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CLASSICS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL THOUGHT

Volume 1

Origins through the Civil War

Edited, with Introductions, by SCOTT J. HAMMOND KEVIN R. HARDWICK HOWARD L. LUBERT

Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Indianapolis/Cambridge hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page vii

CONTENTS

The Declaration of Independence xvii The of the xx

1 Absolutism and the Ancient Constitution 1

James I Address before Parliament (1610) 4 Early Colonial Documents The Third Charter of (March 12, 1611) [selections] 5 The Mayflower Compact (1620) 7 Fundamental Orders of (1639) 8 The Toleration Act (1649) 11 John Winthrop Model of Christian Charity (1630) 13 Little Speech on (1645) 18 Nathaniel Ward The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam (1647) [selections] 20 James Harrington Oceana (1656) [selections] 23 Samuel Pufendorf On the Law of Nature and Nations (1672) [selections] 30 Algernon Sidney Apology (1683) 35 Discourses Concerning (1689) [selections] 36 William Penn Frame of Government of (February 2, 1683) 41 Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn, Esq. to the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania and Territories (October 28, 1701) 46 Resolutions of the Germantown Mennonites (February 18, 1688) 49 Second Treatise of Government (1689) [selections] 50 English Bill of (1689) [selections] 72

2 Liberty and Monarchy under the “Balanced” Constitution 75

Joseph Addison Letter against Parties (1711) 78 John Wise A Vindication of New England Churches (1717) [selections] 80 and Cato’s Letters (1719–1723) [selections] 85 William Byrd Letter to John Perceval, Earl of Egmont (July 12, 1736) 94 Sir John Randolph Re-Election Speech (1736) 96 Jonathan Edwards Northampton Covenant (1742) 98 Essays Moral, Political and Literary (1742, revised 1777) [selections] 99 Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth (1754) [selections] 106

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Georgia Trustees A Brief Account of the Causes That Have Retarded the Progress of the Colony of (1743) 108 Spirit of the Laws (1748) [selections] 109 Jonathan Mayhew A Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to the Higher Powers (1750) [selections] 134 Essays from the Independent Reflector (1752–1753) [selections] 138 Peter Fontaine Letters (1756–1757) 145

3 The American 148

James Otis Against Writs of Assistance (recorded, with notes, by ) (1761) 151 Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (1764) [selections] 154 Stephen Hopkins The Rights of the Colonies Examined (1764) [selections] 160 Thomas Whately The Regulations Lately Made (1765) [selections] 166 Letter to (February 11, 1765) [selections] 171

The Virginia Resolutions as Printed by the NEWPORT MERCURY (June 24, 1765) 174 Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress (October 19, 1765) 175 William Pym Letter to the London General Evening Post and the Newport Mercury (1765) [selections] 176 Daniel Dulany Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies (1765) [selections] 177 John Adams Clarendon, No. 3 (January 27, 1766) 182 Richard Bland An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies (1766) 186 Britannus Americanus Untitled (Boston, 1766) 193

Letter to the PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL (March 13, 1766) [selections] 194 Circular Letter from the House of Representatives to the Speakers of Other Houses of Representatives (February 11, 1768) 197 Benjamin Rush Letter to Ebenezer Hazard (October 22, 1768) 199 Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1768) [selections] 200 Thomas Hutchinson A Dialogue between an American and a European Englishman (1768) [selections] 214 Samuel Adams Letter to the Boston Gazette (February 27, 1769) 226 The Rights of the Colonists (November 20, 1772) 227 hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page ix

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Thomas Hutchinson Speech of the Governor to the Two Houses (January 6, 1773) [selections] 230 Bowdoin, Gray, Otis, Hall, et al. Answer of the Council to the Speech of Governor Hutchinson (January 25, 1773) [selections] 233 Massachusetts House of Representatives (S. Adams, J. Hancock, et al.) Answer of the House of Representatives to the Speech of the Governor (January 26, 1773) [selections] 238 Phillis Wheatley Letter to Reverend Samson Occum (March 11, 1774) 244 Declaration and Resolves of the First (October 14, 1774) 245 Isaac Backus A History of New England with Particular Reference to the Baptists, Volume 2 (1774) [selections] 247 A Summary View of the Rights of British America (July 1774) 249 The Farmer Refuted (1775) [selections] 257 John Wesley A Calm Address to Our American Colonies (1775) [selections] 263 Common Sense (1776) [selections] 267 Candidus [James Chalmers] Plain Truth; Addressed to the Inhabitants of America, Containing Remarks on a Late Pamphlet, Entitled, Common Sense (1776) [selections] 281 Carter Braxton Letter to Landon Carter (April 14, 1776) 288 John Adams Letter to Mercy Warren (April 16, 1776) 290 Thoughts on Government (April 1776) 291 The Virginia Declaration of Rights (June 12, 1776) 295 Four Letters on Interesting Subjects (1776) [selections] 296 John Adams Letters to Abigail Adams (July 3, 1776) [selections] 299 Benjamin Rush Letter to Patrick Henry (July 16, 1776) 301 Letter to Lord Howe (July 20, 1776) 302 Notes of Debates in Congress (1776) [selections] 303 John Witherspoon Speech in Congress (July 30, 1776) 306 The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men (1776) [selections] 308 Benjamin Rush Notes for a Speech in Congress (August 1, 1776) [selections] 315 Henry Laurens Letter to John Laurens (August 14, 1776) [selections] 317 Concord Town Meeting Resolution (October 21, 1776) 318 Thomas Paine The Crisis, No. 1 (1776) 318 Carter Braxton A Native of This Colony (1776) 323 hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page x

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4 Toward a More Perfect Union 329

Articles of Confederation (1777, 1781) 332 Alexander Hamilton Letter to James Duane (September 3, 1780) [selections] 337 Letter to Thomas Jefferson (1781) [selections] 341 Hector St. Jean de Crèvecoeur Letters from an American Farmer (1782) [selections] 342 Thomas Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia (1782) [selections] 347 Benjamin Banneker Letter to Thomas Jefferson (August 19, 1791) 355 Thomas Jefferson Letter to Benjamin Banneker (August 30, 1791) 357 James Madison Notes on Debates in Congress (February 21, 1783) [selections] 357 Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments (June 20, 1785) 359 Letter to Samuel Adams (March 14, 1785) 363 Letter to George Mason (May 15, 1787) 364 Northwest Ordinance (1787) [selections] 365 Letter to (August 15, 1786) [selections] 367 John Jay Letter to George Washington (January 7, 1787) 368 George Washington Letter to John Jay (March 10, 1787) [selections] 369 James Madison Vices of the Political System of the United States (1787) 370 Letter to George Washington (April 16, 1787) [selections] 374 Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention (1787) [selections] 376

5 The Ratification Debate 454

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay (“Publius”) The Federalist Papers (1787–1788) [selections] 456 James Wilson Speech on Ratification (1787) 521 James Madison Letter to Thomas Jefferson (October 24, 1787) 523 Letter to Thomas Jefferson (October 17, 1788) 527 Thomas Jefferson Letter to James Madison (March 15, 1789) [selections] 529 George Clinton Cato, No. 4 (1787) 531 An Old Whig, No. 5 (1787) 532 Robert Yates Brutus Essays (1787–1788) [selections] 534 Federal Farmer (1787–1788) [selections] 558 Melancton Smith Speeches (1788) [selections] 578 hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page xi

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John Adams Letter to (July 18, 1789) 584 Letter to Samuel Adams (October 18, 1790) 586 Discourses on Davila (1789) [selections] 589

6 Liberty, Authority, and the Implementation of Government 597

Henry Knox Report on White Outrages (1788) [selections] 599 Tribal Council of the and Twelve Additional Tribes (1793) 600 Red Jacket (Segoyewatha) Speech in Response to White Missionaries (1805) 600 Speech in Response to Land Speculators (1811) 601 George Washington Inaugural Address (April 30, 1789) 602 Letter to the United Baptist Churches of Virginia (May 1789) 604 James Madison and Alexander White Debates in the First Congress (June 16–18, 1789) [selections] 605 Thomas Jefferson Letter to Nehemiah Dodge and Others, a Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association, in the State of Connecticut (January 1, 1802) 611 Letter to Benjamin Hawkins (February 18, 1803) [selections] 611 Alexander Hamilton Report on Public Credit (January 9, 1790) [selections] 612 Report on a National Bank (December 13, 1790) 615 Thomas Jefferson On the Constitutionality of a National Bank (February 15, 1791) 615 Alexander Hamilton Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank (February 23, 1791) [selections] 618 Report on the Subject of Manufacturers (December 5, 1791) [selections] 622 Letter to George Washington (August 18, 1792) [selections] 628 James Madison A Candid State of Parties (September 26, 1792) 633 Alexander Hamilton Pacificus, No. 1 (June 29, 1793) 634 James Madison Helvidius, No. 1 (August 24, 1793) 638 Alexander Hamilton Letter to George Washington (August 2, 1794) 643 Tully, No. 1 (August 23, 1794) 645 Tully, No. 3 (August 28, 1794) 646 George Washington Letter to Henry Lee (August 26, 1794) [selections] 647 Thomas Jefferson Letter to James Madison (1794) [selections] 648 Alexander Hamilton Memorandum on the (1794) [selections] 649 George Washington Farewell Address (September 19, 1796) 651 Alexander Addison On Liberty of Speech and of the Press (1797) [selections] 659 Thomas Jefferson Draft of the Kentucky Resolutions (before October 4, 1798) 664 James Madison Virginia Resolutions against the Alien and Sedition Act (December 21, 1798) 668 Report of the Minority on the Virginia Resolutions (January 22, 1799) 669 hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page xii

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Thomas Jefferson Letter to (January 26, 1799) [selections] 673 Letter to William Green Munford (June 18, 1799) [selections] 676 James Madison Report on the Virginia Resolutions (January 7, 1800) [selections] 677 Samuel Chase Calder v. Bull (1798) [selections] 680 William Patterson Calder v. Bull, Concurrence (1798) [selections] 684 James Iredell Calder v. Bull, Dissent (1798) [selections] 686 Thomas Jefferson First Inaugural Address (March 4, 1801) 688

7 Liberty, Morality, and Nationalism 691

Benjamin Franklin Autobiography (1791) [selections] 694 Phillis Wheatley Selected Poems (1770–1776) 737 John Marshall Marbury v. Madison (1803) [selections] 739 Thomas Jefferson Letter to John Adams (October 28, 1813) [selections] 742 Letter to Samuel Kercheval (July 12, 1816) [selections] 744 John Adams Letters to Thomas Jefferson (1813) [selections] 748 Fisher Ames A Sketch of the Character of Alexander Hamilton (1804) 751 The Mire of (1805) 755 James Madison Speech to the Virginia Constitutional Convention (1829) 757 William Emerson Fourth of July Oration (July 5, 1802) [selections] 760 William Manning The Key of Liberty (1798) [selections] 764 Democracy in America (1835, 1840) [selections] 770 Richard McNemar The Kentucky Revival (1808) [selections] 801 Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816) [selections] 806 John Marshall Barron v. Baltimore (1833) 812 Politics (1844) 814

8 Liberty, Order, and the Market 821

Charles Jared Ingersoll Inchiquin’s Letters (1810) [selections] 824 Peter Porter Speech on Internal Improvements (February 8, 1810) [selections] 830 Tenkswatawa (The Prophet) Address at Fort Vincennes (1808) 836 Tecumseh Three Speeches (1811–1812) 837 Pushmataha Speech Opposing Tecumseh (1811) 840 hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page xiii

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John Marshall Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) [selections] 842 McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) [selections] 847 James Kent Addresses before the State Constitutional Convention (1821) [selections] 856 John Marshall Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) [selections] 860 Henry Clay Speeches on the American System (February 1832) [selections] 866 John C. Calhoun Fort Hill Address (July 26, 1831) 871 John Marshall Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia (1831) 885 Worcester v. Georgia (1832) [selections] 888 T. Hartley Crawford Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1838) [selections] 892 Veto of the Maysville Road Bill (1830) [selections] 894 Message on Removal of Southern Indians (1835) [selections] 896 Memorial and Protest of the Cherokee Nation (1836) [selections] 897 Roger Taney Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co. (1837) [selections] 898 Joseph Story Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co., Dissent (1837) [selections] 903 Speech on the Presidential Veto of the Bank Bill (July 1832) [selections] 908 Theophilus Fisk Capital against Labor (1835) [selections] 913 David Henshaw Remarks upon the Rights and Powers of Corporations, and the Rights, Powers and Duties of the Legislature toward Them (1837) [selections] 917 Ralph Waldo Emerson Divinity School Address (1838) 924 (1849) [selections] 932 Walden (1854) [selections] 940

9 Slavery and Secession 948

James Forten et al. A Voice from (1817) 951 Richard Furman Exposition of the Views of Baptists, Relative to the Coloured Population in the United States, in a Communication to the Governor of (1822) [selections] 953 James Madison Letter to (August 28, 1830) 959 David Walker Appeal in Four Articles to the Colored Citizens of the World (1830) [selections] 964 Abraham Lincoln Address before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois (1838) 969 William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator (1831–1844) [selections] 973 Robert Hayne and Daniel Webster Speeches in Debate over Foot’s Resolution (1830) [selections] 981 Henry Highland Garnet An Address to the Slaves of the United States of America (1843) [selections] 1010 hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page xiv

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Frederick Douglass What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? (1852) [selections] 1012 George Fitzhugh Sociology for the South (1854) [selections] 1021 Henry David Thoreau Slavery in Massachusetts (1854) [selections] 1024 Roger Taney Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) [selections] 1030 Benjamin Curtis Dred Scott v. Sandford, Dissent (1857) [selections] 1037 Abraham Lincoln Fragments on Government (1854?) 1046 Fragments on Slavery (1854?) 1046 “House Divided” Speech (1858) 1048 Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas Selected Debates (1858) 1052 Abraham Lincoln Cooper Union Address (1860) 1075 Address in , Philadelphia (1861) 1084 First Inaugural Address (1861) 1085 Alexander Stephens Cornerstone Speech (March 21, 1861) [selections] 1090

10 The Civil War and Reconstruction 1094

Abraham Lincoln Letter to Orville H. Browning (September 22, 1861) 1097 Message to Congress Recommending Compensated Emancipation (March 6, 1862) 1098 Proclamation Revoking General Hunter’s Martial Order of Emancipation (May 9, 1862) 1099 Address on Colonization to a Committee of Colored Men (August 14, 1862) 1100 Letter to Horace Greeley (August 22, 1862) 1102 Reply to a Committee from the Churches of Chicago Requesting the Issuance of an Emancipation Proclamation (1862) 1103 Proclamation Suspending Writ of Habeas Corpus (September 24, 1862) 1105 Meditation on Divine Will (1862) 1105 Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) 1106 Letter to Erastus Corning et al. (June 12, 1863) 1107 Letter to Governor Johnson (September 11, 1863) 1111 Proclamation Suspending Writ of Habeas Corpus (September 15, 1863) 1112 Gettysburg Address (1863) 1113 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) 1113 Letter to Albert G. Hodges (April 4, 1864) 1115 Proclamation Concerning Reconstruction (July 8, 1864) 1116 Second Inaugural Address (1865) 1117 Wade-Davis Manifesto (1864) 1118 James McKaye The Mastership and Its Fruits (1864) [selections] 1119 Charles Soule Letter to General Oliver Otis Howard, Commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau (June 12, 1865) [selections] 1127 Joseph Daniel Pope Report and Remarks on Post-War Conditions in South Carolina (June 29, 1865) [selections] 1131 Speech at Lancaster, Pennsylvania (1865) [selections] 1134 Petitions of the Freedmen of Edisto Island, South Carolina, to General O. O. Howard, Freedmen’s Bureau Commissioner, and to the President of the United States (October 1865) 1141 hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page xv

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South Carolina Black Code (1865) [selections] 1143 Andrew Johnson Veto of Freedman’s Bureau Bill (1866) 1144 Veto of Civil Rights Act of 1866 (1866) 1147 Lyman Trumbull Speech to the (1866) 1153 Civil Rights Act of 1866 (April 6, 1866) 1155 Alexander Stephens Testimony before the Joint Congressional Committee on Reconstruction (1866) [selections] 1158 Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction (1866) 1160 David Davis Ex Parte Milligan (1866) 1164 First Reconstruction Act (1867) 1169 Andrew Johnson Veto of the First Reconstruction Act (1867) [selections] 1170 Samuel J. Tilden Speech on Reconstruction (1868) [selections] 1173 Constitution and Ritual of the Knights of the White Camellia (1868) [selections] 1177 Raleigh Daily Sentinel Editorial (1869) 1180 Petition to Congress of the Committee of Grievances of the Colored Citizens of Frankfort, Kentucky (1871) 1181 Report of a Federal Grand Jury on the Ku Klux Klan (1871) 1182 Ulysses S. Grant Memoirs (1885) [selections] 1183 Jourdan Anderson Letter to My Old Master (1865) 1191

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CLASSICS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL THOUGHT

Volume 2

Reconstruction to the Present hac-apct-v2-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:44 PM Page vii

CONTENTS

1 Reconstruction, Race, and Gender 1

Walt Whitman Selected Poems (1855–1873) 3 Angelina Grimké Letter to Theodore Weld and John Greenleaf Whittier (August 20, 1837) 5 Sarah Grimké Letters on the Equality of the Sexes (1837) [selections] 8 Catharine A. Beecher Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841) [selections] 13 The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls (1848) 16 Elizabeth Cady Stanton Address to the New York State Legislature (1854) 18 Red Cloud Speech (1866) 26 Speech for War (1866) 26 Cooper Union Address (1870) 27 Spotted Tail Speech (1866) 28 Speech (1876) 28 Satanta Medicine Lodge Speech (1867) 30 Blackfoot Speech (1873) 31 Crazy Horse Last Words (1877) 32 Chief Joseph Surrender to General Howard (1877) 32 Sitting Bull Powder River Council Speech (1875) 33 Response to U.S. Government (1878) 33 Remarks in Prison at Ft. Randall (1882) 34 Speech (undated) 35 Wokova [Jack Wilson] Messiah Letter (undated) [selections] 35 Kicking Bear Kicking Bear’s Vision (1890) 36 Freedmen’s Address (1865) 37 Civil Rights Act of 1875 (March 1, 1875) 39 Susan B. Anthony Speech in Defense of Equal Suffrage (1873) 40 Statement at the Close of Her Trial (1873) 53 J. E. Brown Remarks before the Senate on Woman Suffrage (1887) [selections] 54 Mary Putnam Jacobi “Common Sense” Applied to Woman Suffrage (1894) 56 Morrison R. Waite United States v. Cruikshank (1875) [selections] 60 Joseph P. Bradley The Civil Rights Cases (1883) [selections] 65 John Marshall Harlan The Civil Rights Cases, Dissent (1883) [selections] 70 Horace Gray Elk v. Wilkins (1884) [selections] 78

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John Marshall Harlan Elk v. Wilkins, Dissent (1884) [selections] 82 George Washington Cable The Freedman’s Case in Equity (1885) 85 The Dawes Severalty Act (1887) [selections] 96 Henry B. Brown Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) [selections] 99 John Marshall Harlan Plessy v. Ferguson, Dissent (1896) [selections] 103 Booker T. Washington Who Is Permanently Hurt? (1896) 107 The Best Labor in the World (1898) 108 An Open Letter to the Louisiana Constitutional Convention (1898) 110 W. E. B. Du Bois The Negro Problem: On the “Talented Tenth” (1903) [selections] 112 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Our Androcentric Culture (1911) [selections] 114

2 Contractual Liberty and the Gilded Age 120

Russell Conwell Acres of Diamonds (c. 1870) [selections] 123 Mark Twain The Curious of Gondour (1875) [selections] 132 Morrison R. Waite Munn v. Illinois (1877) [selections] 134 Stephen Field Munn v. Illinois, Dissent (1877) [selections] 138 Terence V. Powderly and Robert Schilling The Constitution of the Knights of Labor (1878) [selections] 143 Henry George Progress and Poverty (1879) [selections] 144 Carroll D. Wright The Factory System as an Element in Civilization (1882) [selections] 157 William Graham Sumner What Social Classes Owe Each Other (1883) [selections] 163 Lester Frank Ward Mind as a Social Factor (1884) 170 Samuel Gompers Letter to Judge Peter Grosscup (1894) 176 Ida B. Wells On Lynching (1894) [selections] 180 Booker T. Washington Atlanta Exposition Address (1895) 188 W. E. B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk (1903) [selections] 190 The Development of a People (1904) 196 Melville Fuller United States v. E. C. Knight Company (1895) [selections] 206 John Marshall Harlan United States v. E. C. Knight Company, Dissent (1895) [selections] 209 Katharine Lee Bates America the Beautiful (1893, 1904, 1913) 216 John Philip Sousa The Stars and Stripes Forever (1897) 217 Andrew Carnegie The Gospel of Wealth (1889) 218 hac-apct-v2-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:44 PM Page ix

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George D. Herron Address before the Minnesota Congregational Club (1890) 224 The Populist Party Platform (1892) 229 Oliver Wendell Holmes The Path of Law (1897) 232 John Peter Altgeld Address to the Laboring Order of Chicago (1899) 238 Rufus Peckham Lochner v. New York (1905) [selections] 242 Oliver Wendell Holmes Lochner v. New York, Dissent (1905) [selections] 246

3 The Problems of Industrial Capitalism 247

Thorstein Veblen Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) [selections] 250 Jane Addams Chicago Liberty Address (1899) 263 Mark Twain To the Person Sitting in the Darkness (1901) 265 International Workers of the World Manifesto on Organizing the Industrial Workers of the World (1905) 271 Upton Sinclair The Jungle (1906) [selections] 273 David J. Brewer Muller v. Oregon (1908) [selections] 284 Eugene V. Debs Speech at Indianapolis (1909) [selections] 287 Jane Addams Why Women Should Vote (1915) 290 Herbert Croly The Promise of American Life (1909) [selections] 296 The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy (1910) [selections] 315 Woodrow Wilson Fourth of July Address on the Declaration of Independence (1907) [selections] 318 Address to the Jefferson Club of Los Angeles (1911) [selections] 323 The New Freedom (1912) [selections] 324 Theodore Roosevelt An Autobiography (1913) 328 Walter Rauschenbusch Christianizing the Social Order (1912) [selections] 332 Emma Goldman : What It Really Stands For (1911) [selections] 337 Elihu Root Experiments in Government (1913) [selections] 344 Robert La Follette Address on Free Speech in Wartime (1917) [selections] 345 William Rufus Day Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) [selections] 348 Oliver Wendell Holmes Hammer v. Dagenhart, Dissent (1918) [selections] 351 Margaret Sanger Women and the New Race (1920) [selections] 353 The Pivot of Civilization (1922) [selections] 356 Henry Adams The Education of Henry Adams (1918) [selections] 359 hac-apct-v2-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:44 PM Page x

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4 Freedom as Power and Opportunity 370

Eugene V. Debs Speech to the Court (1918) [selections] 373 Oliver Wendell Holmes Schenck v. United States (1919) [selections] 374 John H. Clarke Abrams v. United States (1919) [selections] 376 Oliver Wendell Holmes Abrams v. United States, Dissent (1919) [selections] 378 Walter Lippmann The Phantom Public (1925) [selections] 381 Oliver Wendell Holmes (1918) 392 Buck v. Bell (1927) 394 Herbert Hoover Speech on Rugged (1928) 395 Franklin D. Roosevelt Commonwealth Club Address (1932) [selections] 403 First Inaugural Address (1933) 409 State of the Union Message (The “Four Freedoms” Speech) (1941) 412 John Dewey and Social Action (1935) [selections] 416 H. L. Mencken On Being an American (1922) [selections] 427 Platforms of the Democratic and Republican Parties (1936) 437 A. Philip Randolph The Crisis of the Negro and the Constitution (1937) [selections] 446 George Sutherland Powell v. Alabama (1932) [selections] 450 Charles Evans Hughes West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937) [selections] 456 Benjamin Cardozo Palko v. State of Connecticut (1937) [selections] 458 Woody Guthrie God Blessed America (This Land Was Made for You and Me) (1940) 461 E. B. White Freedom (1940) 461 Harlan Fiske Stone United States v. Darby Lumber Company (1941) [selections] 464 Robert H. Jackson West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) [selections] 468 Felix Frankfurter West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, Dissent (1943) [selections] 472 Learned Hand Central Park Address (1944) 478 Felix Frankfurter Adamson v. California, Concurrence (1947) [selections] 478 Hugo Black Adamson v. California, Dissent (1947) [selections] 481 Bernard Baruch Address before the United Nations (1946) 486 Eleanor Roosevelt The Struggle for Human Rights (1948) 488

5 The Cold War and the Limits of Dissent 494

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George Kennan (“X”) The Sources of Soviet Conduct (July 1947) 498 Hubert H. Humphrey Address at the Democratic National Convention (1948) 507 The Irony of American History (1952) [selections] 509 J. Edgar Hoover Testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee (1947) [selections] 517 Joseph McCarthy Speech at Wheeling, West Virginia (1950) [selections] 519 Frederick M. Vinson Dennis v. United States (1951) [selections] 522 Felix Frankfurter Dennis v. United States, Concurrence (1951) [selections] 526 William O. Douglas Dennis v. United States, Dissent (1951) [selections] 531 Hugo Black Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer (1952) [selections] 534 Robert Jackson Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer, Concurrence (1952) [selections] 536 Frederick M. Vinson Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer, Dissent (1952) [selections] 541 Whittaker Chambers Witness (1952) [selections] 545 Sydney Hook Political Power and Personal Freedom (1959) [selections] 555 C. Wright Mills The Power Elite (1956) [selections] 561 Dwight D. Eisenhower Farewell Address (1961) 575 John F. Kennedy Campaign Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association (1960) 578 Inaugural Address (1961) 580 City and Man (1964) [selections] 582 Allen Ginsberg America (1956) 588 Lawrence Ferlinghetti I Am Waiting (1958) 589

6 The Great and Its Critics 592

James Baldwin Nobody Knows My Name (1961) [selections] 596 Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) [selections] 603 Reflections on Little Rock (1959) 606 Hugo Black Engel et al. v. Vitale et al. (1962) [selections] 613 Potter Stewart Engel et al. v. Vitale et al., Dissent (1962) [selections] 617 Tom C. Clark School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v. Schempp (1963) [selections] 618 Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964) [selections] 624 Katzenbach, Acting Attorney General, et al. v. McClung et al. (1964) [selections] 627 Students for a Democratic Society The Port Huron Statement (1962) [selections] 630 hac-apct-v2-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:44 PM Page xii

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John F. Kennedy Civil Rights Address (1963) 644 Richard Russell Response to President Kennedy (1963) 647 King, Jr. Stride toward Freedom (1958) [selections] 648 Letter from a Birmingham Jail (1963) 653 Lincoln Memorial Address (“I Have a Dream”) (1963) 662 Malcolm X The Ballot or the Bullet (1964) 664 Ronald Reagan A Time for Choosing (1964) 674 Lyndon Baines Johnson Commencement Address at Howard University (1965) 680 James Baldwin and William F. Buckley Debate at Cambridge University (1965) 684 Daniel Patrick Moynihan The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (The Moynihan Report) (1965) [selections] 689 Stokely Carmichael What We Want (1966) 703 Roy Wilkins Address before the NAACP Convention (1966) [selections] 708 Caesar Chavez Delano Statement (1968) 710 Delano Plan (1968) 710 Interview with The Observer (1970) [selections] 712 Betty Friedan Our Revolution Is Unique (NOW Report) (1968) [selections] 715 Kurt Vonnegut Harrison Bergeron (1968) 718 Earl Warren Miranda v. Arizona (1966) [selections] 721 Potter Stewart Katz v. United States (1967) [selections] 729 John Marshall Harlan II Katz v. United States, Concurrence (1967) [selections] 731 Hugo Black Katz v. United States, Dissent (1967) [selections] 731 William O. Douglas Brandenburg v. Ohio, Concurrence (1969) [selections] 733 Abe Fortas Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969) [selections] 735 William O. Douglas Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) [selections] 739 Arthur Goldberg Griswold v. Connecticut, Concurrence (1965) [selections] 740 John Marshall Harlan II Griswold v. Connecticut, Concurrence (1965) [selections] 743 Hugo Black Griswold v. Connecticut, Dissent (1965) [selections] 744 Harry A. Blackmun Roe v. Wade (1973) [selections] 748 William Rehnquist Roe v. Wade, Dissent (1973) [selections] 756 Byron White Roe v. Wade, Dissent (1973) [selections] 757 Irving Kristol “When Virtue Loses All Her Loveliness”—Some Reflections on Capitalism and “The Free Society” (1970) 758 Saul Alinsky Rules for Radicals (1971) [selections] 765 hac-apct-v2-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:44 PM Page xiii

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Russell Means Speech during the Wounded Knee Occupation (1973) [selections] 773 Human Rights Commission Address (1977) [selections] 774 Theory of (1971) [selections] 774 Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) [selections] 780 Spheres of Justice (1983) [selections] 785 The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self (1984) 794 Barbara Jordan Address before the Democratic National Convention (1976) 803 Jeane Kirkpatrick Dictatorships and Double Standards (1979) [selections] 805 Ronald Reagan Address before the Conservative Political Action Committee (“City upon a Hill” Speech) (1974) 817 First Inaugural Address (1981) 822 Address before the National Association of Evangelists (1983) 825 Ursula K. Le Guin A Left-Handed Commencement Address (1983) 830 Thurgood Marshall Remarks on the Bicentennial of the Constitution (1987) 832

7 Democracy’s Challenges and the Price of Power 835

Gary Snyder Before the Stuff Comes Down (1970) 839 Edwin Meese Address before the American Bar Association (1985) 839 William J. Brennan, Jr. Address before the Text and Teaching Symposium, Georgetown University (1985) [selections] 845 Daniel Patrick Moynihan Family and Nation (1986) [selections] 852 Antonin Scalia Employment Division, Oregon Department of Human Resources v. Smith (1990) [selections] 863 Sandra Day O’Connor Employment Division, Oregon Department of Human Resources v. Smith, Concurrence (1990) [selections] 867 Harry Blackmun Employment Division, Oregon Department of Human Resources v. Smith, Dissent (1990) [selections] 870 Oren Lyons Address at the Aboriginal Law Association Conference, McGill University (1991) [selections] 870 Daniel Elazar Obligations and Rights in the Jewish Political Tradition: Some Preliminary Observations (1991) [selections] 872 William Rehnquist United States v. Lopez (1995) [selections] 882 Clarence Thomas United States v. Lopez, Concurrence (1995) [selections] 886 William Kristol The Politics of Liberty, the Sociology of Virtue (1995) 889 Anthony Kennedy City of Boerne, Petitioner v. P. F. Flores, Archbishop of San Antonio, and United States (1997) [selections] 895 hac-apct-v2-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:44 PM Page xiv

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National Conference of Catholic Bishops/United States Catholic Conference Economic Justice for All (1997) [selections] 901 Gertrude Himmelfarb Welfare and Charity: Lessons from Victorian England (1997) 914 Roberto Unger and Cornel West Progressive Politics and What Lies Ahead (1998) 917 Elie Wiesel Speech at the White House on the Perils of Indifference (1999) 921 George W. Bush State of the Union Address (2002) [selections] 923 Second Inaugural Address (2005) 927 Anthony Kennedy John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner, Petitioners v. Texas (2003) [selections] 929 Antonin Scalia John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner, Petitioners v. Texas, Dissent (2003) [selections] 935 Clarence Thomas John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner, Petitioners v. Texas, Dissent (2003) 940 Sandra Day O’Connor Hamdi et al. v. Rumsfeld (2004) [selections] 940 Antonin Scalia Hamdi et al. v. Rumsfeld, Dissent (2004) [selections] 949 Joseph R. Biden, Jr. Learned Hand Dinner Address before the American Jewish Committee (2005) 956

Credits 961