International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-5, Issue-11, Nov.-2019 http://iraj.in THE OF VERBS IN THAI

1SUMALEE PHONKHUNSAP, 2ITSARATE DOLPHEN

1Ph.D. candidate in Thai Program, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University,Thailand A lecturer in Thai Program, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Rajabhat Maha Sarakham, University, Thailand 2Assistant Professor, Thai Language Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract - The objective of this study was to synthesize the studies on the grammaticalization of verbs in Thai from the Sukhothai period to the present. The information was collected from theses, researches and articles in both Thai and foreign languages in a total of 26 studies which included 17 theses and 9 articles. The results reveal that most studies were published 1991 – 2014 consisting of 14 synchronic studies and 12 diachronic studies. The synthesis of the studies on the grammaticalization of verbs in Thai shows that all studies are comparative linguistics in Thai language at different periods and there are a few studies on the grammaticalization in Thai dialects. Therefore, there should be more studies on grammaticalization in Thai dialects which will be useful for providing additional information for the overview of grammaticalization in Thailand.

Keywords - Grammaticalization, Language Change, Dialect, Northeastern Thai Dialect

I. INTRODUCTION and are necessary, while , prepositions and conjunctions are the results of abbreviation or Grammaticalization is a concept that has been studied mutilation of and verbs. In addition, the study for a long time by many linguists. The term by Bopp (1833), who studied the comparative "grammaticalization" was first proposed by the grammars, has provided examples of the development French linguist Antoine Meillet (Millet, 1912 : 131) of words into auxiliaries or affixes and suffixes. which defined it as “the attribution of a grammatical Whitney (1875) found that semantic factors are character to a previously autonomous ”. Hopper important for changing concrete meaning into and Traugott (1993: xv) stated that abstract one. grammaticalization is a process that the content words or keywords show grammatical functions in In this article, the studies on grammaticalization of one context and more grammatical functions and verbs in standard Thai as well as Thai dialects were meanings are developed over time. The major cause collected and synthesized in a total of 26 studies of grammaticalization is the need of more words in which included 17 theses and 9 articles. The results speech or communication in which a word is used in from this article can be used as the guidelines for a different position or with different meaning. This studying the grammatical changes of Tai languages as wording become a syntactic unit over times. well as the guidelines for studying Grammaticalization is a universal concept as Hopper grammaticalization of various categories of words in and Traugott (2003) suggested that this concept can standard Thai and Thai dialects, for both diachronic be used as a conceptual framework of a study of and synchronic studies. language change because grammaticalization is a spontaneous language change that can be found in all II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY categories of languages. Grammaticalization has been widely studied in 2.1 Concept of grammaticalization various languages around the world. For example, The authors discuss the concept of Nantariya Lamciaktet (1996 : 25) discussed about the grammaticalization which is divided into 2 related background of the grammaticalization in other aspects, content and grammatical words and countries and Heine, Claudi and Hunnemeyer (1991 : grammaticalization. a) summarized that in the beginning the studies on grammaticalization by many linguists are the studies 2.1.1 Content words and grammatical words of the sources of grammatical words appeared in the Hopper and Traugott (2003: 4) stated that content modern language. This is because the linguists found words refer to words that name objects, actions or that grammatical words such as auxiliaries or affixes qualities. They consist mostly of nouns, verbs and appeared in the modern languages were used to be . While Crystal (2008) stated that independent words. For example, Condillac (1749) grammatical words cannot act alone as part of a noticed that the suffixes indicating tense in the sentence but they must be used in with diachronic studies are from independent words. content words. Tooke (1857) found that nouns and verbs are parts of The Grammaticalization of Verbs in Thai

91 International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-5, Issue-11, Nov.-2019 http://iraj.in They consist of adjectives and conjunctions. consists of metonymic process and metaphorical Adjectives can be divided into 2 categories including process (Hopper and Traugott, 2003 : 84). adjectives and adverbs while conjunctions can be In grammaticalization, there are 2 types of changes, divided into 3 categories including conjunctive meaning shift process and syntactic change participles, conjunctive nouns and prepositions. mechanism. Charatdao Intratat (1996: 33-39) stated Some Thai word categories have 2 types of meanings that the linguists who studied the grammaticalization including lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. process agreed that changes in the grammaticalized Paitaya Meesat (1997 : 214) suggested that one of the words are as follows: interesting characteristics of Thai words is the Syntactic change characteristics that facilitate the grammaticalization. 1) Obligatorification The original content word can Similarly, Ratee Jamniyom (2003) noted that the appear in every context according to meaning of a word in a sentence can be added or communication needs. However, after the modified. Therefore, it does not prefer to create new grammaticalization it can be obligatory in some words, but it‟s preferred to modified meanings and languages or in specific contexts. For example, roles of the existing words. This is in accordance with auxiliary verb must appear with verb or Jirat Hiranras (2011: 101) who suggested that a preposition must always appear with the number of verbs in Thai language have polysemy phrase. They cannot appear separately. properties, especially the verbs are not specific to the 2) Reanalysis The grammatical word must be characteristics of the physical behavior of the body, reanalyzed which results in changes in syntactic such as the verb "to", "have", "is" and so on. In many status of the words appear together. For range, languages, these verbs tend to go through the form the original content word with clear scope grammaticalization process and are changed from as an independent morpheme, however it is a verbs to grammatical words expressing the dependent morpheme and liked to the content relationship between other words in the sentence. word after it becomes grammatical word. In some language with work transformation system, 2.1.2 Grammaticalization some language elements may be changed or There are various definitions of grammaticalization. reduced. For example, Kurylowicz (1965 : 52) suggested that 3) Decategorialization After the grammaticalization consists of the increase of the grammaticalization, it is likely to lose range of a morpheme advancing from a content to a morphological and syntactic elements that were grammatical or from a less grammatical to a more characteristic of its initial category. This process grammatical status. This is consistent with Hopper is called decategorialization. and Traugott (2003 : 4) who defined grammaticalization as the process that content word Semantic change shows grammatical function in one context and more 1) Semantic bleaching After grammaticalization, grammatical functions and meanings are developed the original content word loses its meaning over time and become grammatical word. which called condensation. From having a From the definitions of grammaticalization, it can be complicated meaning or many meanings, it‟s seen that grammaticalization is a process in which changed into narrow or retain just some original content word becomes grammatical one or from a less meaning. grammatical to a more grammatical status. 2) Persistence The grammatical word still shows its For grammaticalization, Hopper and Traugott (2003 : original lexical meaning. 79,231) proposed that grammaticalization consists of 3) Generalization refers to the loss of the original 3 parts: 1) stimulating factors, 2) mechanisms and complicated meaning or change from having processes and 3) changes in meaning and syntax. The many meanings to describing the broader stimulating factors refer to things that make word meaning and can be used in a wider context. become a grammatical word. In the communication 4) Metaphorical extension is the most important situation, the speaker will try to say the words that semantic change in the opinions of many can convey as much as possible while the listener will linguists because learning results affect the try to cooperate in interpreting such words according grammaticalization. to the intent of the speaker. The grammatical meaning may begin with the implication in the conversation. 2.2 Methods When the implication is frequently used, such 1. Study the documents and literatures related to implication will be developed into a new and specific grammaticalization of verbs in Thai. meaning of that word. 2. Collect data from theses, researches and articles Processes and mechanisms in grammaticalization in Thai and foreign languages which studied refer to language changes in the grammaticalization grammaticalization process of verbs in Thai. which can be divided into 2 categories including These studies are both synchronic study and meaning shift and syntactic change. Meaning shift The Grammaticalization of Verbs in Thai

92 International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-5, Issue-11, Nov.-2019 http://iraj.in diachronic study in a total of 26 studies Synchronic study is the study of a language state consisting of 17 theses and 9 articles. focusing on describing the language state at a 3. Synthesize the studies on grammaticalization of particular time (Pintip Tuaycharoen, 2001 : 16) while verbs in Thai. diachronic study is the study that considers the 4. Conclusions, discussion and suggestions for development and evolution of a language through descriptive analysis. history (Saussure, 1959 : 140). Dusdeporn Chumnirokasant (1983) explained that diachronic III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION study is the study of a language at different times by going through the past with written records and Studies on grammaticalization of verbs in Thai evidences. The data is then compared to study The grammaticalization of verbs in Thai has been language changes over time. The studies on widely studied. The studies on grammaticalization grammaticalization in Thai demonstrate the changes can be divided into 2 types: 1) synchronic study and of Thai words from the past to the present which is 2) diachronic study. useful for studying the evolution of words and allows us know which meaning or function first emerged.

3.1 Synchronic study

According to the above table, there are 14 synchronic studied the grammaticalization of /yang/ „STILL‟ in studies. For example, Charatdao Intratat (1996) the Sukhothai Period which changed from verb into studied the grammaticalization of verbs into preposition and auxiliary verb in different contexts prepositions in Thai based on data of written Thai in since the Sukhothai Period. This study shows the articles randomly selected from journals and characteristics of Thai words with different functions. magazines published during 1990-1994 and found In addition, Worralak Weerayuth (2013) studied the that 23 pairs of verbs/prepositions were found to have grammaticalization of the word “paj” in Thai by the the characteristics mentioned above. This study differences between the motion verb paj and the shows that verbs are interesting for both synchronic “paj” based on their syntactic distributions study and diachronic study and the results can be and lexicase dependency grammar and studying the used as a guideline for the comparison of the grammaticalization of the word “paj" in which the development and characteristics of grammaticalized data were collected from novels, short stories, and verbs. In addition, Prapassorn Phatranavig (2008) The Grammaticalization of Verbs in Thai

93 International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-5, Issue-11, Nov.-2019 http://iraj.in magazines published during 1946-2009 (King Rama researchers interested in studying the current V -VIIII). languages. In addition, Chadinee Maneenavachai and Kingkarn For the synchronic studies on the grammaticalization Thepkanjana (2016) also studied the of verbs in Thai dialects, Chomphunut Tharethian grammaticalization of the thai Verb /paj/ „GO‟ into a (2013) studied the complementizers in northeastern modality marker. In the synchronic study, it is helpful Thai dialect and found that wâa, and hây in for data analysis if the researcher participates in that northeastern Thai dialect are grammaticalized into social event and is a user of language in complementizers as in standard Thai. The communication. Therefore, there are many complimentizers wâa, and hây can appear behind the transitive and intransitive verbs.

3.2 Diachronic study

According to the above table, there are 12 diachronic indication that its development into a pre-nominal studies. For example, Paitaya Meesat (1997) studied auxiliary. the auxiliary verbs in Thai such as /khoŋ/, /khuan/, Ratree Chamniyom (2003), in her diachronic study of /tɔŋ/, /daj/, /na:/, and /Ɂa:t/ Thai in diachronic studied 23 pairs of words in which the data was drawn from published during 1283 – 1994 in order to analyze the published documents from Sukhothai to Rattanakosin grammaticalization process of auxiliary verbs. It was periods. This is a diachronic study of preposition found that three types of semantic change are converted from verbs in Thai which will be useful for observed in the process including the word /na:/ those interested in studying the grammaticalization of seems to have gone the furthest to become a recurrent verbs in standard Thai and Thai dialects in both component in a compounding process which changes changes in their functions, meanings, as well as the a verb into an and it has been processes of converting verbs into prepositions. grammaticalized to the point of becoming a recurrent Mingmit Sriprasit (2003) conducted a diachronic prefix-like component of a compound can be an study of /laeáew/, /yuù/ and /yuùlaeáew/ based on the documents published during 1283 – 2003 and found

The Grammaticalization of Verbs in Thai

94 International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-5, Issue-11, Nov.-2019 http://iraj.in that there are increase of functions and semantic Thanyawong (2014), Worralak Weerayuth (2013) and changes of /laeáew/, /yuù/ and /yuùlaeáew/. A Enfield (2004). semantic analysis indicates that /laeáew/ and /yuù/ The studies on the grammaticalization that studied the has several meanings while /yuùlaeáew/ is found as a types of words or a number of words are such as post-verbal auxiliary in the Ayutthaya period and Paitaya Meesat (1997), Ratree Chamniyom (2003) have more mearnings over time. he grammatical and Mingmit Sriprasit (2003). process found in the data coincide with the universal Kingkarn Thepkanjana (2016 : 271) stated that 3 phenomenon of grammaticalization in terms of main objectives of the researchers who studied the unidirection and gradual change. Pinkarn Vajrapana. grammaticalization of a particular word with the (2005) studied changes in the structure and meaning diachronic approach are as follows: of the word /ja:k/ based on published document from 1. To study the word categories resulted from the the Sukhothai period to the present. The study shows grammaticalization in each period and to that /ja:k/ was changed in function and meaning. compare the categories of the studied words in From the beginning, /ja:k/ conveyed the main each period in order to determine the syntactic meaning in a sentence and its role was later extended changes. and functioned as the main auxiliary verb in a 2. To study the meanings and functions of the sentence. moreover, /ja:k/ appeared with the word original words in each period and to compare the "kwa:m" and norminalized to have function as a meanings of those words in each period in order noun. to study the sematic changes. Itsarate Dolphen (2007) studied the semantic change 3. To study the mechanisms of the of the word /Ɂaw/ „take‟ in Sukhothai, Ayutthaya and grammaticalization. Rattanakosin periods and found that at present the For the identification of word categories studied in word /Ɂaw/ is used behind a verb and functions as each period, most researchers used the sentence test auxiliary verb more than in Sukhothai and Ayutthaya framework which was proposed for the first time in periods. This results in the grammaticalization from Thai by Vijin Panupong (1979) according to the main verb into auxiliary verb.Later, Titipa Kuprasert structural linguistics. However, there are studies that (2014) studied the development of the words /Ɂaw/, used the lexicase dependency grammar for the /nam/ and /pha:/ in Sukhothai, Ayutthaya and classification of words by their positions such as Rattanakosin period from the documents by Worralak Weerayuth (2013) who studied the comparing the usages and meanings of these words in diachronic syntax of the words /paj/ and /ma:/. each periods. Words in every language are changed by time and There are also the studies on the grammaticalization social influence. The studies mentioned above of other verbs. For example, Sureenate demonstrate the development of language in each Jaratjarungkiat (2008) studied the grammaticalization period and can be used as the guidelines for studying of /jaŋ/ from the Sukhothai period to the present and language changes from Sukhothai period to the found that the word /jaŋ/ in each period has 4 present. For period of data, it is found that each study functions including verb, pre-verbal auxiliary, categorized the data differently. Social and historical preposition and conjunction. The word /jaŋ/ has events were often used as criteria for classification different meanings, grammatical functions and and the document types were also used. contexts in each period. In addition, Krongkan For the division of Thai language period in the Rodpan (2012) studied the word /thɨ̬ ŋ/ in her studies on grammaticalization, it is found that Thai historical study in order to analyze the language is divided into 3 main periods, Sukhothai, grammaticalization process of /thɨ̬ ŋ/ from verbs. It Ayutthaya and Rattanakosin periods. In some studied was found that /thɨ̬ ŋ/ is not fully transformed into a divided Thai language into 3 periods, King Rama I- grammatical word due to the fact that it is still used as III, King Rama IV to before the 1932 revolution and a verb. the current language is after the 1932 revolution to In addition, Santhawat Thanyawong (2014) studied the present. the functions and meanings of the word /wáj/ and Theses and articles collected and considered in this analyzed the grammaticalization of this word in each study consists of diachronic studies and synchronic period from Sukhothai period to the present by using studies with the objectives to explain the diachronic approach. This is in order to study the phenomenon of Thai words that has several functions functions, meanings and grammaticalization of verb such as acting as verb and preposition and so on. This in standard Thai. phenomenon can provide the overview of However, most diachronic studies on the transformation process of words by demonstrating the grammaticalization focus on a single word such as characteristics of Thai words which are Pinkarn Vajrapana (2005), Itsarate Dolphen.(2007), grammaticalized from content words into Krongkan Rodpan (2012), Sureenate Jaratjarungkiat grammatical words as well as meaning shift. (2012), Nopparut Sanah (2013), Santhawat In addition to the studies on the grammaticalization of verbs in standard Thai, there are also the studies on The Grammaticalization of Verbs in Thai

95 International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-5, Issue-11, Nov.-2019 http://iraj.in the grammaticalization of verbs in Thai dialects. For IV. CONCLUSION example, ChomphunutTharethian (2013) studied the The synthesis of the studies on the complementizers in Northeastern Thai dialect and grammaticalization of verbs in Thai from the found that the verbs /wâa/ and /hây/ in northeastern Sukhothai period to the present shows that there are 2 Thai dialect are grammaticalized into types of the studies, synchronic study and diachronic complementizers as in standard Thai. The results of study. The objectives of the studies considered in this the study can be used as the guideline for studying the study are to explain and demonstrate that the grammaticalization of other words in Northeastern functions and meanings of Thai words in the Thai dialect. However, Anthony Diller (2001) sentences can be increased or changed. The words are proposed that the grammaticalization in Tai language categorized and the occurrence of word in different family can be varied in each language. Therefore, the periods are indicated in case of the diachronic study. grammaticalization for this family should be The grammaticalization is then analyzed by the performed using both synchronic and diachronic direction. Most studies on the concept of approaches. grammaticalization in Thai are unidirectional and For the studies on the grammaticalization of verbs in continuous. For the studies on the grammaticalization standard Thai, many studies showed that the process of verbs, it is found that most verbs are functions and meanings of verbs are changed and act grammaticalized into prepositions. Nitipong as prepositions, auxiliary verbs, adjectives and Pichetpan (2013 : 158) noted that the most rational conjunctions. This is consistent with the study of explanation about the phenomenon is the prepositions grammaticalization process in Tai languages by (some or all prepositions) may be derived from other Anthony Diller (1994) who discussed about the 3 word classes via the grammaticalization. This is in grammaticalization paths of verbs including 1) verb accordance with Charatdao Intratat (1996) who to preposition, 2) verb to conjunction and 3) verb to studied the grammaticalization of verbs into auxiliary verb. For grammaticalization of verb into prepositions in Thai and found that these prepositions preposition, Anthony Diller stated that many can be divided into 2 types by the original words: 1) prepositions in Thai are derived from verbs but there verb-based adposition which refers to the preposition are some genuine prepositions. For example, in case derived from verb and 2) noun-based adposition of the verb becomes a preposition indicating the which refers to the preposition derived from noun source are such as “from house” becomes “come (Amara Prasithrathsint, 2010). from house”. The data collection period is crucial to the results of the grammaticalization studies because changes in The studies on the grammaticalization of verbs each word are depend on the frequencies and considered in this study indicates the changes in distinctness of changes appeared in the documents meanings and syntax and the direction of considered. Therefore, the researchers should focus development which is consistent with the concepts on the selecting and dividing of period of data in and theories of the grammaticalization in 2 aspects: 1) order to obtain complete and reliable results. a verb is transformed through metonymic process, metonymic process and reanalysis and 2) these DISCUSSION processes are unidirectional and continuous. The studies mentioned above are useful for those The synthesis of the studies on the interested in studying the grammaticalization of verbs grammaticalization of verbs in Thai from the in standard Thai and Thai dialects. Sukhothai period to the present shows that in addition The grammaticalization of verbs demonstrates the to studying grammaticalization, the stimulating development of content words to the similar factors of the grammaticalization should be studied. grammatical words, that is from verbs to prepositions This is because words in every language are changed and conjunctions. Charatdao Intratat (1996: 37) stated with society and culture. that the grammaticalization starts with the polysemy The studies on the grammaticalization of verbs of content word. For example, verb is demonstrate language changes at word-level in which grammaticalized into auxiliary verb, preposition and the results can explain changes in functions and conjunction. After that, the word is transformed into meanings. In addition, diachronic study considers the affix of content word it appears with. In the last step, development and evolution of a word through history. this affix will not appear because it has already From the studies on the grammaticalization of verbs merged with the content word but it is known to be in Thai collected and considered in this study, it is there from its meaning. For Thai which has no prefix- found that there are additional number of verbs in suffix, a verb can only be grammaticalized into standard Thai that are grammaticalized. More auxiliary verb, preposition and conjunction due to the researches on this topic can provide useful knowledge characteristics of Thai that is not facilitate the in linguistics. development of grammatical word into an affix.

The Grammaticalization of Verbs in Thai

96 International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-5, Issue-11, Nov.-2019 http://iraj.in In addition to the studies on the grammaticalization of [6] Chatchawadee Saralamba. (1995). A conceptual study of verbs in standard Thai, other Tai languages should be /khaw/. Doctoral Dissertation, Chulalongkorn University. [7] Chomphunut Tharethian. (2013). Incorporated verbs in investigated as well such as Northern, Northeastern northeastern Thai dialect. Humanities Journal, Ubon and Southern Thai dialects. From the studies Ratchathani University. 9(1): 149-172. considered in this study, there is a study on verbs in [8] Diller, A. (1994). Grammaticalization and Tai Syntactic Northeastern Thai dialect that used the concept of Change. pp. 139-176. In M.R. [9] Dusdeporn Chumnirokasant. (1983). Diachronic linguistics grammaticalization by Chomphunut Tharethian and comparative linguistics in Thai. Bangkok : (2013) who studied the complementizers in Chulalongkorn University. northeastern Thai dialect in her synchronic study. [10] Heine, B. and M. Reh. (1984). Grammaticalization and There are a few diachronic studies on the Reanalysis in African Language. Hamburg : Buske. [11] Hopper, P.J and Traugott, E.C. (1993). Grammaticalization. grammaticalization in Thai dialects as Nantariya Cambridge : Cambridge University press. Lamciaktet (1996 : 9) noted that there are limitations [12] ______. (2003). Grammaticalization. Cambridge : of the evidence from stone inscriptions. Moreover, Cambridge University press. the period of languages on the stone inscriptions and [13] Itsarate Dolphen. (2007). A study of semantic change of the word /Ɂaw/ „take‟ in Sukhothai, Ayutthaya and Rattanakosin the languages on the palm-leaf manuscripts are not periods. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon long enough to see the changes in language. Kaen University. 24(3): 1-12. However, those who interested in studying [14] Jagacinski, N. (1991). wâa and complement-taking predicates grammaticalization using diachronic approach may in Thai. Paper from the Frist Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian linguistic Society (pp. 205 - 223). Tempe : be study the grammaticalized verbs and nouns Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian appeared on the stone inscriptions and compared Studies. between stone inscriptions found in different regions [15] Jirat Hiranras. (2007). Semantic study of /Ɂaw/ 'take' in Thai. of Thailand such as Central, Northern, Northeastern Master‟s thesis, Chulalongkorn University. [16] ______. (2011). Grammaticalization of the verb /Ɂaw/ into and Southern Thailand. pragmatic markers in Thai. Journal of Letters, Chulalongkorn Although there are a few diachronic studies on the University. 40(1): 100-206. grammaticalization in Thai dialects compared to [17] Kalaya Tingsabah and S.A. Arthur. (eds.) Essays in Tai standard Thai, but there are also other sources of Linguistics. Bangkok : Chulalongkorn University Press. [18] Katbandit Wongsri. (2004). A semantic network of / Ɂook/ information, palm-leaf manuscripts. Thailand has “out” in Thai : A cognitive semantic study. Master‟s thesis, agencies that conserve and disseminate such Chulalongkorn University. documents in order to inherit language and culture [19] Krongkan Rodpan. (2012). /thɨŋ/ : A historical study. wisdom such as palm-leaf manuscripts in Northern Master‟s thesis, Chulalongkorn University. [20] Kurylowicz. (1965). The Evolution of Grammatical Thai dialect has also been translated into Central Thai Categories. Diogeness. 57 : 55-71. by preserving orthography and vocabulary according [21] Mingmit Sriprasit (2003). A diachronic study of /laeáew/, to the old writing. The pharmacopeia translated from /yuù/ and /yuùlaeáew/ Master‟s thesis, Chulalongkorn these palm-leaf manuscripts are the other sources of University. [22] Nantariya Lamciaktet. (1996). Function words developed information for the diachronic study of Thai dialects from body-part and plant-part nouns in Lanna Thai. Doctoral in order to explain language changes. Dissertation, Chulalongkorn University. The authors recommend that the grammaticalization [23] Nitipong Pichetpan. (2013). The concepts of prepositions in of words in different Thai dialects should be study by Thai. Vannavidas Journal, Thammasat University. 13: 140 - 169. using both synchronic and diachronic approaches [24] Noppawan Muangkaew and Vipas Pothipath. (2013). The which will be useful for those interested in studying verb /kàrúnaa/ „be kind‟ and the quantitative adverb /nćy/ „a the grammatical changes in Thai dialects as well as little‟ : The original sources of requestive markers in Thai. studying grammar structures in Thai dialects Vannavidas Journal, Thammasat University. 13: 95-114. [25] Noppawan Muangkaew. (2013). Requestive markers in Thai : including Tai languages. A grammaticalization approach. Master‟s thesis, Chulalongkorn University. REFERENCE [26] Peansiri Wongwipanon. (2013). Unit 13 Meaning, Thai course materials part 3. Faculty of Education, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University. [1] Amara Prasithrathsint. ( 2010). Parts of speech in Thai : A [27] Pinkarn Vajrapana. (2005). /ja:k/ : A diachronic study. syntactic analysis. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. Master‟s thesis, Chulalongkorn University. [2] Bilmes. (1995).The Grammaticalization of Thai "Come" and [28] Pintip Tuaycharoen. (2001). Overview of language studies "Go". Proceeding of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the and linguistics. Bangkok : Thammasat Printing House. Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Discourse [29] Prapassorn Phatranavig. (2008). Grammaticalization of in Southeast Asian Languages (1995), pp. 33-46 /yang/ „not yet‟ in the Sukhothai period. Parichart Journal, [3] Bybee, J. L. Perkins,R. and Pagliuaca. W. (1994). The Thaksin University. 20(2): 36-53. Evolution of grammar : Tense aspect and modality in the [30] Ratree Chamniyom. (2003). A study of preposition converted languages of the world. Chicago : Chicago University press. from verbs in Thai. Master‟s thesis, Silpakorn University. [4] Charatdao Intratat. (1996). Grammaticalization of verbs into [31] Rungthip Rattanaphanusorn. (2006). Semantic extension of prepositions in Thai. Doctoral Dissertation, Chulalongkorn visual perception verbs in Thai. Doctoral Dissertation, University. Chulalongkorn University. [5] Chadinee Maneenavachai and Kingkarn Thepkanjana. [32] Rangkupan,S. (1992). Subsidiary verbs /paj/ "go" and /ma:/ (2016). The grammaticalization of the Thai verb /paj/ „go‟ "come" in Thai. Master's Thesis, Chulalongkorn University. into a modality marker. Humanities Journal, Kasetsart University. 23(1): 39-69. The Grammaticalization of Verbs in Thai

97 International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-5, Issue-11, Nov.-2019 http://iraj.in [33] Santhawat Thanyawong. (2014). Grammaticalization of the [40] Titipa Kuprasert. (2014). The development of the words word /wáj/. Master‟s thesis, Chulalongkorn University. /Ɂaw/, /nam/ and /pha:/ in Sukhothai, Ayutthaya and [34] Sopawan Saengchai. (1994). Subsidiary verbs /khɨn/ "ascend" Rattanakosin period. Journal of Humanities and Social and /loŋ/"descend" in Thai. Master‟s thesis, Chulalongkorn Sciences, Rangsit University. 9-10(16-17): 19-37. University. [41] Vijin Panupong. (1993). The structure of Thai: Grammatical [35] Sureenate Jaratjarungkiat. (2008). /jaŋ/ : A diachronic study. system. Bangkok: Ramkhamhaeng University Press. Master‟s thesis, Chulalongkorn University. [42] Worralak Weerayuth. (2013). Alternative: A diachronic [36] ______. (2012). The development of the lexical word /pen/ syntactic study of /pay/ and /maa/. Master‟s thesis, Kasetsart in Thai. Doctoral Dissertation, Chulalongkorn University. University. [37] ______. (2015). Study of research methodology in the [43] ______. (2013). The grammaticalization of the word /paj/ development of polysemes in Thai. Vannavidas Journal, „go‟ in Thai. Humanities Journal. 20(1): 108-132. Thammasat University. 15: 135 - 156. [44] Yakahashi. (2006). Grammaticalization paths of the Thai [38] ______. (2016). The development of the lexical word /pen/ verb dây: A corpus-based study. Uri Tadmor and paul in Thai. Humanities Journal, Kasetsart University. Sidwell (eds.) 2008. SEALSXVI : Papers from the16th [39] Saussure, F.d. and C. Bally. (1959). Course in general meeting of Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2006. linguistics. New York, McGraw-Hill. Canberra : Pacific Linguistics, pp. 121-133. 

The Grammaticalization of Verbs in Thai

98