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THE LIFE of WASHINGTON Aldericanhistory Throughliterature THE LIFE OF WASHINGTON AlDericanHistory ThroughLiterature Paul Finkelman Series Editor FREEDOM ROAD Howard Fast Introduction by Eric Foner JOHN RANDOLPH Henry Adams Introduction by Robert McColley THE LIn Of WASHINGTON Mason L. Weems Introduction by Peter S. Onuf GETIYSBURG Edited by Earl Schenck Miers and Richard A. Brown Introduction by James I. Robertson, Jr. CLonL; OR, THE PRESIDENT'S DAUGHTER William Wells Brown Introduction by Joan E. Cashin THE LIFE OF WASHINGTON MASON LOCKE WEEMS Anew edition with primary documents and introduction by PETERS. ONUF ROUTLEDGE Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published1996 by M.E. Sharpe Published2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square,Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OXI4 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledgeis an imprint ofthe Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Forewordand About theEditor copyright© 1996 Taylor & Francis.All rights reserved. Introduction and introductionto RelatedDocuments copyright © 1996 by PeterS. Onuf No part of this book may be reprintedor reproducedor utilised in any form or by any electronic,mechanical, or other means,now known or hereafterinvented, including photocopyingand recording,or in any information storageor retrieval system,without permissionin writing from the publishers. Notices No responsibilityis assumedby the publisherfor any injury and/ordamage to personsor property as a matterof productsliability, negligenceor otherwise, or from any use of operationof any methods,products, instructions or ideas containedin the material herein. Practitionersand researchersmust always rely on their own experienceand knowledgein evaluatingand using any information, methods,compounds, or experimentsdescribed herein. In using such information or methodsthey should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others,including partiesfor whom they have a professionalresponsibility. Productor corporatenames may be trademarksor registeredtrademarks, and are usedonly for identification and explanationwithout intent to infringe. Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Weems,M. L. (MasonLocke), 1759-1825. The life of Washington/ Mason Locke Weems;a new edition with primary documentsand introductionby PeterS. Onuf. p. cm. - (Americanhistory through literature) Previouslypublished: Mount Vernon, N.Y. : Printedfor membersof the Limited Editions Club at the pressof A Colish, 1974. ISBN 1-56324-698-8(alk. paper)-- ISBN 1-56324-699-6(pbk. : alk. paper) I. Washington,George, 1732-1799. 2. Presidents-UnitedStates-Biography. 3. Generals-UnitedStates-Biography. 4. United States.Continental Army-Biography. I. Onuf, PeterS. II. Title. III. Series. E312.W3893 1996 973.4'1 '092-dc20 [B) 95-26565 CIP ISBN 13: 9781563246999(pbk) ISBN 13: 9781563246982(hbk) Contents Forewordby Paul Finkelman vii Introductionby PeterS. Onuf ix I Introductory 1 II Birth and Education 5 III George'sFather Dies-His Education Continued by His Mother-HisBehaviour under School-master Williams 14 IV GeorgeLeaves School-Is Appointed a Private Surveyorto Lord Fairfax, of the NorthernNeck- Wishesto Enteron Boardof a British Man of War-ProvidentiallyPrevented by His Mother- The First Lightnings of His Soul to War 19 V FrenchEncroachments on the Ohio--Washington VolunteersHis Servicesto GovernorDinwiddie-- His HazardousEmbassy to the Frenchand Indians-MiraculousEscapes-Account of His Journal-Anecdoteof His Modesty 23 VI The Frenchand Indian War Begins-WashingtonGoes Forth to Meet the Dangersof His Country-Aimsa Blow at Fort Du Quesne--Fails---GallantDefence of Fort Necessity-Retiresfrom the Servicein Disgust-Pressedinto it Again by General Braddock-Defeatand Deathof Braddock,and Dreadful Slaughterof His Army 27 VII Fateful Effects of Braddock'sDefeat-Washington Wishesto Carry the War into Indian Country- GovernmentRefuses--Defensive War Preferred- The FrontiersDesolated 37 VIII Washington'sMother Has a Very CuriousDream- It Pointsto GreatComing Troubles--ACloud Rising in England-The Causesof the RevolutionaryWar 45 IX Battle of Bunker's-hill-OfSullivan's Island- Declarationof Independence-Defeatof the Americanson Long-Island-HoweLooks Big- Times Squally 60 X Lord North, Coming to His Senses,Sends Commissionersto America-ClintonEvacuates Philadelphia-WashingtonPursues Him-Battle of Monmouth--Arnold'sApostacy-Andre Apprehended-Executed-HisCharacter 80 XI WashingtonAgain on His Farm-Sketchof His ConductThere-Suggests the Importanceoflnland Navigation---CompaniesForming-Urges a Reform of the Old Constitution-AppointedPresident ofthe United States--GreatDifficulties to Encounter----GloriouslySurmounts Them 103 XII The Deathof Washington 132 XIII Characterof Washington 139 XIV Washington'sCharacter Continued-His Benevolence 151 XV Washington'sCharacter Continued-His Industry 164 XVI Washington'sCharacter Continued-His Patriotism-Conclusion-Washington'sWill 173 RelatedDocuments 183 Foreword Novelists, poets, and essayistsoften use history to illuminate their understandingof humaninteraction. At times theseworks also illumin- ate our history. They also help us better understandhow people in different times and places thought about their own world. Popular novelsare themselvesartifacts of history. This seriesis designedto bring back into print works of literature-- in the broadestsense of the term-thatilluminate our understandingof U.S. history. Each book is introducedby a major scholarwho places the book in a context and also offers some guidanceto reading the book as "history." The editor will show us where the author of the book has been in error, as well as where the author is accurate.Each reprintedwork also includesa few documentsto illustrate the histori- cal settingof the work itself. Books in this series will primarily fall into three categories.First, we will reprint works of "historical fiction"-books that are essentially works of history in a fictional setting. Ratherthan simply fiction about the past, eachwill be first-rate history presentedthrough the voices of fictional characters,or throughfictional presentationsof real characters in ways that do not distort the historical record. Second,we will reprint works of fiction, poetry, and other forms of literature that are primary sourcesof the era in which they were written. Finally, we will repub- lish nonfiction such as autobiographies,reminiscences, essays, and journalistic exposes,and even works of history that also fall into the generalcategory ofliterature. Paul Finkelman vii This page intentionally left blank Introduction GeorgeWashington died at Mount Vernon on December14, 1799, in the midst of a sustainedpolitical crisis that threatenedto destroy the fragile Americanunion. Countlesseulogists rushed into print to memo- rialize the first president'slife. Most were socially conservativeand politically High Federalistpreachers in prosperousport cities to the north who invoked filiopietistic reverencefor the "father of his coun- try" in order to buttressthe authority of the still-new federal govern- ment. But Mason Locke Weems was different. A forty-year-old, sometime Anglican cleric who said he had once been rector at (the mythical) "Mount-Vernon Parish" and who now made a living as an itinerant bookseller,Weems was more inspired by commercialoppor- tunities. "Washington,you know is gone," he wrote Philadelphiapub- lisher Mathew Carey, and "millions are gaping to read something about him." Weemshad a much better sensethan his competitorsof what the American people wantedto read. In respondingto this mar- ket, Weemsplayed an essentialrole in fabricating the image of Wash- ington that has since dominatedthe Americanhistorical imagination.It was the opportunisticbookseller of no certainpolitical persuasion,not the Federalistfaithful who long baskedin the father'sreflected glory, who securedWashington's everlasting fame. Weems'sLife ofWashington was one of the first greatbestsellers in American literature. The first edition, which Carey did not publish, appearedwithin months of its subject'sdeath. Recognizinghis poor judgment in spurning Weems'soriginal offer, Carey published later, much revised and enlarged versions, including the ninth edition of ix x THE LIFE OF WASHINGTON 1809, reprinted here; by 1825, anothertwenty editions had beenpub- lished. To some extent the Life's popular appealmay be attributed to the edifying anecdotesabout the young Washingtoncollected in chap- ters 2 and 3, most notoriouslythe apocryphalcherry tree story ("I can't tell a lie, Pa"). "In the most elegantorations pronounced to his praise," Weemswrites in chapter1, "you seenothing of Washingtonbelow the clouds," nothing that common folk could identify with and aspire to. Weemspromises to focus on Washington's"private virtues," for "in these,every youth is interested,because in theseevery youth may become a Washington."Yet in truth very little of the Life fulfills this promise: by chapter4, the precocioussoldier has already been appointedmajor and adjutantgeneral of the Virginia forces; thereafterWeems's Washington is a decidedlyand very self-consciouslypublic man. Neither Weemsnor his readerswere particularly interestedin "hu- manizing" the great man, in bringing him "below the clouds" and down to earth. Quite the contrary, the heart of the Life is the inspired and inspiring rhetoric that markedkey passagesin Washington'spub- lic life and set forth Washington's--andWeems's--conception of American nationhood.Biography is the means,not the end, an excuse for concoctinga pasticheof addressesand admonitionsthat embodied the voice of
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