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A Life of Truth in Politics LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI

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A Life of Truth in Politics LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI jot OXFORD INDIA PAPERBACKS A life of truth in politics LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI A Life of Truth in Politics C. P. SRIVASTAVA DELHI OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS Acknowledgements have gathered documentary material and photographs for this bio­ graphy from a number of libraries and institutions. To all of them, particularly the following, I wish to express my profound gratitude: INehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi: Professor Ravinder Kumar, director. Dr Mari DcvSharma, deputy director, and librarian and staff. The library of the Ministry of Informat ion and Broadcasting, Govern­ ment of India, New Delhi: the librarian and staff of the library. All India Radio, New Delhi: the director-general and his staff. The Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi: Dr V.A. Pai Panandiker, director, and his staff. The Servants of the People Society, New Delhi: Shri Satya Pal. The Hindustan Times, New Delhi: I have quoted extensively from this newspaper and am deeply gratcftil also to Mr N. Thiagarajan, former chief photographer, Hindustan Times Group, who has provided the cover photograph and other photographs. The Films Division, Government of India, Bombay, the director and his staff. The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas, USA: David Humphrey, supervising archivist; John Wilson, ar­ chivist; Irene Parra, archivist; Linda Hanson, archivist; Regina Greenwell, archivist; Claudia Anderson, archivist; and Jeremy Duval, staff member. Yale University Library, Connecticut, USA: the librarian and staff of the library. The British Library, London: the librarian and staff of the library. The British Library, Newspaper Library, Colindalc, London: the librarian and staff of the library. I am immensely grateful to His Excellency Mr William Clark, Jr., the former United States ambassador to India, and to Mr John Walsh, former counsellor, US embassy in New Delhi, who introduced me to the above- named libraries in the United States. I acknowledge an enormous debt of gratitude to the following who have helped me in my research in a variety of ways or have read parts of this biography and provided invaluable comments: Paul Ellis and Victoria Zbylut of Washington; Gregoirc and Catherine de Kalbermat ten, Caroline Vance, Christine Egan, Mano) Kumar, Gagan AhluwaJia and Michael F. Foselli of New York; Capt Mangal Singh Dhillon of Fort Worth, Texas; Dr David Spiro, Dr Brian Wells, John Glover, Ian Paradinc, Dr R.N. Burjorjee, Lucinda Coleman, Paul Wynter, Bill Mansell, Chris Marlow, Chris Flatman and John Brooke of the United Kingdom; His Excellency Mr Leonid M. Zamiatin and Dr Bohdan M. Shehovych of Moscow; Jagdish Kudesia, Dr Dcepak Chugh, Dr S.C. Nigam, Shyam Gupta, Dr U.C. Rai, Rajiv Kumar, Vijay Nalgirkar, Kiran Walia, Nirmal Kama and Hari Kish an Khuranaof New Delhi; Rajesh Shah, Bhagwan Kotak, Naresh Kotak and Krishna Kotak of Bombay; Yogi Mahajan, Prem Vaidya and Jagdish Srivastava of Pune. In order to gather authentic information about Lai Bahadur Shastri’s childhood, I met his relatives in Ramnagar and Mirzapur and am grateful to them for their ready assistance. I also met the family of Mr Nishkamesh- war Misra in Varanasi. Mishraji had played an important role in helping and guiding Lai Bahadur during his school days. A detailed account of the crucially impoitant formative years of Shastri’s life, spent in Harish Chandra High School and in Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi, was provided to me by his classmate and lifelong friend Professor Raja Ram Shastri, who rose to be vice-chancellor of the Kashi Vidya Peeth. He was a Member of Parliament and was decorated with one of the highest national awards — Padma Vibhushan. Professor Raja Ram Shastri received me at his residence in Varanasi with overwhelming kind­ ness. Every day for a whole week he talked to me about his many years with Shastri, recalling in detail specific events and anecdotes, delineating different facets of Shastriji’s character and personality. Sadly, Professor Raja Ram Shastri passed away on 21 August 1991 in New Delhi. Another friend of Shastri in Varanasi, who provided information from personal knowledge about Shastriji’s early life, was Shri Brij Nandan Prasad, nextdoor neighbour of Mr Raghunath Prasad, Shastri’s maternal uncle, with whom Shastri stayed for about eight years. In New Delhi I met Pandit Bishambar Nath Pande, Member of Parliament, a close pcfsonal friend and colleague of Shastri. I am most grateful to Pandeji for the information he provided from personal knowledge about Shastri’s years in Allahabad from 1929 when he came in close touch with Jawaharlal Nehru and Purshottam Das Tandon. 1 have benefited greatly from my talks with civil servants who worked closely with Shastri. Among them were Mr Dharma Vira. then cabinet secretary, Mr C.S. Jha, then foreign secretary, Mr L.P. Singh, then home secretary, Mr K.B. Loll, then India's ambassador to the European Economic Community and to Belgium, and Mr Govind Narain who was home secretary to the UP government when Shastri was UP’s home and transport minister. I received a great deal of help in my research work from Dr Abid Hussain, former member, Planning Commission and ambassador to the United States of America, Mr Prakash Narain, former chairman. Railway Board, and principal secretary to the Government of India, Mr Naresh Chandra, former cabinet secretary, Mr Muchkund Dubcy, former foreign secretary, Mr Mahesh Prasad, former secretary, Ministry of Infor­ mation and Broadcasting, and Mr A.R. Bandyopadhyaya, former addi­ tional secretary, Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances. To all of them I am immensely grateful. In order to discuss some important matters relating to the Indo-Pak War of 1965, I met Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh, then chief of the air staff. General PP Kumaramangalam, then vice-chief and later chief of the army stafF, Lieutenant General Harbakhsh Singh, then army commander, Western Command and Wing Commander Trevor Keclor who. among others, were the heroes of the war. They provided invaluable information and comments based on their personal knowledge and experience. I have had the good fortune of meeting and talking with three renowned personalities of Indian journalism — Mr Prem Bhatia, Mr Kuldip Nayar and Mr Indcr MaJhotra, who knew Shastri well. I am most grateful for their perceptive comments about different aspects of Shastri’s prime ministership. I wish to express my deep gratitude to Dr lain West, head of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London, for his kind­ ness in giving so much of his precious time to a consideration of the circumstances of Prime Minister Shastri’s death. Squadron Leader RK Pal has helped greatly in my research work and also spent an immense amount of his time scrutinizing, with utmost thoroughness, the entire text of this work. He has made an invaluable contribution to the preparation of this biography. To Commander H.S. Sharma I am grateful for his enormous help in arranging for the entire text to be put on computer, and for providing excellent secretarial assistance. I acknowledge the many-faceted help which I have received from Mr P.C. Tandon, whose experience as a former deputy secretary, Bureau of Indian Standards, Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies, Government of India, was of great benefit to me in the preparation of the text of this book and its revision. Mr Tandon went through the manuscript and made excellent suggestions for improvement. Mr Derek Lee of the School of Languages, Anglia Polytechnic Univer­ sity, Cambridge. UK, has gone through the entire text with meticulous care and has made numerous suggestions for improvement. In the concluding stage of the preparation of this book, Mr and Mrs Beavcn of the United Kingdom provided invaluable help in entering the revised text on new diskettes and in printing the text for submission to the publishers. I am also extremely grateful to Mr Alan Wherry, marketing director, Bloomsbury Publishing Limited, London, who, besides providing invalu­ able suggestions for improvement in the text, also introduced me to my publishers, Oxford University Press. No one has helped me more than my editor at Oxford University Press; he has invested a great deal of his time in editing and improving the text of this book. Finally, my wife Nirmala has fully shared my inner urge to write this biography and has extended every possible help. My elder daughter Kal- pana and her husband Prabhat Kumar Srivastava have searched for and obtained several important photographs which have been included in this book. And my younger daughter Sadhana and her husband Rommel Varma, who are the joint authors of an acclaimed publication, The Himalayas, have taken great pains to enhance the text by careful in-house editing. While acknowledging the debt of gratitude which I owe to all those who have been mentioned earlier by name and to those others who have helped in a variety of ways, I take full responsibility for the contents of this biography and am solely responsible for all the views and comments within it. Contents List of Illusion 15 Introduction 12 Birth, Childhood and Education 23 Member, The Servants of the People Society 41 From Village-level Worker to Provincial Leader 46 Parliamentary Secretary and Cabinet Minister 58 National Leader and Central Cabinet Minister 65 India's Prime Minister 88 India at the Time of Succession 98 The Task for Prime Minister Shastri 103 Shastri's Approach 106 The First Year in Office 111 India's Relations with Pakistan 152 India's Relations with the USA
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