mobility. land reforms. They established a new dynasty, reunification of the two Koreas. Go to Rubric News stories should called the Choson (or Yi) Dynasty, which would rule classzone.com for your research. • discuss the impact of North Korean for 518 years. nuclear programs on the unification Koryu Culture The Koryu period produced great process. achievements in Korean culture. Inspired by Song porcelain artists, Korean printers produced the much-admired celadon pottery, famous for its milky green glaze. • examine the attitudes toward unifica- Korean artisans produced one of the great treasures of the Buddhist world—many tion of key players in North and South thousands of large wooden blocks for printing all the Buddhist scriptures. This set of Korea and in the United States. blocks was destroyed by the Mongols, but the disaster sparked a national effort to re- create them. The more than 80,000 blocks in the new set remain in Korea today.

SECTION5 ASSESSMENT ASSESS TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. SECTION 5 ASSESSMENT • Khmer Empire • Angkor Wat • Koryu Dynasty Have students work in small groups to USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING answer the questions. Then discuss as 2. What common themes do you 3. On what was Khmer prosperity 6. RECOGNIZING EFFECTS How did geography influence the notice about the mainland based? history and culture of Southeast Asia and of Korea? a class the answer to question 6. kingdoms? about the island 4. How did Srivijaya become Illustrate your answer with examples. Formal Assessment kingdoms? wealthy and powerful? 7. COMPARING In what ways did the cultural development • Section Quiz, p. 187 5. Why are there two sides to the of Vietnam resemble that of Korea? Kingdom Notes development of Korean 8. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Why do you think that of all the Khmer culture? cultures of Southeast Asia, Vietnam was the least Dai Viet influenced by India? RETEACH Korea Sailendra 9. WRITING ACTIVITY RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS Create Use the Visual Summary to review this Srivijaya an annotated map showing how Hinduism and Buddhism section and chapter. entered Southeast Asia from China and India. Critical Thinking Transparencies CONNECT TO TODAY CREATING A TRAVEL BROCHURE • CT48 Chapter 12 Visual Summary Conduct research to find information about Angkor Wat or the Buddhist temple at Borobudur. Use your findings to create a one-page illustrated travel brochure. In-Depth Resources: Unit 3 • Reteaching Activity, p. 65 Empires in East Asia 347

ANSWERS

1. Khmer Empire, p. 345 • Angkor Wat, p. 345 • Koryu Dynasty, p. 347 2. Sample Answer: Khmer—Built Angkor Wat; 5. Koreans developed their own traditions, yet 9. Rubric Maps should Dai Viet—Women had more freedom than China deeply influenced their culture. • show the importance of trade in the spread Chinese women; Korea—Occupied by 6. location between India and China allowed of religions. Mongols; Sailendra—Built temple at benefit from cultures and trade; mountains • note China’s central role in introducing Borobudur; Srivijaya—Taxed trade. Mainland and the sea gave Korea some independence Buddhism to Korea and Vietnam. kingdoms assimilated outside cultures. Island from neighbors CONNECT TO TODAY kingdoms’ wealth based on trade. 7. both under Chinese control for a long time, Rubric Brochures should 3. improved rice production absorbed influences, but each had own • select images that illustrate the religious 4. by controlling and taxing nearby trade cultural identity structures’ most significant features. 8. because it was so close to China • include information that is both useful and interesting to travelers.

Teacher’s Edition 347 CHAPTER 12 ASSESSMENT Chapter 12 Assessment

TERMS & NAMES TERMS & NAMES Kingdoms of Southeast Asia and Korea Section 5 For each term or name below, briefly explain its connection to (pages 344–347) 1. Tang Taizong, 5. Marco Polo, East Asia between 600 and 1350. 17. Describe the two sources of prosperity for Southeast p. 323 p. 337 1. Tang Taizong 5. Marco Polo Asian empires. 2. Wu Zhao, p. 323 6. Shinto, p. 339 2. Wu Zhao 6. Shinto 18. What were the major accomplishments of the Koryu Dynasty? 3. Genghis Khan, 7. Angkor Wat, 3. Genghis Khan 7. Angkor Wat p. 331 p. 345 4. Kublai Khan 8. Koryu Dynasty 4. Kublai Khan, 8. Koryu Dynasty, CRITICAL THINKING p. 335 p. 347 1. USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS Create diagrams to identify two results from these Tang and Song China Section 1 (pages 323–329) developments: (a) completion of the Grand Canal under the MAIN IDEAS 9. Why was the reform of the civil service under the Tang so Sui, and (b) the use of compass at sea. significant? Answers will vary. result 10. How did changes in agriculture support other 9. It created a governing class, called the developments during the Song Dynasty? development result gentry, that was open to anyone with The Mongol Conquests Section 2 (pages 330–334) talent and education. 11. Why were nomads and settled peoples sometimes in 2. HYPOTHESIZING 10. Introducing a new rice strain conflict? EMPIRE BUILDING How might history have been different if the Mongols had conquered all or most of Europe? Discuss increased the food supply, allowing 12. What were the most important accomplishments of the Mongol Empire? the possible immediate and long-term consequences for for the growth of cities. Europe and the rest of the Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire Section 3 (pages 335–338) 3. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 11. Nomads often raided settled areas to 13. Explain how Kublai Khan treated his Chinese subjects. steal things they lacked, while settled This chapter describes the rise and fall of three Chinese 14. How did Kublai Khan encourage trade? dynasties. What recurring patterns appear in the decline of peoples wanted to expand onto the Feudal Powers in Japan Section 4 (pages 339–343) these dynasties? What advice, based on those patterns, might you give a Chinese emperor? nomads’ grazing land. 15. Describe the impact of Chinese culture on Japan. 12. establishing largest empire in 16. How did feudalism develop in Japan? 4. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS CULTURAL INTERACTION How does Japanese adaptation of world history; promoting trade Buddhism illustrate the process of selective cultural borrowing? throughout Asia 13. He barred Chinese from high political offices, but he did retain Chinese officials to serve at the local level. 14. by restoring and extending the Grand East Asian Interaction with China Canal and building a paved highway alongside it; by insuring the safety CHINA of trade routes; by inviting foreign merchants to China EXAM EXAM 15. Japan adopted much from Chinese culture, including Buddhism and Japan Mongols Korea Southeast Asia writing, but it was unable to import • Buddhism • Conquest of China • Buddhism • Dai Viet: Buddhism, strong central China’s civil service system. Writing system Spread of Chinese ideas • Writing system • • government 16. As the central government faded, • Civil service through Mongol Empire • Civil service across Eurasia Other areas: spread of Printing • large landowners acquired military • ideas through migration Porcelain might and fought one another. • and trade 17. rice production and trade 18. civil service system; celadon pottery; thousands of large wooden blocks for 348 Chapter 12 printing Buddhist scriptures CRITICAL THINKING Answers will vary. 3. Patterns—Growing unrest, peasant rebellions, 1. (a) 1. improved north-south trade; (a) 2. caused military pressure from outside; Advice—Treat rebellion against the Sui; (b) 1. enabled sea trade peasants well, promote trade, build to expand; (b) 2. contributed to China’s prosperity border defenses. 2. Immediate—Destruction of cities and governments, 4. The Japanese merged their own Shinto beliefs great loss of life, one or more European khanates, with the Buddhist faith that they adopted from brief period of Mongol rule; Long-term—Expanded the Chinese. This follows the general pattern of trade, faster spread of Asian culture, completely Japanese cultural borrowing—which was to adapt different European cultures. what they borrowed to suit their own traditions and needs.

348 Chapter 12 CHAPTER 12 ASSESSMENT

Use the quotation—part of a message sent by Kublai Khan Use the map and your knowledge of world history to to Japan’s imperial court—and your knowledge of world answer question 3. history to answer questions 1 and 2. Additional Test Practice, pp. S1–S33. Population Density: Tang Dynasty STANDARDS-BASED

KOREA ASSESSMENT

e The Emperor of the Great Mongols addresses the King of H g Yellow n Japan as follows: . . . I am sending you my envoys bearing u a Sea 1. The correct answer is letter C, because Xi’an H Luoyang my personal message. It is my hope that the g n he is asking that communication a Hangzhou communication between our two countries be opened and hang Ji Chengdu C East between the two countries be opened maintained and that our mutual friendship be established. China A sage regards the whole world as one family; how can CHINA Sea PACIFIC and maintained. Letter A is incorrect OCEAN different countries be considered one family if there is not Xi High because surrender is not mentioned in friendly communication between them? Is force really Density the passage. Similarly, letter B is incor- necessary to establish friendly relations? I hope that you South China Moderate Density will give this matter your most careful attention. Sea rect because there is no mention of SUNG LIEN, quoted in The Essence of Chinese Civilization prisoners of war. Letter D is incorrect 3. During the Tang Dynasty, which areas of China were most because the possibility of the Japanese 1. What is Kublai Khan asking of the Japanese? densely populated? and Mongols becoming allies in a war A. to surrender without a fight A. east and north is not mentioned. B. west and south B. to exchange prisoners of war 2. The correct answer is letter A, because C. central China C. to establish diplomatic relations with the Mongols there is a veiled threat in the question, D. far west D. to join the Mongols in a war against Europe “Is force really necessary to establish 2. Which of the following best describes the tone of the friendly relations?” Letter B is incorrect message? because there is nothing humorous A. mildly threatening TEST PRACTICE Go to classzone.com in the message. Since no violent B. funny • Diagnostic tests • Strategies C. extremely violent • Tutorials • Additional practice language or open threats are used D. pleading in the message, letter C is incorrect. Letter D is incorrect because Kublai Khan does not plead with the ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT Japanese to establish relations. 1. Interact with History NetExplorations: Chinese Healing Arts 3. By referring to the legend, you will Through the activity on page 322, you looked at the importance see that darker areas denote higher of Chinese inventions in world history. (After reading the Go to NetExplorations at classzone.com to learn more about chapter, you may have recognized that this imaginary situation Chinese healing arts. Use the Internet to learn how Chinese population densities. These are and Western doctors treat a variety of common illnesses and was inspired by the travels of Marco Polo.) Now that you have located on the east coast and in read the chapter, consider the impact of Chinese inventions and how long these treatments have been common practice. You how they spread. Would you now choose a different invention? may want to include the following illnesses in your research: the north. Therefore, letter A is the Is there any other invention you would choose instead of those • the common cold correct answer. on page 322? Discuss these questions with a small group. • influenza 2. WRITING ABOUT HISTORY • asthma Formal Assessment RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS Write a report on the • arthritis Japanese religion of Shinto. Illustrate your report with Create a table comparing Chinese and Western treatments for • Chapter Test, Forms A, B, and C, photographs and sketches. In your report, consider the these illnesses. Display the table online or in the classroom. pp. 188–199 following: • essential Shinto beliefs Test Generator • development of Shinto, especially the influence of Buddhism • Form A in Spanish and Confucianism • Shinto rituals and shrines

Empires in East Asia 349

ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT 1. Students who choose a different invention 2. Rubric Reports should Rubric Tables should should explain their reasons for doing so. • show a full understanding of the main • explain specific treatments for each of the Students who decide that other innovations, elements of Shintoism. illnesses listed. such as the development of a new strain of • clearly depict the main beliefs and • discuss the theories and studies cited by rice, are more worthwhile should also practices of the Shinto religion. advocates and practitioners of each method explain their reasoning. • be illustrated with relevant images. to support its use in the treatment of the • cite at least two sources. specific illness. • identify the success rates of each method. • provide anecdotal information, both pro and con, from people who have been treated with the different techniques.

Teacher’s Edition 349