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Biographie Belge D'outre-Mer Belgische Overzeese

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Biographie Belge D'outre-Mer Belgische Overzeese ACADEMIE ROYALE DES SCIENCES D’OUTRE-MER Commission de la Biographie belge d’Outre-Mer BIOGRAPHIE BELGE D’OUTRE-MER IX BELGISCHE OVERZEESE BIOGRAFIE KONINKLIJKE ACADEMIE VOOR OVERZEESE WETENSCHAPPEN Commissie voor de Belgische Overzeese Biografie 94539_BioBelge_outre-mer_IX_Voorwerk.indd 1 19/02/15 14:27 ACADEMIE ROYALE KONINKLIJKE ACADEMIE DES VOOR SCIENCES D’OUTRE-MER OVERZEESE WETENSCHAPPEN av. Louise 231 Louizalaan 231 B-1050 Bruxelles (Belgique) B-1050 Brussel (België) % 02.538.02.11 — Fax 02.539.23.53 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.kaowarsom.be ISBN 978-90-7565-254-3 D/2015/0150/1 94539_BioBelge_outre-mer_IX_Voorwerk.indd 2 19/02/15 14:27 Commission Commissie de la Biographie voor de Belgische belge d’Outre-Mer Overzeese Biografie Président – Voorzitter Guy VANTHEMSCHE Membres – Leden Anne CORNET Edward CUYPERS Jacques DE CUYPER Hendrik DEELSTRA Gauthier DE VILLERS GRANDCHAMPS John JACOBS Henri NICOLAÏ Valérie PIETTE Danielle SWINNE Jan VANDERSMISSEN Jean-Luc VELLUT Marc WÉRY Secrétaire perpétuel – Vast Secretaris Philippe GOYENS 94539_BioBelge_outre-mer_IX_Voorwerk.indd 3 19/02/15 14:27 94539_BioBelge_outre-mer_IX_Voorwerk.indd 4 19/02/15 14:27 INTRODUCTION INLEIDING Près de sept décennies se sont écoulées Bijna zeven decennia zijn verlopen sedert depuis la parution, en 1948, du premier tome de verschijning van het eerste deel van de de la Biographie coloniale belge, ancêtre Belgische Koloniale Biografie in 1948. Dit direct de la Biographie belge d’Outre-Mer, naslagwerk was de rechtstreekse voorloper dont le lecteur a sous les yeux le neuvième van de Belgische Overzeese Biografie, waar- tome. Le travail fourni depuis les débuts de van de lezer nu het negende volume onder cette entreprise est impressionnant: environ ogen heeft. Sinds het begin van deze onder- cinq mille cinq cents notices biographiques, neming werd enorm veel werk geleverd: certaines fort brèves, d’autres beaucoup plus ongeveer vijfduizend vijfhonderd biografi- longues, ont été publiées dans les huit tomes sche notities — sommige zeer kort, andere (en dix volumes) qui précédèrent le présent veel langer — werden gepubliceerd in de ouvrage qui, lui-même, en comporte cent eerst acht delen (in tien volumes) die aan dit vingt-sept. Ce dictionnaire biographique deel vooraf gingen. Het voorliggende deel figure parmi les plus usités et les plus cités par telt weer honderd zeven en twintig nieuwe les chercheurs belges et étrangers qui s’inté- notities. Dit biografische woordenboek ressent à l’expansion outre-mer de notre pays. behoort tot de meest gebruikte naslagwerken Il a donc rendu de fiers services à la recherche van het land; het wordt vaak geciteerd door historique. Néanmoins, ce neuvième tome binnen- en buitenlandse vorsers die zich sera également le dernier de la série. En effet, bezig houden met de Belgische overzeese l’Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer expansie. Het heeft dus grote diensten gele- (ARSOM) a décidé de mettre un point final à verd aan het wetenschappelijk onderzoek. cette entreprise de longue haleine — mais non Toch is dit negende deel ook het laatste van sans la remplacer par un nouvel instrument de de reeks. De Koninklijke Academie voor recherche, le Dictionnaire biographique des Overzeese Wetenschappen (KAOW) heeft Belges d’Outre-Mer. Pourquoi cette double immers een punt gezet aan die onderneming décision? van lange adem — maar tegelijk heeft ze L’ancienne Biographie coloniale portait ook een nieuw referentiewerk gelanceerd, clairement les marques de son époque. Ses het Biografisch Woordenboek van Belgen premiers volumes ont vu le jour à l’issue de Overzee. Waarom die dubbele beslissing? la Seconde Guerre mondiale et pendant les De oude Koloniale Biografie was duidelijk années 1950, apogée de l’empire colonial een kind van haar tijd. Haar eerste delen belge. Elle avait certes des aspirations werden gepubliceerd vlak na de Tweede «purement scientifiques», mais elle n’en Wereldoorlog en tijdens de jaren 1950, het était pas moins conçue comme un monu- hoogtepunt van het Belgische koloniale rijk. ment intellectuel érigé à la gloire des «pion- Dit biografisch woordenboek had natuurlijk niers» de l’édification de l’Etat Indépendant wetenschappelijke ambities, maar het was du Congo, puis du Congo belge. Les grandes ook geconcipieerd als een intellectueel monu- personnalités, alors vieillissantes, du monde ment opgericht ter ere van de „pioniers” die colonial belge qui faisaient partie de l’Insti- eerst de Onafhankelijke Congostaat en tut royal colonial belge (IRCB, l’ancêtre de nadien Belgisch Congo hadden opgebouwd. l’ARSOM), tenaient ainsi à rendre hom- De ouder wordende personaliteiten van het mage à leurs compagnons disparus — admi- Belgische koloniale establishment, die lid nistrateurs, hommes d’affaires, mission- waren van het Koninklijk Belgisch Kolo- naires et scientifiques — afin de perpétuer niaal Instituut (KBKI, de voorloper van de leur mémoire pour les générations futures. KAOW), wilden immers hulde brengen aan 94539_BioBelge_outre-mer_IX_Voorwerk.indd 5 19/02/15 14:27 VI INTRODUCTION Le contenu de nombreuses notices biogra- hun overleden collega’s — ambtenaren, phiques publiées alors s’en est nettement res- zakenlieden, missionarissen en wetenschap- senti; l’apologie pointe régulièrement son pers — opdat hun herinnering niet verloren nez; les aspects «délicats» des parcours bio- zou gaan voor de komende generaties. De graphiques et toutes les controverses qu’avait inhoud van vele notities draagt ontegenspre- suscitées la colonisation belge étaient pudi- kelijk de sporen van deze geestesgesteld- quement passés sous silence. Les membres de heid; vaak was de toon heel apologetisch; la Commission de la Biographie de l’IRCB alle controverses en de „delicate” aspecten veillaient de façon scrupuleuse à ce que le van deze of gene levensloop werden zorgvul- contenu des notices fût conforme à la doxa dig vermeden. De leden van de Commissie coloniale belge. Exemple révélateur du poids voor de Biografie van het KBKI wilden dat de ce passé: il fallut attendre le présent de inhoud van de notities overeenstemde met volume IX pour qu’une figure clé de l’his- de toenmalige koloniale doxa. Tekenend toire coloniale belge, le jadis très diabolisé voorbeeld van het gewicht van dit verleden: Edmund D. Morel, trouve enfin sa place dans pas in het huidige deel 9 kreeg een sleutelfi- la Biographie: «oubli» ou «négligence» qui guur van de Belgische koloniale geschiede- en dit long sur le climat dans lequel fut conçu nis, de vroeger verketterde Edmund D. cet ouvrage de référence… Le lecteur qui Morel, eindelijk een plaats in de Biografie. voudrait en savoir davantage pourra se repor- Een „vergetelheid” of een „nalatigheid” die ter à l’article que nous avons consacré à veel zegt over het klimaat waarin dit referen- l’histoire de la Biographie coloniale dans le tiewerk tot stand kwam… Wie hierover meer Bulletin des Séances de l’ARSOM [1]. wil weten, kan een artikel raadplegen dat we Bref, beaucoup de notices consacrées à onlangs publiceerden in de Mededelingen d’éminentes figures de la colonisation belge der Zittingen van de KAOW [1]: deze studie ne répondent pas aux exigences de la connais- analyseert de geschiedenis van de Koloniale sance scientifique. Elles mériteraient (ou plu- Biografie. tôt elles devraient) être réécrites à la lumière Kortom: heel wat notities over grote figu- des nouvelles sources désormais accessibles ren van de Belgische kolonisatie kunnen de et des problématiques et approches scienti- toets van de huidige wetenschap niet meer fiques actuelles. Certes, les volumes plus doorstaan. Ze moeten herschreven worden in récents de la Biographie belge d’Outre-Mer, het licht van de huidige wetenschappelijke grosso modo ceux publiés à partir des années benaderingen en aan de hand van de bronnen 1970 (tomes VII et VIII), s’étaient large- die nu raadpleegbaar zijn. Uiteraard hadden ment distanciés de l’esprit apologétique qui de jongste volumes van de Belgische Over- imprégnait les volumes précédents. En outre, zeese Biografie (grossomodo zij die versche- la composition de la Commission de la Bio- nen vanaf de jaren 1970, dus delen 7 en 8) graphie elle-même s’était profondément ruimschoots afstand genomen van de apolo- modifiée suite aux décès successifs des getische geest die de vorige delen doorde- anciens maîtres d’œuvre de la colonie belge; semde. Bovendien was de samenstelling van ces nouveaux membres, désormais exclusive- de Commissie voor de Biografie ondertussen ment des scientifiques et non plus des «prati- grondig gewijzigd door het overlijden van de ciens de la colonisation», avaient élargi les vroegere „bouwheren” van de Belgische [1] G. Vanthemsche, «Van de Belgische Koloniale Biografie naar het [1] G. Vanthemsche, „Van de Belgische Koloniale Biografie naar het Biografisch Woordenboek van Belgen Overzee», in Bull. Séanc. Acad. R. Biografisch Woordenboek van Belgen Overzee”, in Meded. Zitt. K. Acad. Sci. Outre-Mer, 57 (2-4 ‒ 2011): 215-235. Overzeese Wet., 57 (2-4 ‒ 2011): 215-235. 94539_BioBelge_outre-mer_IX_Voorwerk.indd 6 19/02/15 14:27 INLEIDING VII horizons couverts par le dictionnaire. Doré- kolonie. Die nieuwe leden, nu enkel weten- navant, l’Afrique centrale n’était plus la schappers en niet meer „ervaringsdeskundi- seule région d’outre-mer à retenir l’attention. gen” van de kolonisatie, hadden tevens de Toutefois, certaines régions (Extrême et horizonten van het woordenboek verruimd. Moyen-Orient, Amérique latine) et certains Centraal Afrika monopoliseerde niet langer domaines (les milieux
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