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Final Report Department of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture and Forests The Kingdom of Bhutan DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON STRATEGIC AGRICULTURAL WATER SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN BHUTAN FINAL REPORT OCTOBER 2012 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. e Survey area Location Map of th Final Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY 1.1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE OF THE SURVEY (1) The agricultural sector in Bhutan is a key industry that employs 69% of Bhutan’s population and provides 14% of GDP. Bhutan is an entirely mountainous country. Agricultural land area is limited to only 7 to 8% of the country’s land. Under this situation, the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) developed a food security policy in which the self-sufficiency level for rice is set to improve to 75% and vegetables to 90% by the year 2023. (2) The southern zone of three dzongkhags of Sarpang, Samdrup Jongkhar and Samtse has relatively extended flat plains with more favorable climatic conditions for cereal production than the other regions. However, the southern zone is behind in agricultural development. (3) The objective of this Survey is to collect and analyze data/ information and prepare appropriate recommendations for a strategic agricultural water supply and management plan for southern Bhutan. The overall goal of this Survey is to contribute to the government’s food security policy aiming to improve the rice and vegetable self-sufficiency levels through improvement of irrigated agriculture. 1.2 COUNTERPART AGENCY AND WORKING SCHEDULE (4) The Counterpart Agency in Bhutan is the Department of Agriculture (DoA), Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MoAF) and three Dzonkhag Administration offices (DAO). This survey was conducted from April to September in 2012. CHAPTER 2 ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK AND ORGANIZATIONS RELATED TO THE SURVEY 2.1 ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK (5) The on-going National Development is the 10th Five Year Plan (July 2008-June 2013). RNR sector prescribes Four GNH Pillars in the Plan. Out of them, in the Theme 1.1 "Food Security", a numerical development target is set in the fields; "Self sufficiency in rice", "Cereal production including paddy increased" and “Portion of wetland with dry season irrigation increased". MoAF provided the 29 development programs to reach these targets. Out of them, DoA provided the 17 programs. Out of the 17 programs, programs closely related to this data collection survey are the "Commodity/ Cereal Development Programme" and the "Irrigation and Water Management Programme". (6) The mid-term review of the 10th five-year plan has been conducted. The 11th five-year plan is in the process of drafting. In the 11th five-year plan, a production volume of the cereal is set to increase at 195,000 mt/year up by 35% from the present volume of 143,638 mt/year. To reach this target, it is emphasized that provision of irrigation system is prioritized. (7) According to the sector budget for the financial year 2011-12, total budget for the RNR sector is 13 % of the total outlay. Largest allocation is given to the share of farm roads, 38% of the total. - 1 - DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON STRATEGIC AGRICULTURAL WATER SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN BHUTAN THE KINGDOM OF BHUTAN Irrigation sector is only 2%. (8) Laws/ regulations related to water are the "Bhutan Water Vision 2025", "Bhutan Water Policy 2003" and "Water Act of Bhutan 2011". As for the trans-boundary water issues, the issue of “Flood Warning” has been agreed with India. However, other issues related to “Water Use” and/or “Water Rights” have not been discussed among neighboring counties. The survey area is located on the Indian border. If a large-scale water use scheme that changes current water flow regimes is planned, cross border water sharing agreements with India may be needed. (9) The revised "National Irrigation Policy (NIP)"(2011) is intended to provide policy direction in the irrigation sub-sector. The Engineering Division of the DoA is assigned as the lead agency for execution of this NIP. 2.2 RELEVANT ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION (10) The Engineering Division, DoA under the MoAF supported by three Research and Development Centers (RDC) are responsible for provision of agricultural infrastructure including irrigation. The RDC under the DoA is responsible for providing engineering support to the dzongkhag’s Engineering Divisions and central programs within their regions. RDC-Bhur is mandated to cover Sarpang and Samtse, and others. RDC-Wengkhar is responsible for Samdrup Jongkhar. These organizations face capacity limitations such as lack of qualified staff, equipment and facilities for undertaking their mandated works. (11) Dzongkhag Administration Office (DAO) is responsible for overall administration duties including agriculture at the district level. 2.3 SOUTHERN ZONE IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT RECONNAISSANCE MISSION REPORT BY FAO (12) FAO conducted the "Southern zone irrigation development reconnaissance survey" based on a request from the RGoB. The mission report was submitted in April 2010. The mission recommended that “An integrated wetlands productivity and production program approach” be used for irrigation development in the southern zone. CHAPTER 3 SURVEY AREA 3.1 NATURAL CONDITION (13) Bhutan is a Himalayan landlocked country. 72% of the total land area is covered by forests. Based on altitude zones, the southern three dzongkhags are located in the lower elevation zone ranging from about and elevation (EL.) of 150 m to EL. 2,000 m. The southern zone belongs to the two of Humid Subtropical and Wet Subtropical zones, which are considered to be suitable for double cropping. (14) Agricultural land exists only in limited small areas on the foothills near the Indian border and in valley along rivers and on hillsides. Bhutan is classified into four geological belts bounded by major faults (thrusts). Out of the four, the southern zone is occupied by the Lesser Himalayan Zone, where poor rock mass with schistosity and fault fractures develops. The slope where an - 2 - Final Report irrigation canal runs is vulnerable to land slides and erosion. Such instability certainly brings difficulty in maintaining constructed irrigation facilities. (15) Annual rainfall in the southern zone is much from 3,500 mm to 5,500 mm. Maximum monthly rainfall is recorded in July and from November to February there is almost no rainfall. As for temperature, the maximum from 28 to 29 degrees occurs in June to August and the minimum from 23 to 24 degrees in December to January. There are no river discharge observation stations in which permanent staff are stationed. During the lean flow season, from January to March, staff goes to the observation spots and measures the discharge. To study the future development direction of irrigation agriculture, observation stations should be extended to accumulate relevant discharge data. (16) A total of ten “National Protected Areas” and inter-connected “Biological Corridors” are delineated as protected areas in Bhutan. New settlements are not allowed and new development of agricultural land is prohibited. New water resource development within the area is required to get approval. Four areas are located in Sarpang and three areas in Samdrop Jonkhar. In case that irrigation rehabilitation and new water resources development is planned around the area, it is required to confirm that the plan would not bring a negative impact to the protected areas. 3.2 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY (17) District (Dzongkhag) administration consists of sub-districts (Drungkhag) and Blocks (Gewog). Each block comprises sub-blocks (Chiwog) and villages. Three divisions of RNR, Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock are in charge of DAO. Gewog extension staff are responsible for support and promotion of the operation and maintenance of irrigation facilities and provision of support for farming practices. However, organizational capacity is not sufficient to promote extension activities, because of scattered irrigation sites, lack of extension staff and no equipment and facilities for extension activities. The dzongkhag’s budget for irrigation field is also limited as well as in the national budget. (18) In 2010, the population of Samtse Dzongkhag was 65,000, Sarpang Dzongkhag 41,000 and Samdrup Jongkhar Dzongkhag 37,000. The total population of three dzongkhags was 144,000, which makes up 21 % of the total population (696,000) of Bhutan. The total number of households in the three dzongkhags was 27,000. The average number of household members in the three dzongkhags was 5.4, which was more than the national average, 5.0 persons/ household. (19) According to the DAO in Sarpang Dzongkhag, about 90 percent of agricultural land is the farmers' own land and 10 percent is leased land. About a half of the leased land is national land and the other half is private land. An annual tax is imposed on farmland. (20) The average proportion of persons who are engaged in agriculture in the three dzongkhags is 52 %, which is 7 % higher than the national average. The agriculture sector is the key industry employing the dzongkhag's labor force. For maintaining stable employment, provision of agriculture infrastructure such as irrigation and farm roads are key subjects. In addition, provision of living conditions for the dzongkhag administration is required. - 3 - DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON STRATEGIC AGRICULTURAL WATER SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN BHUTAN THE KINGDOM OF BHUTAN (21) RGoB has supported farmers who live in the northern/ central areas and want to resettle to the southern areas since the latter half of the nineteen-nineties. The Government provides land for them free. In Sarpang Dzongkhag, eleven gewogs excluding Dovan Gewog have resettlers. Support for agriculture, especially for provision of irrigation infrastructure has a high need, which is also important from the viewpoint of living security for resettlers. (22) Electrification has progressed in rural areas rapidly in recent years. Based on the plan of the Bhutan Power Corporation Ltd., it seems that almost all households in the three dzongkhags will be electrified by the end of the fiscal year 2012.
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