02 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No.2118 August 5, 191(j
The R,estoration of the Dinosaur Podokesaurus Holyokensis
With Reproductions of the Authors Original Drawings
Ey Dr. R. W. Shufeldt
has touehed the isehium (see the inelosed reeonstruetion).3 skeleton of Potlokes(!urus pontrac]jCJt8 tImt the animal waR And that part whieh in Lull's Fig. 27 touehes the isehium a pro-avis; amI I would gl'eatlyappreciate to be able 10 should be posed as to form the lower part of the ace tabu refe!' to the opinioll oi' the exeeltellt osteologist Dr. R. W. lum. You will see nearly the same pelvis of a ehieken. Shufeldt about this. It seems to me that all the bones, "I should very mueh like to know if anything in the which undoubtedly indieate to us that it is not the r,, mains oE a bird but of a dinosaur, are wanting. "The bones on Plate XI., Fig. :-:l, are not easy to loeate, but they eould as well be rnmains 01' a bird's skul\. Olle of them (13 in Fig. 29) has somo resemblaneo witlt pala tinum. "E xeuse the errors in this letter; 1 have no voeabula.·y here (the Isle of Fyn, Denmark) , and therefore it is difficult for me to say just what I will." Before giving in substanee what I had to say in my several letters on this subjeet to Dr. Lull and Hr. Heil mann, it will be as well to note that a eorresponderwe had been opened between them, and some important statements made in a letter from Hr. Heilmann to Dr. Lull are published by the latter in a footnote in his "Triassie Life of the Conneetieut Valley" (p.165), whieh reads as follows: "Herr Gerhard Heilmann of Copen hagen, to whom that portion of the present work deserib ing Podokesaurus was submitted for eritieism, says of my restoration oE the animal (Fig. 31): 'Prof. Lull's plaeing oE the pubis is not eonvineing, on the eontrary, his deseription seems to make it still more probable that this bone is entirely brought out of position, the ilium and the proximal end of the tail being totally wanting, and thus these must have been removed be fore the bones were eovered by sand. Dr. R.W. Shufeldt supposes (in a letter) that the reptile may have been a subadult individual, and the prepubis not thoroughly eo-ossified with the ilium and isehium in the eotyloid eavity. This seems very probable. " 'A pubis protruding into the ehest of the animal looks indeed too heterogeneous to be trustworthy.' [Original author's translation, from Heilmann, 1913, B. Fig. l.-Pelvic region of Podokesauru8 holyokensis; natural p. 64."] This is probably a translation of a statement size; original. After Lull (Fig. 27, Trias. Life Conn. alley , right V ) pt, femus; 18, ischium ;mts-, lnetarsals ;puJ made in one of the parts of Hr. Heilmann's very useful pubis; 'PJ T'" tibia; v., presaeral vertebra. I"ig. 2.-Pelvis uf Podokesaurus holyoken8is. After Gerhard work "Our Present Knowledge of the Origin of Birds." IIeilmann. V'ide his letter to the author of August 11th, Quite an extensive eorrespondenee, in whieh I took 191[.. n, i1ium ; other lettering same as in F'ig. 1. Fig. 11.-IUght lateral view of the pelvis of Olaowuru8 annec. part, followed upon this; and while I have my share of tenB. About une eighteenth natural size. After Marsh. it retained as filed earbons of my original letters on the nc, aeetalml\lln; p', prepubis (or pubis of many authors). subjeet, it will by no means be neeessary to reproduee it in the present eonneetion. For the most part my letters were addressed to Dr. Mignon Talbot, Dr. S. !sf O�r /UII.f. B" / Lull, and Hr. Gerhard Heilmann, and touehed upon the apparently unnatural position given the pubis in Dr. ,/,,-",.',. , Lull's restoration; upon the probability of the speeimen , �----.r-.,.-�-5)-�/-; ------) 'y------having been a subadult individual at the time of its ... _ ...... ---' ':'-(/(' death; upon the question as to how far we should be guided by the positions assumed by the bones in the resulting matrix in employing those various positions and their relation to eaeh other in restoring fossil verte brates at large; upon the question as to whether Podoke saurus holyokensts was an herbivorous or a earnivorolls dinosaur; upon the question as to how mueh bird there was in its skeletal morphology, and, finally, upon the desirability of still further developing the remains lJl the original slab. Hr. Heilmann, in his drawing here shown in Fig. 2, did not get the pubis (Pu) nor the isehium (Is) of the same form and outline as given by Dr. Lull in Fig. 1. The noteh at the proximal end of the pubis (Pu) in Heil mann's figure is too long and shallow, and the isehiulll is swelled to fit this not eh. To still further develop his idea as to the relations oE these bones, but without aceept ing his eonelusions in fuH, I made the drawing here shown in Fig. 4, in whieh both the isehium (ls) and the pubis (Pu) are eareful traeings of those bones as given ß..11 us in Dr. Lull's figures, and of the same bones as they appeared in photographs of the speeimen in the slab kindly furnished by Dr. Talbot, whieh passed through my hands on their way to Hr. Heilmann. If the Pubis in life had the position I have given it in Fig. 4, it would be more like the plaee it assurnes in the herbivorous NO'm.-Dr. Shufeldt read this paper before the Biologieal dinosaurs than in the earnivorous ones. Moreover, it l',n-idy, Washington, D. C., on March 25th, 1916, and iIIus 11'ig. 4.-Hight lateral view of a possible arrangement of the w-ould better support Hr. Heilmann's view that Podoke pelvic hOlles in Podokesauru8 holyokensi8; hy the author. /Tatelt it LJy slilles of the accompanying original drawings. 18. j, ischiadic foramen; Ob. j, obturator foramen; an. saurus was a "P roavis " and not a true dinosaur at alt. , M. 'l'albot, 1911, Amer. Jour. Sei., (4) xxxi., pp. 469-479. pI. t, antitrochanter ; Ob. s, obturator space; Is. n, ischiadie noteh. If my reeolleetion serves me aright, it was Marsh who I V., text llgs. 1--6. Fig. 5.-Right lateral view of the pelvis of a subadult speci 'Hiehard Swan Lull. "TriassieLife of the Oonneetieut Valley," said that many of the ve:ry small dinosaurs whieh had men of the sage cock (Oentrocercus urophasinnus). Ar Slale Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bu1l24. published by the State of rangement of the bones prior to their final co-ossifica been diseovered in this eountry were extremely bird-like Conneetieut, 1915. Pub. Doe. No. 47. tion. Specimen collected by the author, who made the in their skeletal strueture, and that in some instanees it drawing. Lettering as in previous Figures. , 'l'he "inclosed reeonstruetion" to whieh Hr. Heilmann refers, I�ig. 6.-Pelvis of emu (Dromaeus nOlwe hollandiae, Lath.) ; was quite diffieult to draw the line between the two. i8 a tracing he kindly made for me of his drawing. in which hu right lateral vlew. After Marsh. (Odontornitlte8, text, In Claosaurus anriectens for example, apart from its tUl'OWS the pullis (Pu) backward insteat! uI furwart!, as Ductel' I�ig. 16). Lettel'ing as before. Fig. Rlght Lull has it.. 'I'his t1rawing J have l"eprudueed in 1<'i!'. � ur the pres 7."" lute,'" I view or tl,p Vel ViR uf (Jumplo8nurus rne large pre-pubis (Fig. 3, p'), the bones in question have a diu8. }1�OI'f'paJ't IJf Hiulll off. Aftel' U-ihUol'e. Lf:'ttf:'l'iug as ent papel'. in F'lgs. 1 and 6. very bird-like al'rallgement; and were the pre-pubis
© 1916 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. August 5, 1916 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT Na 2118 \)3
greatly reduced, this pelvis would be very much like the you also go outside the limits of dinosaurs? No dinosaur II, page 63). 1'his passus he has omittod il1 Ilis rom'IIL diagrammatic one shown in Fig. 2. How this would has hitherto been found in possession of neither claviculrE work (see there page 169). His earlier OOlllparisol1 (ilL affect Hr. Heilmann's theory i t is not necessary for me nor episternum (your hypocleidimn I suppose to be = his doctor thesis of 19(4) betwücn the footprinLs of dillo to state here. episternum = interclaviculare, my Fig. 146) . But these saurs and of birds, which I have provcd to Dn a plaill Fig. 4, as I have drawn it, comes nearer to the bird we see in the Pseudosuchia.6 mistake, he does not mention with a single word ill hiH pdvis (see Figs. 5 and 6), and I believe to be more nearly "If I may quote your opinion abollt these different last work, though it should be considered only reasoJlahlo a conception of a proavine arrangement of the elements bones in Podokesaurus, I am obliged to draw the here to correct this mistake just there; besides he had wriLLcll Lhan shown in Fig.2. This will at once be appreciated mentioned conelusions from them. Dr. Lull writes about to me that he would do so. by comparing the pelves in question with that of PodokesaTUs (p. 168) that the metatarsals 'are so closely "Just as I am writing this I get a letter from Prof. !'ul! Comptosaurus medius (I<'ig.7). in which he, among other things, writes about Forl kr- In his letter to me of October 8th, 1915, Hr. Heilmann sauTUS: 'So far as its being a proavian is concornm[,. J says: "You have quite correctly supposed what I mean ,I' /"', know nothing to the contrary.' '' by the term 'Proavis,' it is ope of the connecting links I must leave it to the readers of this artiele as to what between Aves and Reptilia-but somewhat more bird Hr. Heilmann intends to convey, when he expressos his than reptile; a forerunner of Archreapteryx. surprise at my saying that the pubis in certain dinosaurs "The skeleton of this Proavis I am about to recon- is directed backward and downward. In roply to Uds I struct-using the same method as you perhaps have seen wuuld say that not all of the pelves of dinusaurs are me employ in my reconstruction of tbe intermediate fashioned like the one here shown in Fig. 8, fur wo also A9·" links hetween the pelvis of Archreapteryx and that oi find them like those reproduced in 1"igs. 7,11 alld .12. 1(, Apt,ornis in Prof. D'Arcy W. Thompson's 'Morph- is most interesting to compare the po1vis of Lhe sJlJall ulogy and Mathematics,' p. 885 fll.' The method is dinosaur Thescelosaurus neglectus (l<'ig. 12) l'Iith t1lal. of qlli(.e trustworthy, as I have proved in constructing for an Emu (Fig. 6). Note the elose resemblanefl in tho his new book the links between the skulls of Eohippus i8Chii, in the bent "backward and downward" puhis hOIl", and Equus. Among these reconstructions we find the and the presence in each of a prepubis (p'). It wOllld �kulls of both Nesohippus and Protohippus but not that );.'1 if' not be very difficult to build up a bird skeleton with UIO of Parahippus, which the palreontologists (Zittel: Grund- bones shown in Fig. 12 to start with; and yet paheont,o- zuge der PalrEonZologie, 1911, p.463) consider to be in the logists in this country have not, up to the present timt', straight line between Eohippus and Equus. From the (mnsidered Thescelosaurus a p1'Oavis. rcconstructions it is evident that Parahippus belongs to In a valued letter from Dr. Lull, dated Septemhor ] 11.11, another stem. 1915, he says: "So far as Fodokesattrtts is coneornod, 1.110 "For finding tbe Proavis the right starting point is of positions of the various pelvis elements in my resLoratioll most importanee. I quite consent with Broom in his are those whieh the bones have in the roek, and we hav(, glwss that it is among the Pseudosuchia (so he names tbe always argued that a fossil bone in position in the ro"k .l'arasuehia) that we shall seek the reptile fr'om which tho is worth more as evidence of its true position I.hal1 1LILY bird-stoek has originated. It is also between such a amuunt of argument. In other words, I think h oLh YOll reptile (drawn with traits of eharacter from both Ornitho- and ]\11'. Heilmann will have to provo your staLollwlL(, suehus and I<;uparkeria) and Archreaptheryx that I am and that until you can, tho pubis ought to romain a� eOJL�Lructing some intermediate links. it is." '------"With respect to Podokesa1tmS holunkens·iI; it would, 'l'his argument, in my opinion, will not lLpply or still u1' courso, be quite ridiculous if I, having only seen photos less hold in tho ease of For!okeSfLW'1tS 1l(}lyoken81,�
© 1916 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 94 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No.2118 August 5, 1916
I am sure Miss Talbot will give you every facility for made of that region of the specimen, as all the photo creature l]llder cOllsideration. The smallest of the sauro studying it, should you so desire." graphs sent either to you or to Mr. Heilmann were pods, which comes from the Potomac, has a lengtb of 10 After receiving this most courteous letter, I at once put before the ultimate preparation of the specimen, which feet and as yet no Sauropoda are known from Triassic myself in communication with Miss Talbot, in due course was done here at Yale. Her opinion and the photo strata. reeeiving from her the following communication, dated grapnE should be giver due weight and that is the only "With best wishes, very sillcerely yours, at Mount Holyoke College, the 10th of November, 1915: additional information on the specimen we call get. Slte (Signed) Richard Lull." "Dear Dr.Shufeldt: is also going to photograph that which she considers to Here the correspollderwe practically end(Jd, ill so far "I am very sorry to have kept you waiting so long for be the hand of the animal, which may give further light. as tbis subject was concerned; and, p(Jrsonally, I now all answer to your letter in regard to Podokesaurus, but "When I first saw Podokesaurus I thought right away await what Miss Talbot publishes after she has further I am far from weil this fall alld the trip to New Haven that it was a plant-feeding dillosaur, olle of the Ornitho developed the skeleton of Podokesaurus Holyokens1s in seems to have upset me completely, so that I have been poda, alld so advised Miss Talbot. Later, however, the matrix. It may throw f�rther light upon the subject able to do my regular work, only, and have had to let when we came to study it in more detail, we both came and it may not, for the reason that the opposite pubis everything else go. to the conclusioll that it was one of the Theropoda, the may not only not be found, but it, likewise, may be out "I am not at all tmre that I shall not publish a little evidence lying principally in the structure of tlte pubic oE place when it iso note in regard to Podokesaurus myself before long, taking and ischial bones, for I do not tltink the foot or hand Then, too, I anxiously await the next ill.staJment of issue with both you and Prof.Lull, in regard to different would be indicative of the ordinal conditioll of so 'Small Hr.Heilmann's valuable work, which will doubtl(Jss pre bones, however,. This being the case, I hardly want to a dinosaur as this, in the absence of the skulI. Tltere is Sent his side of the argument rar more lucidly than I have send you the photographs that I am to have taken soon, no known predentate or ornithopod dinosaur in which been able to do here. nor do I want to give you the results of my study. there is not a considerable pre-pubis. If any part of In any event I do not believe for an instant that the "I should be very glad, however, to have a digest of the pubic bone tends to abort, it is, so far as my knowl pubic bone ever occupied any such position in life as the remarks that Prof. Heilmann has made on the edge goes, the post-pubis or tlte after limb of the pubic Dr.Lull has given it in his restoration, for reasons that fossil.... structure. All of them show a forward directed pubic I have attempted to set forth in the present article, and "Very sincerely yours, bone, just as the carnivores do, the principal distinction for the added reason that we p(Jver meet with bones ill (Siglled) Mignon Talbot." being that in the predentates usually the post-pubis, or, any vertebrate skeleton-living or extinct-where an Before receiving this letter I had had another most as Huene caUs it, tlte pubis, lies parallel with the ischium. extr(J�ity of that bone is expanded for the pur pose of illstructive one from Dr.Lull, dated at Yale University I should under no circumstances cOllsider the animal a affording a sufficient area in that a noteh, such as the 22nd Q10ctober, 1915, which ran thus: sanropod dillosaur, your last question beillg whether 'it exists in the proximal end of the pubis of Podokesaurus, Dear Dr. Shufeldt: is possible to decide positively whether it belongs among may exist there. A notch of that kind would not be "After your letter came, Miss 'ralbot was in the buildivg the 'rheropoda or Sauropoda. My whole conception of foulld there unless it had some definite 'lSC, and the most and I talked to her of some of the difficulties of illterpre the evolutioll of the Sauropoda from the Theropoda is natural one would be to either articulate with some jux tation of the beast PodokeSILilrus. She is going to make based upon the gradual increase of size and the necessity taposed bone, or to afford a greater amount of surface a very careful ex!tmination of the pubis and other bones of taking to a semi-aquatic habitat for bodily support for ultimate co-ossification, which latter I take to be the to see if in her opinion there is any indication of their alld the challging of the diet in order to maintain the case in Podokesaurus, where, in addition, it completes having shifted. She will also have further photographs bulk, characters which are certainly absent from the a foramen found in both birds and dinosaurs.
The Future of the Steam Locomotive*
A Consideration of the Factors of the Different Motive Powers Available
By John E. Mulfield
THE principal fadon; that will enter into the steam superheated steam, pulverized fuel, fire-box brick arch, thc all important clemcut ami whieh, in thc �tcam loco· railway trall�portation and motive power situation dur feell water heatiug aud compounding, a horse-power lIIotive, is a Helf-contained part of the motive power ing the ensuing ten yea rs justify the following conclu hour will be successfully delivered at the teuder draw unit. In general the maximum power that can be de �ions : bar of a steam locomotive of great power for 50 per cent veloped by the present day steam locomotive depends 1st. As the supply and cost of liquid fuels, when com less fuel than is uow used by saturated steam motive upon the maximum rate of fuel consumption which can Ilared with coal, lignite and peat" in the United States power. be maintained per square foot of grate area, the limit and Canada, make their general use for internal com A century has passed since Trevithick, Hedley and being reached when the draft becomes high enough to bustion tYl1es of motive power prohibitive, and as pro Stephenson produced the general arrangement of boiler, carry partially consumed fuel out of the stack in the ducer gas and storage batteries do not offer any early machinery aI;ld running gear which still forms the basis form of smoke, cinders and sparks, which, besides de Ilossibilitie�, the electric locomotive dependent upon an of the modern steam locomotive. creasing the effectiveness of the machine, introduces the outside source of power for its propulsion, is the only Since the construction of George Stephenson's "Rock danger from fire hazard. While the enlargement of " one tim t cau be cousidered as being in the same field as et, which was equipped with a single pair of driviug grate areas and heating surfaces, improvement in circu thp Htcam IOl'omotivp iu general railway service. wheels, the priucipal developmeut has becu an iucrease lation" and the application of firebox brick arch and 2ud. 'l'he geueral difficulty iucident to adapting elec iu the uumber and size of coupled driving wheels and a tubes have materially increased the boiler capa city, the tri/kation to existing steam railway operation will not corresponding eulargement of the boiler and machin forcing of the combustion of a large amount of fuel warraut any cousiderable change from independently cry, in order to provide means for utilizing a greater peL' hour on a limited grate area has incrcased thl� opera ted steam motive power units because of the pro percentage of the total locomotive weight for adhesion quantity of fuel used per unit of work performed far hibitive callital aud uon-productive cost, unreliability and tractive power, and thereby enable the increasing beyond what a more effective means of combustion will of service, lIon-aliaptability for concentration or distri of the train load. produce. However, the burning of fuel in a pulverized butiou of motive power over various parts of the road, During recent years the tendency. toward greater form in suspension will materially relieve this condition. inabili ty to utilize full power under a wide range of speed has resulted.in larger driving wheels and the ap Having regard for the utilization of the steam, with speed and traction variations, and lack of standardiza plication of various combinations of leading and trailing the exception of the Mallet articulated type of locomo tiou. trucks, such as in the Atlantic, Pacific, Mountain, Prai tives, the general practice now is to use single expan ·3rd. Thc future developrneut of the steam locomotivc rie, Mikado and Santa Fe types, for the purpose of sion cylinders. As the thermal effectiveness of a steam will bc along such liues as will produce the maximum carrying the loads imposed by larger boiler heating engine is, in general, increased by carrying out the ex hauling capacity per unit of total weight, at the mini surfaces and grate areas. While this change has usu pansion of the steam in two or more stages in separate mum cost per IJouud of drawbar pull. ally provided a greater sustained boiler capacity, it has cylinders, the use of compound rather than of simple cy! 4th. 'l'he modernized steam locomotive will provide permitted the utilization of the maximum weight avail inders, especially with the superheated steam that is for thc trausportation department a motive power unit able for adhesion for the reason that the bridging effect now a vailable, provides opportunity for further im capable of more uearly continuous service, between gen of a eombination of leading and trailing truck wheels provement in locomotive capacity, and in fuel and water eral repair periods. will increase rat her than decrease the permissible ratio cOllsumption. Compounding has been largely discon 5th. New and existiug steam locomotives will be between the weight on driving wheels and the tractive tinued during the past fifteen years, due to the mechani equipped to elimiuate the production of sl?oke, soot. power to an extent that the maximum allowable weight cal and operating difficulties (largely influenced by the cinders, sparks aud fire hazard; to utilize the heat now of the locomotive available for the production of draw excessive condensation of saturated steam) that re available in exhaust steam aud waste gases; to lessen bar pull cannot be used. As it is clear that the pro sulted from the various designs which were adopted in noise; and to reduce the consumption of fuel per unit pelling power of a locomoti ve is dependent on the load the United States during the previous ten-year period. of work performed. carried by the wheels of the driving axles, and that The introduction of the Mallet articulated type of loco 6th. All steam locomotives will be provided with whatever weight not so distributed is non-productive, motive by the Baltimore & Ohio R. R. in 1903, however, special and automatic appliances to minimize the lia it is easy to discern that the eight-wheel, mogul, con resulted in the revival of the compound system, and in bility for accident, eliminate arduous labor, re du ce me solidation, six and eight-wheel coupled, decapod and combination with superheated steam, the results have ehanical delay, aud overcome the uecessity for frequent Mallet articulated types of 10cOlhotives will produce a b�en such as will no doubt again bring about the in irispectiolls and adjustments. greater hauling capacity per pound of either total or troduction of the compound type of locomotive in other 7th. Existing steam locomotives having transporta adhesive weight than the corresponding Atlantic, Pa than the articulated designs. The more recent develop tion value will .be modernized with a view of reducing cific and other trailing truck types of locomotives that ment of intercepting valve mechanisms will largely the cost for operation and enhancing their physical have superseded thein. As improved means of combus overcome the mechanical deficiencies in the previous valuation. tion will eliminate the necessity for grates and ash designs of compound cylinders. 8th. The refiuemeuts in design, construction and ope pans and enable the location of relatively large driving Relative to the unbalanced reciprocating parts that ration that will be effected duriug the next few years, wheels adjacent to the firebox, the non-trailing truck go to make up a considerable portion of the weight of a justifies the prediction that through the combined use of types of locomotives will no doubt again come into favor. modern steam locomotive, it has developed, by recent re· Next to the adhesive factor, the steam generator is search and experimental work, that through improved *Railway Review.
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