hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page iii CLASSICS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL THOUGHT Volume 1 Origins through the Civil War Edited, with Introductions, by SCOTT J. HAMMOND KEVIN R. HARDWICK HOWARD L. LUBERT Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Indianapolis/Cambridge hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page vii CONTENTS The Declaration of Independence xvii The Constitution of the United States xx 1 Absolutism and the Ancient Constitution 1 James I Address before Parliament (1610) 4 Early Colonial Documents The Third Charter of Virginia (March 12, 1611) [selections] 5 The Mayflower Compact (1620) 7 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) 8 The Maryland Toleration Act (1649) 11 John Winthrop Model of Christian Charity (1630) 13 Little Speech on Liberty (1645) 18 Nathaniel Ward The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam (1647) [selections] 20 James Harrington Oceana (1656) [selections] 23 Samuel Pufendorf On the Law of Nature and Nations (1672) [selections] 30 Algernon Sidney Apology (1683) 35 Discourses Concerning Government (1689) [selections] 36 William Penn Frame of Government of Pennsylvania (February 2, 1683) 41 Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn, Esq. to the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania and Territories (October 28, 1701) 46 Resolutions of the Germantown Mennonites (February 18, 1688) 49 John Locke Second Treatise of Government (1689) [selections] 50 English Bill of Rights (1689) [selections] 72 2 Liberty and Monarchy under the “Balanced” Constitution 75 Joseph Addison Letter against Parties (1711) 78 John Wise A Vindication of New England Churches (1717) [selections] 80 John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon Cato’s Letters (1719–1723) [selections] 85 William Byrd Letter to John Perceval, Earl of Egmont (July 12, 1736) 94 Sir John Randolph Re-Election Speech (1736) 96 Jonathan Edwards Northampton Covenant (1742) 98 David Hume Essays Moral, Political and Literary (1742, revised 1777) [selections] 99 Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth (1754) [selections] 106 vii hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page viii viii Contents Georgia Trustees A Brief Account of the Causes That Have Retarded the Progress of the Colony of Georgia (1743) 108 Montesquieu Spirit of the Laws (1748) [selections] 109 Jonathan Mayhew A Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to the Higher Powers (1750) [selections] 134 William Livingston Essays from the Independent Reflector (1752–1753) [selections] 138 Peter Fontaine Letters (1756–1757) 145 3 The American Revolution 148 James Otis Against Writs of Assistance (recorded, with notes, by John Adams) (1761) 151 Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (1764) [selections] 154 Stephen Hopkins The Rights of the Colonies Examined (1764) [selections] 160 Thomas Whately The Regulations Lately Made (1765) [selections] 166 Jared Ingersoll Letter to Thomas Fitch (February 11, 1765) [selections] 171 The Virginia Resolutions as Printed by the NEWPORT MERCURY (June 24, 1765) 174 Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress (October 19, 1765) 175 William Pym Letter to the London General Evening Post and the Newport Mercury (1765) [selections] 176 Daniel Dulany Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies (1765) [selections] 177 John Adams Clarendon, No. 3 (January 27, 1766) 182 Richard Bland An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies (1766) 186 Britannus Americanus Untitled (Boston, 1766) 193 Letter to the PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL (March 13, 1766) [selections] 194 Samuel Adams Circular Letter from the Massachusetts House of Representatives to the Speakers of Other Houses of Representatives (February 11, 1768) 197 Benjamin Rush Letter to Ebenezer Hazard (October 22, 1768) 199 John Dickinson Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1768) [selections] 200 Thomas Hutchinson A Dialogue between an American and a European Englishman (1768) [selections] 214 Samuel Adams Letter to the Boston Gazette (February 27, 1769) 226 The Rights of the Colonists (November 20, 1772) 227 hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page ix Contents ix Thomas Hutchinson Speech of the Governor to the Two Houses (January 6, 1773) [selections] 230 Bowdoin, Gray, Otis, Hall, et al. Answer of the Council to the Speech of Governor Hutchinson (January 25, 1773) [selections] 233 Massachusetts House of Representatives (S. Adams, J. Hancock, et al.) Answer of the House of Representatives to the Speech of the Governor (January 26, 1773) [selections] 238 Phillis Wheatley Letter to Reverend Samson Occum (March 11, 1774) 244 Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress (October 14, 1774) 245 Isaac Backus A History of New England with Particular Reference to the Baptists, Volume 2 (1774) [selections] 247 Thomas Jefferson A Summary View of the Rights of British America (July 1774) 249 Alexander Hamilton The Farmer Refuted (1775) [selections] 257 John Wesley A Calm Address to Our American Colonies (1775) [selections] 263 Thomas Paine Common Sense (1776) [selections] 267 Candidus [James Chalmers] Plain Truth; Addressed to the Inhabitants of America, Containing Remarks on a Late Pamphlet, Entitled, Common Sense (1776) [selections] 281 Carter Braxton Letter to Landon Carter (April 14, 1776) 288 John Adams Letter to Mercy Warren (April 16, 1776) 290 Thoughts on Government (April 1776) 291 The Virginia Declaration of Rights (June 12, 1776) 295 Four Letters on Interesting Subjects (1776) [selections] 296 John Adams Letters to Abigail Adams (July 3, 1776) [selections] 299 Benjamin Rush Letter to Patrick Henry (July 16, 1776) 301 Benjamin Franklin Letter to Lord Howe (July 20, 1776) 302 Notes of Debates in Congress (1776) [selections] 303 John Witherspoon Speech in Congress (July 30, 1776) 306 The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men (1776) [selections] 308 Benjamin Rush Notes for a Speech in Congress (August 1, 1776) [selections] 315 Henry Laurens Letter to John Laurens (August 14, 1776) [selections] 317 Concord Town Meeting Resolution (October 21, 1776) 318 Thomas Paine The Crisis, No. 1 (1776) 318 Carter Braxton A Native of This Colony (1776) 323 hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page x x Contents 4 Toward a More Perfect Union 329 Articles of Confederation (1777, 1781) 332 Alexander Hamilton Letter to James Duane (September 3, 1780) [selections] 337 James Madison Letter to Thomas Jefferson (1781) [selections] 341 Hector St. Jean de Crèvecoeur Letters from an American Farmer (1782) [selections] 342 Thomas Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia (1782) [selections] 347 Benjamin Banneker Letter to Thomas Jefferson (August 19, 1791) 355 Thomas Jefferson Letter to Benjamin Banneker (August 30, 1791) 357 James Madison Notes on Debates in Congress (February 21, 1783) [selections] 357 Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments (June 20, 1785) 359 Richard Henry Lee Letter to Samuel Adams (March 14, 1785) 363 Letter to George Mason (May 15, 1787) 364 Northwest Ordinance (1787) [selections] 365 George Washington Letter to John Jay (August 15, 1786) [selections] 367 John Jay Letter to George Washington (January 7, 1787) 368 George Washington Letter to John Jay (March 10, 1787) [selections] 369 James Madison Vices of the Political System of the United States (1787) 370 Letter to George Washington (April 16, 1787) [selections] 374 Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention (1787) [selections] 376 5 The Ratification Debate 454 Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay (“Publius”) The Federalist Papers (1787–1788) [selections] 456 James Wilson Speech on Ratification (1787) 521 James Madison Letter to Thomas Jefferson (October 24, 1787) 523 Letter to Thomas Jefferson (October 17, 1788) 527 Thomas Jefferson Letter to James Madison (March 15, 1789) [selections] 529 George Clinton Cato, No. 4 (1787) 531 An Old Whig, No. 5 (1787) 532 Robert Yates Brutus Essays (1787–1788) [selections] 534 Federal Farmer (1787–1788) [selections] 558 Melancton Smith Speeches (1788) [selections] 578 hac-apct-00-fm.qxd 1/9/07 12:31 PM Page xi Contents xi John Adams Letter to Roger Sherman (July 18, 1789) 584 Letter to Samuel Adams (October 18, 1790) 586 Discourses on Davila (1789) [selections] 589 6 Liberty, Authority, and the Implementation of Government 597 Henry Knox Report on White Outrages (1788) [selections] 599 Tribal Council of the Delaware and Twelve Additional Tribes (1793) 600 Red Jacket (Segoyewatha) Speech in Response to White Missionaries (1805) 600 Speech in Response to Land Speculators (1811) 601 George Washington Inaugural Address (April 30, 1789) 602 Letter to the United Baptist Churches of Virginia (May 1789) 604 James Madison and Alexander White Debates in the First Congress (June 16–18, 1789) [selections] 605 Thomas Jefferson Letter to Nehemiah Dodge and Others, a Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association, in the State of Connecticut (January 1, 1802) 611 Letter to Benjamin Hawkins (February 18, 1803) [selections] 611 Alexander Hamilton Report on Public Credit (January 9, 1790) [selections] 612 Report on a National Bank (December 13, 1790) 615 Thomas Jefferson On the Constitutionality of a National Bank (February 15, 1791) 615 Alexander Hamilton Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank (February 23, 1791) [selections] 618 Report on the Subject of Manufacturers (December 5, 1791) [selections] 622 Letter to George Washington (August 18, 1792) [selections] 628 James Madison A Candid State of Parties (September 26, 1792) 633 Alexander Hamilton Pacificus, No. 1 (June 29, 1793) 634 James Madison Helvidius, No. 1 (August 24, 1793) 638 Alexander Hamilton Letter to George Washington (August