Investigating the Transformative Capacity of Urban Experimentation
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DEGREE PROJECT IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2020 Investigating the Transformative Capacity of Urban Experimentation The case of Urban Living Labs: Insights from the Swedish Context SPILIOS ILIOPOULOS KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT www.kth.se Investigating the Transformative Capacity of Urban Experimentation. The case of Urban Living Labs: Insights from the Swedish Context Spilios Iliopoulos AG212XVT201 Degree Project in Urban and Regional Planning, Second Cycle KTH Royal Institute of Technology Supervisor: Maria Håkansson Examiner: Tigran Haas Stockholm, May 2020 Spilios Iliopoulos Investigating the Transformative Capacity of Urban Experimentation: The case of Urban Living Labs. Insights from the Swedish Context Acknowledgements The present study would not have reached its final outcome without the contribution of certain individuals. First I would like to thank my supervisor at KTH, Maria Håkansson for her aid and support throughout the process of the project. During our regular meetings her fruitful comments and remarks influenced my work on a great degree. I would to also like to thank Lucas Smas, Kes Mccormick, Andrew Karvonen, Jonas Bylund and Anja Karlsson for taking part in the interviews organized as part of the methodological process as well as all the people who assisted me in forwarding the survey that was conducted. Finally I would like to place special thanks to Michaela for bearing with me and supporting me throughout this difficult period that we all went through. We will emerge stronger. [2] Spilios Iliopoulos Investigating the Transformative Capacity of Urban Experimentation: The case of Urban Living Labs. Insights from the Swedish Context Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1. Preface ............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2. Aim and Research Questions .......................................................................................................... 9 1.3. Delimitations of the current study ............................................................................................... 10 1.4. Relevance within the field of Urban and Regional Planning ....................................................... 11 1.5. Overview of Chapters ................................................................................................................... 12 2. Research Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.1. Origins and the main cornerstones of the project ....................................................................... 13 2.2. The employment of Interviews .................................................................................................... 14 2.3. The methodological challenges that emerged and the use of online surveys ........................... 15 3. Background ............................................................................................................................................ 17 3.1. Theoretical framework ................................................................................................................. 17 3.1.1. Sustainability Transition Theories ......................................................................................... 17 3.1.2. The nature of experimentation ............................................................................................. 20 3.1.3. The communicative turn in planning-collaborative planning ............................................... 23 3.2. From Urban Labs to Living Labs and Urban Living Labs- Unraveling a “messy” concept ........... 24 3.3. Typologies of Urban Living Labs ................................................................................................... 31 3.4. The relevance of Urban Living Labs in the Swedish planning context ........................................ 34 4. Exploring the transformative capacity of Urban Living Labs in the Swedish context ........................... 36 4.1. The five case studies ..................................................................................................................... 36 4.1.1. A synthesis of two case studies: The ‘Mobile in Vienna-Liesing’ and “Experiment Stockholm”. ........................................................................................................................................... 37 4.1.2. The SubUrbanLab Project: “Social Uplifting and Modernization of Suburban Areas with an Urban Living Lab Approach”-The case of “New Light in Alby Hill” and “Shape your world” ................ 40 4.1.3. Malmo Innovation Platform .................................................................................................. 43 4.1.4. Hållbarheten (Western Harbor, Malmö) ............................................................................... 44 4.1.5. An analysis of the five case studies ...................................................................................... 45 4.2. The limits of Urban Living Labs- Difficulties, drawbacks and risks in their implementation ..... 53 5. Urban Living Labs and the role of local administrations and planners ................................................. 56 5.1. Urban Living Labs and the local administration .......................................................................... 56 [3] Spilios Iliopoulos Investigating the Transformative Capacity of Urban Experimentation: The case of Urban Living Labs. Insights from the Swedish Context 5.2. The role of the planner in Urban Living Labs .................................................................................... 59 5.2.1. Planners as facilitators and enablers of Urban Living Labs ................................................... 59 5.2.2. Planners as advisors-consultants ........................................................................................... 61 5.2.3. Planners as storytellers .......................................................................................................... 62 6. The role of citizens in Urban Living Labs ............................................................................................... 64 6.1. Civic participation in Urban Living Labs and Arnstein’s “Ladder” ............................................... 65 6.2. The results of the surveys on citizen participation in the context of urban experimentation .. 67 7. Overall discussion and concluding remarks .......................................................................................... 77 7.1. Discussion on the main findings ................................................................................................... 77 7.1.1. Urban Living Labs and the Swedish reality: The importance of practice exchange .............. 77 7.1.2. Implications for urban governance ....................................................................................... 80 7.1.3. Discussing the role of citizens ................................................................................................ 81 7.1.4. The role of planning professionals ........................................................................................ 82 7.2. Directives for future research on urban experimentation and Urban Living Labs ..................... 83 7.2.1. Emerging themes in the Urban Living Lab research .............................................................. 83 7.2.2. Suggestions for methodological pathways in Urban Living Lab-urban experimentation research 85 7.3. The future of Urban Living Labs-some concluding remarks ........................................................ 87 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 90 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................................... 103 Appendix 1: Interview with professionals ............................................................................................ 103 Appendix 2: Online Surveys .................................................................................................................... 108 [4] Spilios Iliopoulos Investigating the Transformative Capacity of Urban Experimentation: The case of Urban Living Labs. Insights from the Swedish Context List of Tables Table 1: Drivers of Living Labs ....................................................................................................................... 27 Table 2: Classification of Urban Living Labs according to the product or service that is produced ............. 32 Table 3: Actor-user oriented classification of Urban Living Labs according to their scale............................ 32 Table 4: Urban Living Labs’ Innovation Typologies ......................................................................................