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zz Available online at http://www.journalcra.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH International Journal of Current Research Vol. 13, Issue, 01, pp. 15762-15766, January, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.40647.01.2021 ISSN: 0975-833X RESEARCH ARTICLE ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF COALITION POLITICS IN

*1Tanveer Aziz Dar and 2Dr. S. Prabhakaran

1 2 M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Annamalai University ARTICLEAssistantINFO Professor, DepartmentABSTRACT of Political Science and Public Administration, Annamalai University

Article History: The paper covets to draw attention to the origin and growth of coalition politics in India. The Received 08th October, 2020 manuscript wants to emphasize the fruition of coalition governments in India. The assessment of Received in revised form coalition politics and a scrutiny of how far coalition remains vivacious nevertheless stable. However 17th November, 2020 tough it is to make policy decisions once of ideologies forms the political government. Coalitions are Accepted 03rd December, 2020 shaped to avert a common enemy from the government and capturing the political power. Evenly Published online 30th January, 2021 fascinating is the reality a coalition devoid of ideological mornings survives till the rival is defeated. However manufacturing political adjustments, main beliefs may have to be set out-of-the-way and in Key Words: this course Ideology becomes the primarily to suffer. Once the election success is ended, differences Withdrawal, Union, Coalition, Government, come to the float up and the formation of coalitation collapses like a bunch of cards. On the basis of India, Alliance, Ideology, Partner. facts, history and research one has to admit India lives in affairs of state of Coalition. In general the piece of work also throughs light on the pros and cons of coalition politics. Copyright © 2021, Tanveer Aziz Dar and 2Dr. S. Prabhakaran. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Citation: Tanveer Aziz Dar and Dr. S. Prabhakaran. “How corona virus pandemic (covid -19) affect the teaching & training of dental institutions of India- a descriptive study”, International Journal of Current Research, 13, (01), 15762-15766.

INTRODUCTION single party to realise a possible majority within the representative house(lower house) of the assembly. Coalition is a trend of a democratic multi-party system where a large number of parties unite for the purpose of Objectives operationalize the government which is or else not possible. A coalition is formed when many groups come into familiar In the current study, it is safe to say that coalition politics has conditions with each other and define a programme or agenda settled in Indian federal system. On a deeper analysis, it is on which they are planning to work. A coalition government reflective of a societal transformation; where a larger number forever remains in pulls and pressures mostly in a dynamic of hitherto covert groups of Indian society are getting socio-economic, multicultural and multinational country like mobilised and politicised. In the situation, once again, several factors need to be examined. In this aspect, this study focused India. The term “coalition” springs from the Latin word on the following: ‘coalition’ that means ‘to go’ or ‘grow together’. Therefore, it means that associate act of coalescing or uniting into one body or alliance. It indicates the mixture of variety of bodies or 1. To study the evolution of coalition politics in India. components into one body or whole. within the political sense 2. To examine the history of coalition politics in India. it is used to point out an agreement or impermanent union 3. To narrate the strength and challenges of coalition between numerous political groups for the control or exercise politics. of political power. Professor ogg defines coalition in the 4. How and why coalition politics became deciding factor in India. encyclopedia of social sciences, as “cooperative arrangements underneath distinct political parties or at all events members of such parties unite to create a ministry”. Thus, it may be METHODOLOGY believed that result of the exigencies of competitive multi- party system in a parliamentary type of democratic system is The present study makes an endeavor to look in the coalition coalition. It is a observable fact that where two or more government in origin of coalition politics in India. It is mainly political parties close to create a government, dipping their a fact finding study based on the exploratory method. This basic ideological variations within the event of the lack of any study is based on secondary sources of knowledge that includes Assembly debates, Manuals, Daily News Papers, *Corresponding author: Tanveer Aziz Dar, Periodicals, articles published in Journals and books etc. thus M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Annamalai University this study is based on the Historical and descriptive approach. 15763 Tanveer Aziz Dar and Dr. S. Prabhakaran, Origin and growth of coalition politics in India

International scenario of coalition politics: Coalitions are distinctive in the sense that in its place of providing choice to quite unusual in England and experiments have not proved to the government it influences the factional groups be very victorious. That is why when faced with the within the . These factional groups prospective coalition of Russell and Aberdeen in 1852, within ruling party played the character of opposition. The Disraeli declared: “England does not love coalition” in lack of unified opponent and appreciation to first- past- the- continental countries where there is a multi- party system, post voting system, the Indian national congress was coalitions are the rule not the exclusion. There have been competent to uphold its dominance. However it will be coalitions in Switzerland, France and Scandinavian countries. mistaken to believe that the Indian national Congress has According to Cambridge dictionary, coalition means “the dominated the whole nation in the first two decades joining together of different political parties or groups for a subsequent to independence. In 1952 state election assembly particular purpose, usually for a limited time, or a government the Indian national Congress won comprehensible majority in that is formed in this way”. According to ogg,”the term all the states except for PEPSU, Madras, Orissa and coalition as employed in political parties, or at all events Travancore-cochin but managed a clean majority in Rajasthan. members of such parties unite to form a government or Its opponent in Madras was saved by the partition to create ministry” new state of Andhra Pradesh, however, the Communists Party of India abases the Congress rule in November, 1954 and the Origin and Legacy of Coalition Politics in India: Coalition Presidents rule was imposed. The state assembly election was politics is not new observable fact in Indian political affairs. held in 1954 at Travancore-Cochin were coalition government India has a lot of diverse identity groups and these unique was shaped by with the support of the groups had remained in union with one another since Congress. The Coalition government formed in Orissa by centuries. This social union is one of the major features of Gantantra Parishad and Congress in 1957 which survived till Indian society. The All Indian National Congress (INC) 1967. In Kerala from 1960-1964 coalition government became the driving force behind the national movement and dominated. It had been the coalition between Muslim league, reinforced the social coalition. India saw its first coalition Congress and PSP.'' In spite the Congress dominance coalition during election in 1937 between the Muslim League and All politics at state level was from the very inception. India National Congress (INC) through the Provincial governing body elections that was held underneath rules of the Indian national Congress divide and First Coalition at the 1935 Act. Prior to the independence headed Centre (1967-1979): The Congress fiasco in the fourth the first political coalition rule in 1946. It was coalition general election fueled internal strife within the Indian between the All Indian National Congress, the Muslim League national congress. The Indian national Congress dominated by and the Hindu Mahasabha. Though, the exit of Muslim League syndicates became influential in the Congress Party decision from the Indian electoral system after independence making. In July 1969 at Bangalore session of AICC, marked strengthened the domination of the Congress Party. After the the indra Gandhi's move towards the Congress split as freedom the Indian national Congress dominated Indian intended to reassure her. She vividly spoke about radical electoral system both at the union as well as state level for at economic policies that upset the conventional group in the least twenty years through its intra-coalitional character. The Congress party. However the main causes of controversy appearance of multi-party coalition system in India today has between Mrs. Gandhi and syndicates were the filling its ancestry in the coalitional character of Congress Party. The nomination of the President of India. The Syndicates chosen Indian national congress (INC) was a leading example of Sanjeev Ready, as opponent to Indira who preferred was V.V. coalition political affairs par excellence. So to grasp the origin Giri but later chosen , prior to the issues could of coalition politics at the centre government of India it is have sorted out expelled the enviable to divide it into following phases. finance minister for the reason that of his indifference towards her financial policies. The subsequent step was fourteen Politics of the Congress system (1947-1967): The Indian commercial banks was nationalized. After that it resulted the national Congress (INC) was unquestioned political power divide in the Indian national Congress in 1969, the ruling during first two decades after independence. This domination Congress headed by Indira Gandhi and Congress (O) was for the most part ensured by the all around character of stewardship of Dr Ram Subhag Singh. Followed Congress the Congress Party, Rajini Kothari said:”The Congress was a split in 1969; the party had to enter into an inherent coalition characteristic catch all party, making an attempt to include all even at the Centre with the dravida munnetra kazagam (DMK) the additional relevant segments of political reality, together and Communists Party. Undoubtedly it was the Congress with nice several oppositional segments. It had been like a government but it was in minority and it had a lawmaking Hindu society in miniature, agglomerative and accommodative understanding with these two supporting parties. given less to specificity and thirteen differentiations and additional to agreement and catholism. The Indian national The fifth election was vital in India’s electoral politics, in this congress (INC) was a "grand alliance" with an excellent election the opposition political parties together with defected historic background and itself representing the Indian-nation cluster of the Congress shaped an electoral alliance to provide in most of its essential.” This diversity in the nature of Indian the Congress (R) a in the election, the Congress national Congress was supplemented by internal competition. (O), the Jana Sangh, and the SSP shaped The distinctive characteristic of Indian political process in first National Democratic Front (NDF). This experiment of twenty years after independence was a party system electoral alliance did not allow fruits for the opposition characterized by "dominance co-existing with competition political parties as a result, Congress won the election in however lacking a trace of alteration." This prevents complete way by attracting the electorates through radical opposition parties not to be much determining factor in change catchphrase of ‘Garibi Hatao’. Therefore Congress (R) in the in power at both the levels centre and state. The position of headship of Indira Gandhi shaped the government at the opposition in the first two decade after freedom of India was centre. This was the start of new Congress dominanation phase 15764 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 13 Issue, 01, pp. 15762-15766, January, 2021

that differs from the previous Congress dominance period and BJP shaped an alliance in some 400 under J.L.Nehru and L.B.Shastri. The declaration of constituencies to defet the Congress, so that the opposition emergency proved terribly expensive for the Indira Gandhi’s vote did not divide. Thus, the Congress was in a very Congress faction. The instant result was defeat of the Congress precarious position as the opposition parties were committed Party in the sixth general election. The opposition parties to defeat it. under the stewardship of J.P. Narain determined to offer a united front to the Congress in the coming election. The From the Coalition Instability to Stability (1989-2004): The opposition political parties like the the Jana Sangh, the election of 1989, was held under the guise of two Congress(O),the Bharatiya Lok Dal and the Socialist Party popular waves, the 'Hindu wave 'and the 'anti-Congress wave'. fused into one party which named as the Janta Party. The The Janta Dal got advantage of the later and the BJP got major blow for the Congress was unexpected split within the benefit of both. The 80 seat success of BJP in the 1989 general party in which prominent leaders like H. N. Bahuguna, election was product of 'Hindu wave' and the opposition In Jagjivan ram and abandoned the party and this election two trends became apparent the emergence of shaped the Congress for Democracy. The Janta formation BJP as an alternative to the Congress and the decline of the conjointly came into electoral understanding with CPM and Congress Party. A major shortcoming minority government of regional forces like DMK, Alkali Dal, to present the Congress National Front was that it did not develop a Common a united front in the elections. The opposition parties under a Minimum Programme and did not lay down prescribed common banner highlighted the extremes of emergency, mechanisms to resolve internal disputes within the coalition particularly forced sterilisation and restrictions on civil government. this coalition soon found itself in trouble when liberties in their election campaign. They called the voters to Devi Lal decided to organise a lobby group against V. P Singh vote for democracy against the dictatorial rule of the Indira and the V.P Singh government in order to counter the former Gandhi. The election outcome gave the Congress a big blow took a swiftness decision to implement the recommendations as the Janta Party emerged as leading party with 330 seats and of the Mandal Commission. The 1996 general election once the Congress managed to won only 154 seats, and its again produced a splintered mandate and hung- Parliament. associates, 21 by AIADMK and 7 seats won by CPI. No party could establish the government on its own. Congress lost greatly in the northern India were it managed to Furthermore, the Congress once the leading party in Indian win only two seats out of 234 seats it contested but the political system was concentrated to second position for the Congress strengthened its position in the south India by first time with 141 seats only. The BJP and its allies partner winning 92 seats as comparatively higher than the 1971 came first with 187 seats but also failed to obtain clear election. An important feature of sixth general election was the majority to form the government. The chief improvement of emergence of two party systems. The Congress domination 1996 election was the formation of alliance against both BJP saw downfall by the emergence of the Janta Party and the and congress. In 13th general election of 1999 NDA led by electoral competition began to become severely polarised. The BJP apparent as the leading coalition to claim to form the integration of the opposition parties into the Janta Party and its government. While the election results were announced the alliance with regional forces such as CPI (M), DMK, and NDA got 299 seats. The choice of people to fetch back the Alkali Dal had created largely the two party competitions. The NDA in power was the positive endorsement of the coalition Janta coalition, although short lived yet assumed huge politics. The NDA government led by BJP consists of 24 importance in the post independent political progress in India. political parties as some parties like , It laid the base of coalition politics in India and which became national conference, and other apparent after 1989 lok sabha election and continued to this smaller parties were the partners of post election coalition. The day. NDA government had completed five years of rule and had led a decade of uncertainty over coalition governments. Resurgence of the Congress party Domination (1980- 1989): The view of two party system distorted soon as the United progressive alliance (UPA) 2004-2014: Ninth Janta Party saw defection and lined way for the restoration of coalition was created in May 2004 underneath the headship of Congress rule under Mrs Gandhi and for ten a well known Economist Dr. namely (UPA) years. In the general election of 1980 the Congress Party won united progressive alliance supported by 351 seats emerged as the leading party in the Lok Sabha and with five MP’s,(NCP) Nationalist Congress Party with 9 MPs, followed by Lok Dal as the second largest party with 41 seats. Jammu & Kashmir National Conference(JKNC) with 3 MPs, The Left Front had a strength of 53 seats, it consists of CPI Indian Union Muslim League with 3 MPs, (M)-(35), RSP-(4),Forward Block-(3), and Kerala Congress (Mani) with 1 MP and others left parties. External support was (Mani group)-(l).'" When Mrs Gandhi regain to power in 1980 given by (BSP) with 21MP’s, Samajwadi Lok Sabha, she revitalized her previous approach of relying on Party with 22 MPs, Rashtriya with 4 MPs. In 2008, a small group by ignoring organisation machinery of the party. The General Secretary of the CPI (M) Prakash Karat, Mrs. Gandhi did not pay attention to reorganize the party announced Left Front withdraw support over the issue of Indo- organization and her son (Rajiv Gandhi) followed the same, U.S. nuclear Deal. even though many up’s and down’s the which led to the deterioration of party's social base. After the government survived in the midst of controversies Over “vote assassination of Mrs. Gandhi on October 31, 1984 the for cash” scam which never disclosure in coalitions. In May Congress party unanimously chooses Rajiv Gandhi as her 2009, the UPA-II was under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan descendant. In the general election of 1984, the Congress got singh as a Prime Minister for the second term in fifteenth benefited by the sympathy of the assassination of Mrs. general election Chaired by Shri Sonia Gandhi as was done in Gandhi. The Congress Party portrayed election campaign as in 2004. The 15th general elections were held with voters of 714 a way that nation in danger. Congress benefited from this, million larger than the voters of the European Union and result was a massive victory, which resulted 401 seats that was United States of America jointly. UPA-II was short of 10 seats biggest in relation to its earlier victories. The Left Front, the to reach the majority number of 272 as necessary to shape 15765 Tanveer Aziz Dar and Dr. S. Prabhakaran, Origin and growth of coalition politics in India government at the union. UPA-II had the outside support of  Coalitions may offer a source for consensus and Bahujan Samaj party with 21MP’s, with 23 compromise. This might be basically important for issues MP’s, Janta Dal Secular with 3 MPs, Rashtrya janta Dal with where policy predictability and stability is extremely 4 MP’s, others with 3MPs and others. The Samajwadi Party, enviable. e.g., constitutional reforms the Bahujan Samaj Party, the Rashtriya Janta Dal ,and The Janata Dal (Secular), all determined to do so to Kept BJP Weakness of coalition politics away of government control for the next five years.  In a coalition politics the leader of State is National democratic alliance 2014 - to present: 2014 and consistently responsible to find him playing a more 2019 Elections: The BJP, for the first time, secured a clear active position in Government creation. majority singly in both the 2014 and 2019 elections that led by  Collective Responsibility is conceivable to keep up Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the BJP leads the Coalition of contained by coalition cabinet with Prime Minister as the National democratic alliance. The current NDA the bedrock. But it is hard to accomplish this ideal in government is comprised of 19 parties and one independent a coalition Government that in a single party candidate for the Lok Sabha 2019 elections including Government. AIADMK, Janta Dal (United), , Pattali Makkal  The Prime Minister of a coalition Government cannot Katchi, , Tamil Mahila Congress, etc. as neither select his associates nor implement control the major parties. over him.  A coalition Government is probably going to be less Strengthening of coalition politics competent to bear breaches of party discipline than a single-party Government. The coalition associates are  Coalition politics over comes single party majority limited by agreement, inherent or open, on policy and headship defect by having to settle a much different and performance, and unorthodox votes by any wider public opinion, both in terms of policy and backbencher may make threats the Government’s characteristics, as reflected in the contracts of various majority as well as the very foundation of coalition. political parties approaching together to offer the  The dealing power of the parties is a function of the Government of the country. allocation of parliamentary seats, and the sharing of  In a coalition Government ministers are perpetually the parties’ policy preferences. selected from diverse supporting parties and therefore  Lawrence Lowell contends that, the parliamentary they represent diverse and even vague viewpoints. In framework will give a nation powerful and competent coalition politics diverse guiding principle supporting Government only in case of a single majority party. groups, who are also part of the Government, bring to  To discover familiar ground with associates, each bear on Government pressures that at last effect its policy political party must come across the center view on activities and clear path for good for larger public interest. its principles, priorities, and surrender some control.  Multi-party system can be viewed as a promising solution  In coalition system political Parties lose some to upright raise the level of growth, as has really been authority over messaging and decision-making, and seen in India in the course of recent years. The may think it hard to maintain a distinctive outline that debilitating of single party Government has been joined distinguishes them from their coalition partners. by rise of the economy, since there has been noteworthy  The public may detect that political party chiefs have inter-play of variety of opinion, and more prominent abandoned their main beliefs to appreciate the compromise deviating policy orientations. plunder of power.  By consolidating resources and forces with others,  The public may link individual political parties with political parties can raise their influence and achieve detested coalition policies, thus deteriorating party objectives they could not accomplish on their own. hold up in succeeding elections  Parties can expand their appeal and enlarge their vote  The need to confer with and reach agreement among share by joining forces with others. This may make coalition associates can form government decision- opportunities to safe and sound for legislative seats to making more multifarious and or slower. shape a government and accomplish other specific  Poor communication inside a political party on political objectives. coalition objectives, benefits and goals can increase  They can offer opportunities to handle cleavages intraparty tensions, spilits and divisions. (religious ethnic etc.) and expand cooperation in  Coalitions with an overpowering majority are able to government. grow weaker or marginalize democratic opposition  By distributing resources –people, money – political groups. parties can alleviate each other’s shortcomings and  For leading political parties to face no actual scene of advantages from partner strengths. losing, coalition frame can be a way to designate  The public might see coalition-building as an honorable decline or eliminate groups before they boost into attempt to think about other’s outlook and look for competitive threats over the long-term. conciliation.  Coalition partners can learn from one another and Conclusion accordingly reinforce their individual associations depend on those experiences. India is country with unity in diversity and the coalition  The public may correlate singular parties with coalition politics reflects this diversity. After gaining independence the victories, serving to enlarge support. comprehensive character of the Indian national congress had represented to all shades of Indian society. But with the course 15766 International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 13 Issue, 01, pp. 15762-15766, January, 2021 of time the transformation in the socioeconomic profile of the Chakrabarty, B. (2006). Forging Power: Coalition Politics in nation new political groups emerged and searched for space in India. New :Oxford university Press. the political expansion. The Bhartiya Janta Party after 1990 in Chander. Prakash. Indian Government and Politics. Cosmos the course of its Hindutva ideology arose as the substitute to Book Hive (P) Ltd, , 1989. Congress Party at the nationwide level however not well-built Chandra, B., Mukherje, M. & Mukerjee, A. (2008). India since enough to pledge claim for government due to restricted Independence. New Delhi: Penguin Books political and social base. 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