FM-Jaynes(Vol-1).qxd 12/24/2004 3:18 PM Page vii
List of Entries
Abolition Anderson, Marian Basie, William “Count” Academicians Angelou, Maya Basketball Academy Awards Anti-Lynching Bill Battle, Kathleen Accommodationism Antioch College Bayou Classic, The Activists Apollo Theater Bearden, Romare Actors and Actresses, African Architecture Beauty and Fashion. See Fashion American Armstrong, Louis and Clothing Adoption Art, Visual Beauty Pageants Adoption, Transracial Ashe, Arthur Bebop Affirmative Action Asian Americans and African Bethune, Mary McLeod African Blood Brotherhood Americans Bid Whist African Heritage Astronauts Biracialism African Independence Athletes Birth of a Nation, The African Meeting House Atlanta Compromise Black Aesthetic African Methodist Episcopal Atlanta Riot of 1906 Black Arts Movement (AME) Church, The Atlantic Records Black Baptist Church African Methodist Episcopal Zion Attica Uprising Black Belt (AMEZ) Church, The Attucks, Crispus Black Capitalism African Missionary Movement Automobile Industry Black Christianity Africans and African Americans Black Codes Afrocentric Movement “Baad Nigger” Black Congressional Caucus Ailey, Alvin Back to Africa Movement Weekend. See Congressional Alexander, Sadie Tanner Mossell Baha’i Faith Black Caucus Ali, Muhammad Baker, Josephine Black Consciousness Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Baldwin, James Black Cowboys. See Cowboys, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Baltimore Black Ambassadors, U.S. Baltimore Afro-American Black Enterprise American Anti-Slavery Society Bambara, Toni Cade Black Entertainment Television American Book Awards Banking and Finance (BET) American Colonization Society Banneker, Benjamin Black Expo, Indianapolis American Negro Academy Baptism, Rite of Black History Month American Negro Theater Baptist Church Organization Black Manifesto Amistad, The Baraka, Amiri Black Nationalism Amos ’n’ Andy Show Barbershop Culture Black Panther Party Amsterdam News Baseball Black Periodicals
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viii———Encyclopedia of African American Society
Black Power Movement Chesnutt, Charles Waddell Cooper, Anna Julia Black Studies Chicago Defender Cosby, William Henry Black Theatre Alliance Chicago Riots of 1919 Cotton Club Black Women Mayors’ Caucus Chicago Seven Council on African Affairs Black World/Negro Digest Chicago’s South Side Cowboys, Black Blue Vein Society Child Care Creole Blues Children’s Defense Fund Crime, Black-on-Black Bond, Julian Chisholm, Shirley Criminal Justice System Bondwoman’s Narrative, The Christian Methodist Episcopal Criminal Sentencing of African Bontemps, Arna Wendell Church, The Americans Boogie-Woogie Church Homecomings Crisis, The Boxing Church of God in Christ, The Cuffe, Paul Bradley, Tom Civil Rights Act of 1875 Cullen, Countee Bread Riot Civil Rights Act of 1964 Break Dancing Civil Rights Congress, The Dance, African American Brimmer, Andrew Civil Rights Movement Influence on Brooke, Edward William, III Civil Rights Museum, National Dance Theatre of Harlem Brooks, Gwendolyn Civil Service Dandridge, Dorothy Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Civil War, The Davis, Angela Porters, The Clergy Davis, Miles Brown, Tony Clothing and Style. See Fashion Davis, Ossie, and Ruby Dee Brown, William Wells and Clothing Death Penalty. See Capital Brown Babies Coal Mining Punishment Brown v. Board of Education Coleman, Elizabeth “Bessie” Debt Peonage Bud Billikin Parade Colonial Critics of Slavery Delany, Martin Buffalo Soldiers Colonialism Delta Blues Bunche, Ralph Johnson Colonization Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Buppies Color Prejudice. See Colorism Desegregation, School Business Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Detroit Riots of 1943 and 1967. Busing Association See Race Riots Colorism Discrimination Cabinet, U.S. Presidential Coltrane, John District of Columbia Cabrini-Green Housing Projects Communism Doctoral Degrees Cakewalk, The Composers Domestic Workers Canada and African Americans Compromise of 1820. See Dominoes Capital Punishment Missouri Compromise of 1820 Double Consciousness Caribbean Americans and African Compromise of 1850 Double Dutch Americans Confederate Soldiers, Black Douglass, Frederick Carmichael, Stokely Congress, African Americans in Dozens Carson, Benjamin Congress of Racial Equality Draft Riots of 1863 Carver, George Washington (CORE) Dred Scott v. Sandford Catholics, African American Congressional Black Caucus Drug Trade Catlett, Elizabeth Conservatives, Black Drug Use Census, U.S. Constitutional Law Du Bois, William Edward Charles, Ray Construction Industry Burghardt Charleston, The Cooking, Regional Dunbar, Paul Laurence FM-Jaynes(Vol-1).qxd 12/24/2004 3:18 PM Page ix
List of Entries———ix
Ebonics Five Points Area, Denver Hansberry, Lorraine Ebony Football Harlem Education. See Brown v. Board of Foreign Policy Harlem Globetrotters Education; Desegregation, Fourteenth Amendment Harlem Renaissance School; Integration, School; Franklin, John Hope Harlem Riots (1935, 1943, 1964) Segregation, School; Testing, Free African Society Harlem Writers Guild Standardized Free Blacks, Antebellum Harper, Frances Watkins Education, Industrial Freedman’s Bank Hatcher, Richard Educational Attainment Freedmen’s Bureau Head Start Elected Officials Freedom Riders Health Ellington, Edward “Duke” Freedom’s Journal Hebrews, Black Ellison, Ralph French and Indian War Hemings, Sally Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive Slave Laws Henry, John Emmy Awards Fugitive Slaves Henson, Josiah Entertainment Industry Funeral Rites Higginbotham, A. Leon Entrepreneurs, Black Fur Trade Hill-Thomas Hearings Equal Employment Opportunity Hip-Hop Commission (EEOC) Gambling, Illegal Hispanic Americans and African Equiano, Olaudah Gangs Americans Evers, Medgar Wylie Garvey, Marcus Historically Black Colleges and Executive Order 8802 (1941) Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Universities Executive Order 9981 (1948) Gay and Lesbian Movement HIV/AIDS Expatriates Gillespie, John Birks “Dizzy” Holiday, Billie Explorers Giovanni, Yolane Cornelia “Nikki” Homeownership, African Eyes on the Prize Golden Gloves, The American Golf Homestead Act of 1862 Fair Employment Practices Gospel Drama hooks, bell Committee Gospel Music Horse Racing Fair Housing Act Gospel Music Workshop of Hospitals, Black Family, African American America Housing. See Public Housing Family Reunions Graffiti Houston, Charles Hamilton Farmers Grammy Awards Howard University Farrakhan, Louis Graves, Earl G. Hughes, Langston Fashion and Clothing Great Depression, The Hurston, Zora Neale Federal Bureau of Investigation Great Migration, The (FBI), African Americans and Great Society Identity Federal Writers’ Project Great White Hope, The Immigration Feminism Greener, Richard Theodore Incarceration Fiction, Modern Gregory, Dick Infanticide, Slavery and Fifteenth Amendment Griggs v. Duke Power Inner City Fifty-Fourth Regiment, The Grimké, Charlotte Forten Integration, School Film Guardian, The Intellectuals, Black Fine Arts Intelligence Tests Fisk Jubilee Singers Hair, African American Intermarriage Fitzgerald, Ella Haitians and African Americans Iota Phi Theta Fraternity Five Percent Nation Hamer, Fannie Lou Islam FM-Jaynes(Vol-1).qxd 12/24/2004 3:18 PM Page x
x———Encyclopedia of African American Society
Islam, Nation of Lewis, Reginald F. Morrison, Toni Italian Americans and African Liberator, The Motown Historical Museum Americans Lincoln University Muhammad, Elijah Ivy League Links, Inc., The Mulatto Literacy Mulzac, Hugh Jack & Jill of America, Inc. Literature, Early Museums of African American Jackson, Jesse Little Rock Central High School Culture and History Jackson, Mahalia Lockfield Garden, Indianapolis Music, Concert/Classical Jacobs, Harriet Ann Lorde, Audre Music, Country Jazz Los Angeles Riots Music, Popular Jemison, Mae Louis, Joe Music Industry, Modern Jet Lynching Muslims, Black Jewish Americans and African Mutual Benefit Societies Americans Malcolm X Jim Crow March on Washington, The NAACP. See National Association Johnson, James Weldon Mardi Gras Parade for the Advancement of Colored Johnson, John Arthur “Jack” Marshall, Thurgood People Joplin, Scott Marxism NAACP Image Awards Jordan, Barbara Masons, The Fraternal Order of Nat Turner’s Rebellion Journal of Negro History, The Mayors National Association for the Journalism McDaniel, Hattie Advancement of Colored Judiciary McMillan, Terry People (NAACP) Juneteenth Media, Black National Association of Black Mexican-American War Journalists Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 Micheaux, Oscar National Association of Colored Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity Middle Class, Black Women King, Coretta Scott Middle Passage National Baptist King, Martin Luther, Jr. Midwives Convention, The King, Martin Luther, Jr., Migration National Bar Association Center for Nonviolent Military Life National Black Radio Network Social Change Miller, Doris “Dorie” National Black Theater King, Martin Luther, Jr., National Million Man March National Book Award Holiday Million Woman March National Coalition of 100 Black Korean War Miners Women Kwanzaa Minstrelsy National Convention of Gospel Miscegenation Choirs and Choruses, Inc. Labor Movement Mis-Education of the Negro, The National Council of Negro Women Larsen, Nella “Miss Ann” (NCNW) Latinos and African Americans. Mississippi Freedom Democratic National Federation of Afro- See Hispanic Americans and Party American Women African Americans Missouri Compromise of 1820 National League for the Protection Law Enforcement and Public “Mister Charlie” of Colored Women Safety, African Americans in Mojo National Medical Association Lawyers Montgomery Bus Boycott National Organization of Black Leadership Conference on Civil Morehouse College Elected Legislative Women Rights Morganfield, McKinley (Muddy National Underground Railroad Lee, Spike Waters) Museum, The FM-Jaynes(Vol-1).qxd 12/24/2004 3:18 PM Page xi
List of Entries———xi
National Welfare Rights People United to Save Humanity. Ragtime Music Organization See Operation PUSH Railroads Native Americans and African Persian Gulf War Rainbow Coalition Americans Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity Rainey, Gertrude “Ma” Negro Physicians and Medicine Randolph, Asa Philip Negro Leagues Pittsburgh Courier Rap Music Negro Life and History, Playwrights Rastafarianism Association for the Study of Plessy v. Ferguson Reconstruction New Deal, African Americans Poetry Red Summer and the Poets Laureate Redlining New England Anti-Slavery Society Poitier, Sidney Religious Affiliations New Negro, The Police Brutality Rent Parties New Orleans Jazz Political Movements Reparations New York Manumission Society Political Status Republican Party New York Slave Rebellion Poll Tax Restrictive Covenants Niagara Movement Poor People’s March Revolutionary War, African “Nigger” Population Movement American Participation in Nobel Prize Poverty, War on Rice, Condoleezza North Star, The Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr. Richmond v. Croson Norton, Eleanor Holmes Powell, Colin L. Riots. See Race Riots Nursing Preaching Robeson, Paul Press, Black. See Media, Black Robinson, Frank O. J. Simpson Trial Prince Hall Masons Robinson, Jack Roosevelt “Jackie” Oberlin College Prison Reform, AA and Robinson, Randall Occupations Profiling, Racial Robinson, Sugar Ray Office of Federal Contract Protest, Nonviolent Roots: The Saga of an African Compliance Programs Protest Humor American Family (OFCCP) Public Housing Rosewood Riot of 1923 Olympic Games of 1936 Pulitzer Prize Rucker Basketball Tournament, Olympic Games of 1968 Puritans, Black. See Colonialism Harlem Olympics Omega Psi Phi Fraternity Quilting Sailors Opera, African Americans in Sambo Stereotype Operation Breadbasket R&B Music Groups, Female Sanctified Church Operation PUSH R&B Music Groups, Male Santeria Organization of African Unity Race Schomberg Center for Research in Organization of Afro-American Race and Sentencing. See Criminal Black Culture Unity Sentencing of African School Desegregation. See Owens, Jesse Americans Desegregation, School Race Records Science and Invention Paige, Leroy Robert (“Satchel”) Race Riots Scottsboro Incident Painting Race Theory Segregation, Residential Pan-Africanism Racial Attitudes Segregation, School Parker, Charlie Racial Passing Segregation, Urban Parks, Rosa Racial Violence Seminoles, Black Passing, Racial. See Identity Racism Seneca Village Pentecostalism Radio Shakur, Tupac FM-Jaynes(Vol-1).qxd 12/24/2004 3:18 PM Page xii
xii———Encyclopedia of African American Society
Shange, Ntozake Suppers, Saturday Night Urban Renewal Short Story, The Supreme Court, U.S. Urban Segregation. See Shotgun Houses Segregation, Urban Sickle Cell Anemia Talented Tenth, The Urbanization Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority Tap Dance Urbanization in New York City, Signifying Television Early Sipuel v. Board of Regents Tennis Sit-In Movement Terrell, Mary Church Vesey, Denmark Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Testing, Standardized Vietnam War, The Slave Agrarian Skills Theater Voodoo Slave Baskets Theater Owners Booking Agency Voting Rights Act of 1965 Slave Burial Customs (TOBA) Slave Folktales Theology, Black Walker, Alice Slave Narratives Thirteenth Amendment Walker, David Slave Pottery Thomas, Clarence Walker, Madam C. J. Slave Revolts Thomas, Franklin Augustine Wall Street, Black Slave Spirituals Till, Emmett Wallace, Christopher Slave Trade Title IX War on Poverty. See Poverty, Slave Worship Practices Track and Field War on Slave Wrought Iron Decorations TransAfrica Forum Washington, Booker T. Slaveowners, African American Transatlantic Slave Trade Watch Night Slavery, Economic System of Tricksters Watts Riot Slavery, Origins of Truth, Sojourner Wealth, African American Slavery, Political History of Tubman, Harriet Weddings Slaves, Punishment of Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 Welfare Rights Movement Smith, Bessie Tuskegee Airmen West, Cornel Soul Tuskegee Experiment, The Western Settlement Soul Music Tuskegee Institute Wheatley, Phillis Soul Train Tyson, Cicely Wilder, L. Douglas Southern Christian Leadership Wilkins, Roger Conference (SCLC) U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Wilkins, Roy Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Uncle Tom Williams, Robert Conference Uncle Tom’s Cabin Wilson, August Southern Negro Youth Congress Underclass Wilson, William Julius Southwestern Athletic Conference Underground Railroad Women and Sports Spanish-American War Underground Railroad Museum, Women’s Club Movement Spingarn Medal The National. See National Women’s Suffrage Movement Spirituals. See Slave Spirituals Underground Railroad Museum, Woods, Eldrick “Tiger” Sports The Work Songs Steelworkers Unemployment World War I Stepping United Nations World War II Stereotypes United Negro College Fund Wright, Richard Stono Rebellion of 1739 Universal Negro Improvement Student Nonviolent Coordinating Association Young, Andrew Committee (SNCC) Uprisings, Racial Suburbanization Urban League, National Zeta Phi Beta Sorority Sullivan, Leon Urban Legends Zulu Nation