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Screening of Some Native and Foreign Accessions of Spinach For Iran Agricultural Research (2019) 38(1) 87-99 Screening of some native and foreign accessions of spinach for Shiraz spring culture in Isfahan University R. Abolghasemi1*, M. Haghighi1, N. Etemadi1, A. Soorni2, P. Jafari3 1Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, I. R. Iran 2Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan. I. R. Iran 3Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Isfahan, I. R. Iran * Corresponding Author: [email protected] DOI: 10.22099/iar.2019.5317 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT- Spinach is one of the most important green leafy vegetables (Spinacia Article history: oleracea L.). The qualitative and quantitative traits of the spinach depends on the weather conditions. Screening the foreign accession compared with the Iranian ones is 1 Received February 2019 necessary for breeding purposes. In order to study the vegetative characteristics of 44 Accepted 26 August 2019 endemic and foreign accessions, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete Available online 12 October 2019 block design (RCBD) with three replications and 18 observations in spring, 2018. Quantitative and qualitative parameters of spinach were evaluated based on descriptors Keywords: investigated by Bioversity International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. In general, the Breeding intensity of the green color in the leaf of foreign accessions was higher than that of the Morphologic assessment endemic spinach. In this study, the highest yield belonged to “Viroflay” (71.224 ton/ha) Viroflay accession among foreign accessions and among Iranian accessions, “Varamin88” (52.6 ton/ha) had Spinach the highest performance. Maximum and Minimum yields from 71224 to 8870 (kg/ha) Yield belonged to accessions “Viroflay” and “Virginia savoy blight”, respectively. “D’inverno” accession showed the longest period of spring growth (89.66 days) and among the Iranian accessions, “Hamadan2” (77 days), “Varamin88” (72 days) and “Varamin Prickly” (69.66 days) showed the longest growth in Isfahan environmental conditions, respectively. The highest percentage of female plants was observed in “Monatol” accession. Among the endemic accessions, “Lorestan5” showed the highest female plant percentage. Results of this study showed that Iranian accessions such as “Kashan”, “Lorestan6” and “Varamin Advanced Prickly” are suitable for mechanical harvesting due to their plant form, leaf and petiole attitude and can be used for plant breeding purposes. According to the cluster analysis, the accessions in this study were divided into two large groups (group I and group II), according to which, “Varamin88” accession was placed beside the foreign outstanding accession in cluster I. INTRODUCTION Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an annual, cold- in China and the USA (Sabaghnia et al., 2014; Ebadi- tolerant plant; anemophily and dioeciously belonging to segheloo et al., 2014). The seventh rank among the Chenopodiaceae family. The genus Spinacia includes countries of the world belongs to Iran with 105 two other species including S. turkestanica ilj. and S. thousand tons spinach production per year (Sabaghnia et tetrandra Stev. They are referred to as the potential al., 2014). Kunicki et al. (2010) reported that spinach ancestors of current spinach (Andersen and Torp, 2011). yield varied from 18.6 to 44.8 tons/ha depending on the Since ancient Iranians were aware of the nutritional environmental conditions and cultivars. Spinach value of spinach, researchers maintain it likely belongs cultivation can be done in the fall and spring, but due to to Iran (Asadi and Hasandokht, 2007; Hochmuth et al., bolting in the spring, it should be cultivated 50 to 60 2003; Imani, 2013). Wild species of spinach are days before the long day and hot weather (Jafari and distributed as a vegetable in the Alborz and Zagros Jalali, 2017; Zaferaniye, 2015). Currently, there are mountains of Iran (Imani, 2013). various domestic and wild populations of spinach in Spinach is one of the most important green leafy Iran whose identification can lead to the introduction of vegetables which contains minerals, is full of iron and high-yielding populations and disease-resistant ones vitamins, and is consumed fresh or its leaves and stems (Eftekhari et al., 2010). are processed. Spinach production in the world was 22 The genetic diversity of spinach in the world has million tons in 2013, 92 percent of which was produced been studied using molecular and biochemical markers Abolghasemi et al. / Iran Agricultural Research (2019) 38(1) 87-99 and domestic researchers have studied the matters were weak, fertilization was done by releasing morphological traits of this plant (Sabaghnia et al., 2014; 40 tons/h of organic fertilizers. Each replication Kuwahara et al., 2014; Asadi and Hasandokht, 2007). In consisted of three rows with 25 cm between rows at a research studied the properties of 54 populations of around 1 cm depth and plot size was 1.75 m2. After seed spinach, the iron concentration, the yield and percentage germination and plant growth, 18 observations were of female plants were significantly different between the kept in each plot. populations (Sabaghnia et al., 2014; Ebadi-segheloo et al., 2014). In another study, Eftekhari et al. (2010) The Measured Parameters reported that “Varamin2” accession has the highest In order to evaluate the morphological characteristics, performance among the Iranian spinach. Also, in the after plant growth (35-50 days after sowing), 6 plants study of agronomic and morphological traits of autumn were randomly selected from each replicate and cultivars between 29 spinach accessions, a significant transferred to the laboratory. In the laboratory, from difference was observed between the traits (Asadi and each plant, four leaves from four directions of the plant Hasandokht 2007; Eftekhari et al., 2010). In another were selected and the following characteristics were study, researchers explained that “Hamadan” accession measured. produced 2128 g/m2 of fresh yield compared to four Quantitative characteristics studied in this study native populations of “Shirvan”, “Karaj”, “Varamin”, included germination percentage (when 50 percent of and “Borojerd” accessions (Ahmadi et al., 2010). the seeds was germinated), leaf length (cm), leaf width However, neither study has been done to identify (cm), petiole length (cm), petiole diameter (mm), leaf Iranian accessions in spring planting, nor have area (mm2), plant height (cm), fresh and dry weight (g). morphological comparisons of these masses. In order to calculate the yield of the accessions, after Considering spinach bolting in spring cultivation, it is randomly harvesting, plants were weighed and their important to study it in Isfahan climate conditions. This fresh weight was calculated in grams per plant and study was conducted based on the amount of spinach finally their average performance which was considered cultivation in Iran and the need for farmers to produce as yield (kg ha-1). In order to estimate the economic high-yielding populations. This study also compared yield, the equivalent level of each replication was commercial populations of Iranian and foreign spinach considered. After harvesting and separating the leaves, accessions. One of the main objectives of this study was to they were weighed and their economic yield was evaluate the most desirable traits of spinach, such as yield, calculated in kg per hectare, and leaf numbers, male and economic benefits, late bolting (a desirable feature in female plants percentage, days to flowering were spinach) and male plants traits of Iranian populations evaluated. In order to measure the shoot dry weight, it compared to foreign populations. The authors believe that was placed in an oven at 70 °C for 48 hours. this study can lead to determining the best suitable Also, the qualitative features were also studied based accession for spring cultivation in the conditions of the city on descriptors by Bioversity International Plant Genetic of Isfahan as well as finding the best accession for the Resources Institute (IPGRI) presented in Table 2 (Arif future breeding program. et al., 2013; Jafari and Jalali 2017). These traits consist of type and colour of seed, stem anthocyanin, petiole and leaf attitude, wrinkles of leaf, leaf thickness, leaf MATERIALS AND METHODS sheath attitude, leaf shape, leaf colour, lobed leaf tip, the shape of leaf tip and wave margin of leaf. Plant Material At first in this study, 26 Iranian spinach accessions were Analysis Data collected from the seed and plant improvement institute Data were tested by one-way analysis of variance and the gene bank of Iran (SPII). It should be noted that (ANOVA) and analyzed using SAS software (version 9.4). endemic accessions in this research were selected based Significant differences between means were tested on the results of a study (Jafari and Jalali, 2017) considering the least significant difference (LSD) test at P conducted on 107 Iranian spinach accessions. They < 0.05 level of probability. The correlation of the traits was reported that masses of “Varamin88”, “Hamedan”, also tested using SAS 9.4 software. Clustering of 44 “Lorestan”, “Varamin Prickly”, “Varamin Advanced spinach accessions was done using Statgraphics Centurion Prickly” and some other accessions were favorable on (XVII) software. The biplot diagram of the accessions was the basis of agronomic and morphological features,
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