86678292-Dawkins-Richard-Escalando-El-Monte-Improbable.Pdf
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Topic Paper Chilterns Beechwoods
. O O o . 0 O . 0 . O Shoping growth in Docorum Appendices for Topic Paper for the Chilterns Beechwoods SAC A summary/overview of available evidence BOROUGH Dacorum Local Plan (2020-2038) Emerging Strategy for Growth COUNCIL November 2020 Appendices Natural England reports 5 Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation 6 Appendix 1: Citation for Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation (SAC) 7 Appendix 2: Chilterns Beechwoods SAC Features Matrix 9 Appendix 3: European Site Conservation Objectives for Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation Site Code: UK0012724 11 Appendix 4: Site Improvement Plan for Chilterns Beechwoods SAC, 2015 13 Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 27 Appendix 5: Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI citation 28 Appendix 6: Condition summary from Natural England’s website for Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 31 Appendix 7: Condition Assessment from Natural England’s website for Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 33 Appendix 8: Operations likely to damage the special interest features at Ashridge Commons and Woods, SSSI, Hertfordshire/Buckinghamshire 38 Appendix 9: Views About Management: A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Ashridge Commons and Woods Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 2003 40 Tring Woodlands SSSI 44 Appendix 10: Tring Woodlands SSSI citation 45 Appendix 11: Condition summary from Natural England’s website for Tring Woodlands SSSI 48 Appendix 12: Condition Assessment from Natural England’s website for Tring Woodlands SSSI 51 Appendix 13: Operations likely to damage the special interest features at Tring Woodlands SSSI 53 Appendix 14: Views About Management: A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Tring Woodlands Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 2003. -
Dipterists Forum
BULLETIN OF THE Dipterists Forum Bulletin No. 76 Autumn 2013 Affiliated to the British Entomological and Natural History Society Bulletin No. 76 Autumn 2013 ISSN 1358-5029 Editorial panel Bulletin Editor Darwyn Sumner Assistant Editor Judy Webb Dipterists Forum Officers Chairman Martin Drake Vice Chairman Stuart Ball Secretary John Kramer Meetings Treasurer Howard Bentley Please use the Booking Form included in this Bulletin or downloaded from our Membership Sec. John Showers website Field Meetings Sec. Roger Morris Field Meetings Indoor Meetings Sec. Duncan Sivell Roger Morris 7 Vine Street, Stamford, Lincolnshire PE9 1QE Publicity Officer Erica McAlister [email protected] Conservation Officer Rob Wolton Workshops & Indoor Meetings Organiser Duncan Sivell Ordinary Members Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD [email protected] Chris Spilling, Malcolm Smart, Mick Parker Nathan Medd, John Ismay, vacancy Bulletin contributions Unelected Members Please refer to guide notes in this Bulletin for details of how to contribute and send your material to both of the following: Dipterists Digest Editor Peter Chandler Dipterists Bulletin Editor Darwyn Sumner Secretary 122, Link Road, Anstey, Charnwood, Leicestershire LE7 7BX. John Kramer Tel. 0116 212 5075 31 Ash Tree Road, Oadby, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE2 5TE. [email protected] [email protected] Assistant Editor Treasurer Judy Webb Howard Bentley 2 Dorchester Court, Blenheim Road, Kidlington, Oxon. OX5 2JT. 37, Biddenden Close, Bearsted, Maidstone, Kent. ME15 8JP Tel. 01865 377487 Tel. 01622 739452 [email protected] [email protected] Conservation Dipterists Digest contributions Robert Wolton Locks Park Farm, Hatherleigh, Oakhampton, Devon EX20 3LZ Dipterists Digest Editor Tel. -
Selfish Genes Jon Arvid Agren, Greg Hurst
2017-10-25 Selfish Genes - Evolutionary Biology - Oxford Bibliographies Selfish Genes Jon Arvid Agren, Greg Hurst LAST MODIFIED: 25 OCTOBER 2017 DOI: 10.1093/OBO/97801999417280094 Introduction In its original formulation, Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection was based upon individual organisms. It is individuals that vary in phenotype, individuals that struggle to survive environmental pressures and compete over access to mates, and individuals that vary in fitness according to phenotype. Selfish gene theory, or the gene’seye view of evolution, however, offers a radically different picture of evolution by natural selection. Tracing its origins to the emergence of population genetics during the modern synthesis of the 1930s, especially to the writings of R. A. Fisher, as well as the social evolution models of W. D. Hamilton, the most ambitious form of the gene’s eye view was spelled out in two later books: George Williams’s Adaptation and Natural Selection (1966) and Richard Dawkins’s The Selfish Gene (1976). Under this view of life, the fundamental unit of selection is the gene. Whereas individual organisms are temporary occurrences—present in one generation, gone in the next—genes are potentially immortal and their structure is passed on from generation to generation. As a consequence, the ultimate beneficiary of selection is the gene. Early on in The Selfish Gene, Dawkins relates this crucial insight as follows: “They are in you and me; they created us, body and mind; and their preservation is the ultimate rationale for our existence. They have come a long way, those replicators. Now they go by the name of genes, and we are their survival machines” (p. -
The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins Is Another
BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT ooks about science tend to fall into two categories: those that explain it to lay people in the hope of cultivat- Bing a wide readership, and those that try to persuade fellow scientists to support a new theory, usually with equations. Books that achieve both — changing science and reach- ing the public — are rare. Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species (1859) was one. The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins is another. From the moment of its publication 40 years ago, it has been a sparkling best-seller and a TERRY SMITH/THE LIFE IMAGES COLLECTION/GETTY SMITH/THE LIFE IMAGES TERRY scientific game-changer. The gene-centred view of evolution that Dawkins championed and crystallized is now central both to evolutionary theoriz- ing and to lay commentaries on natural history such as wildlife documentaries. A bird or a bee risks its life and health to bring its offspring into the world not to help itself, and certainly not to help its species — the prevailing, lazy thinking of the 1960s, even among luminaries of evolution such as Julian Huxley and Konrad Lorenz — but (uncon- sciously) so that its genes go on. Genes that cause birds and bees to breed survive at the expense of other genes. No other explana- tion makes sense, although some insist that there are other ways to tell the story (see K. Laland et al. Nature 514, 161–164; 2014). What stood out was Dawkins’s radical insistence that the digital information in a gene is effectively immortal and must be the primary unit of selection. -
Festiva MEIGEN, 1804 (Diptera: Tipulidae: Ctenophorinae) W Polsce
Wiad. entomol. 31 (2): 116-120 Poznań 2012 Nowe stanowiska Ctenophora (Cnemoncosis) festiva MEIGEN, 1804 (Diptera: Tipulidae: Ctenophorinae) w Polsce New localities of Ctenophora (Cnemoncosis) festiva MEIGEN, 1804 (Diptera: Tipulidae: Ctenophorinae) in Poland Adam MALKIEWICZ 1, Ewelina MYŚKÓW 2, Marek BĄKOWSKI 3 1, 2 Zakład Biologii, Ewolucji i Ochrony Bezkręgowców, Instytut Zoologiczny, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław; e-mail: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] 3 Zakład Zoologii Systematycznej UAM, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań; e- mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Ctenophora festiva MEIGEN, 1804 belongs to saproxylic fauna. Its presence is connected with old forests and dying trees. It has been recorded in Poland for the second time and for the first time in Lower Silesia and Lubuskie provinces. KEY WORDS: Diptera, Ctenophorinae, Ctenophora festiva, new records, Lower Silesia, Lubuskie, Poland. W obrębie koziułkowatych (Tipulidae) z podrodziny Ctenophorinae w Zachodniej Palearktyce stwierdzono występowanie piętnastu gatunków i podgatunków zaliczanych do czterech rodzajów: Ctenophora MEIGEN, Dic- tenidia BRULLÉ, Phoroctenia COQUILLETT oraz Tanyptera LATREILLE (OOSTERBROEK i in. 2006). Dotychczas w Polsce wykazano siedem z nich (SKIBIŃSKA, CHUDZICKA 2007). Muchówki te z reguły są nieliczne, a niekie- dy nawet bardzo rzadkie. Ich występowanie ogranicza się do starych lasów, z zachowanymi licznymi próchniejącymi martwymi drzewami (głównie re- zerwatów przyrody). Gatunki z tej podrodziny zagrożone są wyginięciem na skutek usuwania z lasu martwego drewna i starych drzew (PALACZYK i in. 2002; PALACZYK 2004). Wszystkie gatunki Ctenophorinae są saproksylicz- ne, a ich larwy rozwijają się w martwym drewnie drzew liściastych. NOWE STANOWISKA CTENOPHORA (CNEMONCOSIS) FESTIVA W POLSCE 117 Ctenophora festiva MEIGEN, 1804 Gatunek zachodniopalearktyczny. -
Distribution of a Rare Crane Fly Ctenophora Ornata Meigen, 1818
Fragment a Faunistica 54 (1): 43-46,2011 PL ISSN 0015-9301 © MUSEUM AND INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY PAS Distribution of a rare crane flyCtenophora omata Meigen, 1818 (Dip ter a, Tipulidae) in Poland MarekB ąkowski*,D amian Bruder ** and Wojciech PIĄTEK*** *Department o f Systematic Zoology, Institute o f Environmental Biology Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań; e-mail:[email protected] **Wroclawska 21a/2 67-100 Nowa Sól ** Chinów, Cztery Kopce 1/2, 26-900 Kozienice Abstract: New localities of a rare crane fly Ctenophora omata Meigen, 1818 (Diptera, Tipulidae) in Poland are presented. Recent records, especially from western and northern parts of Poland, show that the species is more widespread than previously known. Key words: Diptera, Tipulidae, Ctenophora omata, new records, Poland Introduction Among the crane flies (Tipulidae), all the species of genus Ctenophora Meigen, 1803 are large and often ichneumon or wasp-like. The body is frequently polished and coloured black with large yellow, orange or red markings. The genus comprises ten species in the West Palaearctic. So far, five of them have been recorded from Poland and they are classified into the subgenus Cnemoncosis Enderlein, 1921: C. omata Meigen, 1818 and C. factuosa Loew, 1871 and into the subgenus Ctenophora s. str.: C. flaveolata (Fabricius, 1794), C. guttata Wiedemann, 1818 and C. pectininicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Skibińska, Chudzicka 2007). All Ctenophora species are rare in Poland and are listed in the Red List of Threatened Animals in Poland (Palaczyk et al. 2002). Among the genus Ctenophora the rarest is C. omata (Fig. 1) and this species is the only listed in the Polish Red Data Book of Animals with category vulnerable (Palaczyk 2004). -
Dipterists Forum Bulletin No
BULLETIN OF THE Dipterists Forum Bulletin No. 67 Spring 2009 Affiliated to the British Entomological and Natural History Society Bulletin No. 67 Spring 2009 ISSN 1358-5029 Editorial panel Bulletin Editor Darwyn Sumner Assistant Editor Judy Webb Dipterists Forum Officers Chairman Stuart Ball Vice Chairman John Ismay Secretary John Kramer Treasurer Howard Bentley Membership Sec. Mick Parker Field Meetings Sec. Roger Morris Indoor Meetings Sec. Malcolm Smart Publicity Officer Judy Webb BAP species Officer Barbara Ismay Ordinary Members Chris Spilling, Alan Stubbs, Peter Boardman, 3 vacancies Unelected Members Dipterists Forum Website BENHS rep. vacancy www.dipteristsforum.org.uk/ Dip. Digest Editor Peter Chandler co-opted Alan Stubbs Dipterists Forum Forum www.dipteristsforum.org.uk/index.php Recording Scheme Organisers Cranefly Alan Stubbs & John Annual Subscription Kramer Obtainable via subscription to Dipterists Forum: Fungus Gnats Peter Chandler Annual Membership Forum - £6 (includes Dipterists Bulletin) Hoverflies S.Ball & R.Morris Subscription to Dipterists Digest - £9 Larger Brachycera Simon Hayhow Tephritid Laurence Clemons Contact Mr M. Parker, 9, East Wyld Road, Weymouth, Dor- Sciomyzidae Ian McLean set, DT4 0RP Email: [email protected] Conopid David Clements to whom all enquiries regarding delivery of this Bulletin Empid & Dollies Adrian Plant should be addressed Anthomyiid Michael Ackland Dixidae R.H.L. Disney Culicidae Jolyon Medlock Sepsidae Steve Crellin Tachinid Chris Raper Stilt & Stalk Darwyn Sumner Pipunculid David Gibbs Bulletin Editor: Darwyn Sumner 122, Link Road, Anstey, Charnwood, Leicestershire LE7 7BX. 0116 212 5075 [email protected] Assistant Editor: Judy Webb 2 Dorchester Court, Blenheim Road, Kidlington, Oxon. OX5 2JT. 01865 377487 [email protected] Cover photograph of Calliphora by Mark Pajak, Assistant Curator of Natural History, The Royal Albert Memo- rial Museum & Art Gallery, Exeter. -
Human Ethology Bulletin
Volume 22, Issue 1 ISSN 0739‐2036 March 2007 Human Ethology Bulletin © 2007 − The International Society for Human Ethology Owen Aldis Scholarship Contents Bulletin Staff & Policies 2 Winners Announced 2006 Aldis Award Winners 3 The International Society for Human Ethology is ISHE Trustee Election Notice 5 pleased to announce the winners of the 2006 Owen Aldis Awards: BOOK REVIEWS Wm. C. McGrew reviews Thomas J. Flamson Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist 8 Kevin J. Haley Changed the Way We Think (2006) by Grafen & Ridley Kristin Klingaman Markus Koppensteiner Maryanne Fisher reviews More information on the Owen Aldis Awards, Madame Bovary’s Ovaries: A 10 Darwinian Look at Literature (2005) and on the most recent winners, is available in by Barash & Barash the article beginning on page 3. NEW BOOKS 12 Back issue information 14 This issue features two book reviews, the 14 2006 ISHE Financial Report announcement of the most recent winners of the Announcements 15 Owen Aldis Awards, as well as the usual listings 2007 ISHE Summer Program in of upcoming conferences, new books (maybe you 17 Andechs, Germany should look for one to review) and new articles (Current Literature), membership information, Upcoming Conferences 20 and various other announcements. A newly Current Literature 21 revised statement of Bulletin policies can be Forthcoming 26 found on page 2. This issue also contains important information for ISHE members: a list Address changes 26 of nominees and a call for votes for a member of the ISHE Board of Trustees (see page 4). Finally, Membership Information 27 the initial announcement of the 2007 ISHE Summer Program appears on pages 17-19. -
2009Zoonotes (1 – 6) Електронно Списание За Кратки Научни Статии И Съобщения
ZooNotes www.zoonotes.bio.uni-plovdiv.bg ISSN 1313-9916 2009ZooNotes (1 – 6) Електронно списание за кратки научни статии и съобщения Университетско издателство “Паисий Хилендарски” Plovdiv University Press “Paisii Hilendarski” www.zoonotes.bio.uni-plovdiv.bg ISSN 1313-9916 ZooNotes 2009 Университетско издателство “Паисий Хилендарски” Plovdiv University Press “Paisii Hilendarski” ZooNotes 2009 (includes ZooNotes 1 – 6) www.zoonotes.bio.uni-plovdiv.bg ISSN 1313-9916 ZooNotes е eлектронно списание, в ZooNotes is peer-reviewed, open което се отпечатват кратки научни access, electronic journal in which short статии и съобщения (до 4 scientific reports (up to 4 pages) are страници) от български автори, или quickly published by Bulgarian отнасящи се за фауната на researchers, or papers of foreign България. Статиите са в областта authors concerning the Bulgarian fauna. на таксономията, фаунистиката, The papers are in the fields of зоогеографията, екологията и taxonomy, faunistics, zoogeography, палеонтологията на животните. paleontology and animal ecology. Редактори Editors Димитър Бечев – Главен редактор Dimitar Bechev – Chief Editor Стоян Бешков Stoyan Beshkov Златозар Боев Zlatozar Boev Дилян Георгиев Dilyan Georgiev Ивелин Моллов Ivelin Mollov Иван Пандурски Ivan Pandurski Ангел Цеков Angel Tsekov Виктор Иванов – дизайн Viktor Ivanov – Design Фотография на корицата - Виктор Иванов Cover photography - Viktor Ivanov Университетско издателство “Паисий Хилендарски” Plovdiv University Press “Paisii Hilendarski” ZooNotes 2009 Съдържание / Contents Димитър БЕЧЕВ - Видовете от Ctenophorinae (Diptera: Tipulidae) във фауната на България [Dimitar BECHEV - The species of Ctenophorinae (Diptera: Tipulidae) in the fauna of Bulgaria] ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 1: 1-3 Dimitar BECHEV First record of Bolitophila japonica (Diptera: Bolitophilidae) for continental Asia ……………………………………………………………………..…………………….. 2: 1-2 Ognian TODOROV Night-active aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) from Bulgaria ……………………………………………………………………………………………. -
Cranefly Recording Scheme Newsletter Spring 2007
) Cranefly News Keith Godfrey ( Dipterists Forum Cranefly Recording Scheme a For Superfamily Tipuloidea & Families Ptychopteridae & Trichoceridae Newsletter No 26 Autumn 2013 Editor: John Kramer Layout: John Dobson ornatCtenophora Field Work 2013 The 12 months from March 2012 to March 2013 Alan Stubbs writes: Much of Lancashire has been was one of the wettest years on record and March largely neglected since the 1970s. Alan Brindle 2013 was the coldest for 50 years. What effect did carried out considerable recording in the 1950s and these extremes of weather have on our cranefly 60s whilst at Manchester Museum. He lived at fauna? From my own observations some insect Nelson, in the SE of the county, and was part of the species seem to have benefitted. For example, I entomological survey team that compiled a faunal have seen unusually high numbers of meadow list for Ainsdale/Freshfield coastal sand dunes in brown and small white butterflies. the SW of the county. Alan Stubbs was summoned by Radio Cambridge Thus when the Cranefly Recording Scheme started to comment on air, on the abundance of the 'tiger in 1973, Lancashire and the Manchester fringe cranefly', Nephrotoma flavescens. This species were regarded as well recorded so effort was was also common in my own garden, where I have focused on the huge swathes of Britain which never seen as many. I watched a female laying lacked data. As a result, Lancs. has become one of eggs in a patch of the lawn moss (Brachythecium the least recorded areas during the last 40 years. rutabulum), which certainly flourished in the cold Lancashire contains 5 main units. -
Cranefly Recording Scheme Newsletter 18
Cranefly Recording Scheme Newsletter Newsletter 18 Spring 2009 Note on Winter Gnat names The genus Trichocera has had few friends. A small, insignificant, scrag-end, a family of Tipulomorpha (or perhaps Psychodomorpha). the pragmatic approach was to acknowledge that a few species could be identified with confidence, and a name could be attached to most specimens providing they just happened to be a perfect match to the ideal. That idyll corresponded with reality in samples from some localities, whilst other localities seemed dominated by ‘odd balls‘. Others have trod the lonely path before but over the last decade or so a few fool-hardy dipterists on the Continent have dared open wide the can of worms. The good news is that with better-refined taxonomy it has become possible to better define the boundaries between long-recognised species. The outcome is more good news, or yet more anguish, as the genus proves to be an ever larger one full of cryptic species. Scandinavia and the Alps/Carpathians are species rich, and it is likely that many more species are yet to be discovered, since many regions are still almost unrecorded. The test key to Trichocera notes some extra taxa in Britain and the matter of a revised British list has met some urgency for a new Cranefly Recording Scheme record card. The following decisions have been made. Trichocera (Saltrichocera) brevis Krzeminska, 2002 This is a split of saltator of the British list, most easily recognised in the female: ovipositor short in brevis, longish in saltator. These are black bodied species, the male styles with almost no hint of a basal tubercule. -
Narrow Roads of Gene Land: the Collected Papers of WD
NARROW ROADS OF GENE LAND The Collected Papers of W. D. HAMILTON VOLUME 3 Last Words Edited by Mark Ridley 1 NARROW ROADS OF GENE LAND The Collected Papers of W. D. HAMILTON 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York Introductory sections # Oxford University Press 2005 Chapter 14 Introductory section # E. Hooper and Oxford University Press 2005 Chapter 19 images retain original copyright and are printed with permission Reprinted papers retain original copyright and are printed with permission The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law,