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The Confederate Defense of Mobile, 1861-1865. (Volume I and Volume Ii)

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The Confederate Defense of Mobile, 1861-1865. (Volume I and Volume Ii) Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1980 The onfedeC rate Defense of Mobile, 1861-1865. (Volumes I-Ii). Arthur William Bergeron Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Bergeron, Arthur William Jr, "The onfeC derate Defense of Mobile, 1861-1865. (Volumes I-Ii)." (1980). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3511. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3511 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. University Micrcxilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8103623 Bergeron, Arthur William, Jr. THE CONFEDERATE DEFENSE OF MOBILE, 1861-1865. (VOLUME I AND VOLUME II) The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col. Ph.D. 1980 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1980 by Bergeron, Arthur William, Jr. All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check Vmark . 1. Glossy photographs or pages______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_______ 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy _____ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of p ag_______ e 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages y / " ' 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine________ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print_______ 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) 172 seem t0 ^ missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received_________ 16. Other________________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International THE CONFEDERATE DEFENSE OF MOBILE, 1861-1865 VOLUME I A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Arthur William Bergeron, Jr. M.A., Louisiana State University, 1972 August 1980 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a special debt to the late Professor T. Harry Williams who encouraged me to pursue this topic and pro­ vided valuable assistance while directing the early chap­ ters of the dissertation. I also wish to express my sincere gratitude to Professor William J. Cooper, Jr., for agreeing to direct my dissertation to its conclusion and for the many excellent suggestions he made to improve it. Doctor John L. Loos also read the manuscript while it was in progress and provided particular help with the footnotes. A number of people assisted me in various phases of my research, but a few deserve special thanks. Mr. Michael Musick of the Navy and Old Army Branch of the National Archives proved invaluable in making available pertinent manuscripts in that repository. Likewise, Mr. Caldwell Delaney of the Mobile Museum Department assisted not only in research in that collection but in suggesting other sources of information. Dr. Thomas McMillan of Mobile graciously allowed me to do research in his per­ sonal manuscript collection several years before he deposited it with the Mobile Museum Department. Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Phyllis, for the many sacrifices she made during the research and writing of this dissertation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii ABSTRACT . v VOLUME I CHAPTER I . "...A SEAPORT SUSCEPTIBEL OF IMPREGNABLE DEFENSE..." .......................... II "...A HERCULEAN TASK WITH MOST INADEQUATE MEANS..." .......................... 28 III. "THE WORK WILL NOT ADMIT OF DELAY..." . 63 IV. "...IT SHOULD BE DEFENDED FROM STREET TO STREET..." .......................... 95 V. "CANNOT GENL. BEAUREGARD SENT ME REINFORCEMENTS!" ................... 120 VI. "... AN INTERESTING AND AGREEABLE COMMAND.. 144 VII. "...THE TREES FALLING ALL AROUND..." 168 VIII. "...THE PARIS OF THE CONFEDERACY. 195 VOLUME II IX. "...PROFITS EQUAL THEIR RISK..." . 222 X. "THE DAMAGE TO THE FORT WAS VERY TRIFLING" 245 XI. "...AN ATTACK IS REALLY IMMINENT..." 271 XII. ,.A PARCEL OF POOR DEVILS COOPED UP IN A PILE OF BRICKS . " ............. 299 XIII. "...TIME IS EVERYTHING TO US NOW..." 328 XIV. "...STEADY AND ENERGETIC PREPARATIONS.. 352 XV. "WE HAD TO STAND AND TAKE IT." 376 XVI. "MOBILE WAS LEFT WITH GREAT RELUCTANCE. 399 i n iv EPILOGUE ................................................ 421 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 423 APPENDIX ................................................ 442 VITA ................................................... 444 ABSTRACT The people of Mobile, Alabama, supported the seces­ sion of their state from the Union in January 1861, and thousands of her able-bodied men served in the Confederate army from 1861 to 1865. Recognizing the city's strategic importance as a port and major railroad center connecting the eastern and western sections of the new nation, the Confederate government moved quickly to provide adequate defenses for Mobile. Confederate soldiers occupied and began to strengthen Fort Morgan and Fort Gaines, which guarded the main channels leading into Mobile Bay. The Confederate Navy Department converted several steamers into gunboats and began construction of four ironclads, all designed to support the land defenses of Mobile. As the war progressed, Union land and naval forces moved into the Gulf of Mexico, and the Confederate authorities realized that Mobile required more defensive works than the two forts at the mouth of the bay. Engineers, using slave labor, designed and constructed earthern forts along the bay shore near the city and on vi various islands at the mouths of the rivers which emp­ tied into the bay. They intended all of these batteries to protect the water approaches to Mobile in the event of an enemy naval force running past Fort Morgan and Fort Gaines. To protect the city from a land attack, the engineers erected a series of earthen redoubts con­ nected by infantry entrenchments around Mobile. By war's end, three separate lines of forts and trenches sur­ rounded the city. Mobile undoubtedly possessed fortifi­ cations as extensive and strong as almost any city in the Confederacy. Confederate President Jefferson Davis personally chose for assignment as commanding general at Mobile men whom he knew had the qualifications needed to push the construction of all of these defensive works and whom he could rely on to conduct a successful defense against an enemy attack. Confederate brigades, regiments, and artillery batteries moved in and out of the city through­ out the war. Although the garrison at times shrank in size to levels which alarmed its commanders, the Confed­ erate military authorities in Richmond made a commitment to see that enough men manned the fortifications to put up a stiff resistance to an actual enemy attack. The War Department also always made sure that the territorial command
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