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WATER INTRUSION PROBLEMS in TRANSIT TUNNELS September 1986

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WATER INTRUSION PROBLEMS in TRANSIT TUNNELS September 1986 UMTA-MA-06-0156-86-1 DOT-TSC-UMTA-86-8 Water Intrusion Problems in US. Department Transit Tunnels of Transportation Urban Mass Transportation Administration P. Parks J. Francis A. Gorlov E. Gorlova J. D. Guertin, Jr. Paul Parks and Associates, Inc. Engineering Et Management Consultants 100 Boylston Street Boston M A 02116 September 1986 Final Report This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. UMTA Technical Assistance Program NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. 1 Technical Report Documentation Page Report No. Government Accession No 3. Recipient's Catalog No. UMTA-MA-0 6 -0 1 5 6 -8 6 - 4. Title and Subtitle 5 Report Date WATER INTRUSION PROBLEMS IN TRANSIT TUNNELS September 1986 Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) TSC/DTS-77 P. Parks, J. Francis, A. Gorlov, Performing Organization Report No. E. Gorlova, J.D. Guertin, Jr. DOT-TSC-UMTA-86-8 9. Performing Organization Name and Address Work Unit No (TRAIS) Paul Parks & Associates, Inc.* \\ 100 Boylston Street Boston MA 02116 Contract or Grant No MA-06-0156 DTUM60-83-C-71217 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Type of Report and Period Covered Department of Transportation Final Report Urban Mass Transportation Administration September 1983 - July 1985 Office of Technical Assistance Washington DC 20590 Sponsoring Agency Code URT-10 15 Supplementary Notes U.S. Department of Transportation Research and Special Programs Administration *Under contract to; Transportation Systems Center Cambridge MA 02142 16 Abstract This report presents the findings of five case studies in which an in-depth analysis was made of tunnel water intrusion problems in transit tunnels. Water intrusion parameters of transit systems in Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, New York and Washington, DC, relating to geologic, hydraulic, design, construction and leakage problems which may be associated with tunnel water intrusion are examined. Special emphasis is placed on grouting applica- tions to leaking and the recommended practices derived from past and current experiences. The report attempts to systematically analyze tunnel leakage problems and potential causes across several diverse transit systems. The results suggest that choices of remedies and maintenance control may relate to design and construction considerations, particularly those associated with original concrete processes and applications. Cost factors and comparisons, while systematically pursued, produced fewer insights than were expected. 17 Keywords Dewatering; Groundwater Con- 18. Distribution Statement trol; Grouting; MARTA; >BTA; NFTA: NYCTA; Transit Tunnels; Tunnel Con- DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH struction; Tunnels & Tunneling; Water THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE, Intrusion; WMATA SPRINGFIELD VIRGINIA 22^61 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20 Security C'assif (of this page) 21 No of Pages 22. Price UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED 150 Form DOT F 1 700.7 (8-72) Reproouction of comoieted rage autnoi'izeo I - * O U. 2 . i « p» ( .£ .£ C ^ E o a E M> 3- 3 '3 « •o r 3 c III 'S m 2 £ > E u iZ « « 2 . 2 - • • • c 5 o • • fi 0 t 5 .£ 9 S • H ll j|l I S es ^ -a > •Sr. £ If £ 5 > £ Ills Ill c a 7 3i u 3 “ c > X 3 - > H la •8 0 5 ui <*> n (O <0 a 0 « ^ <0 QC o « — o — o N o Z lA UJ do d •- d < 6 ci — 6 w 6 <o 32 3 -j o 9 « c s r — ao s 4> o S <0 e £ IS ll S C 5 o wo i 8 E 2 . = a > M E S EE •> 8 S a c if S S 8 S « <• « U H « 3 3 3 ? u. S. < § - S = k b & 3 3 ll- “ ® j: I I 3 liiil 77 7 . 2 E ^ ^ 3 3 3 1 E u > § 6 E I 1 I 5 ,5. E---"e”e o CO FACTORS (Oi0 «n(^'* oo)aor«(o «M - E s SI n s nil nil nil iiiuiiii M nil niiiiiii iiii nii itii iiii nii nii iiii ini 1111 ini tin int nit ini nii tiu nii nii iiii iiii 1111 nii ini int itn iiii nii itii ini nii tin itit ini nii iiii iiii iiii CONVERSION IIIMM mil IIIIMI mim mim mim mil mil lllllll ii>M|l mini mim 'I'I'I' I'I'I' TIT 'I'I'I' 'I'l 'I'I'I' I'l METRIC E « « « mm U 8 > §§E EEE ££ o CO I* m _ 3 k s * 3 <3 S 3 a E 2 S « w s • • Ie • 3 c S S • fe s 2 m - 9 3 E E 2 6 pi • e • • S EE o ** Z « » « a U U Iiii ^ .3 -i 3 Q b. b I 3 3 3 *w ^ ll“ 83 £2 77 77 J 2 EEE 222233 <3 s r* o «i« f HI s > < • 2 a o a ^ (O II 2 la a «s la 3 C9 CD « ^ CN V 01 CO O e ta 6 0 ci b gob itf^doorioo i|« e rs®' 0 (O a (*) > < ^ e 2 < 0 2 i u S 41 0 <9 c E ii 1 S - i 8 --3 > c lb) c S c 2 m 1 £ J 3E Ions ^ D 1 |i a II > 8 8 8 8 8 s- s ^ a S (2000 3 aSCoi!.!i ouncai pound! l« « a C 1-5 II •58 3 3 i 3 8 short 53 |aSg|a^ d < £ 1* Jl 7777 S 3 ftV&u u 3 = I 1 E £«^1 32 IX PREFACE This report was prepared by Paul Parks and Associates, Inc., Boston, MA, between October 1983 and October 1984. The work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA), under Contract No. DTUM60-83-C-71217. Howard Evoy of UMTA and James Lamond of the Transportation Systems Center (TSC) technically monitored the tasks and made necessary arrangements for visits to the various construction sites and subway systems, and meetings with members of the construction community. The objective of the contract was to perform case studies of five subway systems (Buffalo; Atlanta; Washington, DC; New York, and Boston) by collecting data on the geologic, hydraulic design, structural and construction parameters as they may relate to tunnel water intrusion, and to develop recommended practices. During the work, the detailed review of major grouting methods and technique was presented by Wallace Hayward Baker, Ph.D. His work and cooperation are gratefully acknowledged. The cooperation of the transit properties personnel listed below, who gave their time and assistance to the work performed, is greatly appreciated. They are: Dale Moeller - NFTA, Buffalo, NY Richard Flanagen Goldberg, Zoino and Associates, Buffalo, NY John Gerlach Goldberg, Zoino and Associates, Buffalo, NY Maurice Turner - MARTA, Atlanta, GA Thomas McGinnley - MARTA, Atlanta, GA John Carey MBTA, Boston, MA Paul Pellagrin! - MBTA, Boston, MA Larry Heflin WMATA, Washington, DC Timothy Reed - WMATA, Washington, DC Gould - James Meuser-Rutledge-Johnston-Desimone , New York, NY John Ferrelli - NYCTA, New York, NY P. M. Rao - NYCTA, New York, NY Also acknowledged is the assistance of the technical staff of Paul Parks and Associates, who provided typing, editing and compiling of the final report. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview 1 il 1.2 Purpose 1 1.3 Scope and Methodology 2 2. TECHNOLOGY REVIEW AND LITERATURE ANALYSIS H j \' 2.3 Computer-Based Literature File 4 . ' 3. OVERVIEW OF WATER INTRUSION PROBLEMS 9 ! 3.1 Introduction 9 I 3.2 Major Paths of Water Intrusion 9 I 3.2.1 Shrinkage Cracks 10 i‘ 3«2.2 Construction Joints in Concrete Lining 10 3.2.3 Concrete Deterioration and Structural Failure 11 3.2.4 Other Types of Water Intrusion Paths 11 I' I 3.3 Problems Caused by Water Intrusion in Tunnels and Stations.. 11 3.4 12 , Remedial Measures to Control or to Stop Water Leakage ' 3.5 Overview of Case Studies 13 |, 4. GROUTING FOR GROUND WATER CONTROL IN COMPLETED RAPID TRANSIT TUNNELS 24 j j j' 4.1 Introduction 24 4.2 Cement-Based Grouts 25 I 4.2.1 Fillers and Admixtures 25 4.2.2 Design and Application Principles 26 ^*3 Chemical Grouts 27 j 4.3.1 Silicates 27 I 4.3.2 Acrylamides 28 ! 4.3.3 Water Reactive Polyurethanes 29 4.3.4 Lignosulphonates 29 4.3.5 Phenoplasts 30 4.3.6 Aminoplasts 30 4.3.7 New Products 30 4.4 Cement/Chemical Mixtures 30 V TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Section Page 5. CASE STUDY No. 1 - NIAGARA FRONTIER TRANSIT AUTHORITY (NFTA), BUFFALO, NY 32 5.1 Introduction 32 5.2 Geological and Groundwater Conditions 32 5.3 Impact of Goundwater Conditions on Design 33 5.4 Tunnel Environmental and Structural Description 34 5.5 Water Intrusion Problems - Construction Dewatering 35 5.6 Grouting for Water Control 37 5.7 Chemical Grouting 38 5.8 Grout Type 38 5.9 Chemical Grouting Techniques 39 5.10 Cement Grouting 40 5.11 Cement Grouting Techniques 40 5.12 Grouting Results 41 6. CASE STUDY No. 2 - METROPOLITAN ATLANTA RAPID TRANSIT AUTHORITY (MARTA), ATLANTA, GA 47 6.1 Introduction 47 6.2 General Information 48 6.3 Tunnel Environmental and Structural Description 48 6.3.1 Geological and Groundwater Conditions 48 6.3.2 Structural Description 48 6.4 Tunnel Construction Methods Related to Water Control 54 6.5 Major Leak Locations and Their Detrimental Effects in Tunnels and Stations 54 6.6 Remedial Measures for Water Control 6l 6.6.1 In-House Remedial Measures 6l 6.6.2 Tunnel Ceiling Leak Repairs by Contracted Service...
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