What next for particle physics?
Jon Butterworth University College London IoP July 2019 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 2 Huge range of phenomena…
11 102 Atomic binding energy 10 Electroweak symmetry breaking W, Z, H, top mass 107 Nuclear Planck 0 - g, g binding energy 1013 LHC CM energy
106 Electron 1025 Grand Unification?
100 1014 1028
electronVolts 109 Quark confinement,
Neutrinos proton mass,L QCD May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 3 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 4 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 5 Atomic Scales; QED “Poster Child” • Anomalous magnetic moment of electron • (g-2)/2 = (1159.65218076 ± 0.00000027) x 10-6 • Agrees with theory at level of 10−13
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 6 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 7 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 8 Muon g-2 • Anomalous magnetic moment of muon • (g-2)/2 = (1165.92089 ± 0.00054±0.00033) x 10-6 • Disagrees with theory at level of 3.6 s
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 9 Muon g-2 • Anomalous magnetic moment of muon • (g-2)/2 = (1165.92089 ± 0.00054±0.00033) x 10-6 – Disagrees with theory at level of 3.x s
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 10 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 11 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 12 QCD and hadron masses • Strongly coupled theory leads to confinement, generation of energy scale… many emergent phenomena
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 13 Pentaquarks! • Other quark bound states are also available…
arXiv:1904.03947
Possible structure?
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 14 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 15 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 16 ‘Hard’ QCD • Asymptotic freedom at short distances/high energies… strong becomes weak(er)
arXiv:1609.05331 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 17 ‘Hard’ QCD • When quarks and gluons make a break for it… Jets!
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 18 ‘Hard’ QCD • When quarks and gluons make a break for it… Jets!
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 19 ‘Hard’ QCD • When quarks and gluons make a break for it… Jets!
arXiv:1711.02692 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 20 ‘Hard’ QCD Freedom inside the proton: scaling, and violations
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 21 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 22 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 23 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 24 LEP and the neutrinos There are 3 generations of matter… and other precision results!
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 25 Electroweak symmetry breaking
Tevatron (CDF/D0)
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 26 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 27 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 28 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 29 Precision Higgs
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 30 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 31 To the TeV scale and beyond…
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May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 32 To the TeV scale and beyond…
• Into the unknown… – Well-defined, precise measurements and calculations. – High multiplicities – High boosts, even for electroweak-scale objects
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 33 To the TeV scale and beyond… • Example: Boosted top differential cross section, built from final-state particles
arXiv:1801.02052
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 34 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 35 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 36 Quark mixing and CP violation • The weak eigenstates of quarks are not the mass eigenstates: weak interaction mediates mixing, and thus CP violation • All measurements & constraints consistent with SM unitary mixing matrix
From A Zoccoli, ESPP update, Granada
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 37 Quark mixing and CP violation • The weak eigenstates of quarks are not the mass eigenstates: weak interaction mediates mixing, and thus CP violation • All measurements & constraints consistent with SM unitary mixing matrix
From A Zoccoli, ESPP update, Granada
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 38 Anomalies and interplay: Example
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May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia Moriond 2019 39 Anomalies and interplay: Example • Introduce a new particle/interaction to explain this: • Look at the impact of direct searches and measurements for such a particle • e.g. Allanach, JMB, Corbett arXiv:1904.10954 • Contur: JMB, Grellscheid Krämer, Sarrazin, Yallup arXiv:1606.05296, JHEP 1703 (2017) 078
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 40 MZ'/TeV May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 41 The Standard Model is dead, long live the Standard Model • Neutrinos have mass – New unitary mixing matrix, potential new source of CP violation • Maybe new (Majorana?) mass terms
PDG2014
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 42 Before we get too pleased with ourselves…
Beyond the Standard Model
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 43 And before we get too pleased with ourselves…
Beyond the Standard Model
Beyond the Standard Model
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 44 Beyond the Standard Model and General Relativity May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 45 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 46 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 47 New colliders? • Study the Higgs more carefully/precisely – 250 GeV “Higgs factory” e+e-, linear or circular (FCC- ee, CEPC, CLIC stage 1, ILC) – Other precision measurements e.g. top threshold at 350 GeV, or “GigaZ” – NB Precision is also possible at hadron colliders • Explore the energy frontier – Circular proton collider (FCC-hh/eh) – Circular muon collider? • Target a specific new particle/energy – Linear e+e- collider (CLIC)
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 48 High Luminosity
May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 49 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 50 May 2019 Jon Butterworth: Valencia 51 Or Is the Standard Model Isolated? Or Is the Standard Model Isolated?
We’ll never know if we don’t look… A Map of the Invisible
Journeys into Particle physics