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Weather Extremes Weather extremes National Meteorological Library and Archive Factsheet 9 — Weather extremes The National Meteorological Library and Archive Many people have an interest in the weather and the processes that cause it and the National Meteorological Library and Archive is a treasure trove of meteorological and related information. We are open to everyone The Library and Archive are vital for maintaining the public memory of the weather, storing meteorological records and facilitating learning, just go to www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/library Our collections We hold a world class collection on meteorology which includes a comprehensive library of published books, journals and reports as well as a unique archive of original meteorological data, weather charts, private weather diaries and much more. These records provide access to historical data and give a snapshot of life and the weather both before and after the establishment of the Met Office in 1854 when official records began. Online catalogue Details of all our holdings are catalogued and online public access to this is available at https://library.metoffice.gov.uk. From here you will also be able to directly access any of our electronic content. Factsheets The Met Office produces a range of factsheets which are available through our web pages www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/library/publications/factsheets Digital Library and Archive The Met Office Digital Library and Archive provides access to a growing collection of born digital content as well as copies of some our older publications and unique archive treasures. Just go to https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/. Our content is for your own private use. Please contact the library for any other terms of use or for further information. Introduction Have you ever wondered about the weather around the United Kingdom and perhaps the world? Would you like to know where the wettest place in the world can be found? Or the hottest place? Maybe the coldest place? This Weather extremes factsheet has been designed to answer all of those questions. To help you find the information, we have listed each element as follows: temperature, rainfall, bright sunshine, wind, snow, air pressure and tornadoes. Note, unless otherwise stated, the source of all the overseas data used in this factsheet is the World Meteorological Organization. Data for the United Kingdom is from the Met Office. Extremes of temperature Temperature: the degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object. Temperature is measured by a thermometer. There are many types; perhaps the most familiar are thermometers using mercury or alcohol. For more information on thermometers, please see Factsheet 17 – Observations on land. The scale of temperature used by the Met Office for measuring air temperature is Celsius. This was adopted by the World Meteorological Organization as the standard unit of temperature measurement and formally adopted by the Met Office on 1 January 1961. Therefore all temperatures listed within this factsheet will be in degrees Celsius (°C). As the United Kingdom has several mountain ranges, it should be noted that temperature decreases by about 0.5 °C for each 100 m increase in height above mean sea-level. In terms of the annual average 1981-2010 temperature, the warmest parts of the United Kingdom are Jersey, Guernsey and the Isles of Scilly with mean temperatures of around 12.0 °C. Braemar, in Aberdeenshire, is the coldest low-level place in the United Kingdom, in terms of annual average temperature, with a mean value of 6.6 °C. UK England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min temp temp temp temp temp temp temp temp temp temp Month (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) Jan 6.4 0.9 6.9 1.3 6.8 1.5 5.3 0.0 7.0 1.4 Feb 6.6 0.7 7.2 1.1 6.8 1.1 5.5 –0.1 7.4 1.2 Mar 8.9 2.1 9.8 2.6 9.0 2.6 7.2 1.0 9.3 2.4 Apr 11.4 3.4 12.4 3.9 11.6 3.7 9.8 2.4 11.6 3.6 May 14.7 6.0 15.8 6.7 14.9 6.4 13.0 4.8 14.5 5.9 Jun 17.3 8.8 18.6 9.5 17.3 9.1 15.1 7.5 16.9 8.8 Jul 19.4 10.9 20.9 11.7 19.2 11.2 17.0 9.6 18.5 10.8 Aug 19.1 10.8 20.7 11.5 18.9 11.0 16.6 9.4 18.2 10.5 Sep 16.5 8.8 17.9 9.6 16.6 9.1 14.3 7.5 16.1 8.7 Oct 12.8 6.2 13.9 6.9 13.0 6.7 10.9 4.9 12.7 6.1 Nov 9.1 3.3 9.9 3.8 9.6 3.9 7.7 2.3 9.4 3.5 Dec 6.7 1.1 7.2 1.6 7.2 1.8 5.5 0.1 7.3 1.7 Year 12.4 5.3 13.5 5.9 12.6 5.7 10.7 4.2 12.4 5.4 Table 1. 1981–2000 mean maximum/minimum temperature values for the United Kingdom. Maximum temperature – Daily maximum temperature is the highest temperature reached at a particular location between two fixed times 24-hours apart, usually 0900 GMT to 0900 GMT. Month Value Location (England) Date January 17.6 °C Eynsford (Kent) 27 January 2003 February 19.7 °C Greenwich Observatory (London) 13 February 1998 March 25.6 °C Mepal (Cambridgeshire) 29 March 1968 April 29.4 °C Camden Square (London) 16 April 1949 Camden Square (London) 22 May 1922 Horsham (West Sussex) 29 May 1944 May 32.8 °C Tunbridge Wells (Kent) 29 May 1944 Regent’s Park (London) 29 May 1944 June 35.6 °C Mayflower Park, Southampton (Hampshire) 28 June 1976 July 36.7 °C Heathrow (London) 1 July 2015 August 38.5 °C Faversham (Kent) 10 August 2003 September 35.6 °C Bawtry – Hesley Hall (South Yorkshire) 2 September 1906 October 29.4 °C March (Cambridgeshire) 1 October 1985 Chelmsford (Essex) Clacton (Essex) November 21.1 °C 5 November 1938 Cambridge (Cambridgeshire) Mildenhall (Suffolk) Chivenor (Devon) 2 December 1985 December 17.7 °C Penkridge (Staffordshire) 11 December 1994 Table 2. Monthly extreme maximum temperature values for England. Month Value Location (Wales) Date 10 January 1971 January 18.3 °C Aber (Gwynedd) 27 January 1958 February 18.7 °C Colwyn Bay (Conwy) 23 February 2012 Prestatyn (Denbignshire) March 23.9 °C 29 March 1965 Ceinws (Powys) April 26.2 °C Gogerddan (Ceredigion) 16 April 2003 May 29.2 °C Towy Castle (Carmarthenshire) 21 May 1989 June 33.5 °C Usk (Monmouthshire) 28 June 1976 July 34.6 °C Gogerddan (Ceredigion) 19 July 2006 August 35.2 °C Hawarden Bridge (Flintshire) 2 August 1990 September 31.1 °C Gogerddan (Ceredigion) 1 September 1961 October 28.2 °C Hawarden Airport (Flintshire) 1 October 2011 November 22.4 °C Trawsgoed (Ceredigion) 1 November 2015 December 18.0 °C Aber (Gwynedd) 18 December 1972 Table 3. Monthly extreme maximum temperature values for Wales. Month Value Location (Scotland) Date Aboyne (Aberdeenshire) January 18.3 °C 26 January 2003 Inchmarlo (Kincardineshire) February 17.9 °C Aberdeen (Aberdeenshire) 22 February 1897 March 23.6 °C Aboyne (Aberdeenshire) 27 March 2012 April 27.2 °C Inverailort (Highland) 17 April 2003 May 30.9 °C Inverailort (Highland) 25 May 2012 June 32.2 °C Ochtertyre (Perth and Kinross) 18 June 1893 20 July 1901 July 32.8 °C Dumfries (Dumfries and Galloway) 2 July 1908 August 32.9 °C Greycrook (Scottish Borders) 9 August 2003 September 32.2 °C Gordon Castle (Moray) 1 September 1906 October 27.4 °C Tillypronie (Aberdeenshire) 3 October 1908 Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden November 20.6 °C 4 November 1946 Liberton (Edinburgh) December 18.3 °C Achnashellach (Highland) 2 December 1948 Table 4. Monthly extreme maximum temperature values for Scotland. Month Value Location (Northern Ireland) Date January 16.4 °C Knockarevan (Co. Fermanagh) 26 January 2003 February 17.8 °C Bryansford (Co. Down) 13 February 1998 28 March 1965 March 21.7 °C Armagh (Co. Armagh) 29 March 1965 April 24.5 °C Boom Hall (Co. Londonderry) 26 April 1984 May 28.0 °C Knockarevan (Co. Fermanagh) 31 May 1997 June 30.8 °C Knockarevan (Co. Fermanagh) 30 June 1976 July 30.8 °C Shaw’s Bridge, Belfast (Co. Antrim) 12 July 1983 August 30.6 °C Tandragee Ballylisk (Co. Armagh) 2 August 1995 September 27.8 °C Armagh (Co. Armagh) 1 September 1906 October 24.1 °C Strabane (Co. Tyrone) 10 October 1969 3 November 1979 November 18.5 °C Murlough (Co. Down) 1 November 2007 10 November 2015 December 16.0 °C Murlough (Co. Down) 11 December 1994 Table 5. Monthly extreme maximum temperature values for Northern Ireland. Minimum temperature – The lowest temperature attained at a particular location between two fixed times 24-hours apart, usually 0900 GMT to 0900 GMT. The lowest recorded temperature ever recorded in the United Kingdom was –27.2 °C at Braemar (Aberdeenshire) on 11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982 and at Altnaharra (Highland) on 30 December 1995. Month Value Location (England) Date January –26.1 °C Newport (Shropshire) 10 January 1982 February –20.6 °C Woburn (Bedfordshire) 25 February 1947 March –21.1 °C Houghall (Co. Durham) 4 March 1947 April –15.0 °C Newton Rigg (Cumbria) 2 April 1917 4 May 1941 May –9.4 °C Lynford (Norfolk) 11 May 1941 1 June 1962 June –5.6 °C Santon Downham (Norfolk) 3 June 1962 July –1.7 °C Kielder Castle (Northumberland) 17 July 1965 Moor House (Cumbria) 28 August 1977 August –2.0 °C Kielder Castle (Northumberland) 14 August 1994 Santon Downham (Norfolk) September –5.6 °C 30 September 1969 Grendon Underwood (Buckinghamshire) October –10.6 °C Wark (Northumberland) 17 October 1993 November –15.5 °C Wycliffe Hall (North Yorkshire) 24 November 1993 December –25.2 °C Shawbury (Shropshire) 13 December 1981 Table 6.
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