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Tectonic Setting and Regional Geology of The KERAF SHEAR ZONE, NE SUDAN: GEODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NILE CRATON-NUBIAN SHIELD BOUNDARY vorgelegt von El Tahir Bailo Ahmed Suliman (M.Sc. Geology) vom Fachbereich 09 Bauingenieurwesen und Angewandte Geowissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuß: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Burkhardt Berichter: Prof. Dr. G. Franz Berichter: PD Dr. H. Schandelmeier de Oliveira Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 28. November 2000 Berlin 2000 D83 1 ABSTRACT This study integrates petrological, structural, geochemical, geochronological and isotopic in- vestigations of the geodynamic evolution of the Neoproterozoic Keraf Shear Zone (KSZ) in NE Sudan. It is a ~500 km long, thrust-bounded and wedge-shaped belt, that is narrower (∼30 km) in the S and wider (∼150 km) in the N. The wedge-shape geometry reflects N-S variation in styles of the structures, distribution of the strain and grade of metamorphism. In the north- ern sector the structural style is ductile with folds of long amplitudes and the grade of meta- morphism is green schist facies, whereas the southern sector of the belt is dominated by brittle deformation with folds characterised by short amplitudes and the rocks are in the upper am- phibolite facies. Therefore metamorphism predates the shearing. Lithologies in the KSZ are unique to the Keraf area and they were formed by the tectonic events of the KSZ. E-W geo-traverses in the Keraf area have revealed that the Keraf Petro- tectonic Assemblage comprises: high- to medium grade gneiss, siliciclastic and carbonate-rich low-grade metasediments which intercalate with sills of meta-basalt and microdiorite, ophio- litic nappes, molasse-type sediments and post-tectonic granitoids. Mineral assemblages from the metasediments in the southern sector of the shear zone indicate metamorphic conditions of c. 700° C and 20 km crustal depth. In the northern part of the KSZ lithologies preserve most of their primary compositions, textures and structures. Sedimentary structures and textures (cross and graded bedding and oolitic textures) in the low grade metasediments indicate depo- sition in a shallow-passive marine environment. Keraf ophiolites occur as exotic N-S trending fault-bounded ridges and they have most of the lithological characteristics of Phanerozoic ophiolites. The Keraf Petrotectonic Assemblage is stratigraphically topped by molasse-type sediments which include non-metamorphosed polymict conglomerate, sandstones and vol- canic tuffs. Collisional and post-collisional granitoids are widespread in the Keraf area. Geo- chemical investigations indicate existence of three layers in the Keraf ophiolites which show signatures of MORB and supra-subduction setting. The high-grade metasediments have geo- chemical signatures indicating low degree of sedimentary reworking and negligible values of secondary alteration. The low-grade metasediments are characterised by geochemical signa- tures which favour derivation from volcanic arc and deposition in a nearby shallow basin. The low grade-metavolcanics have both ocean floor and island arc geochemical characters. Geo- chemistry of the post-tectonic intrusions indicates that the older plutons are calc-alkaline, me- dium-K, metaluminous and collisional related I-type diorite and granodiorite. They have trace element signature of subduction zone emplacement. The younger plutons are high-K and post- collisional A-type granites. REE patterns favour derivation of the two types of plutons from a common magmatic source. Form, geometry and kinematics of evolution of the structural ele- ments in the KSZ indicate a four-phased (D1-D4) transpressive deformation which is charac- terised by N-S sinistral faulting (simple shear). Shearing was associated with E-W horizontal compression (crustal shortening) and vertical extension (crustal thickening). The tectonic history of the shear zone manifests a scenario of ocean basin closure (the Mozambique Ocean) followed by collision of the Wadi Halfa-Bayuda Terrane (Nile craton) against the Gabgaba-Gerf Terrane (Nubian Shield). 207Pb/206Pb zircon single grain ages are ~730 Ma for the high-grade gneiss and ~710 Ma for the early post-tectonic intrusions. K/Ar ages are 660 Ma for hornblende from the post-tectonic intrusions and 560 Ma for biotite from the high- grade gneiss and the post-tectonic intrusions. This indicates that the tectonic and thermal his- tory of the KSZ started ~750 Ma and ended at ~550 Ma. Pb isotopic ratios indicate an oceanic source for both the magmatic and metamorphic rocks in the KSZ. Sm/Nd model ages are 620-770 Ma for the post-tectonic plutons and 830-900 Ma for the gneiss, which indicate younger crustal residence and negligible involvement of a pre-pan African material in the evolution of the Keraf Petrotectonic Assemblage. 2 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab anhand tektonisch-struktureller, petrologischer, geochemischer (Ge- steins- und Mineralchemie), isotopengeochemischer und geochronologischer Untersuchungen einen umfas- senden Überblick über die Entwicklung der neoproterozoischen Keraf Scherzone im Nordsudan zu erhal- ten. Die Keraf Scherzone ist ∼500 km lang und wird seitlich von Überschiebungen begrenzt. In der Längs- erstreckung ist die Scherzone keilartig ausgebildet, d.h. im Norden wesentlich breiter (∼150 km) als im Süden (∼30 km). Diese Keilförmigkeit spiegelt sich auch in einem unterschiedlichen Stil der Deformations- strukturen, der Strain-Verteilung und des Metamorphosegrades wieder. In der nördlichen Keraf herrscht duktile Deformation, weitständiger Faltenbau und grünschieferfazielle Metamorphose vor, während die südliche Keraf durch Spröddeformation, engständigen Faltenbau und amphibolitfazielle Metamorphosebe- dingungen gekennzeichnet ist. Dieser letztgenannte Umstand belegt daß die Scherbewegungen die Meta- morphose überdauert haben. Das lithologische Inventar der Keraf Scherzone wurde weitestgehend durch die tektonische Entwicklung geformt und wird deshalb als ‘Keraf Petrotectonic Assemblage’ (KPA) bezeichnet. Ost-West Geländetra- versen haben ergeben daß die KPA aus folgenden Einheiten besteht: 1. mittel- bis hochgradig metamorphe Gneise, 2. siliziklastische und karbonatreiche geringgradige Metasedimente (mit Einschaltungen von Meta- basalten und Mikrodioriten), 3. Ophiolit-Decken, 4. Molasse-Typ Sedimente, 5. diskordante Granit- Plutone. Mineralparagenesen aus metasedimentären Gneisen der südlichen Keraf Scherzone zeigen Meta- morphosebedingungen um ca. 600 °C und 20 km Krustentiefe an. Im nördlichen Teil der Keraf Scherzone haben die nur geringgradig metamorphen Gesteine ihre primären Strukturen und Texturen erhalten können. Kreuzschichtung, ‘graded bedding’ und oolithische Texturen zeigen eine Ablagerung der Metasedimente in einem flachmarinen Ablagerungsraum an. Die ophiolithischen Gesteine kommen als ‘exotische’, N-S- streichende und von Störungen begrenzte, Rücken vor. Sie besitzen viele der Charakteristika phanero- zoischer Ophiolithe. Den stratigraphischen Abschluss der KPA bilden molasseartige Sedimente die aus nicht-metamorphen polymiktischen Konglomeraten, Sandsteinen und Vulkanoklastiten bestehen. Kollisio- nale und post-kollisionale Granit-Plutone sind im Keraf-Gebiet weit verbreitet. Geochemische Untersu- chungen belegen daß die Keraf Ophiolithe in drei Segmente unterteilt werden können: basale Tektonite, mafisch-ultramafische Kumulate, mafische Gesteine. Alle drei besitzen geochemische Signaturen die auf MORB- und Supra-Subduktionszonen-‘Settings’ hinweisen. Die Assoziation der Keraf Ophiolithe mit flachmarinen Sedimenten deutet auf eine Platznahme der Magmen im Spreading-Center eines Randbeckens hin. Die Geochemie der amphibolitfaziellen Metasedimente deutet auf nur geringfügige sedimentäre Auf- arbeitung und Verwitterungsalteration hin, während die Geochemie der grünschieferfaziellen Metasedi- mente auf einen vulkanischen Inselbogen als Quelle schliessen läßt. Die in die Metasedimente eingeschal- teten Metabasalte haben geochemische Signaturen von Ozeanboden- und Inselbogen-Basalten. Die Blei- Isotopenverhältnisse belegen eine ozeanische Herkunft für die magmatischen Gesteine der Keraf Scherzo- ne, während die hoch-gradigen metasedimentären Gesteine geringfügige Zufuhren von prä- panafrikanischem Krustenmaterial (8-10 Vol.%) erhalten haben. Die granitoiden Plutonite können geochemisch in zwei Gruppen unterteilt werden. Die ältere Gruppe be- steht aus kalk-alkalinen, metaluminösen, medium-K, I-Typ Dioriten und Granodioriten deren Spurenele- ment-Signaturen auf eine Subduktionszonen-Platznahme hinweist. Die jüngere Gruppe besteht aus high-K I-Typ Graniten und post-kollisionalen A-Typ Graniten. Die SEE-Muster beider Gruppen legen die Her- kunft der Magmen aus einer gemeinsamen Quelle nahe. Die tektonisch-strukturellen Untersuchungen der Keraf Scherzone belegen eine 4-phasige (D1 - D4) tran- spressive Deformation, die durch eine N-S gerichtete sinistrale Scherung (pure shear) charakterisiert wird. Die Scherbewegungen standen im Zusammenhang mit E-W gerichteter horizontaler Kompression (Kru- steneinengung und Verdickung) während der Schliessung eines Ozeanbeckens (Mozambique Ocean) und anschliessender Kollision des Wadi Halfa-Bayuda Terranes (Nil-‘Kraton’) mit dem Gabgaba-Gerf Terane (Nubischer Schild). 207Pb/206Pb Isotopenbestimmungen an Einzelzirkonen haben für die hochgradigen Gneise ein Alter von ∼730 Ma und für die älteren Granitplutone ein Alter
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