April 2, 19-70 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10203 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS A FITTING MEMORIAL TO A BRAVE For heroism in connection with military and built a community, raised their families YOUNG AMERICAN: SGT. DAVID A. operations aga.1nst a hostile force: Specialist and died in East Texas. It is a memorial o! Four Strong distinguished himself by heroic the past. STRONG-SPEECH IN TRIBUTE actions on 13 May 1969, while serving with The new church will be a. memorial of the BY REPRESENTATIVE BOB ECK­ Company C, 3d Battalion, 22nd Infantry in present--to remind people how David Strong HARDT the Republic of Vietnam. While on a recon­ cared about others and thus to make him live naissance in force mission, Company C came on in their memories as an inspiration and under intense automatic and small arms a motivati:ag force to cause them to accom­ HON. RALPH YARBOROUGH fire from a well concealed enemy force. plish that which he aspired to do. It will also OF TEXAS Specialist Strong, seeing several men lying serve to remind all those who worship there L~ THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES wounded in the enemy kill zone, moved for­ of the many young men and women who have ward through a holocaust of fire to reach sacrificed their lives for others. The church Thursday, April 2, 1970 the injured men. After successfully evacuat­ will ever remind us that the courtesies, fa­ Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, on ing one wounded comrade, Specialist Strong vors, charities, and civic duties asked of us July 23, 1969, a fine young man from again braved the fusillade of enemy fire to by our families, our friends, our communities aid another wounded man. His valorous ac­ and our country are small compared to that Houston, Tex., Sgt. Daviu A. Strong, died tions were responsible for saving two men's sacrifice. of wounds received in battle in Vietnam. lives. Specialist Strong's bravery, aggressive­ They are not a burden but an opportunity His service in the U.S. Army was distin­ ness, and devotion to duty are in keeping presented to us because of the awe-inspiring guished by his heroism and devotion to with the highest traditions of the military !act that we are live in this world. duty. He was awarded the Bronze Star service and reflect great credit upon himself, With all its flaws and turmoil, for us, this with an Oak Leaf Cluster for braving his unit, the 25th Infantry Division, a.nd the world is a good place to live in. And we. the dangers of heavy enemy fire to evac­ United States Army. here, must feel doubly grateful for enjoy­ One thing that has always impressed me ing the full opportunities of this "great uate two wounded comrades. In addition when I have heard a citation such as this is country. But it would not be so had not to this decoration, Sergeant Strong also the fact that it has been earned by the single many brave men like David Strong risked received the Air Medal for his participa­ impulse and action of a man-a man acting and given their all to make it so. tion in over 25 aerial missions over enemy essentially alone. The brave man's deed is territory and the Purple Heart. not program.med by a team of scientists and Military accomplishments, however, engineers backing him up. It is not an act were not the only thing for which Ser­ done with the aid of wealth and power. It BLUE HILLS REGIONAL HIGH geant Strong will be remembered. His life is a lonesome act that sprang from the heart SCHOOL GRANTED PERMISSION of one, single, individual soul. It is that was distinguished by his love for his which many men could do but few men TO AWARD ASSOCIATE DEGREE family, for people, and for God. Sergeant would do. This is the basis upon which all Strong's family had its roots in the small citations for bra.very are given, and it should east Texas community of Mount Enter­ remain so. HON. JAMES A. BURKE prise. He loved this community and· the David Strong was a young man who ha.d OF MASSACHUSETTS people who lived there. It was his dream not had time to achieve wealth or fame but IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to be of service to this community and whose life was long enough to permit such Thursday, April 2, 1970 to help it grow. The mindless cruelty of individual acts of great courage. And, in war ended his life before he could make performing them, he sacrificed his life. No Mr. BURKE of Massachusetts. Mr. country could ask more o! a man. No family Speaker, I should like to call to the at­ his dream a reality. David Strong's fam­ could be more honored by its son. ily and friends are determined not to let tention of the Members of the House of David had time enough to perform this Representatives the achievement of the his dream die. They are raising money solitary service-not time enough to enjoy to build a new church in Mount Enter­ the gratification o! service done with others, Technical Institute of the Blue Hills Re­ prise to serve the spiritual needs of this which he yearned !or. gional High School in becoming the first little community. This would be a fitting Before he left for Vietnam, he spoke many public technical institute in the Com­ memorial to a young in.an whose love of times of his love of the little Ea.st Texas monwealth of Massachusetts to be community of Mount Enterprise and o! his granted permission to award an asso­ God, country, and his family inspired him intention of being o! service to the commu­ to write this prayer: ciate degree. nity and the people there, Just as many of Mr. William A. Dwyer, superintend­ Lord, give me the strength to prove to them his family before him had been. while I'm here in the !a.r-away land that they He went to Vietnam because, as his !a.ther ent-.director of the Blue Hills Technical ra.1sed a man worthy of their trouble. remembers him saying, he "would rather go High School, should be praised for his serve his time for his country and then do efforts in obtaining permission to grant On February 22, 1970, Representative the things he wanted in life." David knew, degrees in applied sciences. Mr. Dwyer's BoB ECKHARDT addressed a memorial pag­ of course, that by making that choice he reputation as an outstanding educator is eant in honor of Sgt. David Strong. This risked never being able to do those things. well known in Masachusetts. meeting was sponsored by Operation He had a strong sense o! duty, and after Mr. Speaker, too long vocational edu­ Morale. This organization is doing an he arrived in Vietnam he wrote a prayer about cation has been neglected. The contribu­ outstanding job of supporting our serv­ his parents: tions that students can make to their icemen and is presently assisting the "Lord, give me the strength to prove to them while I'm here in this far-away land school and community in technical ex­ friends of Sergeant Strong in their efforts that they raised a man worthy of their pertise should be recognized. to raise funds for the church. Represent­ trouble." I submit the following news item from ative EcKHARDT's moving speech is a :fine Well, he proved it, but he never got to do the Quincy Patriot Ledger, announcing tribute to this brave young man. I ask the things he wanted in life. He never got this new step for the Blue Hills Tech­ unanimous consent that it be printed in back to serve with his kin and his friends nical High School: the Extensions of Remarks. and neighbors at the old stamping ground in (From the Canton (Mass.) Patriot Ledger, There being no objection, the speech East Texas. Mar.25, 1970] There is an old family church yard there was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, BLUE HILLS TECHNICAL To AWARD DEGREES as follows; where he and his grandfather now both lie. It ls here that his family and friends feel CANTON.-The Technical Institute of the REMARKS OF CONGRESSMAN Boa ECKHARDT that they should build a useful structure in Blue Hills Regional High School yesterday HONORING SGT. DAVID STRONG his memory. They want to build a new church became the first public technical institute in We are he-re to give honor to David Strong. in Mount Enterprise-not to replace the old Massachusetts to be granted permission to We cannot do that. It is his acts that give church which has stood there a hundred award an associate degree. honor to his name. years-but to afford a good building to serve At a meeting in Amherst yesterday, the We are here to read some words about him the community and to worship in. State Boa.rd of Education voted unanimously that may light a spark in us. Let me read The old church is no longer very useful, to allow the institute to grant the degree in to you his citation when he received the but it stands in memory of many other applied sciences. Bronze Star: Strongs who came from Alabama a.nd lived Last Friday, the State Boa.rd o! Higher Edu- 10204 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 cation also voted unanimously on the matter. There being no objection, the editorial an ordinary physician and his relation to a Approval is needed from both boards. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, medical library. William A. Dwyer, superintendent-director as follows: By contrast, I would like to review the life of Blue Hills Regional Vocational High, de­ of most of us in this room over the past 72 scribed the measure as "the greatest step that THE LISTER HILL NATIONAL CENTER FOR hours. There would be variations, but for has ever been taken in the area of vocational BIOMEDICAL COMMUNICATIONS 1 most of us the following experiences would technical education in the Commonwealth." (By E. Grey Dimond, M.D., F .A.C.C.2 ) qualify. Mr. Dwyer said that the institute, founded To introduce my remarks, I will describe 1. You left your home and, upon presenting in 1966, made application to the boards to yourself at the check-in counter of the air­ grant the degree with its first graduating a recent experience of mine. I was in Wash­ ington temporarily and consequently away line, the attendant glanced at your tick~t, class in 1968. He said that institutions, before tapped the keyboard to a computer and m they are allowed to grant degrees, must be from my own library and from the library in operation for several years and must indi­ amenities which come with a position with perhaps 15 seconds identified you, your class cate through performance and evaluation a medical institution. I needed to have in my of travel, your location, your connecting that the curriculum offered ls at a collegiate hands a copy of Paul Wood's book, The Heart planes and your destination. Remember the and Circulation, published in 1956. I needed library where it took 30 minutes to identify level. a lost book? The degree will be awarded to students suc­ to document a statement in a manuscript I cessfully completing a two-year program at was preparing. Specifically, I wanted to be 2. Stepping out into the corridor you the college level of studies in the following certain that in this particular edition of Paul glanced up at the television screen which five areas: advertising art and design, elec­ Wood's book he had not indicated awareness kept a constant record of every plane's com­ tronic technology, electro-mechanical tech­ of the altered heart movements in angina ing and going, date and time. Remember the nology, data processing and computer P!O­ pectoris. library where I waited 30 minutes, repeatedly graming, and civil-structural engineering On this given day I therefore called the interrupting the librarian while trying to drawing. National Library of Medicine and asked if understand the delay? Mr. Dwyer believes the degree status of the this particular book was available. Upon 3. With 20 minutes to spend, you stopped institute will increase the school's enrollment being assured that it was. I drove through 45 at the bar and watched, live, the playing "to four times" the existing enrollment of minutes of traffic to the Library and went of the international golf tourney originating 200 students. The school's board of trustees, immediately to the index file. There I found in St. Andrews, Scotland. Why cannot ma­ the college level of studies in the following the catalog number, filled out the proper jor medical events be seen routinely, pri­ tion the possibility of establishing double form and took it to the reference desk. I vately, conveniently by physicians? sessions at the institute. presented the card number and was asked to 4 . Aboard the plane you were a.ble to watch The degree will also mean that the insti­ wait "a few minutes" while the book was a video film, hear classical or popular music, tute will begin charging tuition, which ac­ brought to the desk from the stacks. At the at your discretion. A printed program told cording to Mr. Dwyer, wlll probably parallel end of some 30 minutes, during which time you the sequence of the music, and you could state college tuitions. Admission require­ I interrupted the busy librarian three times switch from channel to channel a-sit suited ments, he said, will remain unchanged. to ask for progress reports, I learned that the you. Why cannot similar schedullng and pro­ The graduating class of 1970 will be the book was indeed correctly cataloged and gramming, with a TV Medical Guide, be first to qualify for the degree. Mr. Dwyer said should be at the Library but that it was offered routinely, privately, conveniently to the board of trustees will also consider the missing and presumed stolen. The librarian physicians? possibility of making the degree applicable was concerned and helpful. She volunteered 5. The plane remained in constant radio to pa.st graduates. to obtam a loan copy but indicated it would and radar contact with the ground and, in take one or two days and I would need to addition, the captain reported to you the return. I therefore drove to Georgetown half-time score of a big game which was then University Medical School and went directly being played on the ground thousands of to the office of Dr. Proctor Harvey. I knew miles away. LISTER HILL NATIONAL CENTER he had a copy of this particular book on his 6. Unusual scenery passing below the plane FOR BIOMEDICAL COMMUNICA­ own shelf. I found his office locked and, upon was quietly called to your attention by inter­ TIONS inquiry, learned that both Dr. Harvey and com. his secretary were ill With Hong Kong flu and a key to his private office was not in the 7. Upon your arrival you stepped up to a building. counter, greeted by a young lady who had HON. RALPH YARBOROUGH never seen you be'fore. You handed her a OF TEXAS Next I took myself to the nearby Medical School Main Library. There the librarian ad­ credit card; she did not glance at it but put IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES vised me that since I was "unknown" I would it in a small press, moved her hand back and forth and handed you the keys to a $4,000 Thursday, April 2, 1970 need to have some identification from a fac­ ulty member. We then called a George­ automobile. Remember that $15 book that Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, town faculty member, who assured the was "on reserve" and could not be taken the importance of libraries as a pool of librarian by telephone that it was appro­ from the medical library? information is well known. In medical priate for me to have access to the Library. 8. At your hotel, you used the same magic practice, a good library is an essential Finally, the librarian placed before me a carpet card and, next month, statements that copy of Paul Wood's book, with the admoni­ literally no one has seen will come to your factor in diagnosis and treatment. office. From signals put in motion by the Moreover, the library of today is no tion that it could not be removed from the Library. I inquired about the possibility of credit card, the computer will compute the longer merely a collection of books. It is xeroxing certain pages and learned that this bill, address the envelope, stamp it and also a storehouse of demonstration service was not available. I therefore copied mail it. Can a patient routinely do this in equipment. in longhand for more than 30 minutes your office? Clinic? Pharmacy? Hospital? In recognition of the need and po­ the specific paragraphs and references I 9. Just before going to bed, you picked up tential of medical libraries in health care, needed. A total of some four hours had now the hotel telephone, punched a sequence of my predecessor as chairman of the passed since I set out to get my reference, perhaps 11 numbers and 10 seconds later the Health Subcommittee and the full Com­ and my enthusiasm received its final blow phone rang in your home and you were able when I returned to my automobile and found to speak to your wife and children. From the mittee on Labor and Public Welfare, the beginning of the dialing until next month great Senator Lister Hill, caused to be a parking ticket on the windshield. There­ fore, the human variables of traffic, theft of when the statement arrives, your conversa­ created a National Center for Biomedical books, the absence of univer.sal identification, tion involved just you and your family and a Communications, which was named the computer. Computers, banked with medical Lister Hill National Center for Biomedi­ Hong Kong flu, lack of copying equipment 'facts, diagnostic analyses and clinical his­ and a parking ticket were hardly evidence tories, could be reaehed equally rapidly and cal Communications. It was typical of his that this famed electronic era had influenced humanitarianism and statesmanship displayed on your personal television viewer. that this was one of his final contribu­ 10. You glanced at your watch, wondered tions to better health for the American 1 Presented at the First Conference of the about the con·ect time, picked up the tele­ people. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical phone and a recorded voice told you pre­ Communications, National Library of Medi­ cisely the local time. Your curiosity got the The May 1969 issue of the American cine, December 17, 1968. best of you and you decided to look at the Journal of Cardiology describes the value phone book and see what else you could learn - 2 Consultant to the Lister Hill National by quizzing the telephone. You were over- of the Lister Hill National Center for Bio- Center for Biomedical Communications and medical Communications, and I ask whelmed to learn that in Washington, D.C., Special Consultant to the Assistant Secretary you could: unanimous consent that it be printed in for Health and Scientific Affairs, Depart­ the Extensions Remarks. Dial -A- Devotion. of ment of Health, Education, and Welfare. Dial -A- Dietician. April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10205 Dial -A- Movie. there is·a place for the sense of involvement THE LISTER HILL NATIONAL CENTER Dial -A- Prayer. and anticipation and the excitement of shar­ The Lister Hill Center will provide a na­ Dial -A- Saint. ing an unpredictable moment. Specifically, tional focus for developing the needed medi­ Dial -A- Satellite. there is a need for live television. The fact cal communications network of television, -Dial -A- Sermonette. that television makes it possible not only to electronics and computers. There is now the Dial Family Bible. hear but to see, guides us too often into realistic promise of two or three channels You could receive taped information on utilizing unnecessary props, animation and of television received on the physician's per­ Alcoholics Anonymous, suicide prevention, motion. Yet some of the finest use of tele­ sonal set at his home, office and hospital, all poison pTevention and the John Birch So­ vision-panel discussions, new presenta­ keyed to a printed "TV Medical Guide" in­ ciety, also by telephone. tions-requires only simple dialog, no props, forming him of t he channel and time for the 11. In addition, in this 72 hours, you un­ slides, or personal involvement of the variety of information needed: doubtedly read at least one newspaper each listener. 1. Live transmission of any major medical day, a current copy of Time or Life Magazine I dwell at some length on t his point be­ meeting, from any place in the world. and a hard-cover book, enjoyed seeing and cause many of us in medical education find 2. Regularly scheduled repeat showings of hearing the live performance of Meet the ourselves restricting our understanding of such meetings, which he can see at a time Press on television, and fell asleep after how television has involved us. We find our­ convenient to him. watching a. video tape of a good movie. selves excessive in our use of props and ani­ 3. Form.al, planned and sequential courses I could add to this list, but my intent is mation and forgetful that voices, faces and offered by medical school facilities, or a na­ already clear to you. Specifically, the technol­ content, not the vehicle, still are the message. tionally representative faculty brought to­ ogy for a biomedical network is all about us DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOMEDICAL gether under the sponsorship of the Lister and in use. We do not need to labor over its COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK Hill center; programs which can be keyed to availability. Instead, we labor within our hospital staff conferences because of prior complex profession without the expedition We know that technology is available, that long-range scheduling. that we consider ordinary in our nonprofes­ many media will continue to be needed and 4. A medical journal of the air, again regu­ sional lives. that there will be no violation of regional larly scheduled through the weekly TV Med­ However, there are other varieties of sig­ priorities with national imposition of pro­ ical Guide, with articles presented in ab­ nificance in these comments. First, not one grams. What, then, are some of the general stract, medical news, editorial comment, thing that I have described was necessary. In or even new truths that must be considered product information and the like. 1820 we could equally well have assembled in developing the Lister Hill National Cen­ 5. Medical films stored regionally, re­ here in Washington, D.C. A handwritten let­ ter for Biomedical Communications Network? quested by dial phone by the physician and ter of invitation would have been sent you in I suggest that the following facts are per­ seen at his own convenience on his own set. 1819, and you would have left your home tinent: 6. Stored information, as vast and familiar some weeks ago and by horse, carriage and 1. Today's student is differently condi­ as today's library, available at the physician's barge arrived safely. Good food and amenities tioned from yesterday's student. He arrives desk, either seen visually on the television have not changed and, even more thought­ at college age having already watched 15,000 screen or printed by his own copying device. provoking, the capability of cerebration has hours of television. He is comfortable with All available by dial phone to cornputer­ not altered in these 148 yea.rs. computers and programmed learning. stored data banks; differential diagnosis, Today, as in 1820, the ultimate objective 2. Although we usually think of educa­ drug advice, consulting advice and biblio­ would be a meeting of men and women, an tional categories-premedical student, medi­ gi-aphic references, among others. interplay of human brains, all with the same cal student, intern, resident and practicing 7. Self-examination televised quizzes; skill­ intellectual capacities and the same ga.mut physician-in reality we are speaking of a fully developed programmed learning. of emotions, securities and ambitions. continuum. From premedical to medical stu­ One suggests that the time is right, the You perceive my cumbersome point: all dent, to house staff, to physician, we are need great and the technics ready for this the remarkable devices 1 have listed are but speaking of the same human being at dif­ new legislation of August 3, 1968 (Public Law to facilitate us. Our innate abilities have not ferent stages of his life. Those technics of 9o-456), formally establishing The Lister Hill changed, but our capacities for the endeavors learning with which he becomes comfortable National Center for Biomedical Communica­ which are a human being's speciality are ex­ as a premedical student and medical student tions, and a benevolent giant in medical edu­ tended. Human beings think, plan, create, will stay with him throughout his lifetime. cation has been launched. cry, anticipate, care ... and, especially, hu­ If our capacity for instruction during these man beings are preferred by other human formative years is limited to the patterns of beings for their medical care. Machines but the 1930's, how can we expect the mature THE FUTURE EFFECT ON HOUSING extend the time we have for these human practicing physician to be comfortable with OF A CAMEL'S NOSE BUDGET specialities. the potential of his own computer console? Another objective in defining the ways we 3. Medical care and medical education will are facilitated is to remind of the obvious: increasingly share the same facilities and HON. DONALD M. FRASER bring the medical school, community hospi­ the newer method does not necessarily re­ OF MINNESOTA place the old. Things will persist or disap­ tals and the university campus all into a pear on merit. The jet is here, the barge is common endeavor. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gone. TeleVision is here, yet the book, maga­ 4. The network potential is limited if we Thursday, April 2, 1970 zine, newspaper and radio remain. confine ourselves to thinking in terms of Still another point needs expression: the books and retrieval of book information. We Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, the gentle­ gamut of things used in our travels needed must also think of universal medical recordf?, man from Pittsburgh, Mr. MOORHEAD, has both regional and national contribution. The universal insurance forms and universal data made a notable contribution to the prior­ local news offered by radio and television is retrieval. ities debate now taking place in the Na­ essential coverage, yet how impractical it 5. By a national program in which we de­ tion. I refer to his speech, "The Future would be for every television and radio sta­ fine the design and the numbers of communi­ Effect on Housing of a Camel's Nose tion to insist upon providing its own na­ cation units needed, we can hurry along tional news program. The regional personali­ with standardization and the advantages of Budget," which was delivered February ties have ready access to the press, radio and lowered costs. We can then move on to plac­ 9, 1970, at the 45th anniversary celebra­ television, but it is accepted that some things ing the peripheral units in the home and tion of Second Federal Savings & Loan are done better nationally. Some things can office of every physician, medical student, of Pittsburgh. be afforded only if costs are shared. Some resident and house officer. What is the use­ Mr. MooRHEAD aptly calls the :fiscal things done regionally (St. Andrew's golf fulness of a national network unless there 1971 Nixon budget a "camel's nose" tourney) need to be shared nationally. is absolutely universal ability to receive? budget because, as he puts it: Another obvious fact: some of the learning How can we have universal ability to receive The budget proposes the first inexpensive process or communication is best done until we have standardized design and have steps towards the purchase of some incredibly totally alone, as with a journal or a book. lowered the cost of production and installa­ expensive weapons systems. In other words, Some of it requires a physical movement of tion by defining the maximal number of re­ we would be buying a very thin end of a very cipients? How can we have the maximal people to a. common meeting place where fat wedge. communication takes place by printed word, number of recipients unless we get on with visual image, organized lectures, informal the training of individuals during their Examples given indicate that six weap­ conversations-and by technics that have no formative years in the concepts and tech­ ons systems budgeted in fiscal 1971 at scientifically proved rationale-coffee breaks, nics of utilizating such a network? How can $2.2 billion are estimated to cost even­ liquor and food, corridor chats. we separate any one part _from the whole? Still another obvious fact; just as we have The proliferation of "micro-networks" on a tually a total of $136 to $152 billion. noted that some programs are best done lo­ regional basis requires careful coordination Mr. Speaker, given our urgent needs in cally and some nationally, some can be well if all are to be compatible with the national housing and other programs essential if done with video tape replay but, equally, facility. we are to make our cities liveable, we 10206 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Aprii 2, 1970' cannot afford Mr. NIXON'S "camel's nose" There 1s another reason why housing has distribution of interest on savings accounts defense budget. Mr. MOORHEAD ably slipped in priority. This Administration has to permit guessing whether the loss of rev· discovered the popularity that comes with enue would be as great as the cost of Federal makes this case. attacks on air and water pollution. housing programs, which will have to be un­ The speech follows: Certainly, I am not opposed to these pro­ dertaken if the Congress does not create thiS R E MARKS OF CONGRESSMAN WILLIAM S. grams. Everyone who lives in Pittsburgh is inducement to hold more savings in the MOORHEAD surrounded by the necessity for pollution home financing institutions. Good evening ladies and gentlemen and control. But houses in which we live and The exemption would give more equitable t hank you for inviting me to speak before the cities in which we live are part of our investment income to the saver whose sav­ you this evening. environment. If the focus on air and water ings are too small to put into market secu­ In preparing for this evening's speech I pollution is designed to make us forget our rities. It would at the same time be large t alked to two economists to try to get a fix problems of housing and cities, then I call enough, since it would be at the top bracket on just what will be happening with the it environmental escaptnm. rate of the particular taxpayer, to attract economy this year. Their forecast s were dis­ Yet just as we are forced to take a sober the savings of persons of more substantial mal. But remembering that an economist has assessment of our short falls from the goal means who need security and liquidity and been defined as a man who would marry of 26 mlllion houses specified in the 1968 competitive returns on their investments. As Elizabeth Taylor for her money, I decided Act; to explore the reasons for our failure; the general level of income rises, the exemp­ not to trust wholly in what these men tell to test the capacity of our institutions to tion would become more valuable, and pro· me. produce; to see what promises we can ful­ vide stronger assurance of a net inflow of Naturally we will not see in 1970 the type fill-the public spotlight moves to another savings into thrift institutions. of growth that would end many of our eco­ arena. The net effect of the proposed tax ex­ nomic problems. It ls not yet three years since the Nation emption of savings accounts is likely to be The type of spirit and market conditions endured its domestic Pearl Harbor capsuled some loss of Federal revenue; but this Will that allowed wen like Fred Reinhardt to in the disorders of Newark and Detroit in be offset by a general strengthening of the more than triple Second Federal's assets in August, 1967. At that time, the "crisis of the economy and thus enlargement of the Fed­ less than 15 years, is missing from the Na­ city" helped spark not only the 1968 Hous­ eral income tax base; net increase of the as­ ing legislation, but The Urban Coalition, the sets and greater competitive strength of the tion's economic picture this year. 1968 Civil Rights Act and a rash of special Even though the past year was not a. home financing agencies; and a savings of supplements in magazines and newspapers, great expenditures on Federal housing pro­ happy one for the savings and loan indus­ on radio and TV, all to the effect that city­ try, you should be proud of your efforts in grams which will be made unnecessary by building was the Nation's greatest need. more adequate private financing. ma.king Second Federal one of Pennsylvania's Yet scarcely have we buckled down to 10 largest savings and loan associations. And Certainly we are going to have to do some­ work, when the "crisis of the environment" thing because the need for housing 1s urgent. I am quite honored to be with you on this 1s upon us and off we ride into a new round happy occasion of Second Federal's 45th There is a significant gap in this coun­ of priority speeches, legislative proposals and try between housing starts and the need for Anniversary. policy experiments. With few exceptions, savings and loan in­ housing. Based on census figures, there are We establish then a new set of goals for in this country about 7 million substandard stitutions were hard hit by the inflationary a new future before we begin to realize the thrusts of 1969. housing units which should be removed. goals of the very recent past. Forever mo· '!'here are a number of houses which are so As the publication Savings and Loan edi­ b1lizing our resources to changing objec· torialized, "The lean savings year of 1969 did dilapidated or lack elementary plumbing tives, we may never have to allocate them at that they a.re not fit to live in and should not match the seven-year famine of biblical sll-and so, evading discipline, work, and times but it made up in intensity what it be destroyecl and replaced. costs, we embrace environmental escapism. In addition, there are about 4 million sub­ lacked in duration." We all should be concerned with the And I'm sorry to report that the very standard housing units which are over­ threats from pollution by industrial plants crowded, that 1s to say, there is more than things that made 1969 such a bleak year for and power stations, automobiles, trucks and you do not seem likely to change much in one person per room living in the same airplanes, the damage by the careless use of house, which 1s the census test for over· the coming twelve months. chemicals and the need to preserve natural Your significant problems include: How to crowding. beauty. But these objectives should not be About four million new units need to be generate more housing starts?; How to keep pursued without regard for those whom we your savings programs attractive and stop built to house the second family in these are preserving the environment. standard overcrowded units and in the sub­ the drain of depositors cash? There are a few possible answers to the I'm sure all of you are familiar with the standard units. housing problem. We, therefore, need a total of at least 11 recommendations to the President contained Without reversing its tight money policy, in the Report on Mortgage Interest Rates, million units merely to replace existing di­ the Federal Reserve could exercise the power lapidated units and to house those in over­ released last fall. Congress gave it to enter the mortgage mar­ Among the things this distinguished board ket. crowded units. called for were: an advisory commission to This need is very conservatively stated. be established by Congress to report every A second possibility, one that I favor and In addition, a number of committees, com· year on a national housing policy; a shift in will push in Congress, would be to make the missions, and agencies have come to roughly money alloca.tions from other programs to Federal government responsible for a speci­ the same overall estimates as to the amount home building; a continual :flow of money fied number of housing starts yearly. ThiS of housing we should build if we are to meet into the mortgage market regardless of the would, in effect, make housing construction these needs plus those brought about by new tightness of money; more :flexible fiscal policy a budget item, to be funded accordingly family formations, conversions, mergers, With an eye toward home building; abolishing with the other departments which annually vacancy rates, and so forth. the 6% ceiling on FHA-VA mortgages, ma.king seek money. Working independently, the Douglas com­ them more responsive to market forces and Current hearings now going on in the mission, the Kaiser Commission and the De­ more competitive. Banking and Currency Committee, on which partment of Housing and Urban Develop· All of these ideas are fine. So are the I serve, could result in legislation making ment all estimated. that we need to build dozen or so more that the Commission sug. all financial institutions allocate a fixed from 2.25 to 2.6 million total housing units gests. They were all offered With a sincere percentage of their funds, yearly, for hous· a year if we are to meet our housing needs in desire to assist our aggravated housing sit· ing starts. Although there 1s no legislation the next decade. uation. But as an economist who worked specifically endorsing this concept, it 1s being For the second time in less than four years on the Commission's Report said to me last discussed in connection With other bill8 the housing section of our economy has week, "They are not worth a daxnn if hous· aimed at ameliorating the housing situation. borne the brunt of our economic policy ing is not made the single most important A fourth possibility is one that I have and more specifically our tendency to use priority in this Nation." under consideration currently. monetary policy in handling 1nflaltionary And, I am afraid, my friends, that under This involves allowing individuals to ex­ pressures. this Administration's ordering of priorities, clude from their gross income for Federal In the last quarter of 1969 the increase in housing will receive lots of rhetoric but little tax purposes the first "x" dollars of interest money supply has come to a standstill and of what is necessary to place it at the top received from a savings account held in a you know far better than I the taste of the of our priority list. thrift institution. crunch in the loan market. There are several reasons for this. One of Assuming a 5% interest rate, such a pro­ It seems to me that we have the following the reasons is that those people who need posal would mean the creation of $20 of a.lterna.tives among which we Will have to housing the most a.re not the strongest sup­ housing capital for every dollar of interest make a. painful choice if we are going to porters of this Administration. exempted and an even higher ratio for every move toward closing the gap between hous­ The poor and the Black who are horren­ dollar of taxes lost. ing sta:r:ts and needs: dously ill-housed, and the young who will The revenue cost of this exemption could -raise taxes--the chances of which are find themselves soon groping for homes in not be figured with any precision unless the not good in an election year; a tight housing market, are apparently not Treasury ran off some special tabulations -cut expenditures-increasing the surplus those whom Mr. Nixon thinks he needs as from past income tax returns. There is not thus allowing the Fed to loosen monetar7 supporters. enough information about the income class policy. ( r l

April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10207 Where then are these cuts to be made? a.ting a $22 billion peace dividend, thereby Of course, resources spent on these weap­ The Nixon budget that was released last implicitly cutting defense spending signifi­ ons means proportionally less for housing. week was billed as austere. However, there cantly as Vietnam winds down. It is not my purpose here to offer a detailed are many programs in which money might It is interesting and instructive to point examination of the fat and the lean in the be saved, if anyone has the political cour­ out Budget Director Mayo's observations, at current or projected Defense budget. It is age to do it. The farm price and income his press conference, that a peace dividend probably sufficient simply to suggest a few supports run to $4 billion a year. Highway after the Vietnam war was an "oddball" idea. examples and to restate my basic conclusions const ruction costs us $4 billion a year. The I can believe it after examining the De­ which are that much of the expected mod­ Bureau of Reclamation and the Corps of fense budget. ernization and performance increase in Engineers spend about $2 billion a year. And The reason for this is that this year's weapon systems requests are unjustifiable; there is now talk about doubling the Mari­ defense budget is a camel's nose budget. that billions of dollars worth of outmoded, t ime subsidy to $1 billion a year. One can The budget proposes the first inexpensive no longer relevant defense forces could be list many other examples of expenditures steps toward the purchase of some incredibly safely excised; and that billions could be that at the very least deserve searching re­ expensive weapons systems. In other words, saved by improved management efficiency on appraisal in the light of desperately impor­ we would be buying a very thin end of a manpower and procurement. tant priorities of the moment. very !at wedge. Let me pin point my concerns with a few But the part of the budget that most I call this a camel's nose budget because illustrative questions in each of these three urgently calls for continuing scrutiny is the of the Arabian proverb "If the camel once areas. First, with regard to modernization Defense budget. Of the $184 billion the Gov­ get his nose in the tent his body will soon and performance increase requests: ernment paid out last year, some $80 billion follow." Why build hundreds of F-14 and F-15 went for Defense purposes. Thanks to vigor­ I knew about the proverb but when I fighter aircraft at $10-15 million per copy ous public discussion, in which I partici­ looked it up to get it exactly I found out involving complex electronic gear like that pated, the Defense Department has worked that there was not only the proverb but a in the present!y grounded F-111, which has to reduce that figure and has now submitted delightful poem about the proverb. not worked reliably-when we have as an a budget in the $71 to $73 billion range for THE CAMEL'S NOSE alternative a simple, uncluttered $3 million fiscal year 1971. per copy fighter model, the FXX, which Once in his shop a workman wrought, promises better performance? Let's assume for the moment that housing With languid head and listless thought, is a top national priority and that we are When, through the open window's space, After the B- 70 experience showed us going to cut expenditures to do one of two Behold, a camel thrust his face! strategic bombers were anacronisms in a things or a combination-increase the sur­ "My nose is cold," he meekly cried; missile age, why repeat that folly by launch­ plus, thus making it possible for the Fed to "Oh, let me warm it by thy side!" ing a potentially $15-20 billion AMSA pro­ increase the money supply or shift federal gram? Since no denial word was said, Why build nuclear carriers, destroyers, and resources to federal housing programs. These In came the nose, in came the head: are two alternatives. Now from what part of frigates at nearly twice the cost of con·­ As sure as sermon follows text, ventiona,!ly powered ships when the on,ly the budget can we free resources? The long and scraggy neck came next; For fiscal year 1971 only 40 percent of the advantages are the minor increases in cruis­ And then, as falls the threatening storm, ing speed and range of the fleet? budget is controllable. Over 80 percent of the In leaped the whole ungainly form. controllables are in Defense. In other words, Switching over to outmoded, no longer in the short run, if resources are to be freed Aghast the owner gazed around, relevant defense forces, consider these for programs with high priorities they have And on the rude invader frowned, queries: to come out of controllables. Convinced, as closer still he pressed, Does it make sense to maintain and mod­ Regardless of the highly publicized cuts There was no room for such a guest; ernize a 15 attack carrier fleet at an annual in the military budget the figures Just don't Yet more astonished, heard him say, operating cost alone of over $3 billion-when bear them out. After forcing substantial cuts "If thou art troubled, go away, the Communist world has no attack car­ in the Pentagon's budget, the Congress ap­ For in this place I choose to stay." riers and when the conventional war at sea propriated $73.6 billion last year. Nixon came scenario is no longer plausible in today's nu­ O youthful hearts to gladness born, clear age? Would not a 12--0 superiority be back this year asking for $71.0 billion-for Treat not this Arab lore with scorn! a much publicized and heralded cut of only sufficient? To evil habits' earliest wile How rational is it to maintain a fleet of 6 $2.6 billion. Lend neither ear, nor glance, nor smile. The entire cut is accounted for by a cut ASW carriers and to build a new multi­ Choke the dark fountain ere it flows, billion dollar airp!ane to put on them when of 300,000 men reflecting the deescalation of Nor e'en admit the camel's nose! the war in Vietnam. Secretary of Defense performance studies show that the cheaper, Laird has made public statements that he -Lydia Huntly Sigourney. land-based P-3 airplane now being phased in fully expected a cut of 600,000 men from The 1971 Defense Department Budget is a does a more effective Job? our Armed Forces by mid 1971. camel's nose budget because it proposes the Is it still equitable for the United States Even considering the half a loaf of 300,000 purchase of only the nose of what will become to bear the cost of the 310,000 troops sta­ men--calculated out this should mean a sav­ incredibly expensive weapons systems. tioned in Europe long after economic pros­ ings of $5-6 billion, but it is not reflected in Let me give you some examples. perity has been restored to our Western Eu­ the budget. ropean allies? Just a year ago the Council of Economic Finally, looking at the kind of manage­ Advisers predicted that the end of the United Estimated ment efficiency issues, reflect on the fol­ total lowing: States involvement in Vietnam would bring The 1971 systems cost a "peace dividend" of $22 billion. Camel's or Nose, Even allowing for inflation and technical In this connection it is interesting to note Nose Humps and complexity, might there not be something that the last Johnson budget estimated the budget(in all (in wrong with the procurement system in which cost of the Vietnam war to be $25.4 billion. Weapons system millions) billions) we are told that $19.9 billion in cost overruns And the current budget makes no estimate was eiperienced over original estimates of for the cost of the war, thus making it dif­ F- 14 (Navy fighter) ______$938 $26 to $36. $74 billion-an overall increase of 26 per­ ficult to determine from the budget what F- 15 (Air Force fighter> ----·-·-··­ 370 $25. cent-in 35 major weapon systems now being AMSA (or BIA) (advanced manned 100 $15 to $20. the peace dividend should be. strategic aircraft). procured? Since these figures were released Secretary Laird has predicted the cost of ABM (antiballistic missile) ______600 $50. in December these overruns have been proven the Vietnam War will drop to between $17 AWACS (air warning control system)_ 87 $15. to be significantly underestimated. billion and $18 billion by the start of Fiscal CVAN- 70(3d nuclear attack carrier) _ 152 $5 to $6. Clearly many of the practices and forces 1971. The impact of this reduction and other 2, 200 $136 to $152. pointed out in .these observations do not Pentagon economies have not shown up in make sense. Substantial cuts can be made in the defense spendin.ir figure. the Defense budget without adversely affect­ On August 25, Daniel Moynihan reported This by no means exhausts the list of new ing our real security against external attacks. rather wistfully that the expected peace and weapons systems already a part of the de­ Let me state unequivocally that I would feel growth dividends "turned out to be effer­ fense posture. But they do give some idea of quite secure with a 1971 Defense budget in vescent like the morning clouds around San the magnitude of the expenditures involved. the range of $65 billion. Such a budget would Clemente"-there no longer would be any In other words an innocent $2.2 billion mean $6 or $7 billion would be available for peace dividends. Which prediction is correct, spent this year will mean between $15 to $20 domestic programs. is the peace dividend fact or fiction? Which billion expenditures each year for the next On the surface it would seem that if the course is ultimately pursued depends purely 10 years-the bulk of which will come dur­ expenditure side of the budget were squeezed on national will and purpose. That choice ing the procurement phase over the next 2 in earnest there would be enough money for will affect significantly the quality of life or 3 years. expansion of domestic programs. However, and general welfare in the United States over From past experience, I am confident that President Johnson's Cabinet Coordinating the next decade. I want to see that choice during the 10 year period we will be asked, Committee on Economic Planning for the made in the direction of maximizing na­ in addition, to appropriate money for a new End of Vietnam HostUities surveyed recom­ tional security and I assert strenuously that generation of weapons systems not yet con­ mendations by task forces or study groups national security will be maximized by ere- ceived. for new domestic programs in the field of ) ~ f

10208 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 education, health, job and manpower train­ In this regard, it is interesting to note REPORT ON PROGRAMS FOR EARLY ing, social insurance, welfare, urban develop­ that last year approximately 72 percent CHILDHOOD ment, crime prevention, air and water pol­ lution control, natural resource development, of all immigrants to Hawaii were from transportation, space technology and science. the Philippines. They compiled a list of programs which have In a news article from the March 15, HON. JOHN DELLENBACK been prominently discussed and advanced by 1970, issue of the Honolulu Sunday Star­ OF OREGON supporters as desirable to meet the needs of Bulletin & Advertiser it was reported that IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the nation. They estimated that the cost of in 1969 there were 4,151 Filipinos out of Thursday, April 2, 1970 implementing these programs would be about a total of 5,724 foreign newcomers to $40 billion in FY 72--and the cost would Hawaii. The article made special note of Mr. DELLENBACK. Mr. Speaker, last grow rapidly in succeeding years. And this the fact that a large proportion of the week it was my :i_Jleasure to release offi­ does not include President Nixon's family cially the report of the Republican Task assistance and revenue sharing plans. Filipino immigrants had high educa­ There is, of course, wide spread controversy tional attainments, including many with Force on Education and Training en­ over the priorities that should be assigned to professional occupations such as medical titled, "Report on Programs for Early the domestic programs as well as controversy doctors, teachers, and engineers. Childhood." The report is a culmination over the relative priorities that should be The Aloha State welcomes these 20th of extensive studies on early childhood assigned to domestic as opposed to military century immigrants, for if the past is development done by the task force since programs. It is interesting to note, for in­ to be the measure they will make great last summer and contains an analysis of stance, that one attack aircraft carrier task the need for early childhood services in force costs between $300-$400 million a year contributions to the continued develop­ to operate, which is roughly the equivalent ment of Hawaii and the Nation. the United States. The task force, of of twice what we are spending in Federal The news article concerning recent im­ which I am chairman, was organized in grants for water pollution. You can look at migration to Hawaii, from the March 15, the spring of 1969 by the House Repub­ what the mission of the extra, the 15th car­ 1970, issue of the Honolulu Sunday Star­ lican leadership to take a long-range look rier is; is it worth twice what we are spending Bulletin & Advertiser, follows for the at important issues which have not been on water pollution? CONGRESSIONAL RECORD: the immediate target of the legislative It seems to me that these kinds of com­ FILIPINO INFLUX INCLUDES MANY process. In our attempts to explore the parisons would be very useful information for present situation of services provided for the Congress to have as background for vot­ PROFESSIONALS ing money for water pollution and money for Last year, about 72 per cent of all immi­ those children under 5 years and for the aircraft carriers. I do not think one has to grants to Hawaii from foreign countries ar­ children of working mothers, we have have lead a combat division to go thrqugh rived from the Philippines. That's 4,151 Fili­ found that there are only a little over a this kind of a.ct. pinos--out of a total of 5,724 foreign new­ half million places for children in The important point to recognize, how­ comers. licensed child development or child care ever, is that we cannot afford everything. We "A very high proportion" of these Filipinos facilities, but that the need for such must make choices based on our conception were educated, professional types, according services total eight to 10 times that num­ of national needs and interests. We can only to Robert Schmitt, State statistician. Many listed occupations such as medical doctors, ber, and can be expected to rise steadily do so intelligently if we have a clear under­ in the coming year. standing of the costs associated with the nurses, engineers, teachers, clergymen, and major issues that shape our Defense programs college professors. In order to get as complete a picture as and if we have a vigorous and open discus­ "And we're not getting busboys either," possible of the early childhood services sion of the relative importance to the coun­ Schmitt said. "They generally have the same provided and to determine the need for try of meeting various military commitments educational attainments as the resident pop­ increased services, the task force focused abroad as opposed to meeting domestic needs ulation. Those who look to these people as a its energies on several aspects of the at home. source of cheap labor for hotels are kidding themselves." problem. Activities undertaken by the Some people have charged that we in Con­ task force members included touring gress have made the military budget a whip­ For the last three or four years, about 60 ping boy to hide some other fiscal sins. This per cent of Hawaii immigrants have come child care centers in Washington, D.C., couldn't be more wrong. from the Philippines, John O'Shea of the and other cities, meeting with educa­ The military has gone for years getting U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service tional psychologists about the effect of its budget demands upon request with little said. early organized group experiences, con­ or no resistance in Congress. That no longer One reason is the large Filipino popula­ sultation with administration officials, will be the case. tion already here. "Relatives here can confer studying the experiences of European Too many in Congress see that domestic a preference on relatives in the Philippines countries, and traveling abroad to Israel problems, although not created by the mili­ for our quota. Some of those waiting also to learn more about the comprehensive tary's voracious appetite, have been aggra­ have large families," O'Shea said. early childhood effort being made there. vated by underfunding, directly attributable Since the relaxation of immigration quota to the Defense Department's largesse. regulations in 1965, numerous dependents of Today I would like to insert for the There ls an obvious relationship between earlier immigrants have been coming in, in­ benefit of my colleagues the text of our money spent in over-equipping an Army and cluding wives and children, Schmitt said. report and our findings which we hope a Navy and money not spent for pressing He said another factor is the many cane will be of interest and aid to anyone domestic needs such as housing. workers who retired after World War II, re­ concerned with this serious national So, while certainly not the sole source of turned to the Philippines, and then decided problem. our inflationary woes, a military budget that to return to Hawaii. The report follows: demands more money than any other single There are about 53,000 aliens in Hawaii. budget item is a ripe and justified target for A year ago in February there were 49,642 REPORT ON PROGRAMS FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD inflation fighters seeking relief for a bat­ aliens. But four years ago, when immigra­ (By the House Republican Task Force on tered Nation. tion totals first began to increase, there Education and Training, House Republican were 45,794 aliens. Conference, March 25, 1970) Chinese from China and Taiwan, who (Members: John Dellenback, Oregon, comprise the second largest immigrant Chairman; James M. Collins, Texas; John N. HAWAll WELCOMES 20TH CENTURY group to Hawaii are also entering in record Erlenborn, Illinois; Orval Hansen, Idaho; IMMIGRANTS FROM PHILIPPINES numbers, according to the figures. Margaret M. Heckler, Massachusetts; Earl F. Last year, 510 Chinese arrived in Hawaii, Landgrebe, Indiana; Robert H. Michel, Illi­ compared to a recent high count of 327 in nois; John T. Myers, Indiana; Albert H. Quie, HON. SPARK M. MATSUNAGA 1967. Minnesota; Earl B. Ruth, North Carolina; OF HAWAil On the other hand, the number of Japa­ Fred Schwengel, Iowa; William A. Steiger, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nese entering the State continues to drop. Wisconsin; Fletcher Thompson, Georgia; Al­ bert W. Watson, South Carolina, and John Thursday, April 2, 1970 Only 313 moved in last year, compared to 344 and 382 in 1966 and 1967. W. Wydler, New York.) Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker, Ha­ Others arriving in 1969 included 249 Ko­ SUMMARY waii has long been famous for the har­ reans and 501 from other countries. Early childhood services in this country monious blending and assimilation of Schmitt and O'Shea agreed that no real are woefully inadequate. Efforts should begin the social and cultural backgrounds of problems have made themselves apparent immediately to expand both their quantity the many races that comprise her popu­ because of the large numbers of immigrants. and quality. The need, while already far ex­ lation. O'Shea said a "good number of the males" ceeding the capacity of existing programs, from the Philippines last year fell roughly will increase in decades ahead because of 1) The history of the 50th State and life into the labor age group, "and certainly with a growing number of children aged five and in Hawaii continues to be enriched by a Hawaii's booming economy, I see no problem younger; 2) the accelerating trend toward diversity of race,3 and cultures. in assimilation." working mothers; 3) the increased emphasis April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10209 on providing child care services for welfare ities. Finally, consideration should be given While not all of these children require ca.re mothers who desire to work; and 4) the wide­ to adding a measure to public housing laws in addition to that provided by their pa.rents spread realization of parents acrOSs the to require local public housing authorities to in their own homes, many need special serv­ country that the first five years are of crucial provide for adequate social services. includ­ ices because their mothers work, because importance to a child's future. ing child care fac111ties and programs, in their home environment is inadequate for The Republican Administration has taken low and moderate-income residential proj­ healthful mental or physical development, or several important steps to strengthen the ects, unless it can be demonstrated that because such services are needed to help the national commitment to early childhood­ such services are not needed. child achieve his maximum potential. establishment of the Office Of Child Develop­ Private Sector Involvement: The total cost The working mother ment, experimental activities to develop im­ of child development services for all the chil­ proved programs. and the proposal of wel­ dren who need them can reach a. total of One of the most fundamental changes oc­ fare reform which includes day-care serv­ $22 billion by 1975. Obviously, neither the curring in our society today concerns the ices for children of welfare mothers. Federal government, nor the State or local role of women. According to the Census But despite these significant steps in the governments, can be expected to assume a Bureau, in October 1969, one-third of the right direction, several serious obstacles re­ financial burden of this magnitude. wives in this country were employed outside main in the way of achieving the quantity Recommendation: The expansion of pro­ the home-up from only one-fifth in 1952. and quality of early childhood services need­ prietary early childhood services must be The traditional concept of the woman's place ed in this country. and Congress should take encouraged. In this context, a sliding fee­ in the home no longer matches reality-at action to overcome these problems. scale should be instituted to encourage the some time during their lives, nine out of ten Evaluation: Evaluation procedures have inclusion of non-wealthy children in pro­ women Will be employed. About one-fourth been so inadequate that we do not know prietary programs. Proprietary programs of the Nation's mothers who live with their what impact the 60-plus existing programs should be eligible to participate in mortgage husbands and have children of preschool age pertaining to early childhood are having or guarantee programs. are in the labor force. Even among mothers which programs are successful, which need Preventive Programs: Over the long run, of very young children (under 3 years of reform. the most effective, and the least costly, means age) the proportion is a.s large as one-fifth. Recommendation: An immediate evalua­ of dealing with deprived children is to pre­ Among mothers with older children ( 6 to 17 tion of all programs aiiecting the first five vent deprivation in the first place. years) the percentage who work (now 44 years of life should be undertaken and the Recommendation: A portion of the total per cent) promises soon to become as large results reported to Congress no later than 18 resources devoted to early childhood pro­ as the percentage who do not work. Among months after the beginning of FY 1971, and grams should be used to establish and oper­ widowed, divorced and separated mothers of then kept up to date so that current infor­ ate programs aimed at helping adolescent young children, the labor force participation mation will always be available in the fu­ girls and expectant mothers who are eco­ is, and always has been, much higher. ture. This on-going evaluation should be de­ nomically disadvantaged to understand the As of March 1967, there were 4.1 million signed so that we can determine the long principles and techniques of helping children working mothers with children under 6 years range effect of early childhood program when reach their full physical, social and intel­ old and 6.4 million with children aged 6-17. the students reach maturity. lectual potential. More recently, it ha.s been estimated that as Coordination: There are more than 60 fed­ REPORT many a.s 4 million working mothers lack eral programs which relate to early childhood During the summer of 1969, the House adequate care for their preschool children. either directly or indirectly. This diffusion of Republican Task Force on Education and According to a special Census Bureau survey programs has resulted in confusion. lack of Training began to study the question of taken in 1965, of the children of working coordination, and ineffectiveness at federal, what kinds of programs, if any, were needed mothers, only five per cent under age three state and local levels. for children younger than school attendance and ten per cent aged three to five were Recommendation: A consolidation of those age. We toured child care centers in Wash­ cared for in group day-care centers. The programs which provide directly for the op­ ington, D.C. and in other cities, we met other mothers had to rely upon an ad hoc eration of early childhood programs should people experienced in organizing and oper­ combination of husbands, older children, be enacted at once. These half-dozen pro­ ating early childhood services, we talked with relatives, baby-sitters and neighbors. Some grams should be combined into a single pro­ women could not afford or were not able to gram to be administered by a single federal educational psychologists about the effects of early intervention, we consulted with make even these kinds of arrangements and agency. Further study should be undertaken iheir children-a.bout 1 million in all under to determine which other program areas Administration officials, we studied the ex­ periences of European countries, and one age 14--received no supervision at all while should also be reorganized. As consolidation their mothers worked, while many more were takes place, a major share of the adminis­ Task Force member made a trip to Israel trative responsibility should be shifted to to learn more about the comprehensive early looked after by brothers or sisters only childhood effort being made there. slightly their senior. the states. Research: A great deal of research is needed As a result of these exertions, we concluded The kind of day-care services needed by to learn what approaches are most effective that early childhood services in this coun­ working mothers varies with the ages and in providing for early childhood needs under try are woefully inadequate and that ef­ special characteristics of the children in­ different circumstances. forts should begin immediately to expand volved. Infants and very young children Recommendation: Greater focus and coor­ their capacity. The Federal government cur­ might best be placed in day-care homes dination than currently exists in federally rently spends about $1750 annually for each where, perhaps, only five or six children were sponsored early childhood research is needed. person aged 65 or older in the country but being ca.red for. Children aged three to five Increased government support must be given only $190 for every child younger than age might continue in the family day-care home to early childhood research, and the results 21. But while the Federal government clearly setting or might benefit more from a group of this research must be translated into the has an important role in bringing about this day-care center involving larger numbers of operation of early childhood programs. needed expansion of services, we feel that children, usually in groups of 10 to 15. School Personnel: The lack of trained professional the major burden must fall upon sta.-te, local, age children need after school, lunchtime, and paraprofessional personnel prevents the and upon private initiative. and holiday supervision which could be pro­ expansion of early childhood programs. We feel that Congress has a responsibility vided in a variety of settings. Recommendation: The Education Profes­ to alleviate this serious situation. In the The ability of the working mother to pay sional Development Act should be amended following pages we set forth some of the re­ for these childcare services varies. In 1964, to expand training programs for professional sults of our investigation and our recom­ when the Social Security Administration pov­ and paraprofessional personnel. Community mendations for action. erty index for a non-fa.rm family of four colleges should be encouraged to develop Need for day-care and. child. development was $3,130, 19 per cent of all working mothers training courses for early childhood person­ servicu had a family income of $10,000 and over. nel. Attempts should be made to encourage In the United States, as of July, 1969, there Twelve per cent came from families with more young people to prepare for careers in incomes of less than $3 ,000; nine per cent early childhood education. Finally, a number were 22 million children aged five and under; of federal programs which provide for career according to Census Bureau :figures: from families with income of $3,000-$3,999; 22 per cent from families with incomes of training should be reviewed and evaluated Years Number from the early childhood point of view. $4,000 to $5,999; and 37 per cent from fami­ Under 3, 495, 000 Facilities: The lack of adequate facilities L ------lies with incomes of $6,000 to $9,999. prevents the expansion of early childhood 1 ------3,419,000 The amount paid weekly, according to 1965 programs. 2 ------3,534, 000 statistics, by working mothers for childcare Recommendation: Federal child develop­ 3 ------3,643, 000 'services varied with the kind of service pro­ ment programs should permit a portion ot 4 ------3,867,000 vided. Group day-care was among the most their funds to be used for the construction 5 ------4,050,000 costly of the arrangements. requiring, on or acquisition of facilities in situations where The Census Bureau estimates that the the average, a payment of $10 a. week or more this alternative is more feasible or more eco­ number of children being born each year will for 55 per cent of the children in this form nomical than the renovation and alteration increase sharply during the next ten yea.rs. of care. Family day-care was comparatively now provided for under existing programs. Therefore, in planning for future childcare less costly, only 37 per cent requiring a pay­ Mortgage guarantees should be extended. for needs, one must anticipate growing numbers ment of $10 or more. Where more than one the construction of child development !acil- of children, child from a family was receiving care, of CXIV--643-Part 8 10210 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 course, the total amounts involved for some how well he is able to make use of bis intel­ Centers, to serve the very. youngest children families are even higher. ligence. In short, by the time a child is five and infants as well as their parents, as a The welfare moth er years old, the kind of person be is going to result of research findings indicating that be and his range of abilities and aptitudes There are approximately a million mothers organized activities should begin as early as have been almost irrevocably established. possible and last as long as possible to on welfare who had children under age six. The implications of these research findings Many of these women would prefer work to achieve maximum benefits; have not been lost on the broad mass of 4. The replacement of many summer Head welfare, but the lack of adequat e child care middle-class parents across the country who services has prevented them from seeking Start programs with more effective full-year send their children to nursery schools, sur­ and full-day programs; employment. round them at home with "educational" toys, Elizabeth Koontz, Direct or of the Women's 5. Emphasis on the greater use of Title I , and generally make every effort to see that ESEA funds for the Follow-through program Bureau, in testimony before t he House Edu­ their children's earliest years are rich ones. cation and Labor Committee, reported that to help st udents with Head Start experience Yet even these well-intentioned families, for­ make the most of their primary school a 1966 Department of Labor survey, con­ tunate enough to have adequate material re­ ducted in 10 economically deprived areas, yea rs; sources, sometimes find the business of pro­ 6. Ex perim entation with new program showed that almost one of five slum resi­ viding their children with the "best" ex­ dents outside the labor force was not seek­ periences a confusing one. How early should models, voucher systems which put pur­ ing employment because of child care prob­ one attempt to teach a child to read, or chasing power directly in the bands of par­ lems. Another study she cited concerning should this be left until the school years? ents, and stimulation of greater private par­ women welfare recipients with children in ticipation in the development of early child­ When should a child first go to preschool pro­ hood resources; New York City showed that seven out of grams? How should the child be disciplined? ten women preferred to work rather than Oan one push a child too hard? While in a 7. The proposal of a Family Assistance to stay at home, and that, assuming the sense it may be a. luxury even to be able to Plan for reforming the welfare system. This availability of satisfactory free day-care consider such questions, child development is plan includes provision of day-care services facilities, 60 % of these mothers with pre­ a perplexing problem for all parents, regard­ for 450,000 children, 150,000 of them pre­ school children preferred employment to re­ less of their income. Yet the future potential schoolers, so that their mothers who are now maining home. of this country in a. very real sense depends on welfare can take advantage of work and Thus in addition to mothers who are upon finding the answers to these questions. training opportunities. already' working, there is another group of Unless we do, many children will not have Problems and recommendations welfare and low-income mothers who would the chance to realize their full potential, and Despite these positive steps in the right like to work and would seek employment or that potential will go unrealized for yet an­ direction, we are still capable of meeting job training if adequate child care services other generation. only a small portion of our total early child­ were available at a price they could a.1ford. Recognition of the need hood needs. At present, there are only a lit­ Included in this group are many mothers tle more than half a million places for chil­ who have already had job training under During the last decade, Republicans have repeatedly gone on record in support of early dren in licensed child care or child develop­ Federally-sponsored programs which pro­ ment facilities, even though 8 to 10 times vided for child care service during the train­ childhood programs. As early as the 1961 and 1962 Education and Labor hearings on Juve­ that number of children need services. But, ing period but not afterwards. This lack o! many obstacles stand in the way of efforts to child care services has probably been the nile Delinquency, Republicans called for the enactment of preschool programs for disad­ expand our current capacities for child de­ most serious single barrier to the success velopment and child care programs. of the Work Incentive Program, for example. vantaged children. The thrust of their pro­ Without provision of child care services for posals was, to a large extent, finally realized I. Evaluation these women, job training efforts can only in 1965 with the organization of the Head­ Over the last decade, the Federal involve­ be fruitless in terms of achieving meaning­ start program. ment in programs relating to child care has ful changes in employment patterns. But Headstart is aimed at only a small por­ burgeoned into a jerry-built network en­ tion of the total early childhood need. In Child development compassing more than 60 separate programs March, 1968, the Republican Coordinating which provide day-care, social, health, coun­ The crucial importance of "the first five Committee called for expanding early child­ seling, personnel, research, facilities and food years of life" is far more important than hood programs, as a matter of priority, to in­ services, either directly for child care, or in­ just a political slogan. Benjamin Bloom clude all 5- and 4-year olds, and perhaps 3- directly through programs set up to meet (Stability and Change in Human Charac­ year olds, from impoverished neighborhoods other needs. Yet when the Republican Ad­ teristics, Wiley, 1964) showed that in terms who could benefit from this experience ministration took over the management of of intelligence measured at age 17, about ("Urban Education: Problems and Prior­ 50 % was developed between the time of these programs in 1969, Congress was shocked ities"). to find that federal involvement in child conception and age 4, about 30 % between During his 1968 presidential campaign, ages 4 and 8, and only 20 % between ages care had been allowed to grow to its present Richard Nixon expressed bis concern that the dimensions without adequate evaluation 8 and 17. Experiments with animals in which needs of young children be met. This special either deprivation or enrichment of stimula­ procedures. With more than 60 separate pro­ interest was reiterated by President Nixon in grams relating to early childhood, one would tion took place during the infancy stage, February, 1969, in his message to Congress on have also suggested the critical nature of pov~y: . expect that the government is doing a great deal in this area. But, in fact, we do not know the early development period. Jean Piaget "So critical ls the matter of early growth has chronicled the subtle process through whether or not this is true. During the previ­ that we must make a national commitment ous Administration, no attempt was made to which even the new born infant interacts to providing all American children an oppor­ with and learns from his environment. tunity for healthful and stimulating devel­ develop an overall analysis of what impact (Origins of Intelligence in Infancy, Inter­ opment during the first five years of life." these programs are having on the first five national Universities Press, Inc., 1956). Two The support of the American people in years of life, what needs to be improved, separate experimental programs with re­ his assessment of this problem as deserving changed or discarded, ho-iv much money has tarded infants and young children have been spent, or how many children have been high priority was borne out in the results reached. pointed to the conclusion that the earlier of a July, 1969 Gallup Poll which indicated enrichment is begun, the greater the gains that 64% of the country favors the idea of Without this kind of basic knowledge, we that can be expected (Skeels and Dye, "A using federal funds to provide child care cannot plan intelligently for the future, study of the effects of differential stimula­ services for children of working mothers. much less assist the results of past efforts. tion on mentally retarded children," Pro­ But obtaining the knowledge required to plan Steps already taken ceedings American Association for Mental and assist will not be just a simple matter Deficiency, 1939, 114-136; and Kirk, Early Since taking office, the Republican Ad­ of compiling statistical tables. Much of the Education of the Mentally Retar ded, U . of ministration can point to a number of initia­ necessary basic data has not been collected Illinois Press, 1958). Other projects aimed at tives already taken to meet its commitment and procedures will have to be developed to disadvantaged children have suggested simi­ to the "first five years of life." These include: generate data at the state, local and even the larly the importance of the early years. 1. The delegation of Head Star t to the De­ project level. Such an effort, beginning at (Susan Gray, et al, Before Fir st Grade, partment of Health, Education and Wel­ this late date, will be lengthy and complex Teachers College Press, 1966, and Karl fare where it can be supported and supple­ and will require several years before we have Bereiter and Engelmann, Teaching Disadvan­ mented by other Federal programs dealing a total picture of existing federal efforts. taged Children in the Preschool, Prentice­ with children in the early years; Recommendation: A~ immediate, thorough Hall, Inc., 1966). 2. The creation of an Office of Chi ld De­ evaluation of all programs affecting the first Despite the on-going cont roversy over velopment in the Departm.ent of Health, five years of life, either directly or indirectly, whet her human int elligence is influenced Education and Welfare-t his office, which re­ should be required and the results of such more by inheritance or by environment ports directly to Secretary Finch, has been an evaluation should be reported to Congress (Art hur Jensen, et al., Harvard Educational formed in order to take a comprehensive as soon as possible, and no later than eighteen Review, 1969, Nos. 1, 2, & 3) , there seems to approach to the development of young chil­ months after t he beginning of the 1971 fiscal be virtually universal agreement among t hose dren, combining programs which deal with year. who have studied the m atter tha t wha t hap­ the physical, social and intellectual aspects Further, a mechanism should be estab­ pens during the first five years of a child's of their development; lished to assure that current information is life will play an extremely important role in 3. The expansion of Par en t and. Child always aYailable in the future. This on-going April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 1021l evaluation effort should be developed in such up for home deficiencies. But our sad experi­ IV. Trained Personnel a way so as to make possible long range ence has been that the Headstart and other One of the major obstacles blocking the assessment of the effectiveness of key pro­ compensatory education programs for which rapid expansion of early childhood services grams-we need to know what effect pro­ we had such high expectations have not al­ is the lack of quall:fl.ed, trained personnel. grams for young children have in years hence ways brought the results we desired and that, This shortage of personnel in the childhood as those children reach maturity. Otherwise, despite the proliferation of countless "Head­ area has been well documented. As early as experiments which do not produce immedi­ start" type programs for disadvantaged chil­ 1966, the Office of Economic Opportunity es­ ate, observable results might be abandoned, dren and other programs for middle-class timated that short-term training for 147,000 even though they might have a substantial children whose parents want them also to teachers and 290,000 non-professionals long-term impact on the children partici­ have a "headstart,'· the fact of the matter is would be needed in order to provide full­ pating. that child development experts do not kn.ow year Headstart programs for the 2 million exactly how children develop and learn, or disavantaged 3 to 5 year olds, in addition to II. Consolidation of Existing Programs what kinds of educational experiences are the other medical, nutritional, psychological out of the more than 60 federal programs best for what kinds of children, or how these and social workers needed in comprehensive relating to the early childhood years, there experiences can most effectively be provided. child care programs. Projecting an eventual are considerable areas of overlap. There are Experts agree that the early years are of need for day-care for 1.31 million more chil­ at least seven separate programs which pro­ critical, importance and that many elements dren, nursery school for 8 million, kinder­ vide funds for the operating expenses of child are needed-nutritional, health, educational, garten for 1.3 milllon and other services for care centers or preschool education, some social, and emotional-in a total child devel­ 1.9 million, an additional 456,000 professional nine programs for training child develop­ opment program. But how best to provide personnel (including supervisors) and 529,000 ment personnel, seven research programs, for these different needs, what approaches paraprofessional personnel will be required. four food programs, four construction pro­ are best in different situations, how to pre­ Colleges and universities a.re now graduat­ grams and three loan programs. Only a few pare all our chlldren for school-these are ing only about 5,000 early childhood person­ ot these, however, are aimed directly at child questions for which we just do not have nel annually, according to an Office of Edu­ development. Most were set up for other answers at this time. cation 1967-68 survey. Almost all of these purposes, and day-care or child development While there are now some government graduates a.re women, including many of is only anclllary to their overall missions. funds for research into child development whom take degrees in child development ·as The result of this crazy-quilt pattern is and child ca.re, efforts in this area are very preparation for raising their own families that in some areas child care centers and limited with little or no coordination be­ rather th.an for professional careers, and programs funded under separate Federal au­ tween them. For example, under the Child many others who teach only a few years be­ thorities may. find themselves in competition Welfare Service, some $4.4 million was spent fore abandoning their professional responsi­ for the same children, whilr in other areas, for research and demonstration projects in bllities for family responsibilities. Also sig­ proposed centers which would serve children the area of child welfare, $1 million of that nificant is the fact that in the same year, who desperately need preschool educational to support 8 day-care projects to provide a only 5 doctorates were awarded in this area opportunities cannot get the Federal funds basis for evaluation of the most effective and 100 in the field of nursery or kinder­ necessary-either because such funds have ways to provide such care. Out of the almost garten education-it is the Ph. D.'s and the been exhausted under the specific program $90 million provided under Title V of the Ed. D.'s who are the teachers of teachers, and for which they are eligible, or, more unfor­ Elementary and Secondary Education Act in therefore needed to build up teacher train­ tunately, because in the confusing and com­ fl.seal year '69, only 8.6%-$8.2 million-was ing programs on the college level. plex puzzle of federal programs the appli­ spent for early childhood research. Public The staffing problem at the professional cants have been unable to identify accu­ Health Service and the National Institutes level has been met largely with short-term rately the various programs for which they of Health are also conducting some research training drawing on a pool of alrea-dy-trained are eligible. into child development and learning. people with experience in other educational Not only has the diffusion of programs Recommendations: The House Republican fields. Headstart statistics show that of the been unproductive at the local level, but it Task Force on Education and Training feels professional staff, almost a third have had has also caused needless difficulty and was.te that more intensive research and develop­ less than two full years of college work, nearly of effort at the Federal level, making it nec­ ment work is needed in the area of early 80 % have had practically no experience with essary to establish special offices to coordi­ childhood, to develop basic knowledge about primary education and 80% have had llt}.le nate far-spread federal programs for early child development that is now lacking, to experience, if any, with disadvantaged clfil­ childhood and to appoint special personnel translate this knowledge into actual programs dren. But this limited resouroe ca.nnot begin in the duzen or more federal agencies, of­ for children, and to find ways of diagnosing to meet the future staffing needs of early fices and departments which administer the and evaluating the development or individual childhood programs undergoing rapid programs, whose Job it is to see that their children. Furthermore, the various research e~pansion. programs are coordinated with other similar efforts now underway require better co­ Paraprofessional personnel have also been programs. All too often, the result of this ordination so that investigations now dis­ another promising source of manpower in overly complex adm.1nlstratlve arrangement persed among several agencies can proceed this area. The benefits which can be derived has been confusion, not coordination. as rapidly and efficiently as possible avoiding from encouraging the employment of Older Recommendations: A consolidation of pro­ duplication and using each agency's particu­ Americans as paraprofessionals can mean grams which provide directly for the opera­ lar talents to best advantage. Dr. Jam.es 0. benefits far beyond those derived by the tion of child care and chlld development Miller, Director of the National Laboratory children being served. Older Americans serv­ programs should be enacted at once. The half on Early Childhood Education, has called for ing as "foster grandparents" and aides in dozen or more existing programs operated the formation of a National Laboratory on early childhood programs, can find that in under various titles of the Elementary and Early Childhood Education, to serve as a na­ addition to lending their special skills and Secondary Education Act, the Social Security tional focused effort in early childhood re­ interests to the program that they can as­ Act, and the Economic Opportunity Act-­ search and development. Another possible sure their places as useful and needed cit­ programs in 1971 which will spend almost focusing agent might be the Office of Child izens in one of. the most important social $600 million, $900 m1llion if the child care Development within the Department of efforts ever undertaken in this country. Par­ under the Family Assistance Program is in­ Health, Education and Welfare. While we ents who work in these programs learn more cluded-should be combined into a single are not necessarily committed to a specific about child development and are able to ap­ program which would be administered by a organizational device, we do feel strongly that ply what they have learned at home with single federal agency. greater coordination and focus that cur­ their younger children as well as those en­ Further study should be undertaken to de­ rently exists in federal early childhood re­ rolled in the child development program. termine which other program areas might search is needed. Even older children and adolescents are also benefit from consolidation and reor­ Secondly, we call for increased govern­ needed as paraprofessionals in these pro­ ganization. ment support of early childhood research to grams. They serve as models for the younger As program consolidation takes place, a build the basic foundations upon which our children, and at the same time, they learn major share of the administrative respon­ future efforts must rest. some of the principles of child development sibility should be shifted to the States. This We do not agree with those who argue which will help them become better pa-rents will encourage not only coordination of fed­ that the expansion of early childhood pro­ in future years. Finally, with the growing eral programs at the state level but coordi­ grams must await the results of this future emphasis on social action by concerned in· nation of federal, state and private funds research. We already know how to do some dividuals, the potential corps of volunteers as well. things of benefit for children, and programs who could assume regular and responsible IlL Research should be estabilshed to do these things. roles in early childhood programs is perhaps More than ever before in this country, We would hope, however, that programs greater today than ever before. concerned parents are placing a high value would maintain enough :flexibility so that Despite this enormous paraprofessional on education for their children-so much so they could incorporate the results of research need and potential, there are some serious that many pa.rents believe that the more as these become available in the future and problems which must be overcome before this education the better, that almost any kind of that federal funding systems would prevent resource can be fully utilized. Some early early childhood schooling and academic the paralysis of programs in traditional mod­ childhood projects in disadvantaged areas stimulation is better than none at all, that els and would permit and encourage develop­ have found that classroom assistants re­ schools by starting at earlier ages can make ment of improved child development efforts. cruited from the areas served have usually 10212 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 had no training whatsoever, and that they V. Facilities though many States do not operate public often view their involvement more a-s job op­ The lack of adequate facilities is another kindergartens. Obviously, neither the Federal portunity projects for the poor than as ed~­ major obstable blocking the expansion of government, nor the State or local govern­ cational programs for disadvantaged chil­ child development programs. Thus far, many ments for that matter, can be expected to dren. Training paraprofessionals ls necessary day-ca.re and Hea.dstart programs have re­ assume a financial burden of this magnitude. before they can participate effectively in the lied upon space owned by churches, non­ The solution to this situation must be two­ programs. Many do receive short introduc­ profit organizations and upon commercial fold. First, parents who are financially able tory "how to get started" courses of only a facilities such as storefronts. The supply of to must be required to pay as much as pos­ few days' or weeks' duration, but all too often such facilities is dwindling and in some sible of the costs of services for their chil­ these short courses are not followed up with a.reas--rura.l and suburban areas in partic­ dren. Secondly, a network comprising the the kind of sequential on-the-job training ular-has been depleted. In 1966, OEO esti­ various kinds of services needed .by the range which would enable them to develop their mated that existing or renovated facilities of children being served-child care, nursery abilities more fully or to move up on a career could accommodate preprimary programs for schools and enrichment programs, summer ladder. Others who do receive on-the-job perhaps half a million children-about the programs, afterschool programs-must be training often find that the same "lessons" level of existing day-care program capacity established in each community so that serv­ are repeated time after time, and they make today. ices will be available for all who need them. no progress toward positions of greater re­ Even when facilities are available, they The role of the federal government in this sponsibility despite their long years of serv­ often require substantial renovation and even process should be limited to stimulating the ice. development of the needed child care and In light of the magnitude of this problem, then they may not really be well adapted to programs for young children. Federal child child development services and to providing the Federal investment in training personnel partial or full financing of such services for for early childhood programs ha.s been piti­ development programs do not permit federal funds to be used for the construction of new those children whose families otherwise could fully small. Short term training institutes facilities for child care programs, and con­ not afford them. sponsored by OEO have never been counted sequently programs rely upon remodeling Implied in this viewpoint is the necessity as substitutes for career development train­ and renovation of existing facilities, even of heavy involvement of private enterprise ing, and might best be characteriz~ . as though this may not be the best, or even the in providing child care and child development "start-up" sessions. Out of the $80 m1ll1on services, rather than a continuation of the available in FY 1970 under the Education most economical long-run solution. Some present heavy emphasis on the role of fed­ Professions Development Act, only $5 million renovated facilities have deteriorated to the eral, state and local governments in the op­ is slated for projects (40) to prepare person­ point where they require replacement or fur­ eration and financing of such programs and ther renovation 1n order to continue using nel for the early childhood area. Yet first­ them; new construction in the first place services. Indeed, this heavy emphasis on pub­ rate proposals seeking a total many times would have prevented this situation. lic and private non-profit participation in that amount have gone unfunded for lack early childhood services overlooks the actual of money. At present, only a very little federal money facts of the matter. According to a study can be used for new construction. Section 703 Recommendations: Because the Educa­ conducted by the Department of Health, Ed­ of the Housing and Urban Development Act ucation and Welfare at a time when the ca­ tional Professions Development Act stimu­ of 1965 permits inclusion of child care facil­ lates the development of programs to train pacity of licensed group care centers was ities in the construction of neighborhood fa­ 521,000, over 247,000 of these children were personnel, rather than merely paying o~t cillties-about half of the recipients of these scholarships to finance the training of indi­ in proprietary centers-47.4%. If the 121,000 funds have taken advantage of this opportu­ children being cared for in private "day-care viduals, it has a built-in "m.ultiplier effect." nity. A similar provision exists in the pro­ For this reason, the House Republican Task homes" were added in, the percentage being gram which provides for indoor community cared for under private profit-making aus­ Force on Education and Training advocates facillties in public or low-cost housing proj­ greater expenditures under this program to pices would be 70.6%. A witness appearing ects. Finally, under the Model Cities Pro­ before the House Education and Labor Com­ establish training programs for both profes­ grams, supplemental funds granted to each sional and para.professional personnel. mittee reported that in his state of Mary­ Model City area may be used for construction land, about seven-eighths of all group child We also advocate enactment of measures of child development facilities. designed to encourage community colleges care was proprietary. Recommendations: Federal child develop­ It is most unfortunate that since the ad­ to use their special potential in the training ment programs should allow a portion of of para.professional early childhood workers. vent of the Head.start program, the feeling their funds to be used for the construction, has grown that only public or private non­ Short introductory courses could be devel­ or acquisition of facilities in situations where oped for parents and community residents profit agencies are qualified or suitable pro­ this alternative is more feasible or more eco­ viders of early childhood services. We find entering early childhood programs for the nomical than the renovation and alteration first time and arrangements could be made today that many people, when they think of now provided for under existing programs. profitmaking corporations organizing and for continuing education on the job. Gradu­ The same kind of mortgage guarantees that ates of a. two-year program receive an Associ­ operating child care and child development are now extended for the construction of services, forget that the vast majority of h~gh ate-in-Arts degree enabling them to become nursing homes and group practice facilities child care aides; should they decide at a later quality nursery schools, summer caimps, kin­ should be extended for the construction of dergartens and most of the child care centers date to extend their professional qualifica­ child development facilities. This would help tions by completing a. four-year program, which serve only those middle-class families provide non-profit and proprietary programs lucky enough to afford them, fit into the that option would still be open. Thus, be­ obtain long-term financing for construction cause of their :flexibility, their unique re­ cla,ssificatlon of private profit-making cor­ needed if they are to sustain economic via­ porations. It is especially ironic when we re­ sponsiveness to community needs, and their bility. member that when Headstart was initiated, abillty to develop a. career-oriented prepara­ The term construction should include in many looked upon that program as a way to tion for para-professionals, the Task Force both of the above cases the costs of land ac­ obtain middle-class type nursery school serv­ f'a.vors federal programs which would encou~­ quisition, architects' fees and preliminary ices for poor, educationally disadvantaged age community colleges to help meet this planning for the new facillty. children who would not otherwise receive pressing national need. Finally, consideration should be given to the benefit of such a program. The Task Force endorses the development adding a measure to public housing laws to Substantial expansion of the role of the of measures which encourage more young require local public housing authorities to private sector in the operation of early child­ people to undertake preparation for profes­ provide for adequate social services, including hood services does raise a number of issues sional careers in early childhood, and also child care facilities and programs, in low and which require thoughtful consideration. to utilize that preparation upon college moderate-income residential projects unless First, standards governing the licensing graduation. they can demonstrate that such services are and funding of proprietary early childhood Finally, there now exist eight or more s~p­ not needed. services should be just as high, and just as arate government programs to prepare JU· VI. Stimulation of Private Enterprise rigorously enforced, as the standards govern­ venlle delinquents, low-income or welfa:e ing public and private non-profit services. adults and youth and others to work in As pointed out above (pages 2 to 6) the The profit margin on proprietary services child care and child-oriented mental health growing numbers of children, together with must oome from superior management prac­ programs. Each of these programs is de­ the accelerating trend toward employment of tices, economy of scale, and careful planning, signed to serve its special clientele rather mothers of preschool .age youngsters, mean and not from skimping on the quality of the than the national early childhood priori­ that in the future we will have to anticipate services provided for the children. ties. We suggest that these programs be .re­ an ever greater need for child care and child Second, several proprietary childcare and viewed 0,nd evaluated from the early ch1ld­ development services. The total annual cost child development corporations have docu­ l':1ood point of view and that recommenda­ of providing these services will be tremen­ mented their abillty to provide the highest tions be made, as pa.rt of the overall evalua­ dous. Dr. Selma Mushkin of the Urban In­ quality of early childhood services at a cost tion of federal programs pertaining to early stitute in Washington, D.C. projects a 197,5 significantly below that of public or private childhood, as to ways in which they might cost of $10 to 12.5 billion for programs for non-profit agencies providing exactly the be coordinated or expanded to make the 3- to 4-year olds and $6.5 to $10.25 billion for same services. This savings in the cost of maximum contribution to our supply of per­ o- to 3-year olds-a total of $16.5 to $22.75 services per child could be translated into sonnel for. early childhood programs. billion and this is excluding 5-year olds, even providing more children with services, if ap- April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10213 pllcations for grants took the cost factor into provide such services for all children who LA VlLESSNESS IN GREECE consideration. may need them. It sees the sliding fee-scale Third, proprietary child care and child de­ concept as encouraging the inclusion of non­ velopment services are now oriented almost wealthy children in such proprietary services HON. JOHN CONYERS, JR. exclusively to middle-class and high income and therefore endorses this approach. The families. Welfare recipients and low-income voucher concept may also achieve this result OF MICHIGAN families must rely upon public prograims­ and should receive careful consideration. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Headstart, municipal day-care services, etc. The same high standards which apply to Thursday, April 2, 1970 Those in between, the lower-middle-income, public and private non-profit early child­ blue collar, working class family, are caught hood services must not be relaxed for pro­ Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Speaker, we are all in the squeeze of being too well off to be eli­ prietary services. aware that this country's foreign policy gible for public programs and not well off The Federal Government should extend a is in dire need of reformation. Not only enough to be able to afford private services. mortgage guarantee program, similar to that has our disastrous participation in Viet­ If the government undertakes measures to pertaining to nursing homes and group prac­ expand the role of proprietary services, simul­ tice facilities, to early childhood programs, nam warranted an unprecedented taneous measures should also be taken to see including proprietary programs, to enable amount of dissent and mistrust of the that such services are made accessible to all them to finance construction costs of new Government, but our involvement in who need them. facillties. other areas, even though camouflaged by Fourthly, if proprietary services are to be VII. Preventive Programs a reticent administration, is also coming expanded, private profit-making companies under increasing attack. One such policy will need outside assistance in obtaining Urie Bronfenbrenner, testifying before the House Education and Labor Committee in is our Government's support for the financing for the cost of constructing new military junta in Greece. Now that the facilities to house their programs. Tight 1969, suggested that early childhood pro­ mortgage market conditions, together with grams should begin ideally two years before media are finally beginning to cover the the newness of the idea of large scale pro­ conception. His point was a serious one. Over atrocities that seem to be a daily part of prietary early childhood services, have made the long run, the most effective, and the least that regime's political diet, many citizens it extremely difficult for companies to ob­ costly, means of dealing with deprived chil­ are disputing our rationale for assisting tain mortgages. dren is to prevent deprivation in the first such an undemocratic and irresponsible Finally, some consideration bas been given place. Rather than treating the symptoms government. Not only has the junta to the idea of a voucher system approach to of deprivation in 3- and 4-year olds, our efforts might better be directed toward pre­ denied the most basic civil rights of its financing child care and child development to services for those who cannot afford the full paring the mother of those children to pro­ own citizens, it has also refused ac­ costs. Under such a system, parents would vide them with the nourishment, stimulation knowledge the requirements of interna­ be free to enroll their child at any center, and enrichment necessary to prevent dep­ tional law and has intentionally failed to school or other establishment licensed to rivation and toward seeing that she is provide legal protection for foreigners provide early childhood services. The center properly nourished during pregnancy and who happen to stop in that country. or school would then be reimbursed totally that she receives appropriate medical at­ tention. To disregard such blatant lawlessness or in part, depending upon the financial is indefensible. I have recently received status of the child's family, for the costs of The use of older children as volunteers in providing services for that child. Under such early childhood programs offers an effective a letter from two Greek ex-ministers and a system, all of the above considerations per­ method for instilling in these youngsters the Members of Parliament which discusses taining to proprietary child development importance of the early childhood years and what has happened in Greece. I have also and child care services become even more for teaching them some of the rudiments of received a letter from a Greek professor important since it is the profit-making cor­ child development. Parent and child centers at Howard University which outlines porations which would organize to compete which work with entire families, from parents police activities in that country. I hope most effectively in the overall early child­ to infants, also offer another opportunity to help parents take on the responsibility of all my colleagues will consider these let­ hood "market." ters most carefully, and move to reassess The corporation organized to provide early preventing deprivation. childhood services is only one example of Recommendations: A portion of the total our responsibility for the conditions they the involvement of private enterprise. An­ resources devoted to early childhood pro­ describe. other potentially significant development is grams should be used to establish and oper­ The material follows: the provision of child care services by em­ ate programs aimed at helping adolescent DEAR MR . CONYERS: With great satisfaction ployers of large numbers of working mothers. girls and expectant mothers who are eco­ we read in the Gre-ek and foreign press abOut Hospitals have led the way, but telephone nomically disadvantaged to understand the the struggle which you together with many companies, colleges, department stores, light principles and techniques of helping chil­ of your distinguished colleagues have under­ industry, textile, and technological corpor­ dren reach their full physical, social and taken for the restoration of parliamentary ations are also responding to the realization intellectual potential. democracy and normal political conditions in that these services must be provided if they Early childhood programs should not be our country. For all your efforts, our fellow­ are to make full utilization of women delayed until a child is three years old; they countrymen and we are grateful to you. workers. should have sufficient flexibility to allow We think it is our duty to inform you tha,t A law enacted in the 1st Session of the 9lst them to direct their efforts to infants and your vigorous attitude bas made a very Congress provides for the establishment of toddlers as well as future parent s. strong impression on the political world of joint labor union-employer trust funds for our country, because it is through this atti­ the purpose of providing child care services. tude that it was proved that the Greek Several unions have already been active in THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF WNEX political proble:tn was compret_ended to its providing such services for their members. RADIO full extent, this problem which you have The Amalgamated Clothing Workers of rightly placed on the basis that serves the America, for example, operate child-care cen­ real common interests of our countries. ters in Baltimore, Maryland, and Staunton, HON. JOHN J. FLYNT, JR. The majority of our people think-and Virginia, with other centers planned at Han­ OF GEORGIA this is our opinion as well-that our country over and McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania, and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES was in a position to face its political prob­ one under construction at Chambersburg, lems without resort to a military dictator­ Pa. Thursday, April 2, 1970 ship. The correctness of this aspect can also In the past, the greatest private involve­ Mr. FLYNT. Mr. Speaker, on Wednes­ be proved by the postwar political history of ment in early childhood services has taken day, April 1, 1970, radio station WNEX in our country. As you know, after it s libera­ the form of family day-care homes which tion from the German occupation, Greece care for up to six or eight youngsters, de­ Macon, Ga., celebrated its 25th anni­ faced successfully severe political and eco­ pending upon their age. The atmosphere and versary in radio broadcasting. nomic problems and an immediate commu­ care provided in these family day-care homes WNEX has perforined an outstanding nist threat, without resort to a military dic­ ranges from outstanding to appalling. Under public service during these 25 years by tatorship. The parliamentary regime func­ ideal circumstances, however, they can offer presenting excellent programs and news tioned wit h success, despite the--even a very important alternative to group child coverage to the people of Macon and then-acute party antagonisms. In spite of care for infants, very young children, and the fact that the territorial integrity of our some children who may not be suited to middle Georgia. Along with the many friends and lis­ count ry was endangered by the Communist the group care situation. aggression, no martial law was passed and Recommendations: The Hous-e Republican teners of WNEX, I extend my congratu­ the freedom of the press was not suspended, Task Force on Education and Training be­ lations to Mr. Alfred Lowe and the en­ and Parliament functioned smoothly during lieves that the expansion of proprietary early tire WNEX family and wish for them all that critical period. In brief, we can say childhood services must be a necessary and many more years of outstanding service that communist threat exists in Greece in vital part of any overall national strategy to and operation in the public interest. exactly the same way as it does in all the I

10214 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 western European countries and that Greece organ of police control in the interior and ing and without considera.tlon o! human bas proved that the only shield of the free its role as a. safeguard of the national secu­ rights or individual dignity. nations against communism is the regime of rity will be o! smaller and smaller effect-. 2. Blockades of roads leading to and from the real parliamentary democracy. Only If the king and the national political lead­ Athens are set up by military police and offi­ those people, whose interests are connected ership, which after the statements of Mr. cers o! the General Security. During such with those of the junta, spread the lie that Karamanlis and the other political lead.ers blockades automobiles and their occupants democracy in Greece was corrupt. The truth has been unified, will not be reinforced, so are searched thoroughly. Searches a.re so is thait; it was not more corrupt than in any as to succeed to the present situation, then systematically carried out that "even the other country of the western world. the popular reaction to the Junta will be seats of automobiles are removed and It must also be kept in mind that during absorbed by anarchist resistance forces. We searched". the parliamentary regime, Greece knew a must not forget that before the German oc­ 3. Night raids in places o! entertainment constant economic development. The rate of cupation, the Greek communist Party was and streets a.re carried out by "plainclothes­ growth of the national income and of the dissolved by the Regime of "August 4th" and men, often jumping out of unmarked cars exports was satisfactory and the Greek peo­ that while the rightists started, the resist­ and detaining groups o! people for body ple gained the feeling of economic security ance,. the leftists took it over, succeeding searches." Often and without warning and was convinced that the state of the :finally in placing the whole movement under plainclothesmen search patrons of night balance of payments had been improved, in their own leadership. Thus in December 1944, clubs and restaurants and women dressed contrast to the economic policy followed by only the active intervention of the British up for an evening out are subjected to the military government today, which, as troops prevented the seizure of power by the humiliating searches by police authorities. many eminent Greek economists and politi­ communists. During such searches ladies purses are opened cians have demonstrated in recently pub­ We know that some American observers say and contents examined very carefully. In lished reports, ls leading us to :financial that in Greece there is peace and calmness all cases "even the lipstick tubes are opened anarchy and economic chaos. a.nd that the masses are so loyal to the "Rev­ completely and examined." Consequently, there is no excuse for those olution" that they do not destroy the boards 4. University students are still the main who have established the military dictator­ with slogans and other propaganda. But thls group from which large numbers of arrests ship. We can positively say, that their only is only a superficial estimation of the situ­ a.re made. Often students arrested _are sub­ motives were their personal ambitions. Their ation. Neither during the German occupa­ jected to tortures to "give information on arguments that the prerevolutionary politi­ tion, nor during the guerrilla war were such underground organizations". cal situation was acute cannot be accepted, boards touched by the Greek liberation Front, 5. Anti-America.nlsm is intensifying and . since great European nations a.re confronted ELAS and Marko's democratic army. The fact going from bad to worse. An indication· of this today by far acuter conflicts, and yet no one however, is that the non-political spirit bas is the fact that people entering the Ameri­ within them ever thinks of the possibility taken the place of the spirit of struggle in can Consulate for ordinary business are sub­ of an--even tempora.ry--suspension of the the Greeks' souls, who are disappointed both jected to searches by the guards. Often such by the old political world and the present democratic freedoms. But if we even ac­ people are previously searched by Greek cepted that the colonels seized the power regime. But this ls precisely what ought to police authorities as they approach the Amer­ on April 21, in order to carry out a national make us anxious. This nonpolitical spirit ican Embassy. As a. result, the American Em­ mission, in other words, in order to bring cannot suggest that the people support the bassy, which was in the past a.symbol of free­ about the necessary reforms that would Junta, but it must be interpreted as a loss dom and Democracy is becoming a place guarantee the normal evolution of our polit­ !or the cause of the Alliance in Greece, be­ where Greeks are being searched. by its ical life in the fu·;,-ure, they could have done cause this instability of the Greek spirit will guards. be :fit tomorrow for the anti-terrorism of the 6. Persistent reports come out of Athens it already. Instead, their up to date policy extremist anti-revolutionary elements. has clearly shown that they have no will to accusing American military officers of "hav­ keep their promises and that they aspire to You can realize what a great damage has ing betrayed the confidence of former Greek perpetuate their odd regime. been caused to the Atlantic Alliance and comrades". Such allegations are repeated too especially, to one of its members of such a A constitution was submitted to the judge­ often (See Harpers Magazine-, October 1969, vital importance, as is Greece, A big portion p. 77) to be dismissed as groundless. ment of the Greek people and it was voted of the Greek people believe that, without the through under conditions o! terrorism, 7. Greeks leaving their country a.re now American support, the Greek military gov­ subject to searches by port authorities. This similar to those prevailing a.t the plebiscites ernment could not have strengthened its in the communist countries. Many people be­ never happened before, not even when the pos\tion. Owing to this fact, the Greeks be­ civil war was raging 30 kilometers outside o! lieved that government's declaration that came doubtful as to the real political alms after the voting through of the constitution Athens. of the United States. As you know, there 8. Personal mail is still being opened by the nation would enter the path of constitu­ was no other people on the European terri­ tional legality, which would be respected by the authorities and people wishing to com­ tory as the Greek people that had such a municate with the outside world on impor­ the leadership of the military coup d'etat, strong belief in. the purity of the aspira­ too. Unfortunately, the military government tant political matters must :find methods of tions of the American policy. Today, however, by-passing the searching Greek authorities. deliberately misinterpreted the meaning of even the Greek people came to believe that the popular vote, asserting that it expressed Personally, I often receive news and reports the United States have imperialistic inten­ from Greece through London or West Ger­ the confidence of the people to the "Revolu­ tions and that the American policy does not tion". And out of the prime minister's and many. Such reports are smuggled out of the hesitate to use all the possible means in country by foreign tourists. his chief colleagues' statements, by which order to achieve its aims. Such a situation, they declared that they a.re not prophets to 9. In their search for "accomplices" the as you may understand, is disastrous both to present Greek rulers have introduced the know when the "Revolution" will quit the the alliance of the democratic countries and power, that with the existence of the parlia­ American Army uni!orm for Greek Officers. to the Greek people, and as you declared at Now a Greek officer walking down the streets ment no great steps can be taken etc., is the Congress on October 29th, 1969, if the propounded without pretext that the of Athens would be easily taken. for an Amer­ United States do not adopt a decisive policy ican. Their uniforms a.re absolutely identical. Junta's aspiration is to convert the millta.ry as far as democracy in Greece is concerned, This American-type army outfit replaced the coup d'etat into a permanent regime, in full then will betray their traditions and ideals, violation of the Constitution drawn up by it. famous Greek khaki, a uniform glorified in beause we must keep in mind that the Fight poetry and folklore o! the Greek people and Thus fundamental principles are being vio­ for democracy and the human rights is indi­ closely identified with the past glories o! the lated, and this has as a further consequence visible and knows no geographical or national Greek army. Presently the Greek officers a. train of reactions that the government can­ frontiers. corps are viewed upon as praetorian guards, not avoid, even if it could govern the country If you please let your colleagues know the "subsidized and dressed by the Americans" profitably on account of the policy followed contents of this letter and give them our and I sincerely cannot understand why not by the military government, the Greek "pyra­ friendly regards. a protest from our embassy :for the "plagia­ mid" ls losing the traditional form of a EMM. KOTHRIS, rism" of our American Army's uniform. sound political structure because at the top Ex. P .M., Ex Minister. 10. I am told by knowledgeable people, ( a the establishment of a regime, the form of former Minister of Public Order among which has not been crystallized, is being pur­ them) that a moratorium of underground sued, while at its popular base blind reac­ CURRENT POLICE AC'l'IVrI'IES IN GREECE activities is presently in etrect in Greece tions, strengthened by the persecutions and Re11able information from Athens com­ pending the arrival of the Ameriea.n Am­ the oppression, are being harboured. If this municated to me reveals the following ac­ bassador and clarification of U.S. policy. The situation will be prolonged, we all who be­ tivities carried out by the Greek m1Iitary po­ activities of the resistance organizations will lieve in the free world, the democratic way lice and officers of the General Security. resume, I was told, "if the American policy of life and the national army as a guarantee 1. Night searches continue at an in­ will be more of the same". o! the national security, shall lose all hope. creased level. Such searches a.re carried out NIKOLAOS A. STAVROU, The Greek army will be a drawback !or by both E.S.A. (Military Police) and officers Professor, Lecturer in Government. NATO, because it is being converted into an of the General Security always without warn- WASHINGTON, D.C. April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10215 ECONOMIC PROGRESS OF NEGROES Head of a foreign government, a Chief Jus­ within the black community should interest IN THE UNITED STATES tice of the Supreme Court, members of the us as much as the real progress that has been President's Cabinet, other leading represen­ made by Negroes as a group. tatives of the Federal and State govern­ Before concluding these remarks, I would ments-as well as eminent scholars and edu­ also like to comment briefly on the new pro­ HON. JEFFERY COHELAN cators and outstanding figures in the private gram of family assistance, recommended by OF CALIFORNIA sector. However, in coming here, they ca.me the President and now being considered by IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES as much to encourage the work of a grow­ the Congress. It is my impression that this ing Tuskegee as to honor the memory of its program is a source of much discussion-and Thursday, April 2, 1970 founder. So I am flattered t o be a part of some apprehension-within the Negro com­ Mr. COHELAN. Mr. Speaker, Dr. An­ this tradition. munity. In my personal judgment, there is drew Brimmer, a member of the Board of Having accepted the invitat ion to speak more reason to support it than to campaign Governors of the Federal Reserve System before this assem,bly, I decided that you real­ against its enactment. ly did not want me to dwell on the obstacles Let us now turn to a closer examination o:t delivered the Founder's Day address at which Booker T. Washington had to over­ each of these main point s. Tuskegee Institute on March 22. Dr. come in the creation of a viable institution; EMPLOYMENT AND OCCUPATION AL UPGRADING Brimmer's speech represents a thought­ nor did you expect me simply to extol the ful and provocative analysis of the eco­ record of Tuskegee's achievements during the The economic progress of Negroes can be last 89 years. Rather, given the nature of my t ra{:ed in t he trends of the labor force, em­ nomic progress of Negroes in this coun­ ployment and occupational advancement try. own responsibilities, I assumed that I was invited because you thought I might have during the last decade. In 1969, there were A point central to Dr. Brimmer's ad­ something to say with a bearing on some of just under 9 million nonwhites in the labor dress was that Negro citizens have made the central economic issues which we face force-meaning that they were holding jobs economic progress during the 1960's, but today-especially those issues of immediate or seeking work. (Well over 90 per cent of that true equality of economic oppor­ relevance to the Negro community. nonwhites are Negroes.) This was a rise o:t tunity, to say nothing of social equality, On that assumption, I decided that it 16 per cent since 1960, a rate of increase vir­ is far from complete. He further argues might be helpful to focus on a question that tually the same as for whites and for the has generated a considerable amount of de­ total labor force. However, employment of that governmental policy should be in nonwhites rose more rapidly than it did for to bate in the last few weeks: did Negroes make the direction of a conscious effort re­ such extraordinary progress during the 1960's whites (by 21 per cent to 8.4 mlllion for the move the vestiges of any discrimination that the best course for public policy over former compared with 18 per cent to 69.5 that would confine any group of citizens the years ahead is one of "benign neglect"? million for the latter). Expressed differently, to economic impotency. He perceptively Obviously this is not a trivial question. While while nonwhites represented about 11 per points out a :-ather disconcerting trend the exact meaning of this proposition is far cent of the total labor force in both 1960 and within the black community-that of the from clear, it has been advanced in a con­ 1969, their share of the gains in employment text whose potential impact on public policy during the decade was somewhat larger: well-trained Negro who is able to sus­ t hey accounted for 12 per cent of t he employ­ tain substantial income increases while in the area of race relations can be consider­ able. Thus, it is crucial that all of us have ment growth, although they held just over the untrained Negro is falling further a clear understanding of the extent of eco­ 10 per cent of the jobs at the beginning of behind, a situation that must be re­ nomic progress which Negroes have made­ the period. versed. and we must also have a full appreciation of Advancement in the range of jobs held by One point in Dr. Brimmer's analysis is the extent to which important segments Negroes in the last decade was also notice­ especially compelling-the strong cor­ within the Negro community have failed to able. This was particularly true of the im­ share in this progress. provements in the highest paying occupa- .relation between increased education and . tions. Between 1960 and 1969, the number of increased income. To my mind, this point To help provide such an understanding, I have pulled together a considerable amount nonwhites in professional and technical posi­ cannot be overemphasized. Although it of statistical information relating to the eco­ tions increased by 109 percent (to 692 thou­ is dangerous to stress education as a nomic experiences of Negroes during the last sand) while the increase for whites was only total or sole panacea, I still feel that decade. From an examination of this evi­ 41 per cent ( to 10 ,031 thousand) . By last year, there must be a strong Federal, State, dence, I am convinced that it would be a nonwhites had progressed to the point where and local emphasis on improving the serious mistake to conclude that the black they accounted for 6¥:z per cent of the total community has been so blessed with the employment in these top categories in the quality of education. It is for this reason occupational structure ( compared with less that I led the fight to fully fund our Fed­ benefits of economic advancement that public policy-which played such a vital role in the than 4¥:z per cent in 1960), and they got eral education effort. 1960's-need no longer treat poverty and dep­ about 11 per cent of tl}.e net increase in such At this point, Mr. Speaker, I would rivation among such a large segment of so­ jobs over the decade. During this same pe­ like to insert Dr. Brimmer's remarks in ciety as a matter of national concern. To ac­ riod, the number of nonwhite managers, offi­ the RECORD. It is a pleasure to recom­ cept such a view would certainly amount to cials and proprietors (the second highest pay­ mend this statement to my colleagues: neglect--but it would also be far from ing category) increased by 43 per cent (to 254 benign. thousand) compared to an expansion of only EcONOMIC PROGRESS OF NEGROES IN THE 12 per cent (to 7,721 thousand) for whites. UNITED STATES The evidence underlying my assessment is presented in some detail in the rest of these In the 1960's, nonwhite workers left low-pay­ (By Andrew F. Brimmer• ) remarks, but the salient conclusions can be ing jobs in agriculture and household serv­ THE DEEPENING SCHISM ice at a rate two to three times faster than summarized briefly: did white workers. The number of nonwhite To be asked to address this Founder's Day During the 1960's, Negroes as a group di d farmers and farm workers dropped by 56 per Celebration in honor of the memory of make significant economic progress. This cent (to 366 thousand) in contrast to a de­ Booker T. Washington is really a way of can be seen in terms of higher employment cline of 31 per cent (to just under 3 million) honoring the one receiving the invitation. and occupational upgrading as well as in for whites in the same category. In fact, by Not only on this campus, or in this commu­ lower unemployment and a narrowing of the 1969, nonwhites accounted for the same pro­ nity, but in the country at large anyone with income gap between Negroes and whites. portion (11 per cent) of employment in agri­ even the most modest sense of history knows However, beneath these overall improve­ culture as their share in the total labor force; that the memory of Booker T. Washington ls ments, another-and disturbing-trend is in 1960, the proportion for nonwhites (at honored every day by the simple fact that also evident: within the Negro community, 16¥:z per cent) was more than 1¥:z times their Tuskegee Institute is here. That memory 1s there appears to be a deepening schism be­ shares in the total labor force. The exit of embossed and embellished each time that tween the able and the less able, between nonwhites from private household employ­ this institution can render another day of the well-prepared and those with few skllls. ment was even more striking. During the last service to the Negro community, to its re­ This deepening schism can be traced in a decade, the number of nonwhites so em­ gion and to the nation through its commit­ number of ways, including the substantial ployed fell by 28 per cent (to 712 thousand); ment to higher education. rise in the proportion of Negroes employed the corresponding drop for white workers Yet, it is also good to pause at least once in professional and technical jobs-while was only 9 per cent (to 900 thousand). Al­ each year to reflect explicitly on the found­ the proportion in low-skilled occupations though roughly half of all household workers ing of this institution in rural Alabama in also edges upward; in the sizable decline in were nonwhite in 1960, the ratio had declined 1881. Since 1917, Tuskegee has found the unemployment-while the share of Negroes to just over two-fifths by 1969. The number time for such reflection, and the roster of among the long-term unemployed rises; in of nonfarm laborers also fell (by 8 per cent to speakers testifies to the high regard for the persistence of inequality in income dis­ 876 thousand) over the last decade while the Tuskegee in this country and in the world. tribution within the black community­ number of white laborers rose by the same This annual celebration has drawn to this while a trend toward great er equality is evi­ percentage (to 2,809 thousand). campus a President of the United States, the dent among white families; above all in the Nevertheless, as already indicated, the ac­ dramatic deterioration in the posit ion of celerated movement of nonwhites out of the *Member, Board of Governors of the Fed­ Negro families headed by fem.ales. positions a.t the bottom. of the occupa.tional eral Reserve System. In my judgment, this deepening schism pyramid did not carry through the entire 10216 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 occupational structure. For example, non­ were stuck in idleness for fairly long periods larger size of nonwhite female headed house­ whites in 1969 still held about 1.5 million of time. holds 1-the per ca.pita differences in family of the service jobs outside private house.­ Still other evidence can be cited which un­ income are substantially wider than the dif­ holds-most of which require only modest derlines the contrasts within the Negro com­ ferences in median family income. In 1967, skills. This represented one-fifth of the munity. During the first eleven months of the ratio of family income per capital of total-approximately the same proportion as 1969, the unemployment rate among non­ female headed nonwhite families (at 44 per in 1960. Moreover, the number of nonwhites whites living in the central cities of the 20 cent) was 18 percentage points lower than holding semi-skilled operative jobs (mainly largest metropolitan areas averaged 6.3 per the ratio of Negro to white median family in factories) rose by 41 per cent (to a.bout cent; it was a full percentage point less income. The data in Table 1 appear to indi­ 2 million)- during the decade, compared with among those living in the suburban sections cate that the gap between white and Negro an expansion of only 17 per cent (to 12.4 of these areas. Among nonwhite teenagers per capita family income has not been nar­ million) for whites. The result was that non­ (those members of the labor force 16 to 19 rowing as rapidly as suggested by the most whites' share of the total climbed from 12 years old), the unemployment ra.te averaged Widely cited income figures. per cent to 14 per cent. Taken together, these 27 per cent. During the same period of 1969, The conclusion reached by expressing me­ two categories of low-skilled jobs chiefly in there was very little difference in unemploy­ dian family income in per capita terms iS factories or in nonhousehold services ac­ ment rates between whites living in central that the usually observed ratios convey an counted for a. larger share ( 42 per cent) of cities (3.1 per cent) and those living in sub­ unrealistic picture of family well-being be­ total nonwhite employment in 1969 than urbs (2.9 per cent), and for white teenagers, cause they fail to account for the larger they did in 1960-when their share was 38 the rate was 10 per cent. absolute size of nonwhite families. per cent. In contrast, among whites the pro­ So, judged by the differential impact of un­ Another indication of the widening gap portion was virtually unchanged-26 per cent employment-as well as by the trend of em­ within the Negro community is provided by at the beginning of the decade and 27 per ployment and occupational upgrading-some the distribution of income among families cent at its close. Negroes have experienced commendable im­ and individuals at different levels of income. While nonwhites made substantial prog­ provement while others have lingered behind Data showing these trends, by race and broad ress during the 1960's in obtaining clerical in relative stagnation. groupings of income classes, are presented in and sales jobs-and also registered noticeable TRENDS IN INCOME: A REEXAMINA'l'ION Table 2. gains as craftsmen-their occupational cen­ In examining these data.. the first thing ter of gravity remained anchored in those Undoubtedly, Income statistics a.re prob­ to note ls that the distribution of income is positions requiring little skill and offering ably the most closely watched indicators of economic progress. This is true for Negroes as by no means equal in either the white or few opportunities for further advancement. non-white community. If it were, each fifth At the same time, it is also clear from the well as for whites. These figures also demon­ of the families would receive 20 per cent of strate that the Negro community recorded above analysis that th-0se nonwhites who a.re the aggregate income in each year. In reality, well-prepa.red to compete for the higher­ signifioa.nt gains during the last decade. In 1961, aggregate money income of families in however, only those families a.round and just paying positions in the upper reaches of the above the middle of the distribution come occupation structure have made measurable the United States totaled $306.6 billion, of which whites received $290.4 billion and non­ close to receiving approximately this propor­ gains. These contrasting exertences should tion of the total income. The families con­ be borne in mind because they point clearly whites received $16.2 billion. Thus, the non­ whites' share was 5.3 per cent. By 1968, the stituting the lowest fifth receive between 3Y:z to the deepening schism within the black per cent and 6 per cent of the income, while community. total had risen to $488.4 billion-with $454.5 billion going to whites and $33.9 billion going those in the highest fifth receive over 40 per TRENDS IN UNEMPLOYMENT to nonwhites. In that year, the nonwhites' cent of the total. This general pattern of in­ Over the 1960's, unemployment among share had risen to 6.9 per cent. come distribution holds for both white and Negroes declined substantia.lly. In 1960, about In terms of median family income, the nonwhite families. 787 thousand nonwhites were unemployed, same indication of progress is evident. In But looking beyond these overall charac­ representing 10.2 per cent of the nonwhite 1959, the median income Of nonwhite fami­ teristics, it will also be observed that with­ labor force. Among whites in the same year, lies a.mounted to $3,164, or 54 per cent of in the nonwhite community the distribution about 3.1 million were without jobs, and the that for whites-which a.mounted to $5,893. of income is considerably more unequal. unemployment rate was 4.9 per cent. By By 1968, the figure had risen to $8,936 for Among nonwhites from the lowest through 1969, unemployment had dropped by 28 per whites to $5,590 for nonwhites, thus raising the middle fifth for each of the yea.rs- shown, cent (to 570 thousand) for nonwhites and the nonwhite/white ratio to 63 per cent. the proportion of aggregate money income by 26 per cent (to 2.3 million) for whites. These relative family income data ·are a received by the families in each category Their unemployment rates had fallen to 6.4 useful concept for some purposes, but they is below that for the white community. The per cent and 3.1 per cent, respectively. must be interpreted carefully. Otherwise they opposite is true for nonwhite families above The incidence of joblessness among non­ yield a misleading picture of the comparative the middle fifth; their share is greater than whites continued to be about twice that for economic status of the nonwhite population. that received by white families in the same whites during the 1960's. Even in those cate­ A principal source of error is the failure of category. The same tendency is evident when gories where the most favorable experience data. on median family income to account for the top 5 per cent of the families- with the wa.s registered, nonwhite unemployment the fact that nonwhite families on average highest incomes in botb groups are com­ rates remained significantly higher than tend to be substantially larger than white pared. those for whites. For instance, among mar­ families. Moreover, in the last. few years. the dis­ ried nonwhite males aged 20 years and over, Data. on median family inoome adjusted to tribution of income within the nonwhite the unemployment rate in 1969 stood at 2.5 a per capita basis to account for much larger community has apparently run counter to per cent, compared with 1.4 per cent for minority families a.re presented in Table 1. the trend among w~ite fam1lies. In both the white men in the same circumstances. (Attached.) When further adjustments are 1961-65 period and the 1965-68 period, the Nevertheless, one should not lose sight of the ma.de to differentiate among types of fami­ income distribution for white familles be­ fact that-taken as a group-Negroes made lies, several important conclusions result. came more equal. For nonwhite families, the real strides in escaping idleness in the 1960's. The first and most important of these is that, same trend toward greater equality was evi­ But, here again, we should not stop with for all types Of families, nonwhite per capita dent in the first half of the decade. However, this over-view. On closer examination, one family income is substantially lower in rela­ it remained roughly constant in the 1965-68 quickly observes that a sizable proportion of tion to that for white families than was years. And the share received by the top 5 the remaining unemployment among Ne­ suggested by the unadjusted figures. It ap­ per cent particularly showed no further groes appears to be of the long-term variety. pears that in 1967 the median income data tendency to decline. For example, in 1969, just under 20 per cent unadjusted for differences in family size may Again, these figures seem to underline a of the unemployed nonwhites on the average have overstated the relative economic status conviction held by an increasing number of had been without jobs for 15 weeks or longer; of nonwhite families by something on the observers: a basic schism has developed in among whites the proportion was only 12 Y:z order of 11 per cent. the black community, and it may be widen­ per cent. Moreover, those out of work for The information in Table 1 permits a fur­ ing year-by-year. more than half a. year represented 7 per cent ther analysis of growth trends in per capita POVERTY IN THE NEGRO COMMUNrrY of the joblessness among nonwhites com­ family income compared to growth trends pared with 4 per cent for whites. In 1961, in relative median family incomes :for dif­ Poverty is a difficult concept to define in when unemployment rose substantially under ferent types of households. For all fa.inilies any meaningful sense. Yet, quantitative es­ the impact of the 196<>-61 recession, non­ a.nd for husband and wife families. the rela­ timates are necessary if policym.&kers are to whites accounted for about 21 per cent o! tive gains on a per capita. basis were only have reliable information on which to make total unemployment and for roughly 24 per slightly less than the relative gains on a decisions. Since 1965, the United States Gov­ cent of those without jobs for at least 3 Y2 total family income basis. The picture !or fe­ ernment has relied on the estimates devel­ consecutive months. However, by 196.9, non­ male hea.ded families, however, is completely oped by the Social Security Administration whites made up 27 per cent of the pool oi different. The latter have the lowest median which, for whatever their defects, appear to long-term joblessness-although their share :family income in general, and nonwhite fam- of total unemployment had declined slightly 1lles headed by females have the lowest me­ 1 In 1967, the average Negro husband-wife to 18 per cent. So, while a significant number dian income compared to their white coun­ family was .76 members larger than its of Negroes did find-and keep-jobs during terparts. What is perhaps even more disturb­ white counterpart; but the average Negro fe­ the last decade, a sizable number o! others ing, however, 1s that-because of the much male headed family was 1.26 members larger. April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10217 be the most reliable data available. The Thfl rapid increase in the number of poor man with only an 8th grade education, while poverty concept developed by the Social Se­ nonwhites in female headed families-and for whites this gap was 26 percent. curity Administration classifies a family as particularly the very rapid rise of children The case of a Negro with some higher edu­ poor if its income is not roughly three times 18 and under in their families--suggests that cation is of particular interest. This is a man as great as the cost of an economy food plan the problem of poverty in the black com­ with the highest absolute income and the for a family of that particular size and farm munity has by no means disappeared. highest income relative to whites. Unfor­ or nonfarm residence. In 1968, a nonfarm Having discussed recent changes in the tunately, due to the unavailability of more family of four was assumed to be living in overall poverty population, it is important to data, the figures in Table 5 probably seri­ poverty if its total money income was less examine briefly the rural experience. For ously understate the contribution of higher than $3,553. The income deficit of s, family is farm families the record is much more en­ education to Negro income. The last line in that amount required to raise its income to couraging with a decline of almost three­ Table 5 shows the income of whites and Ne­ the poverty threshold. fourths in the number of poor individuals in groes with 1 or more years of college. This nine years. Moreover, the rate of decline was category is really a composite of the cate­ Table 3 reviews the 1959-68 record of the gories 1 to 3 years of college and 4 or more escape of individuals from poverty. These roughly equal for whites and nonwhites. years of college. Of all Negro men 25 years data demonstrate quite clearly that the rate These results may in part reflect a growing prosperity in agriculture, but in large part of age or over in 1967 reporting one or more of decline of poverty for whites has been years of college, 60 percent were concentrated substantially faster than the rate of de­ they are due to a migration of the poor of both races from rural to urban settings. in the 1-3 year category. For all white men cline for nonwhites. Between 1959 and 1968, reporting more than 1 year of college, there poverty among whites declined by 39 per The conclusions from this section are that nonwhite poverty in general has not de­ was a much greater tendency to have four or cent while poverty among nonwhites de­ more years of college, with only 42 percent clined by 27 per cent. Thus, in 1968 non­ clined as rapidly as white poverty, primarily because nonwhites classified as poor tended concentrated in the 1-3 year class. If a more whites made up a greater proportion of the complete breakdown of the data in Table 5 total poor population than they did in to be substantially poorer than whites classi­ fied as poor. This section has also shown that were available, they would probably indicate 1959-the fraction increasing from 27.9 per a higher return to Negro higher education. cent to 31.5 per cent. This much more rapid in the last decade there has been an alarm­ ing rise in the number of poor nonwhite A second reason why the data in Table 5 rate of exodus by whites from poverty is may understate the returns to higher educa­ explained by the fa.ct that in 1959 the aver­ children under 18 living in female headed families. tion for Negroes is that they fail to account age poor white family was not nearly as for the age distribution of those achieving deeply in poverty as the average poor non­ PROSPERITY IN THE NEGRO COMMUNITY: THE higher education. Since major education white family. In 1959, the median income IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION gains among Negroes have. been a rather re­ deficit for white families was only $868 while The above discussion has obviously re­ cent occurrence the better educated Negro for nonwhites it was $1,280, or 47.5 per cent flected a rather pessimistic assessment of man will be substantially younger than his higher. Clearly, it took less economic several aspects of economic developments in white counterpart. Table 6 documents this achievement to lift the average white fam­ the Negro community-focusing as it did on point by comparing educational achieve­ ily out of poverty. It should be further noted nonwhite poverty and the fact that actual ments Of whites and Negroes at similar age that in 1968 the median income deficit for White-nonwhite income discrepancies are levels. These data show conclusively that poor nonwhite families was $1,260 while for wider than commonly observed statistics the differences in educational achievements white families it was only $907, a difference would suggest. To stop here, however, would are in large part a function of age with the of 38.9 per cent. Thus, these figures suggest present a somewhat unbalanced view of Ne­ widest gaps among the older segments of the that the future will continue to witness a gro economic progress. To present a more population. It is clear that the best edu­ more rapid rate of escape from poverty by balanced picture, it is important to consider cated within the Negro community are much whites than by nonwhites. the source of some of the recent gains within more highly concentrated in the younger The data in Table 3 are of further interest the Negro community. In particular, it is im­ age brackets. Since income increases di­ because they permit an analysis of changes portant to discuss the role of education. rectly with age, when education is held con­ in poverty status by type of family. Disag­ Recent data suggest that Negroes are stant,~ due to factors of experience and pro­ gregating the poverty data into male and making considerable gains in both secondary motions based on length of service, the fail­ female headed families highlights several im­ and higher education. Between 1960 and 1969, ure of the data in Table 5 to account for the portant points. Between 1959 and 1968, the the per cent of Negro males aged 25 to 29 who relatively younger age distribution of the rate of decline in poverty among individuals had completed 4 years of high school or more better educated Negro population seriously in male headed families of whites and non­ increased from 36 per cent to 60 per cent underestimates the returns to education for whites was roughly equal and also rather W'hile the white fraction increased from 63 Negro males. The figure for white males with rapid. In 1968, the number of individuals per cent to 78 per cent. Thus, in 1960 the higher education refers to an older popula­ classifled as poor in male headed households gap had been 27 percentage points, and in tion and thus, in part, reflects returns to age for both races was roughly half the number nine years this gap had narrowed to only 18 and experience as well as returns to educa­ in 1959. percentage points. In 1968, for the first time tion. Unfortunately, we will have to wait Distressingly, however, for female headed a greater percentage of Negro males aged 25- until the processing of the 1970 Census has families, the pattern wa-s quite different. For 29 completed high school than Negro females. been completed to get more complete data. the white population, the rate of decline In the case of higher education, the gains The conclusions from this discussion of ed­ among poor individuals in female headed also have been impressive. Table 4 presents ucation then are much more encouraging families was substantially below the rate for data on trends in Negro college enrollment than the results reached above. Younger individuals in male headed families. By 1968, between 1964 and 1968. In these four years, ' Negroes are making substantial progress in there were only 16 per cent fewer poor indi­ the number of Negroes in college rose by 85 achieving secondary and higher education, viduals in white female headed households percent. What is more striking, however, is and this increased education is associated compared with 1959. For nonwhites, the data the fact that during this period, 82 percent with higher absolute income and income rel­ on changes in poverty among individuals in of this enrollment growth occurred in in­ ative to whites. stitutions other than the predominantly Ne­ female headed families are extremely dis­ NEGROES AND THE FAMILY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM turbing. Between 1959 and 1968, the number gro colleges. Thus, in only four years, the of nonwhites in poor female headed families percent of Negro college students enrolled As I indicated above, I would like to com­ increased by 24 per cent, and the number of outside predominantly Negro colleges in­ ment briefly on the proposal to change sig­ nonwhite family members under 18 rose by creased from 49 percent to 64 percent. This nificantly the principal means through which an alarming 35 per cent. Between 1959 and fact suggests that the larger institutions are the Federal Government provides assistance 1968, there was an absolute increase of 609 becoming increasingly aware of minority to needy families. In recent years, these pro­ thousand nonwhite family members 18 or problems and a.re ma.king a concerted effort grams have become an important source of less classifled as poor living in a female to assist minority group students. In four income for many Negro families headed by headed family. So while the 22 million years the number of Negro students at these females in which a sizable number of chil· Negroes constituted only 11 per cent of the institutions has more than doubled. dren are found. Thus, one can readily under­ countrys total population in 1968, the 2.3 The importance of higher education in the stand why the President's recommendation million poor children in nonwhite families economic achievements of whites and Ne­ to change them submitted to Congress in August, 1969, has generated so much discus­ headed by females represented 52 per cent groes is underlined by the data in Table 5. It is clear that median incomes for men of sion (and some apprehension) in the Negro of all such children. community. The data on the rate of escape from pov­ both races increase dramatically with in­ creasing amounts of education. What is even It will be recalled that, in broad outline, erty for different types of families also em­ the proposed '.family assistance program phasize the development of a serious schism more important, the ratio of Negroes' income to that of whites rises at the level of educa­ would have the Federal Government pay a within the Negro community. Negroes in tion climbs. Stated in a slightly different basic income to a.11 families who could not stable ma.le headed families appear a.ble to fashion, the relative gaps within the Negro take advantage of economic girowth and a.re community between those with higher edu­ 2 In 1967, the median income of all males leaving poverty at roughly the same rates as cation and those with lower education are aged 25-34, with four years of college, was whites. The opposite appears true for fami­ wider than for whites. In 1968 a Negro man, :$8,716, for those with the same education, lies headed by a female, who appear unable aged 25-54, with a high school education had aged 45-54, it was $12,267, or 40.7 per cent to earn a sufficient income to escape poverty. an income 29 percent above that for a. Negro higher. 10218 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 provide for themselves--whether they are On balance, it appears that the new family have about some of its components-it emplcyed or unemployed. It would be geared assistance program would represent a con­ should be viewed with greater receptivity to dependent families with children. It would siderable improvement-compared with the within the Negro Community. replace entirely the largest of the Federally existing AFDC program-in about 20 States. supp:>rted public assistance programs (i.e., Of these, 14 are Southern States (with a TABLE 1.- FAMILY INCOME ADJUSTED TO PER CAPITA aid t o families with dependent children). heavy concentration of Negroes), and most BASIS, BY TYPE OF FAMILY, BY RACE OF HEAD , 1959 Un der the proposal, persons ( except mothers of the remainder are Western States (with a AND 1967 with preschool children) who accept assist­ sizable proportion of Indians and Mexican­ ance would be required to register for work Americans among their populations). In 1968, Husband­ Female­ or t raining. It is estimat ed that in the first the average annual payment under AFDC in All wite headed y-,ar of t he progra m , over hal'f of the families the 14 Southern States was approximately families families families c ~vered would h a ve one member employed or $1,116. However, the average payment varies 1959 1967 1959 1967 1 1959 1967 1 undergoing training. greatly among these States, and in some it As recommended to Congress, t he family is much below $1,000. Thus, given an annual assistance program would work in t he follow­ payment of $1,600 for a family of four, there Median fa mily ing fa-Shion : A family's basic allowance would income : would be an increase of roughly $480 ( or well White .... __ 5, 893 8, 274 6, 089 8, 269 3, 538 4, 879 c onsist of $500 for the first two members and over 40 per cent) compared with the amounts Nonwhite .... 3, 164 5, 141 3, 663 5, 854 1, 734 3, 015 $300 per member for each additional mem­ received by the average AFDC family in this Ratio ..... _. 0. 54 0. 62 0. 60 0. 71 0. 49 0. 62 ber. Thus, for a family of four, the allow­ region. While the exact status of families Persons per ance would be $1,600 per year. family : under the old and new programs cannot be White ...... 3. 58 3. 59 3. 66 3. 66 2. 93 3. 03 Cash payments to families would be com­ determined, there appears to be no doubt Nonwhite .... 4. 31 4. 35 4. 42 4. 42 4. 04 4. 29 puted by adjusting the basic allowance to whatsoever that t he new proposal would Per capita account for the earnings o'f the family. The family in- result in a real improvement. come : first $720 of family income would not affect White ______In 30 States there would also be an op­ l, 646 2, 305 1, 664 2, 385 1,208 1, 610 the payments because it is assumed that portunity to make further improvements. Nonwhite .... 733 1, 812 829 1, 324 429 703 there are basic costs of transportation, However, in these cases, the outcome would Ratio ... __ .. 0. 45 0. 51 0. 50 0. 56 0. 36 0. 44 lunches, clothing, etc., associated with taking depend on whether the States and local gov­ a job. Cash payments to families would then ernments maintained their existing programs 1 Data for 1967 refer exclusively to Negroes. be reduced by 50 cents for each additional at substantially the same level. If these out­ Source: U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census dollar of earnings above the $720 minimum. lays were held at no less than 90 per cent Income in 1967 of Families in the United States series P~o· A simple numerical example will illustrate of the 1968 level, assisted families would be No. 59, Apr. 18 ,_1~69, and, U.S Census of Pop~lation: 1960 '. the program's operation. Assume a 'family of better off in virtually every instance. Under rgk/· Cha racteristics of the Population. pt. 1, U.S. Summary four has a cash income of $2,000. The first the existing AFDC program, the average an­ $720 of this income would be disregarded, nual payment in these States in 1968 was leaving a balance of $1 ,280. A family's cash $2,195 ( of which $1,044 represented non-Fed­ TABLE 2. TRENDS IN THE INCOME OF FAMILIES IN TH E payment would then be reduced by half this eral payments) . Under the new program ( and UNITED STATES: 1950 TO 1968 amount, or by $640. Since t he family's basic assuming the 90 per cent maintenance fac­ allowance was $1,600, its c3Sh payment a'fter tor), the average payment per family would Income rank earnings would be $960. rise to about $2,536. Thus, the new arrange­ 1968 1967 1965 1961 1950 So far only a rough idea can be provided ment would imply an increase of roughly with respect to the probable coverage of the $340, or 15 per cent. The 30 States include FAMILIES family assist.a.nee program. The projections primarily the heavily populated northern in­ available are shown in Table 7, as prepared Total all Races dustrial States plus California. Most of these percent...... 100.0 by the Department of Health, Education, and have a sizable concentration of low-income 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Welfare in February of this year. According nonwhites in urban areas. lowest fifth . ______5. 7 5.4 5. 3 4. 8 4. 5 to these estimates, in 1971, about 3.3 million Second fifth ______12. 4 12. 2 12. 1 11.7 So, while these estimates of the probable Middle fifth ______12. 0 families would be covered; of these 2 mil­ improvement which might accrue under the 17. 7 17. 5 17. 7 17. 4 17. 4 lion (three-fifths) would be white, and 1.3 Fourth fifth . • • ...... 23. 7 23. 7 23. 7 23.6 23. 5 new program of family assistance are ob­ Highest fifth ...... _. . __ 40. 6 41. 2 41. 3 42. 6 42. 6 million (two-fifths) would be nonwhites. viously crude, they are suggestive. They imply Top 5 pe rcent...... 14. 0 15. 3 15. 8 17.1 17. 0 These families would include close to 18 that Negroes- and particularly the poverty­ WHITE million persons-of whom 44 per cent would stricken families headed by females-would be nonwhites. Gross payments would approx­ benefit substantially. And above all, it would Total pe rcenL .. . 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 imate $3.5 billion, and nonwhites would create a promising basis for checking the receive about $1.5 billion-or 43 per cent. Lowest fi fth ...... 6. 0 5. 8 5.6 5. 2 4. 8 increased dependence on public welfare of Second fifth ...... _ These annual payments would average a growing segment of the population. 12. 7 12. 5 12.5 12. 1 12. 2 around $1 ,060 for all families, about $1,000 Middle fifth ...... 17. 7 17. 5 17. 7 17. 3 17. 3 CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS Fourth fifth .••...... 23. 4 23. 5 23. 4 23. 2 23. 1 for white families, and about $1,154 for non­ Highest fifth ...... 40.3 40. 7 40. 8 42. 2 42. 5 whites. However, since nonwhite families The analysis presented here has sketched Top 5 percent...... __ 14. 0 14. 9 ,5. 5 17. 3 l?. 6 are expected to be somewhat larger (averag­ a rather mixed picture of economic progress NEGRO AND OTHER ing 6.0 members vs. 5.1 members for whites among Negroes in the United States. While RACES and 5.4 members for all families), payments not meaning to deny or demean the recent per capita would be about the same: $196 for impressive economic gains by Negroes, we Total pe rcen t.. ... _ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 all families, $198 for whites, and $192 for must be careful that no one is lulled in.to nonwhites. believing (falsely) that the economic prob­ lowest fifth . 4. 8 4.4 4.6 4. 0 3. 5 Second fi fth . .. :::::::: 10. 5 10.4 10. 7 9. 7 10. 2 It is difficult to compare the differential lems of Negroes have been solved. In this re­ Middle fifth ...... 16. 5 16. 4 16. 5 15. 9 17. 6 impact of the proposed program on partic­ gard, the commonly observed income sta­ Fourth fifth ______24.6 24.1 24. 7 24. 3 25. 2 ular groups of families compared With the tistics, when accepted at face value, convey Highest fifth ... .. __ .... 43. 6 44. 7 43. 5 46.0 43. 5 existing program. However, it appears that an unwarranted sense of greater economic Top 5 percent...... _ 16.1 17. 5 15. 5 17.4 16. 6 a somewhat greater proportion of the fami­ parity between whites and Negroes than ac­ lies covered by the new program would be tually exists. TABLE 3.- PERSONS BELOW POVERTY LEVEL IN 1959 AND white compared with those covered by aid It was also noted that a closer analysis 1968 BY FAMILY STATUS AND SEX AND RACE OF HEAD to families with dependent children (AFDC) . of the available data shows clearly that a In 1968, there were 1.5 million families partic­ definite economic schism has arisen within (Numbers in thousands! ipating in AFDC, involving 6.1 million per­ the Negro community. Individuals in male sons, of whom 4.6 million were children. headed households appear able to share Percentage Outlays under the Federally aided programs fairly well in economic advances, while those 1959 1968 change amounted to $3.4 billion, and the average in female headed households are sinking monthly payment per family was $168 (just backwards into poverty. Those individuals White, Total...... 28, 484 17, 395 -38.9 over $2,000 per year). who have prepared themselves for challeng­ In 1967, according to an HEW survey con­ In families with male ing careers by seeking and obtaining higher head, total. ... __.. _ 20, 211 9, 995 -50. 5 ducted in 1968, about 51.3 per cent of the education are registering relatively large families covered by AFDC were white, 46 Head 4, 952 2, 595 -47.6 per cent were Negro, and 2.7 per cent were improvements in incomes, while those with­ Family -membe r°i;u111ler.l8.== 8, 966 4, 298 -52. l other nonwhit es. In 1961, whit es constituted out such training are falling further behind. Other fam ily members ...... 6, 293 3, 102 -50. 7 Clearly, the economic condition of those who 51.8 per cent of the total, Negroes 43.1 per In fam il ies with cent, and other nonwhites made up the re­ currently are lagging should be made a mat­ fe male head , total . _ 4, 232 3, 551 -16.l ID 3. ining 5 per cent. So during t he decade of ter of serious national concern. the 1960's, Negroes as a proport ion of total For this reason, the proposed family assist­ Head . 1, 233 1, 021 -17.2 Fam ily me mbers under 18 . .. 2, 420 2, 075 -14.3 AFDC coverage increased while the propor­ ance program is pointing in the right direc­ Other fam il y mem bers ...... 579 455 -21.4 ticn for all other groups was declining. tion, and---despite reservat ions many might April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10219·_ TABLE 7.-RACIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RECIPIENTS UNDER rule. The announced introduction o! Percentage THE PROPOSED FAMILY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM: 1971 1959 1968 change thousands of Soviet advisers in Egypt PROJECTION seemed potentially dangerous. This po­ tential has now become a full-fledged Unrelated individuals ______4, 041 3, 849 -4. 8 (Numbers in millions; amou nts in billions of dollars) ======reality. Negro and other As the situation slowly changes, the races, totaL ______11, 006 7, 994 -27.4 Families Persons Gross ======covered covered payments likelihood of a decrease in hostilities on In families with male both sides seems to be fading. Once again, head, totat______7, 337 3, 710 -49. 4 Num- Per- Num- Per- Per- Race her cent her cent Amount cent I am calling for a reassessment and a ~~~~~~~-~~ Head ______l, 452 697 -52. 0 review of the situation, and of Amer­ Family members under 18__ _ 4, 097 2, 032 -50. 4 White ______2.0 60.6 10.1 56.4 2. 0 57. 1 ica's policy. I do not advocate for any Other family members______1, 788 981 -45.1 ======Nonwhite ____ 1.3 39.4 7.8 43.6 1. 5 42. 9 further escalation on our side. I am ask­ In families with Total. _____ 3. 3 100. 0 17. 9 100. 0 3. 5 100. 0 ing rather that our earlier commitment female head, total __-~~----~~~ 2, 782 3, 439 + 23. 6 to Israel be fulfilled, so that her situa­ Head ______683 734 +7. 5 Source: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, tion does not deteriorate further. Family members under 18___ l , 725 2,334 +35.3, "Selected Characteristics of families Eligible for Family Assist­ Other family members______374 371 -0. 8, ======ance Plan : 1971 Projectiori," February 2, 1970. Unrelated individuals______887 845 -4. 7

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce , Bureau of the Census KEYNOTE SPEAKER AT COMMIS­ Poverty in the United States 1959 to 1968, Series P-60, No. 68 SIONING CEREMONIES December 31, 1969. A FURTHER ESCALATION OF THE CONFLICT TABLE 4.- NEGRO COLLEGE STUDENTS ENROLLED IN 1964 HON. DONALD W. RIEGLE, JR. AND 1968, BY TYPE OF INSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN HON. BERTRAM L. PODELL IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (Numbe rs in thousands) OF NEW YORK Thursday, April 2, 1970 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES · Change, 1964-68 Mr. RIEGLE. Mr. Speaker, I was 1964 1968-----­ Thursday, April 2, 1970 (Fall) (Fall) Number Percent pleased and honored to be invited by Mr. PODELL. Mr. Speaker, the esca­ the Secretary of the Navy, John Chafee, Total enrollment______4,643 6, 801 2, 158 46 lating conflict between the Arab nations to be the keynote speaker at the com­ Total Negro enrollment__ __ 234 434 200 85 and Israel in the Middle East has taken a missioning of the new U .S.S. Detroit in Percent total enrollment_ __ 5 6 (1) (1) Bremerton, Wash., on March 28, 1970. Enrollment in predomi- new and serious tum. Today, Soviet pilots nantly Negro colleges __ 120 156 36 30 flying Egyptian Migs were reported This was a solemn opportunity to think Percent of all Negroes in downed by the Israelis in combat around about the real significance of a ship and college ___ ------_____ 51 36 (1) (1) Enrollment in other col- the SAM-3 missile sites. This is the first its men for our American society, for to­ leges ______114 278 164 144 report we have of Russians taking part day's world. Percent of all Negroes in On behalf of the Secretary of the Navy, college ______._ 49 64 (1) (1) in actual combat in that area. The larger Soviet initiatives heighten the conflict the captain of the ship and the crew, I and impair the security of Israel still wish to share my remarks for the public 1 Not applicable. further. record. Source: U.S. Department of labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics; KEYNOTE SPEECH U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census; U.S Last week, President Nixon, through Departmentof Health, Education.and Welfare, Office of Education. Attorney General Rogers, announced a (By Congressman DONALD w. RIEGLE, Jr.) policy of watchful waiting on the matter Thank you Admiral Pratt, Admiral Petro­ of arms to Israel. It was decided that no vic, Congressman Hicks, Captain McClinton, TABLE 5.-MEDIAN INCOME OF MEN 25 TO 54 YEARS OLD, new military equipment would be sold to honored guests, and ship's company of the BY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, 1968 Israel before a thorough reassessment of U.S.S. Detroit. the situation. Mr. Rogers then went on Today, together, we commission the U.S.S. Negro Detroit. This ship, the 5th naval vessel in Median income, 1968 income as to insure us of Israel's ability to defend our nation's history to bear the proud name a percent herself in view of her current level of Detroit, carries forward an honored tradi­ Negro Wh ite of white military equipment and her trained per­ tion that began in 1813, 157 years ago. That sonnel. long history reaches from the Battle of Lake Elementary : TotaL ______At that time, I took issue with Mr. Erie in 1813-across the years and around $3, 900 $5, 844 67 the world-to the attack at Pearl Harbor in Less than 8 years ______3,558 Rogers analysis of Israel's military su­ 8 years ______5, 131 69 4, 499 6, 452 70 periority. An examination of her equip­ 1941. So, this is a ship with a long and High school: distinguished legacy, a ship with a proud Total. ______._ 5, 580 7,852 71 ment shows much to be outdated and 1 to 3 year ______crew, named for a proud city. 5,255 7, 229 73 past the point of repair. Her pilots and I salute the crew and express the appre­ 4 years ______5, 801 8, 154 71 College: 1 or more years ____ _ 7, 481 10, 149 74 personnel suffer from mishaps caused by ciation of my colleagues and my people for faulty equipment. At the same time, the your good efforts and for the efforts of those Arab forces, already five times as large as who have produced this ship under the lead­ Source : U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. the Israeli's, are being supplemented at ership of Defense Secretary Laird and Navy the rate of 15 to 20 planes per month, in Secretary Chafee. And, as this great new U.S.S. Detroit be­ TABLE 6.-MEDIAN YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED FOR Egypt alone. gins its naval career today I wish you a PERSONS 20 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, BY AGE, 1969 Last week I conceded that Israel's safe and productive journey. pilots were superior at this point in time. Feeling, for the moment, as if I too am a Age White Negro Difference But, with the introduction of Soviet member of the crew-we do not know what military personnel in an active combat test awaits you-tomorrow, next week, or next year. But whatever that test is that 20 to 21 years old ______12. 8 12. 2 o. 6 role, I now believe that Israel's superior­ 22 to 24 years old ______12. 7 12. 2 .5 ity in this area is open to further ques­ you are asked to meet I know you will per­ 25 to 29 years old ______12. 6 12. 1 .5 tioning. Trained Russian pilots seriously severe in meeting your respoz:sibilities with 30 to 34 years old ______12. 5 12. 0 .5 35 to 44 years old ______courage, determination, and the will to do 12. 4 10. 6 1. 8 alter the balance that some say exists what is right, hoping to bring credit to the 45 to 54 years old ______12. 2 9. 1 3.1 in the Middle East. 55 to 64 years old ______10. 9 7. 6 3.3 Navy, our nation, and yourselves. 65 to 74 years old ______8.9 6.1 2. 8 The role of foreign advisers in any As we know so well-these are troubled 75 years old and over ______8.5 5.2 3.3 country is a potentially dangerous situ­ times. The age old conflicts haunt us today ation. The statl.!S quo is necessarily al­ as we struggle to achieve a world order where Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. tered--our own experiences confirm the men and nations can settle their differences 10220 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS_ April 2, 1970 without warfare. While that is our goal we particularly when we are a minority of some as you prepare to travel the oceans of the are not yet there and we find ourselves in 10 % of the world's population. Strength world. And we know, in terms of our national a period of turmoil and confrontation. In alone does not win respect; our lasting well-being, the fate of each person is finally, Vietnam, Americans are dying in combat power is the power of our ideas, the power of course, the fate of every other person. So, this minute with the peace we seek still some­ of our philosophy of man, the power of our this ship carries the hopes and dreams of where beyond the bombs, and gunfire and example of life here in the United States, the young and the old of our country-the shattered flesh of this sad time. For all our the power of what we stand for that is good people of all races, all economic levels, all Wisdom, it seems we have much yet to learn. and just. cultural and religious backgrounds. So, this But we are seeking answers, we are seeking When wars end, the dust of the bombs ship and this crew is America, it is Detroit peace, even if our efforts along the way some­ settles to earth-and the smell of gunpowder in the full sense. Thus, it is appropriate for time seem unwise and counter-productive. fades and is gone- us to say, particularly at this event, that as Our goal, however, is peace--a workable When the dea-d are buried, the prisoners a people, as a city, as a nation, we are truly union among the world's peoples-where of war released, and the servicemen sent all in the same boat together. equity, understanding and reasonableness home to their families-what remains is And, what is accomplished for one is ac­ are the operating principles. more than a scarred battlefield and the complished for all. Our success and failures In a sense, it is ironic that we must build remnants of war-what is left, that is alive, belong to us all. items of war in order to insure the peace­ are the ideas that were in conflict-the fun­ If we go forward today in that splrit--in a that we must arm ourselves in order to damental questions about man-his nature, sense of brotherhood-with a commitment lessen the chances that arms will be needed­ his meaning, his rights and his dreams. to fulfilling our destiny in behalf of human that we must stand ready to fight in order And, if we are to endure as a nation, it rights, then what we do here is noble and to avoid a fight. will be on the basis of our ideas-our view good. But, as long as suspicions and divisions of man-our national creed-the one we live And, let the world go out to the people of exist between men and nations and when day in and day out. the world that we wish to--help not hinder; the capacity for aggression is held by those Today, in my judgment we have an un­ heal not wound; share not dominate; listen whose motives are in doubt and who are paralleled opportunity to offer leadership to not preach-and that we pledge our best ef­ unwilling to negotiate mutual safeguards we the world but we will only lead to the ex­ forts to building a world where men and na­ are left no choice but to be strong and tent that life for our people here in America tions are free to be themselves, in a world vigilant. We must be equal to any challenge is worthy of the respect and emulation of community where the rights of all are re­ that can present itself just as we must be the people of the world. If we actually live spected and insured. equally ready to lay down our armaments the philosophies at home that we offer the I wish you good luck and God's blessing. and work together the moment a mutual world, then, to the people of the world we Thank you. agreement can be reached which insures are credible and persuasive. But today, sadly, equitable world order. our world leadership is eroded by the fact But, our vigilance is costly and it diverts that many of our citizens are denied the us from other work that we might do. When rights and dignity guaranteed by our found­ ALL IS NOT GOLD in this world we can finally move from con­ ing documents. frontation to cooperation we will be able In the eyes of a world population that is to turn our attention from rocket fire and predominantly non-white-we lose respect HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER bombing missions to laying bricks and teach­ when our own non-white citizens a.re denied OF NEW YORK ing children- the full measure of American citizenship. From defoliating to fertilizing; It is one more reason why we must reassert IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES We will be able to leave the opposing the fact that the number one moral impera­ Thursday, April 2, 1970 trenches of the battlefield in order to work tive in America today is to finally insure the side by side in building a better world that full and equal rights of all our citizens. And, Mr. OTI'INGER. Mr. Speaker, an edi­ all can share. when inequality and denial-based on race­ torial by Tom Wicker in the New York It is significant that this ship today sym­ is eliminated once and for all from our so­ Times of March 22 pinpoints some sig­ bolizes that choice--it stands in the middle ciety, then we will have made what I believe nificant aspects of our rapidly expanding between war and peace-it is a ship that can history will later come to recognize the technology which tend to be overlooked serve both causes. For this U.S.S. Detroit greatest contribution to mankind in human is a supply ship-it is not outfitted to at­ history. and which I believe need to be brought tack an enemy. Its primary role is not to It is the pursuit of that unrealized dream to the attention of my colleagues in the fight, but to carry supplies. And while today that this ship is all about. For the national House and the public. The editorial fol­ it is required to carry supplies of war, to­ strength that we possess today, and to which lows: morrow it could as well carry supplies of this ship contributes, gives us at the most a ALL IS NOT GOLD ETC. peace. It is important that none of us here measure of time to find lasting answers to (By Tom Wicker) today miss this point because this ship is these burning human questions. not being commissioned to the questionable And, as you men on this ship do your job One airline now has asked for, and an­ glories of war without end-rather she is today, tomorrow, and beyond, we who are other is considering, a. surcharge to be im­ commissioned to the unfinished search for p-ublic officials must redouble our efforts to posed on transcontinental passengers flying peace. And, we all will have succeeded, when find workable answers in the time that is the big new 747 jet planes. This makes again the day arrives that this proud ship can left--the time which your sacrifices and ef­ the necessary, if bitter, point that even in throw off her cold-war configuration and forts are providing for us. the age of technology things are not always what they seem, and even less what they turn to the task of helping an afflicted world So this ship, without its crew, and without meet the pressing human needs of its people. its national meaning, matters very little. are predicted to be. So, the future of this ship is our future That is why we commission this ship today The 747, to which the public is now being seduced by the usual overblown advertising, and the future of the world. The question is in the name of the men who will breathe life whether, finally, we can find the ways and into her, and give her meaning. We commis­ was developed to carry larger payloads more means to live together peacefully on this sion her in the names of the sons and daugh­ economically and thus-so everyone was as­ "good earth." ters, and grandsons and granddaughters of sured-to reduce long-haul fares. The craft's performance apparently justifies the expec­ For the United States, this poses special this crew, the generations ahead, to whom we hope to pass the torch of liberty and jus­ tation, but the public may have to pay the opportunities and responsibilities. For our surcharge anyway. greatest national treasure is not our tech­ tice for all. nology, or our military power, or our nat­ And we should not forget those who have UNEXPECTED COSTS ural resources-our greatest national treas­ come before us-the spirit and lives of the The trouble is that no one realized that ure is our unique view of man. A view which men who manned the previous four U.S.S. the huge new plane would run up the cost says that all men are created equal and Detroits. For those men met the test that of ground operations by as much as 30 per that each person by the simple right of birth, they were asked to meet--and we salute cent; or, if anyone did realize it, no one is entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of those who once stood where we stand today­ scrupled to warn the public or temper the happiness-with his freedom protected by and who did so well, what we are now asked .advertising wind to the shorn lamb. So it equal justice under laws of his own making. to do. may be a long time, if ever, before the pas­ This is the most noble and profound con­ Finally, then, let us return to the name­ senger gets all the promised benefits of the cept of man the world has ever known­ sake of this fine ship-the city of Detroit, 747. · and in the first and last analysis, it alone, Michigan. For the problems and dreams I It will be well to bear this in mind as pres­ is the enduring source of our power and in­ spoke about earlier are the problems and sures continue for the even newer super­ fluence in the world. For we cannot indef­ dreams of Detroit and of our whole country. sonic 3ets. And the ironic lesson of the 747 initely impose leadership by force of arms, The hopes of Detroit go out with you today surcharge-that technological and industrial April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10221 achievements can bring unexpected and un­ There are many other ways to hold down the hood up. Get back into your car. Lock wanted side effects-is being frequently the need for electric-power consumption­ the doors. Wait for help to arrive. When help taught in far more dangerous ways. But it is recycling pa.per back to its producers, for does arrive, be sure of the intent of the in­ much less frequently heeded. instance. Heedless acquiesence in more and dividual offering it. Both President Nixon and the relevant more plants turning out more and more committees of the Congress, for instance, energy only means more and more poisoning LADIES-PROTECT THAT PURSE! are pledging to build sewage-treatment of the environment--a. surcharge that, ulti­ Here are some helpful hints that may plants everywhere they are needed. The ma­ mately, no one can afford. prevent the loss of your purse to the purse jor issue seems to be how much money will thief: be required for this quick response to the 1. When carrying your purse hug it close current environmental interest and what to your side and under your arm. share of it the Federal Government ought to 2. Do not carry a purse loosely over your pay. Few question what the money will be LAW ENFORCEMENT CLUB SUG­ arm or carry an over-the-shoulder bag swing­ spent for. GESTS WAYS TO PREVENT CRIME ing behind you. In fact, if a. great many more large sewage­ 3. Do not lay your purse on store counters. trea.tment plants of the usual kind are to be 4. Never stop with an open handbag. built, with the treated matter carried off to HON. LAWRENCE J. HOGAN 5. Never leave a. purse in a grocery cart the nearest waterway, a.n increase in eutrifi­ OF MARYLAND while shopping. ca.tion of our lakes and streams will follow. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 6. Never leave your purse on the flOO! of This is the process in which the treated mat­ a theater, or on an empty seat next to you in ter simulates the growth of algae, which Thursday, April 2, 1970 the movie. chokes the water and crowds out other Mr. HOGAN. Mr. Speaker, I would 7. Never leave a purse in a baby carriage. species. 8. A purse with a clasp opening should be SEWAGE EXPERIMENT like to call to the attention of my col­ carried with the clasp facing the body to The March issue of Environment Magazine leagues the work of the Law Enforce­ prevent a thief from opening the bag and makes this point in a. report on a.n interest­ ment Club of Southeastern University reaching inside. ing experiment a.t Pennsylvania. State Uni­ of Washington, D.C. 9. If your purse is snatched, call police versity, where a. "living filter" for sewage has The members of this club have pub­ immediately; do not wait until you reach been successfully deve:oped. In this experi­ lished a series of bulletins informing the your home to make a complaint. ment, the treated matter was piped a.way and public of ways to avoid being victim­ Remember-Women as well as men steal. sprinkled on the earth. The result was an in­ Powder room thieves a.re alert to the moment ized by criminals. Because of their work, when a woman places her purse on a bath­ crease in agricultural productivity, a. conse­ the Law Enforcement Club recently re­ quent decline in the need for chemical fer­ room sink or on the floor near the water tilizers (another water pollutant), a. rise in ceived the coveted George Washington closet. the water table from a source that otherwise Honor Medal Award of the Freedoms Dressing rooms in department stores a.re would have been carried by stream flows to Foundations of Valley Forge, Pa. on the regular rounds of touring women the sea., and an ultimate ability to use the I hope my colleagues will join me in purse thieves. Be as cautious with women waste a.s drinking water. praise of this hardworking group of strangers as you are with men strangers. The report warns that this plan is more young men and women who are taking 10. Do not display more ca.sh than neces­ adaptable to small-city and suburban needs sary when you pay or receive change for a a constructive approach to solving this purchase. than to metropolitan areas, but it makes the country's problems at a time when many necessary points that in complex environ­ 11. Be suspicious of people who follow you menal questions a variety of aspects-not of their peers are seeking only to destroy from counter to counter or from floor to just economics or convenience-has to be the old without building ~new. floor. Go to a store official and ad vise him of considered, and that now, not when it is too At this point in the RECORD, I would your follower. late, is the time to re-evaluate present con­ like to include the fallowing bulletins 12. Handle your charge plates with care; get them back from store personnel immedi­ cepts of sewage disposal. to prevent crime, prepared by the Law ately. LESS POWER NEEDED Enforcement Club of Southeastern Uni­ 13. Be suspicious of strangers who offer The same issue of the same magazine raises versity. to "give you a. hand" by carrying packages even more challenging questions: Do we You AND YOUR AUTOMOBILE: A PROBLEM for you. These "do-gooders" sometimes offer really need all the electric power we're pro­ OF PROTECTION permanent relief from the burden of carrying ducing and planning to produce? Is what To help protect yourself from the intruder, packages by running off with the bundles. we're planning to do with the power worth thief or attacker, requires numerous precau­ 14. Be careful when a car pulls up and the consequences? tions that must be observed while driving a one of its occupants asks for directions, lo­ Electric-power production is doubling every car. cation of a business or a family residence. ten yea.rs. At that rate, by the year 2000, The following may be helpful: A purse can easily be grabbed and the car power plants of all kinds will raise by 1. Drive on well-lighted streets. can then quickly speed off. twenty degrees the temperature of the total 2. Drive on well-traveled streets. volume of water running over the surface of 3. Keep ALL doors locked. PROTECTIVE TIPS FOR APARTMENT RESIDENTS the United States each year. The a.mount 4. Never pick up hitchhikers. If you reside in an apartment these "pro­ of carbon dioxide (from fossil plants) and 5. Keep your car windows closed as much tective tips" may help you and your family radiation (from nuclear plants) in the air as possible. from suffering the loss of life or monetary may have drastic effects on the global climate 6. Do not leave packages on car seats in valuables because of criminal acts, or natural and on all living species. plain view of anyone passing by. disaster. Since orders for new plants placed in the 7. Keep valuables in the trunk or the glove 1. When listing your name in a directory or seventies will account for about half the compartment. apartment mailbox do not use your full expectable generating capacity in the year 8. Park in a well-lighted area. name. First name initial and full la.st name 2000, now is a.gain the time to determine 9. If someone approaches your car and at­ would be recommended. For example, J. whether all those plants really have to be tempts to enter, sound your horn and con­ Smith, rather than John H. Smith. built. Population increase and over-all eco­ tinue its use until he leaves or help arrives. 2. Keep a flashlight on hand with a sub­ nomic expansion do not require it. By far 10. Keep your car locked when parked. stantial supply of batteries. the major user is the primary meta.ls indus­ 11. Always keep the keys in your possession 3. Transistor radio and battery supply try, and aluminum production a.lone accounts even though you may park your car in your would be helpful in case of a power failure. for 10 per cent of industrial-power consump­ own garage. 4. Request new locks for your apartment tion. 12. Leave a light on in your garage if you door if you are moving into a previously BEER-CAN POLLUTION will be returning after sundown. occupied apartment. This suggests a.t once that the aluminum 13. Do not keep identification cards, credit 5. Have a "peephole" installed in your door beer can, a. litter problem itself, is also a cards or registration cards in your car. so that you can observe who ls knocking. major air and water polluter through power­ 14. Do not leave your car parked for long 6. Do not place your name and address in pla.nt waste. By designing a.utomoblles--a.n periods of time at airport or railroad parking your key case or attached to keys. You will even bigger disposal problem-to be easily lots. License plates can be traced by thieves be inviting burglary. reclaimed by manufacturers, energy require­ who are on the lookout for homes to bur­ 7. Advise management or a neighbor it ments for their production could be reduced glarize. you a.re expecting packages or repairmen. dramatically because ma.king reclaimed steel FOR THE LADIES ESPECIALLY 8. Lock your door when traveling to in­ requires only a.bout a quarter of the energy 15. If you have car trouble, place a white cinerator or to pick up mail. it takes to make it from ore. handkerchief on your car radio antenna. Put 9. Keep windows locked. 10222 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 10. Ladies be careful when using washing Bookmobiles cover 59 counties, town and The theme of the 1970 National Library machines. Try to do your laundering With a. county. Week is .. Reading Ii; for Everybody.'• neighbor. Laundry rooms should be avoided There are 60 special-field libraries ln the During National Library Week in Missis­ after sundown and definitely after 9 p.m. state, such as college, university, and hos­ sippi, citizens• committee in every town in The laundry room is an ideal location for pital, covering a varied field of technical and the state wlll sponsor activities to call atten­ the rapist-and he often uses it to attack specialized subjects. tion to the value of reading and the use of women. The annual expenditure for libl'aTies per libraries. 11. Do not leave valuable jewelry where it person is now slightly above $1.00-up from Serving on the state committee to plan can easily be seen by visitors or intruders. llc per person in 1946. the event at that level are the following lead­ 12. Require verification or identification of Book collections in public libraries aver­ ers in business, industry, education, civic persons who claim they are from the delivery age about 2/3 book per person, compared and cultural endeavors: service or are there to repair a telephone with less than 1/ 3 book per person 20 years Charles B. Allen, Jr., Amory; Hembree or TV. ago. Brandon, Winona; W. J. Caraway, Leland; 13. Have your key ready when approaching Most high school libraries have expanded Stewart Frame, Greenvllle; Earl R. Ham­ your apartment door. The sooner you enter in recent years, and numerous churches of mett, Pascagoula; Henry Harris, West Point; your apartment the safer you Will be. various faiths have established libraries with­ Mrs. Milton Hill, Gulfport; Charles A , John­ in the past few years. son, Jackson; Dr. Chester McKee, Jackson; Five of the 12 senior colleges and univer­ George McLendon, Raymond; Homer Mann, sities have had new library buildings built Jackson; Robin H. Mathis, Houston. since 1948, with book collections being over Dr. Mercer Mlller, Gulfport; Herman NATIONAL LIBRARY WEEK 1.5 mllllon. Moore, Natchez; Mrs. Paul Phillips, Tunica; Forty-two public libraries are tied together Bob Pittman, Jackson; J. C. Redd, Jackson; in the MINIT (Mississippi Instant Network of Bob W. Roland, Jackson; Jack N. Tucker, HON. CHARLES H. GRIFFIN Information by Telephone) system used to Tunica; Albert Sanders, Jackson; Pat Scan­ OF MISSISSIPPI speed service in obtaining items and informa­ lon, Jackson; Mrs. Willie Simmons, Colum­ tion not available at the local level. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES bia; Mrs. Boswell Stevens, Macon; Shannon When it comes to the liabllities, or "needs," Waller, Gulfport; and Mrs. 0. B. Walton, Jr., Thursday, April 2, 1970 side of the ledger, librarians admit they can Jackson. make quite a. list. However, here are some Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. Speaker, shortly, of the more obvious ones: national attention will be focused on the Current shortage of trained librarians for availability and dissemination of knowl­ positions in the state is near the 1,000 E. J. "TIC" FORRESTER-A TRIBUTE edge. I refer to National Library Week, mark. which will be observed April 12 to 18. While the state has no American Library Community libraries have made learn­ Association accredited school of library sci­ · HON. FRANK THOMPSON, JR. ence, three state institutions of higher learn­ OF NEW JERSEY ing tools accessible to persons in every ing, Ole Miss, State, and Southern--offer walk of life. With auxiliary bookmobile courses in library science; an accredited li­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES units, many rural Mississippians have an brary degree available in the state is needed. Wednesday, March 25, 1970 extensive library at their doorsteps. Financial support of libraries, although All of this did not just happen. It is the increased during recent years, is still lower Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. Mr. result of hard and dedicated work by the than desired. Speaker, I am indebted to our distin­ Mississippi Library Commission and the The number of books per person is still guished colleague, Representative BRINK­ Mississippi Library Association. lower than the average nationally, and should LEY, for this opportunity to say a few be greatly increased. words in memory of our late colleague, The availability of knowledge is neces­ However, those charged with carrying out sary in a civilized nation as it contributes the state's library program are optimistic, E. J. "Tic" Forrester. to the stability and harmony required of as other articles in this issue point out. I had the pleasure of serving with man in his relations with man. Librar­ Tic Forrester from the 84th Congress, ians and library volunteers deserve our STATE SUPPORTS NATIONAL LmRARY WEEK IN to which I was first elected, until his re­ commendation for their efforts to enrich APRIL tirement. I am one of those to whom our the lives of their fellow citizens. Mississippi, along with other states, Will majority leader, Representative CARL The current issue of Mississippi Power spotlight its library system April 12-18 dur­ ALBERT, referred when he said, in effect, ing National Library Week, a seven-day pe­ that many of those who served with Tic and Light's publication, "Helping Build riod set a.side for the purpose of making Mississippi," is devoted entirely to library everyone aware of the need to read more disagreed with him from time to time, services and resources in Mississippi. I meaningfully and more often for education, but always respected him. I did indeed include two of the articles as a part of inspiration and enjoyment. respect Tic Forrester. my remarks: Alex McKeigney, Jackson utlllty executive Tic Forrester had a long and distin­ MISSISSIPPI LIBRARY SERVICES, RESOURCES IM­ and chairman of this year's National Library guished career in public life. He served PROVING; GOOD READING MATERIAL AVAILABLE Week Citizens' Committee in Mississippi in World War I and successively in many IN EVERY AREA said, "The need for continuing education is one of the most vital needs facing the Amer­ posts of great responsibility until his re­ "Send us a man who reads." ican public today. If we are to understand tirement from the Congress. Tic was an So ran the headline of a manpower re­ the critical issues of the day, secure Jobs effective and articulate spokesman for cruiting advertisement by a nationally in a technological society, utilize the poten­ the beliefs which he so deeply held. known industry a few years ago. It pointed tialities of increasing leisure time, we must Having been a lawYer for so many years, out that the "man With a future" must multiply the availabllity of reading materials have certain good habits, a major one being a judge, a county attorney, and a Repre­ in the homes, schools and libraries through­ sentative, his legal arguments were ex­ that of reading. out the state and nation. Reading is basic Today, in Mississippi, people are reading to the continuing process of learning." traordinarily well put. Hls view of the more than ever before, due largely to the McKeigney pointed out that, "Where there times and the remedies for the problems higher educational level of citizens, plus a are schools without libraries, children a.re of those times were quite different than steadily improving system of libraries-both handicapped in securing information on mine, and although I voted differently pub.Uc and private. Although those in the many subjects. Where there are homes with­ than Tic, I was always enlightened by library profession a.re quick to admit that out books, parents cannot lead in teaching what he had to say and had great respect Mississippi libraries a.s a whole are stm be­ literary appreciation. Where life is less than for him. low the national standard, they are Just as it should be, there a.re normally too few quick to point out that a report made on the reading opportunities. We must strengthen Tic not only loved his wife and family situation 20 years ago, under the title of opportunities for all persons to master the deeply, but was very proud of the fact "People Without Books," is no longer ap­ skills of reading and to have books and that she was born "a Yankee from In­ plicable. other materials available for their use." diana." Here are a few facts showing the progress One of the goals of the Citizens' Commit­ Those of us who served with Tic For­ being made by libraries over the state: tee for National Library Week in Mississippi rester have missed him on the floor of Public libraries are to be found in 81 of is to encourage everyone to visit his library. the House and in the cloakroom. He was the 82 counties (and plans are underway to to find out how easy it is to check out books, establish a library in the one county with­ and to discover the books, phonograph rec­ a splendid man and fully deserving of out one.) ords, and other materials available to him. the tnoutes being paid to him today by Multi-County library systems now serve 38 currently only one in four adults in the his distinguished colleagues from Georgia counties. United States has a library card. and the rest of us who served with him. April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10223 CHICAGO CENTER PROMOTES points for articles they may later wish to gies for the consideration of his editors and JOURNALISTS' EXPERTISE write for their respective publications or fellow newsmen. This ls consistent with the other media. University's commitment to provide a com­ Physical Facilities: Assool.ates are provided munity for the life of the mind and the HON. ABNER J. MIKVA with private, on-campus offices equipped with pursuit of knowledge. telephones, typewriters and a library of es­ OF ll.LINOIS sential reference works. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Special Seminars: Informal, off-the-rec­ Thursday, April 2, 1970 ord seminars a.re arranged for the Associates with University and off-campus leaders in COMMUNIST "DOUBLE TALK" Mr. MIKVA. Mr. Speaker, I have such fields as planning, government, race spoken before in these Chambers on relations, transportation, pollution control, HON. JOHN R. RARICK some of the problems journalists must architecture, sociology, law, medicine, wel­ face in trying to adequately and fairly fare and communications. OF LOUISIANA Among dozens of individuals with whom IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cover the incredible range of daily events the current Associates have met or are sched­ which shape our lives. The job they do is uled to meet at seminars are Ira Bach, vet­ Thursday, April 2, 1970 often a hazardous one and always an eran chief of the Chicago City Planning De­ Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, one of the intricate one, and, despite widespread partment; Mayor Richard J. Daley; Wilber greatest assets the Communists have in and often uninformed criticism, news­ Hasbrouck, executive director of the Amer­ ican Institute of Architects, Chicago; today's conflict with the free world is men do not face their resPonsibilities in­ our lack of understanding of their ob­ discriminately. Thomas McDade, a.n authority on new towns and suburban development; William Mar­ jectives, strategy, and taetics. And a In an effort to increase r.eporters' ston, chief deputy planner for transporta­ prime reason for this lack of under­ knowledge and improve their methods of tion, City of Chicago; Lorenz Aggens, of the standing is the "double talk" use of words newsgathering, especially on the volatile Northeastern Illinois Metropolitan Area. by the Communists. urban scene, the University of Chicago Planning Commission; editors a.nd urban af­ Louis Budenz, the former top Red edi­ and its Center for Policy Study has been fairs writers representing Chicago's four daily newspapers, and University faculty tor says that the Reds developed this sponsoring a program specifically for ad­ deceptive Aesopean language in order vanced study of urban problems by pro­ members whose disciplines bear upon many phases of urban affairs. to confuse and mislead the non-Com­ fessional journalists. Associates also participate in, observe, or munist world. This associates program, conceived out attend seminars, conferences, lectures and I include a list of a few of the most of one of the center's conferences "The other events sponsored for larger audiences common terms in this Red Aesopean Media and the Cities," offers a challeng­ by the Center for Policy Study a.nd other lexicon, together with their real mean­ ing opportunity to upgrade the skills and University organizations a.nd departments. ings as originally reported in the ABN technical knowledge of those newsmen The Program is based on this set of as­ sumptions: correspondence bulletin of the anti­ who face the enormously complicated Bolshevik bloc of nations for May-June task of informing the public about the 1. Urban centers are at once great liabili­ ties and great assets to the nation as a 1966. The only change noted in the increasingly complex constellation of whole; passing of 4 years has been the more urban problems. 2. Urban problems-violence, race rela­ frequent use of the distorted Red seman­ I feel my colleagues should know more tions, health, education, welfare, pollution, tics and the addition of their newly about this outstanding program and at housing and employment, to name a few­ coined word "racist" which I discussed this time insert into the RECORD an excit­ pose a major threat to the nation; 3. To some degree-large or small-the fate in my remarks of March 13 at page ing description of jµst what has been 7382. happening in this field: of the cities and their population is'. in one sense, in the hands of the media; · THE KEY TO COMMUNIST SEMANTICS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CENTER FOR 4. Despite the charges of the Kerner Com­ POLICY STUDY, THE ASSOCIATES PROGRAM Peace-non-opposition to Communism. mission and the Eisenhower Commission on Peace-Loving-supporting Communism. The Center for Policy Study is adminis­ violence, concerned a.nd responsible media Peaceful Co-existence-non-resistance to tered by Eddie N. Willia.ms, University Vice- accept the challenge to report honestly, Communist policy and moves towards world President for Public Affairs and Acting Di­ clearly, and thoroughly the causes a.nd con­ conquest. rector of the Center. Pa.ul Ga.pp is Coordi­ sequences of urban unrest a.nd problems of People-Communists (People's China, nator of the Associates Program. inner-city life; etc.) The Center was established in 1966 to pro­ 5. To do this, however, the reporting jour­ People's Democracy-Communist slave vide a. forum for the review a.nd public dis­ nalist must have a broad personal under­ state. cussion of major issues confronting the na­ standing of the underlying as well as super­ tion. It ha.s ha.cl direct a.nd immediate impact Democratic or Progressive-terms used by ficial causes and consequences of urban the Reds to describe persons, organizations upon the shaping of public policies on for­ problems. eign a.nd domestic issues. or policies which further Communist aims. When the Center held a. conference on 6. Some journalists, by training or experi­ Aggression-any firm action to prevent or "The Media. and the Cities," one point which ence, have a broad understanding of these defeat Communist expansion. became clear was that today's journalists problems, but most do not; Colonialism-possessing territory that the covering the field of urban affairs can im­ 7. Since the media do not offer scholarly Reds want. prove their expertise substantially if offered studies of urban problems and since most Colony-a non-Communist territory asso­ opportunities for specialized study in an aca­ journalists cannot ordinarily become stu­ ciated with the Western Powers. demic setting. This conclusion led to de­ dents in institutions which provide such Anti-Colonialism-the Communists' pro­ velopment of the Associates' program, which studies, the Associates Program contributes gram for gaining control of territories pres­ has now become a major function of the a much needed and acceptable solution to ently associated with the Free World. Center. this dilemma. Oppressed Peoples-tho.se living in coun­ Associates are selected from among news The Associates Program enables journal­ tries the Reds wish to seize. media applicants throughout the United ists to become participant-observers within Liberation-the Communist takeover of a States. Each received a stipend to cover his a. major university community, auditing free country. living expenses while at the University. As­ courses of special interest, following scholarly Fascist State-any country which takes sistance ls provided in obtaining comfort­ research, and participating in seminars. firm action against Communist infiltration, able housing. In addition to its academic strengths in espionage a.nd subversion. Courses: Associates a.re registered as stu­ areas of urban studies, sociology, economics, Militarism-creation of non-Communist dents-at-large in the Division of Social Sci­ la.w, psychiatry, medicine and social service, armed strength or alliance. ence. Tuition ls paid for them with Univer­ The University of Chicago is itself an impor­ Discrimination-a smear term used against sity and outside funds. Associates may audit tant part of the urban environment. The people or actions which interfere with Com­ a maximum of three courses of their choice University's setting-with all-black Wood­ munist plans and objectives. at the graduate or undergraduate level. lawn to the south and urban, liberal, inte­ Disrupter or Stool Pigeon-an anti-Com­ Courses must be in the area of urban prob­ grated Hyde Park adjacent to the campus­ munist worker or union man. lems. provides a unique milieu-academic, civic. Traitor-a general term for anti-Com- Individual Research Projects: Each Asso­ social, a.nd political-within which to con­ munists. ciate engages in a research project of his template the urban crises. Reactionary-a. non-Communist. own choice within the urban problems area. It is from such a vantage point that the Fascist-an anti-Communist. The end product of the reesarch is a paper professional can take a dispassionate look at Nazi or Hitlerite-an active anti-Oom.mu­ submitted to the Center for Policy Study. himself and his profession, analyze and nist. These may be published by the Center a.nd evaluate media coverage of urban problems, Warmonger-anyone strongly opposed to the Associates may use them as departure and formulate improved or new methodolo- giving In to Red demands. 10224 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 Anti-Fascist-A Red or one who fights sary, but that the strategy or concept anticipated? Were the effects of its im­ against anti-Communists. of search and destroy must also be care­ plementation constantly monitored? McCarthyism-any action to expose Oom­ munist espionage and subversion wi,thin our fully examined if the whole truth was Were alternatives adequately explored? borders. to be determined. These are question which must be an­ Inquisition-any governmental or judicial It is my firm belief that search and swered. They relate directly on the Mylai inquiry into, or investigation of, Red infil­ destroy played a large role in whatever incident. tration or subversion in non-Communist is alleged to have happened at My Lai. We must not be satisfied until these states. When I returned from Vietnam in 1967, questions are answered. It is clear ~hat Religious Bigot-anyone who opposes in the import of the Volunteers for Viet­ the Army's inquiry will not answer these Communism on religious grounds. nam to the President and Congress, we questions. That should not deter us from Anti-Semitism-a. smear term used by to Communists against those who effectively called attention to what we considered seeking the truth. If a special congres­ oppose and expose them. This technique of the tragic mistake of search and destroy. sional investigation is needed, then so smearing their opposition as "anti-Semites" The reasons were both moral and prac­ be it. A special subcommittee of the is an old and proven method of discrediting, tical. First, it seemed to us that an un­ Armed Services Committee is already at isolating and d€stroying their opponents. necessary loss of civilian lives and prop­ work. Perhaps the preview of its inves­ Hate Literature-any book, booklet or pub­ erty resulted from the policy. It definitely tigation should be broadened to answer lication which identifies and exposes Com­ created a marked and deep feeling of the questions which have been raised munist and Red strategy and tactics. A cur­ rent smear term used widely by Reds to dis­ anti-Americanism and of the govern­ here. credit anti-Communist publications. ment in Saigon. Needless to say, this Deep, basic principles are in-volved. The importance of understanding this was counter-productive to the rural de­ They concern the manner in which we game of Red semantics becomes apparent, for velopment and pacification effort. fight war. They concern our moral stand­ instance, when examining current demands Yes, in my opinion search and destroy ards in armed conflict. But most im­ to "ban hate literature" and "introduce anti­ was wrong. The atmosphere created portantly. they concern the chaTacter ha.te legisla.tion". Checking Red semantics, among our young men out on search and and content of the policies used in war­ we :find that this ls really a crafty manoeuvre In to censor- or outlaw anti-Comunlst Utera­ c.estroy missions was bound to end at fare. this case, the policy of search ture and activity! one time or another in the kind of thing and destroy. If the policy of search and That's how important it ls for the in­ alleged to have occurred at Mylai. destroy is the root cause, what of those formed people to understand Red semantics The brutal slaughter of civilians in responsible for that policy? today. wartime, in a war zone, even in a guer­ rilla situation, is revolting to me. It can not be condo:c.ed or pardoned. If the in­ cident alleged to have taken place at VIOLENCE IN AMERICA VIETNAM Mylai, indeed was reality, it will be a blemish on our record, it demeans our HON. EDITH GREEN HON. FRED SCHWENGEL heritage, it is stamped indelibly on our collective conscience. OF OREGON OF rOWA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES It is app:;.·0priate to review what has taken place since the specter of a Mylai Thursday, April 2, 1970 Thursday, March 26, 1970 was first raised. Lieutenant Calley has Mrs. GREEN of Oregon~ Mr. Speaker, Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, it is been charged along with certain of his I think by now most Members are aware with some reluctance that I take the men. Captain Medina has been charged. of the violence that erupted on the night floor today. I do so only because I feel And last week, 14 additional officers were of last February 25 in the small com­ that to remain silent would be intoler­ charged. munity of Isla Vista, Calif., resulting in able. The latest charges evidently dealt not the burning out of a branch office of the The tragedy and absurdity of Vietnam with the incident at Mylai itself, but Bank of America. Most probably know, becomes more realistic and clear every­ with the alleged attempt to coverup what too, that through the energetic actions day. The whole truth of the sad state of took place there. This came as the result of the Bank of America, the Isla Vista affairs in Vietnam must be more hon­ of an exhaustive investigation by the branch was reopened for business in a estly sought. Assessing justice by finding Army itself. matter of days. guilt in one place without seeking and I am in no position to quarrel with the To me, this represents a particularly evaluating basic cases is not just and results of the investigation undertaken meaningful gesture in these violence­ fair. Few things in the 200 years of our by General Peers. But if I can be per­ :filled times which find corporate insti­ history have had so devastating an im­ mitted a personal aside, I would like to tutions increasingly the target of mind­ pact on the American conscience as what say that as one who has met General less acts of terrorism on the presump­ has become known, justly or unjustly, as Koster, I can say with all sincerity that tion of their intrinsic evil simply because the alleged U.S. military atrocities in I consider him to be a forthright and they are big and :flourishing and also, Vietnam. honest man. It is inconceivable to me one presumes, because they are there. The stories that have emerged, cor­ that he knowingly was party to an at­ Violence is its own reward and those roborated, uncorroborated, blurred in tempt to cover up any wartime atrocity. misguided souls who think for a moment emotion, :fitfully cloaked in fear of ex­ So where does this leave us. It leaves that they can find salvation and virtue posure, leaves a large cross section of us with a large number of Army officers in bombing and burning public build­ America in a state of revolution, anger, and enlisted men charged with viola­ ings, heedless of the threat to human uncertainty, and profound moral misery. tions of Army regulations. To me this life, in the age-old obsession that evil This is why I now recommend that we is the easy way out. A trial of these men can be identified, isolated, and destroyed, begin now to thoroughly investigate all to me should also be a trial of the policy are themselves the dupes of a greater the facts and facets that may have in­ under which they were ordered to oper­ evil-the sin of presumption. fluenced and encouraged the alleged ate. We should attempt to determine If there is a greater evil, it is to be atrocities, and put us on the road to the what effect, if any, search and destroy found in acquiescing to violence and truth, the full truth, the unadulterated had on the attitude of our men and the knuckling under to the ugly threat of truth. And no matter how ugly and how atmosphere of the situation. If the policy force and intimidation. In this regard, painful. did play a major role in creating the the Bank of America's action in re­ Mr. Speaker, last week the U.S. Army setting for Mylai, an investigation should opening as quickly as possible became a announced that it was bringing formal be just beginning. highly significant and meaningful act. charges against 14 of its officers in con­ Our conscience should not be soothed So too is the statement issued in con­ nection with the incident at My Lai. by the filing of a few formal charges, nection with the reopening and which I When word of the alleged incident at if the basic cause goes much deeper. Our recommend to your attention: My Lai first became known, I immedi­ guilt, if it can be purged, can be cleansed VIOLENCE IN AMERICA ately stated that it was my firm belief only if we agree to examine the situation Isla Vista, Cailfornia, population 11 ,250. that a thorough and exhaustive study of in its totality. Who instituted the policy The business district consists of a couple of not only the incident itself was neces- of search and destroy? Were its costs gas stations, a few small shops, some real April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10225 estate offices-and a bank. A large campus community and we refuse to be driven out estimated that most cases of those who can of the University of California ls nearby. All of any community by a violent few. afford bail -are tried within 12 to 18 months, in all, a normal American suburban com­ Is this a bad business decision? Perhaps "run of the mill" jail cases get to trial munity-perhaps very much like the one you in a narrow sense it is. But we believe that within three to six months, although other live or work In. Normal, that ls, untll Wednes­ at some time and in some place Americans witnesses told of defendants who had spent day, February 25, when violence shattered must decide whether they intend t,o have as much as 18 months to two years awaiting the peaceful calm of Isla Vista. their decision, indeed their lives, ruled by a trial. At about 8 :30 p.m. on the night of Febru­ violent minority. Justice so long delayed benefits nobody ary 25, rampaging demonstrators--students We are but one bank, but we have decided but the criminal. The most effective deter­ and non-students-protesting the "capita.l­ t.o take our stand in Isla ViBta.. rent to crime ls not necessarily a lengthy ist establishment" converged on the com­ BANK OF AMERICA. sentence as much as the swiftness and sure­ munity's small business district. ness of the punishment. Dean A. Kenneth Pye Several protesters rolled a gasoline-soaked of the Duke University School of Law has trash bin through a smashed front door in a explained that the last thing in the world the Bank of America branch and set it ablaze. criminal wants Ls a prompt and speedy trial. Other students extinguished the fire. But COURT DELAYS He figures that time is on his side and he just before midnight, with the angry crowd is very pleased to wait until prosecution wit­ in a frenzy, the branch was set ablaze again. nesses move away, get sick, die or forget the While police and fire officials were held at HON. CLAUDE PEPPER detailS of what they saw or experienced. bay by a rock-throwing mob, the bank was OF FLORIDA In all too many cases assembly line jus.tice gutted by fire and totally destroyed. A police IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES is being dispensed as hard-pressed, harassed patrol car was overturned and burned. Num­ judges, prosecutors and clerks try to handle etous other fires were started. Windows were Thursday, April 2, 1970 mounting case loads. Florida's State Attor­ smashed and life and property threatened. Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, nationally ney, Richard E. Gerstein, former President of These events took place in a community the National District Attorneys Association, ca.lld Isla Vista. They could have happened syndicated Columnist Edith Kermit testified that he had seen first-hand how in your community. They can happen any­ Roosevelt devoted a column last month serious criminal cases-felonies, burglary and where and with even more disastrous results. to the work of the Select Committee on robbery-are tried in big city and criminal Why did the eruption in Isla Vista take Crime on the subject of court case con­ courts throughout the country with little or place? gestion and its adverse contribution to no pre-trial preparation by the prosecutors. Participants in the violence say it was the Nation's crime problem. He told congressional probers: a protest against the "capita.list establish­ "They are just tried 'from the hip,' so to ment," "the war in Vietnam," "the Chicago From its initial stages, the committee speak, the prosecutor picks up the file. He trial," "student repression," "police brutal­ has given priority attention in its hear­ ca.lls out the names of the witne.sses and he ity," and a list of other grievances against ings across the country to recommenda­ attempts by rote, by prior experience in America in 1970. Some of these grievances tions to reform the courts and their pro­ these areas, to try the case. This is no way are real, some are fanciful and others are cedures. This entails, of course, a com­ for serious crimes to be handled in America." false. But all deserve to be aired. To the de­ prehensive program that recognizes that Even if the criminal ls unlucky enough gree that they are not aired, are not taken to have bis case called up in court, he and his funds for the upgrading of the courts will lawyer ca.n always resort to what is known as seriously, Americans break faith with their be futile if treated 1n isolat:on. Law en­ young. "plea bargaining"-a device that too many But all Americans, young and old, liberal forcement, correctional institutions, pro­ judges and prosecutors welcome l;>ecause of and conservative, lose by violence. Violence bationary services, and the like are all in overwork. Thus it ls not surprising, as Dis­ and destruction are the seeds of anarchy and need of additional personnel and addi­ trict of Columbia. Police Chief Jerry Wilson tyranny-whether it be the tyranny of the tional funding. noted, that many automobile thieves, bur­ extreme right or the extreme left. That is why I have recommended that glars, muggers and purse snatchers are al­ We believe the time has come for Ameri­ a $1 billion commitment be made for lowed to plead guilty to such reduce charges cans to unite in one cause: a rejection, as petty larceny and simple asult. In this total and complete, of violence as a means fiscal 1971 to fund Federal, State, and way, he explained, "a. great number of fairly of political dissent. local programs through the Law En­ serious criminals get off with little or no All of us, young or old, liberal or con­ forcement Assistance Administration to punishment." servative, have for too long been silent on prevent and control crime. The damaging effect of this practice on po­ the issue of violence. We have been afraid Mr. Speaker, I insert the column en­ lice morale was described by Rep. James H. of labels or slogans that would brand us as titled "Court Delays" at this point in Scheuer (D-N.Y.): either a.rch conservatives or traitors to a "There is nothing more discouraging to a liberal cause. Such sloganeering does all of the RECORD: police professional than to have risked his us a grave injustice. [From the Shreveport (La.) Journal, life in bringing in a suspect, particularly in Let us, as a nation, find once again our Mar. 21, 1970] the case of a violent crime, and then learn ability to distinguish between protest and ComtT DELAYS that we have to force the defendant t.o plead revolt; between dissent and chaos; between (By Edith Kermit Roosevelt) guilty t.o a lesser offense than what the police officer charged him with because society has demonstration and destruction; between WASHINGTON.-An enormous backlog of non-violence and violence. not provided the judges, the juries, the prose­ cases in the nation's courts 1s contributing cutors, the court clerks, the secretaries and Let us cease to condemn those who diB­ to our rising crime rate and diminishing re· agree with us, but let us also be prompt and the detention facUities to try people, particu­ spect for our system of criminal justice. Un­ larly young people." resolute in putting an end to violence in our less we take prompt and substantial action land. What is the effect of all this on the crime to correct the congestion in our courts, we rate? In the District of Columbia, where it To this end we applaud the courageous will soon be engulfed by untried and illtried response of many dedicated public officials. often takes a year to 18 months to bring a. criminal cases. felony case t.o trial, there is documentation. They deserve the cooperation of all citizens. This conclusion emerges after eight months They will have ours. On Jan. 28 of this year Atty. Gen. John N. of hearings and testimony by more than 40 Mitchell told the House Committee on the Every American has a right to walk the witnesses before the House Select Committee District of Columbia that a study of crime streets in safety. No polemic should be al­ on Crime. In summarizing findings after a in Washington, D.C., showed that in 1968, lowed to obscure this right. Your wife or survey of crime in seven representative big when 557 persons were indicted for robbery, husband, son or daughter ought to be safe cities, Committee Chairman Rep. Claude nearly 70 per cent of those released prior to in visiting a supermarket, a filling station Pepper (D-Fla.) said: trial or 242 persons were rearrested and or a bank-regardless of whether another "In many cities, police forces, which de­ charged with a. subsequent offense. may choose to reject that institution as an servedly have been upgraded, are arresting How can we cope with this overriding re­ onerous symbol. more people than ever before-more than the quirement for legal manpower in our court It is for these reasons that we plan to rest of the system, the courts and correc­ systems? Among the suggestions made were re-open our Isla Vista branch on Monday, tions can handle. Justice that once deterred that professional court administrators be ap­ March 9. We realize that there is danger in crime with its swiftness and sureness has be­ pointed to free judges to spend more time on this course of action. But we believe the come lumbering and uncertain." the bench and that the Law Enforcement greatest danger to ourselves and to all of In Dade County, Fla., for example, where Administration spend a greater proportion of the people in this nation is to be intimi­ the Crime Committee conducted its most ex­ funds to hire more prosecutors, defenders dated. by mob violence. We refuse to be so haustive inquiry, legislators learned that the and judges. As Representative Pepper said: intimidated. backlog of cases ready for trial Jumped from "It does little good to strengthen police Is the branch worth this much? In mone­ 3,303 in August, 1968, to 6,976 in August, forces without strengthening those other tary terms, the answer is no. Is it not, and 1969-a 111 per cent increase in a year. Judge parts of the system, the courts and correc­ never has been particularly profitable. But it Jack M. Turner, senior criminal court judge tions, which must deal with those the police ls there to serve the banking needs of the of the Criminal Court o! Record, Miami, aITest." CXIV--644-Part 8 10226 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 VIETNAMIZATION A PLACEBO, NOT Such a reduction would be consistent with ber's work was singled out by the Depart­ A PANACEA repeated hints from Washington and Saigon ment of Commerce for its outstanding over many months that the United States would bring home all of its ground combat effort. I offer it for the RECORD: HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN forces from Vietnam by that tiine or earlier. THE WHITE HOUSE, When former Defense Secretary Clark Clif­ Washington, March 20, 1970. OF NEW YORK ford last June called for withdrawal of all Mr. ARTHUR J . LUMSDEN, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ground forces by the end of 1970, President President, Greater Hartford Ch amber of Com­ Thursday, April Z, 1970 Nixon said he hoped to beat that target. A merce, Hartf

Nonnarcotic dangerous drugs Known as- Drug-abuse warning symptoms Dangers

Sedatives-Depressants, barbiturates, tranquiliz- "Redbirds," "yellow jackets," Apparent drunkenness-Sluggish confusion, depres- Physical and psychological dependence (addictive), ers: Seconal, Nembutal, Tuinal, Amytal, Pheno- "barbs" "goof balls" "nem· sion lethargy, quarrelsomeness, aggressiveness, combined with alcohol can cause death, intentional barbital. mies," 'etc. ' loss of physical coordination, mental and emotional or accidental suicide through overdose severe with­ instability. With overdoses--<:oma. drawal from addiction: Dizziness, fainting, vomiting, tremors, delirium, coma, possible death. Stimulants-Amphetamine, blet pills, pep pills: "Speed,'' "Uns," "bennies," Excitation, nervous energy, talkativeness, dry mouth, Fatigue-Substitute drug for needed rest, engende rs Methamphetamine, Phenmetrazine, Methedrine, "dex1es," ,rmeth," "A'S," heavy perspiration, loss of appetite, sleeplessness. reckless behavior which can cause auto accidents, Dexedrine, Benzadrine. "drivers." With large doses delusions, hostility, dangerously impairs judgment, person may become combative, aggressive behavior, hallucinations, induced psy­ can cause coma and death. chosis with panic. Hallucinogens: LSD (Lysergic Diethylamide), "Acid," "cubes," " Big D," Effects vary greatly with dose and individual- may F'ossible permanent loss of sanity, or may cause per­ LSD-25, DMT (Dimethyltryptamine), DET (Di- "trips." cause restlessness, inability to sleep, dilated pupils manent personality changes, "flashbacks" or same methyltryptamine), DET (Diethyltryptamine), (user may wear sunglasses even at night), halluci­ type of reactions may occur months later, irreparable Peyote, Psilocybin, etc. nations, distortion or intensification of sensory per­ chromosome damage with repeated use, may gener­ ceptions, decreased ability to discriminate between ate impulses toward violence and self-destruction, tact and fantasy, unpredictable behavior, panic, or impaired judgment may lead to serious accidents. · terror, psychotic reactions. Derivatives of the hemp plant Cannabis Saliva•: "Pot," "Tea," "Grass," Effects vary with the method of ingestion (whether Can lead to aggressive and anti-social behavior, can lead Marihuana, Hashish, THC (Tetrahydrocanna- "Joints," "Hash," "THC." . smoked or eaten). Can produce feeling of euphoria, to more serious drug abuse addiction through contact binol). altered conceptions of time and space, visual distor­ with "pushers" of other drugs; facts to date show tions, possible hallucinations, exaggerated sense of that marihuana alone does not lead to physical well-being; judgment may be impaired, can pre­ dependence although emotional dependence is possi­ cipitate psychotic acts. ble. Alteration of sensory perception may lead to accidents.

Hard narcotic drugs Known as- Drug-abuse warning symptoms Dangers

Heroin, cocaine, codeine, opium, morphine, "H," "Horse," "Smack," Contracted pupils, bruises on arms and legs (the user Physically and psychologically addictive, possible in­ demerol, and all other opium derivatives and "Snow," "Big C," "Candy," will often wear long sleeves to cover arms), detach- voli,:ement in c~ime (to obtai_n mo_ney for habit), other synthetic narcotics. "Coke," "Charlie." ment, alienation; preoccupation (with securing the addicts are subiect to blood infections, abscesses drugs), lack of interest in personal appearance and tetanus, hepatitis, and venereal disease through hygiene, itchiness, runny nose, loss of weight. unsanitary injections; also malnutrition through care­ less eating habits, wiJhdrawal reactions are very serious; flulike illness, vomiting, running nose and tearing eyesi heavy p~rspifation, muscle spasms, aches and pains, alterations rn blood pressure pulse respiration, and temperature, diarrhea. Can' cause death.

, Classified under hard narcotics by Federal law. 10228 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 THE EYE OF THE HURRICANE­ When I spoke to you four years ago about nology, his elaborate myths and his social EDUCATION AND OUR SOCIETY "Public Schools, the Eye of the Hurricane," rule from one generation to a.nother. The I described central city schools as buffeted technology, the myth, and the social rule in a social crisis. I spoke of population shifts, were consistent with his life. HON. EDITH GREEN race and poverty, and of their effect upon When the hunter, the fl.sher and the berry­ the capacity of children to learn. I described OF OREGON picker learned to plant crops and harvest the intensive efforts which the school system them at the close of the last glacial advance, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES had undertaken to implement the report of perhaps ten thousand years ago, the rela­ Thursday. April 2. 1970 the Committee on Race and Education under tionship of man to nature was fundamentally Judge Schwab. These efforts have been car­ changed. Man ceased to be a force in bal­ Mrs. GREEN of Oregon. Mr. Speaker, ried out with fidelity and energy. ance. He cleared forests, built dwemngs, a member of the Portland, Oreg., Board Today I acknowledge that the crisis is fa.r grazed cattle and changed small portions of of Education, John C. Beatty, Jr., in an more intense and far more extensive than the earth's surface. He accumulated food and inspired speech to the City Club of Port­ we then recognized. The attempt of the Pub­ his population was no longer limited by the land recently has managed such a mas­ lic Schools to resolve the crisis must be ex­ availabllity of berries, roots, and game. tended to men and institutions throughout The transmission of knowledge from father terful_ overview of the problems of society because th~ crisis involves the very education, particularly in urban society to son, craftsman to apprentice, elder to nature of our society. The School alone can­ youth, limited knowledge which could be today, that I believe it well merits the not change the attitudes and values of an accumulated. Written language developed, time of Members of this House. The entire people. at first confined to priests and temples, and breadth of vision he displays is remark­ The crisis ls man himself, a biological largely used for record keeping. And then able enough but the ability he shows to forest fire burning out of control, driven by writing began to be used to create and pass synthesize a variety of forces swirling the winds of his own expanding technology. on technology. Ma.n's knowledge ceased to be about what he terms society "in the eye Man's physical activity is rapidly destroy­ dependent upon storage in his memory. The ing the capacl ty of the land, the sea, and accumulated knowledge of the past was of the hurricane" illuminates the land­ the air to support life. scape with lightning flashes of truly stored in papyrus, stone and clay, then on A hundred miles from Los Angeles pine paper, then in computers. brilliant perception. Although he goes forests die, seered by windborne contami­ about it with the engaging manner and nents of concentrated automobiles. The technology we have today is the direct Pesticides are concentrated by minor or­ consequence of the application of educational pretense of being only an amateur, I can system to a forest ranging human primate assure you that my good friend John ganisms, consumed by wildlife, become lethal to whole species. over four hundred generations ago--four Beatty knows wherefrom he speaks, as Chemical fertilizers washed by the rains hundred that is for those few of us descended you will, I am sure, agree after a careful find their way into lakes, and rivers, and from the inhabitants of the valley of the reading. ultimately the oceans, changing the chemis­ Tigris and the Euphrates. Most of our The speech fallows: try of water and the kind of life it can sup­ ancestors, as Disraeli acidly pointed out, came out of the forests of Europe less than fifty THE EYE OF THE HURRICANE-EDUCATION port. We alter the air we breathe by burning generations ago. AND OUR SOCIETY This educational system conducted by fam­ (An Address to the City Club of Portland by fossil fuels; C02 is already 8% greater than in 1900. ily, church and school has also preserved John C. Beatty, Jr., member, Portland many of the social values and the behavioral Board of Education, Jan 23, 1970) His social behavior is reducing the security of those who live in the central cities to the characteristics of primitive life, despite their This week Dr. Robert Blanchard, Super­ condition of German peasants during the increasing incompatability with developing intendent of the Portland Public Schools, Thirty Years War. Poised over all are inter­ technology. Consider two examples: proposed a variety of measures to reorganize continental missiles by the thousands, leash­ First, hostility to a stranger who invades the administrative structure and educational ed by the uncertain will of a handful of men. a hunting ground. It survives today as a program of our schools. They bear warheads which threaten the de­ latent distrust of those who seem to be dif­ He asks, and I think rightly, that we de­ struction of all living matter by fire and ferent. This sense of difference, so easily centralize administration, that we bring par­ radiation one hour away at any time, day or stimulated, in our century has resulted in ents into schools on regular advisory com­ night. the extermination of tribes, nations and mittees, that we provide more educational Anyone who thinks we can keep school in races, and in the persecution of countless meat for graders five to eight in Middle a placid evolutionary way in the shadow of others. It has produced the massacre in mod­ Schools, that our plant be modernized, that these conditions ls whistling Dixie. ern battle of tens of millions of men, women program budgeteers pursue efficiency by cost and children in two world wars conducted analysis, and that our blacks and whites be Dr. Maurice Goddard recently compa.red by the advanced nations of the Western mixed more reasonably than presently is the earth to a spaceship, describing both as World in the name of patriotism and na­ possible. "closed systems". tional interest. The Board will hold extensive hearings be­ "Everything needed for a. long voyage on Next, consider the instinct to breed as often fore we act upon these proposals. But even a spaceship must be carried on board, noth­ as possible. This instinct, essential to sur­ as we prepare to consider them, we need to ing can be thrown away and everything must vival of our species in a primitive environ­ bear in mind that, far reaching as they are, be recycled and reused. The earth, too, has ment, expressed a.s a religious concept, "be they deal with one instrument of education. everything on board that it will ever need­ fruitful and multiply", survives despite tech­ What is education itself? What function all of the air, water, soil, metal and fuel, nological development which has cut man's does it serve? What purpose should it serve? but unlike a spa{:eship, earth takes on more death rate to a fraction of its primitive level. These are substantive questions which we passengers all of the time." The concept as well as the instinct paralyze need to think a.bout. The differences between the way man man­ man's capacity to limit his numbers. While These are questions to which we need ages the flight of Apollo and the way he the paralysis continues, the population of agreement on the answers as we shape the manages his own flights on spaceship earth the earth has expanded from one blllion in instrument of education to serve us. instruct us upon our deficiencies. 1900 to three point four billion in 1970, and These are hard questions because the struc­ For hundreds of thousands of yea.rs, man, will go to six bilUon in 1990 under conserva­ ture of human education floats like an ice­ slowly evolving from ancestral primates, co­ tive projections. berg, with eight-ninths of its intricate ar­ existed on Larth with other species. Man's Nor is this by any means the whole story. rangement below the surface of our common impact upon his environment was limited As Professor Wayne Davis points out, the consciousness. to the air he could brea.the, the berries he drain per person upon land and resources My credentials to speak on the subject could pick, and the meat he could kill with in the United States is at least twenty-five remind me of the cross-examination of Alice primitive weapons. His numbers were con­ times that in India. Expressed in those t~ms by the King as to who had stolen certain trolled by the natural supply of food. His it would take five billion Indians to use up tarts. debris was confined to his own organic waste, land and resources at the same rate as two "What do you know about this business?" his weapons of wood and stone, and the hundred million Americans. asked the King. bones which encircled his campfires. He The malaise of spirit which has spread "Nothing," said Alice. lived in balance with the life systems of the throughout our own country and the West­ "Nothing whatever?" persisted the King. planet. ern World since the end of the Second "Nothing wha.tever," said Allee. In this relatively timeless environment World War is not the consequence of af­ "That's very important," said the King, education first began. Our hairless, cla.wless fl.uence, nor of permissive parents, nor of con­ turning to the jury. ancestor patiently taught his young the sim­ spiracies. It results from an erosion of in­ I know scarcely more than Allee claimed, ple skills which had meant surviva.l for hun­ dividual purpose and common destiny. we and none of us is an expert in all the fields dreds of thousands of years: how to chip have become aware of what we are doing to involved. But our primary need now is to an arrowhead; how to shape a. stone ax; how ourselves. Like squirrels, we store nuts for reason, and our ability to reason must be to chew and soften skin; how to snare small the winter and breed for the spring. But we applied in areas hitherto screened from in­ game. Education was the deliberate process know in our heart that spring ma.y not come. quiry, either by myth or preconception. by which he transmitted his primitive tech- We know for a certainty it will be less lovely. April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10229 The music and the lyrics of the song "Where share in addressing problems ranging from the working committee can reassemble and Have All the Flowers Gone" convey this per­ racial animosity to solid waste disposal. prepare a final draft for the community. vasive sense of loss. It is not God we fear the Let me give three examples of how to work Is there a better way to collect our thoughts death of; it is Man. these necessities into curriculum: upon the meaning of life and organize them Young men and women, less cumbered by Students should study history to learn into a functional form? There may well be, tradition and practices of conformity, have the consequences of human acts over a sweep but let's get the business under way. We need recognized these incongruities more clearly of years. History can show a student which a public philosophy to arrange our thoughts than we and are infuriated by our passivity. acts led to results we think would be pro­ and actions, to give us unity of purpose. We They lack experience and social discipline; ductive today and which did not. History so cannot wait for someone else to provide it. they have reacted in various ways, some with examined and used as a device to study pres­ When it is done, the schools will have a violence, some with withdrawal, and some ent problems will mean far more to a genera­ working philosophy provided by their own with a simplistic and sometimes dangerous tion with little interest in a simple chronicle community, and the community will have hedonism. But many are prepared to work of kings. Students should learn the skills of prepared itself for change consistent with it. in ways and with a degree of energy we resolving conflict, the ways of getting people It is now time to think about the third have never witnessed in our time to build to work together. They should speculate necessity. How do we make it possible to a world which they think worthy of belief. about specific situations in history and in change political, social and economic institu­ Their assertion that technology is not nec­ our time. What could have then been done tions to allow us to come to grips with the essarily progress and that affluence is not the if human actors had been aware of such facts of crisiS. The proposals so far involve sole criteria of accomplishment is unassail­ techniques? Could our present racial prob­ changes in schools and their curricula and able. We should not be deterred by the lems have been anticipated and resolved in provide a way for the community to study length of their hair or trousers they wear 1865? and develop a public philosophy. from agreeing with them. The skill and disci­ The study of reproduction should be given The next step is to start the process of in­ pline of the mature, if added to the energy a central place in the curriculum. Every stu­ stitutional change beginning with govern­ and directness of youth, can create a pow­ dent in secondary school should become so­ ment to give us the means to execute our erful instrument for change. phisticated in his knowledge cf the repro­ policies. Any attempt to get a grip on our own How do we deal with problems which are ductive process in individuals and in popula­ destiny in our own community requires at by definition worldwide? These problems tions. The social and personal consequences the outset unity in our local governmerut. It arise from the acts and failures to act of of uncontrolled fecundity should be accom­ is impossible to bring balance and harmony thousands of communities and millions of panied by study of appropriate methods of into an environment while hundreds of men and women. In the community educa­ controlling conception, both individual and minor and four major public bodies struggle tion shapes the growing child and the atti­ social. As Senator Packwood commented last with functions of government in our com­ tudes which he will bear in his maturity. week, population growth must be stopped munity. The community is where the local structures now. There must be a single responsible, elected of society exist. The community is the one Because the family is the basic unit of edu­ local government with adequate powers and place where we ourselves can get a grip on cation, we should devote far more atten­ adequate jurisdiction in the metropolitan a small chunk of human destiny. tion to the instruction of young people in community. Such a government must have People in this country grow restless as the formation of families than we now do. the power to create a unified transport sys­ Young men and women should study those tem, waste disposal system, land use system, they see their cities and their schools squalid police system, recreation system, pollution with episodes of savagery. Their passions factors which are important in selecting a mate and those attitudes and characteris­ control system, as well as the tax resources stir them to strike back. But at who? And to do the job. at what cost? And with what consequence? tics which will assiSt them to build an af­ fectionate and satisfying family able to give Such isolated ventures as the South Audi­ They ask "What should we do?" There is torium project of the Portland Development only one answer: We must travel a new road its young the attitudes we seek. In these examples there runs a common Commission tease us with the possibility of together. unified community planning and operation. The entire community must accept and threat, a new emphasis: Study the basis of technology so we can live in harmony How do we go about it? I think it requires act upon three imperative necessities: a Metropolitan Committee much like the First, the necessity that man physically with our environment. Study the behavior of Man to learn his nature, how to modify Race and Education Committee appointed in live in harmony with the life systems which 1963 by the School Board. You will recall that have evolved upon the earth over hundreds it, how to make possible the continuity of life. Hopefully, no student will question the the Board picked a Chairman who agreed to of millions of years; that he make only those serve, provided the Board agreed to invite changes in his environment that are compat­ relevance of that curricula! So great a change cannot be implemented the members he thought could do the job, ible with those systems; and that he employ and provided the members invited agreed to his technology to restore the imbalances by the educational system unless accom­ panied by parallel change in the rest of the serve. which he has created. community. To shift our social values and Our Metropolitan Committee should be Second, the necessity that man develop a priorities from exploitative to conservative, assembled in the same way. Its membership public philosophy which comprehends his from emphasis on expansion to emphasis on should be broader because its functions :,nd presence as a part of nature rather than as balance, will not be easy. Our schools can the geographic area are broader. It will re­ superimposed upon nature, and affirms hiS become centers of constructive ferment, but quire a mixture of knowledgeable experts moral responsibility for managing the con­ the articulation of a philosophy to guide us, and working community leaders. tinuity of life on earth as a closed or sus­ and the alteration of political and social in­ The present dispersion of political power tained yield system. stitutions to accommodate the energy so re­ suggests it will be wise to place the ap­ Third, the necessity that man reorder his leased calls for leadership by those who claim pointing authority beyond the localities in­ political, social and economic institutions to their business is to lead. volved. The better solution will be to ask give him power through them to come to How do we develop a philosophy which Governor McCall to appoint a committee grips with the problems we face in restor­ comprehends man's presence as a part of in the same way the Race and Education ing a harmony with nature. nature rather than superimposed upon Committee was established. The Governor, These necessities must be made explicit nature, which incorporates man's moral re­ having served on that Committee, is fa­ to the community, and the curriculum of sponsibility for managing the continuity of miliar with how it was organized and will our schools strengthened by Dr. Blanchard's life on earth? enthusiastically suppor'i the purposes for proposals must be reshaped to study and Scholars since time began have constructed which a Metropolitar-. Committee is orga­ to affirm them. systems of philosophy in an effort to reconcile nized. The process of reshaping curriculum the complexities of life as it appeared to The charge ·~o the Committee should be to should involve at least three groups in the them. I know of no example in history in prepare a government for the Metropolitan community: the educational experts who which a community has consciously tried to area, to provide the fiscal resources and the have the immediate responsibility for han­ state a workable public philosophy. I know political powers to enable this community dling change in the curriculum they admin­ of no law which forbids it. Our situation to control its environment in accordance ister; the members of the general community demands it. with the philosophy we have discussed. The who are experienced in the ways of tech­ How can we get such an examination under Committee should likewise be charged with nology and social institutions; and mature way? I suggest we put it to the presidents preparing the means for implementing tll.ei.r students at the secondary· and university of our local colleges to convene a working recommendations. They should be asked to level who are the raw materials being proc­ committee. Let them select a committee make their report back to the Governor essed by the curriculum. from their faculties, from leaders of religion, and to the citizens of the Metropolitan com­ Community consideration of these neces­ from laymen, and from students. Let this munity one year from the date of their sities and community projects built around committee study and formulate a statement appointment. them should be organized as a part of school of public philosophy for this community. All three of these enterprises, changing program on regular occasions in every school. Let their draft, when prepared, be sent to education, developinf;' a public philosophy, Young people should participate with parents those people whose function it is to provide and strengthening our local government, and teachers. In this way everyone will sense moral and philosophic leadership for study need to be undertaken now. Who will un­ the crisis, the relevance o! the reshaped and suggestion. After receiving this critical dertake them if Metropolitan Portland does curriculum, and the common ground they comment, and after broad public discussion, not? 10230 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Apri1 2, 1970 It is, of course, a revolution !or which I a.re obscured by the assault on his qualifica­ NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART CALEN­ call, a. revolution in education, in public tions as a judge. philosophy and in government. Against it lay This human quality ls the missing ingredi­ DAR OF EVENTS, APRIL 1970 the consequence of inactivity. What a legacy ent in the picture being drawn by Carswell's to our children! What futility to have given critics. It is the reason why the nominee has them birth! not been decimated by the liberal onslaught. HON. JAMES G. FULTON The problems which we face are all enor­ Its de-emphasis seems specially poignant to OF PENNSYLVANIA mous, but the greatest problem is getting this reporter after meeting with the judge IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES started. The steps I have proposed all lie and hearing the sentiments of neighbors in within the competence of this School Sys­ his home country. Thursday, April 2, 1970 tem and this community. Carswell does not impart a mediocre im­ Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Mr. In the last analysis, it is a matter of will, pression. He wears an air of friendly out­ it is more than of anything else. Can we insist of spokenness which suggests that he is per­ Speaker, a pleasure to place in the ourselves, can we demand of each other, that ceptive and sincere. He has assurance and CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the calendar of we get up on our feet and start out on the a graceful sense of humor. He describes him­ events for the National Gallery of Art for difficult road to survival. self as more aghast than any critic at the the month of April 1970: "I see nobody on the road," said Alice. offensiveness of his disinterred campaign NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART, APRIL 1970 "I only wish I had such eyes," the King speech. His conservative bent is undisguised Civilisation remarked in a fretful tone. "To be able to see but he comes through as an imaginative man Nobody! And at that distance too! Why, it's generously blessed with decency and warmth. Thanks to the generosity of its many as much as I can do to see real people by No disclosure of the Senate debate has friends, the National Gallery of Art was able this light!" pierced this impression. It is affirmed by men to purchase a print of Kenneth Clark's mag­ All this was lost on Alice, who was still of character in Tallahassee. In fact the com­ nificent thirteen-part film series, "Civilisa­ looking intently along the road, shading her mon denominator of Carswell's most bitter tion." Showings began again on March 22. eyes with one hand. opponPnts is that they have not known him Initially the films will be shown Mondays "I see somebody now!" she exclaimed at personally. A gamut of those who have-­ through Saturdays at 10:30, 11:30, 12:30, last. "But he's coming very slowly. . .•" from LeRoy Collins to former NAACP lawyer 2:30, and 3:30; and Sundays at 12:30 and Charles Wilson-yields reassuring evidence 1:30. Additional Sunday showings at 5:30~ of respect. 6:30, and 7:30 on March 29, April 26, May 17 Realistically, Carswell must also be meas­ and 24, and June 14. ured against the Nixon commitment that March 29-April 4: II-"The Great Thaw." JUDGE CARSWELL produced his nomination. For better or April 5--11: m-"Romance and Reality." worse, candidate Nixon appears to have April 12-18: IV-"Man, The Measure of All HON. CHARLES H. GRIFFIN promised that President Nixon would name Things." a Southern Republican federal judge to the April 19-25: V-"The Hero as Artist." OP MISSISSIPPI high court. Eliminating the Eisenhower ap­ April 26-May 2: VI-"Protest and Com­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES pointees now too old for promotion and as­ munication." suming that the pact precluded the selection Thursday, April 2, 1970 of a judge whose rulings had alienated his American Music Festival Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. Speaker, today's region, the most appealing choices left for The Gallery's 27th American. Music Festival Atty. Gen. John Mitchell were Clement will take place on successive Sundays from Evening Star contains an interesting ar­ Haynsworth and Carswell. April 19 through May 24. Six concerts are ticle by Columnist Charles Bartlett rela­ The pragmatic inspiration for Mr. Nixon's scheduled including orchestral, chamber, tive to the nomination of Judge Harrold commitment does not make it a less valid vocal, and piano music. The series is under G. Carswell to the Supreme Court. step towards healing scars left by radical the general direction of Richard Bales, who Especially interesting was Mr. Bart­ change in the mores of the black belt South. will conduct the National Gallery Orchestra lett's assertion that Senators, editorial­ This region will not always deserve a seat in two of the concerts. There will be several ists, and columnists opposing Carswell on the court because it is growing to be premieres and a number of first Washington are members of a Washington luncheon like other regions. But it does at this point performances. A bulletin containing all the club which will not consider Negro mem­ deserve and need one to encourage and rec­ detailed programs will be available on April 7. ognize its reluctant embrace of constitu­ A. W. Mellon Lectures bers and barely tolerates Negro guests. tional equality. Yet, one of their arguments against A Southerner yes, some say, but not Cars­ Professor Sir Nikolaus Pevsner concludes Judge Carswell's nomination to the Su­ well. But where can the search lead from the nineteenth annual series of the A. W. preme Court is that he allegedly partic­ here? Perhaps to a less deserving judge or Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts on Sunday, ipated in the formation of a private to some brilliant Southern lawyer whose April 5. The subject is Some Aspects of Nine­ private involvements will test the skill of teenth-Century Architecture: Shops and club which excluded Negro members. an army of investigators. Civil rights ac­ Stores. Mr. Bartlett emphasized: tivists may be able to probe their way Wright of Derby Northern Liberals need to be more cau­ through a whole phalanx of Nixon nominees, April 26 is the closing date for an exhibi­ tious in applying yardsticks to Southerners possibly making in the end the dubious tion of paintings and drawings by Joseph which they do not accept from themselves. point that no Southerner is pure enough in Wright of Derby from the British collection heart to sit on the Supreme Court. of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon. An illustrated In this connection, Mr. Speaker, I Why not Carswell? The case against him catalogue with introduction and notes by think it is worth noting that another is almost entirely based, as Sen. John S. Ross Watson is available for $2.25 postpaid. private club, the Gridiron Club, has many Cooper has said, on speculative opinions con­ Summer evening hours members from the liberal news media. Of cerning his ability and capacity for growth. He is charged with persistent racism because Beginning April 1 the Gallery will be open the hundreds of guests, at its recent an­ weekdays 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. and Sundays 12 nual dinner, only two were Negro. Ac­ he participated peripherally in the revival of a private golf club in 1956. noon to 10 p.m. Admission is free to the cording to my information, there are no But surely this was a no more serious de­ building and to all scheduled programs. Negro members of the G1idiron Club. parture from principle than the readiness of Cafeteria hours As a part of my remarks, I include Mr. a. distinguished group of committed lib­ Weekdays, 10 a.m. to 7:30 p.m., luncheon Bartlett's column. It follows: erals-Senators, editorialists, and columnists service 11 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. Sundays, dinner CARSWELL'S CRITICS IGNORE Hrs HUMAN who staunchly oppose Carswell-to maintain service 1 p .m. to 7 p .m. QUALITY through the years their membership in a Washington luncheon club which will not MONDAY, MARCH 30, THROUGH SUNDAY, APRil. 5 (By Charles Bartlett) . consider Negro members and barely tolerates Painting of the week The strategy of recommittal on the nomi­ Negro guests. Renoir: "Mademoiselle Sicot," ( Chester nation of Judge Carswell is not justified by For all these men, from Carswell to the Dale Collection) Galley 90. Tues. through an obvious need for further hearings. In fact, liberals, nothing more hypocritical than an Sat. 12:00 and 2:00; Sun. 3:30 and.6:00. the rolling attack on the Florida. judge has accommodation to convenience is involved. been stuck in its groove for some days by But Northern liberals need to be more cau­ 11" x 14" reproductions with texts for sale a dearth of new disclosures. tious in applying yardsticks to Southerners this week-15¢ each. (If malled, 25¢ each.) The liberal establishment , with its sword which they do not accept for themselves. Tour of the week unsheathed, generates an awesome sound Carswell represents the evolution of the "The Realistic Tradition of Joseph Wright," and fury. It has succeeded in shaking the last bastion of Southern recalcitrance. It Rotunda. Tues. through Sat. 1:00; Sun. 2:30. certainty of Carswell's confirmation and leav­ seems far wiser to accept him as a gesture ing him flayed and naked before the world. of conciliation than to risk, in repudiating Tour It has riled the controversy to a passionate him, the renewed isolation of a region try­ "Introduction to the Collection," Rotunda. pitch in which Carswell's human credentials ing to break with its racist past. Mon. through Sat. 11: 00 and 3: 00; Sun. 5: 00. Aprfl 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10231

Sunday lecture til May 3, in the ground floor galleries is the (a) What are the possible effects of the "Some Aspects of Nineteenth-Century exhibition of one hundred examples of U.S. decision on Israel's security? Architecture (VIlI) ," Guest Speaker: Pro­ trompe l'oeil ("fool-the-eye") still-life (b) What impact is the decision likely to fessor Sir Nikolas Pevsner, A. W. Mellon paintings created in America during the have on Arab military and political thinking, Lecturer in the Fine Arts, Auditorium 4:00. nineteenth century. Assembled by the art both short-term and long-term? critic and writer Alfred Frankenstein, the (c) What lessons might the Russians draw Sunday concert exhibition traces the history of American from the U.S. decision? Mimi Poirier, Pianist, East Garden Court still-life painting from the works of the (d) What impact may the U.S. decision 8:00. Peale family of the early 1800's to the early have on the prospects of peace? MONDAY, APRIL 6, THROUGH SUNDAY, APRIL 12 twentieth century, with outstanding exam­ 2. Israel's Security-The Balance of Power.-The U.S. decision is based on the Painting of the week ples by Harnett, Peto, Haberle, and a num­ ber of lesser known artists. William M. Har­ premise that Israel's air capacity is sufficient Gainsborough. Landscape with a Bridge nett, the greatest American exponent of to meet its needs for the time being. Israel (Andrew Mellon Collection) Gallery 59 Tues. trompe l'oeil, is represented by thirty-four contests this assessment. It has evidence of through Sat. 12:00 & 2:00; Sun. 3:30 & 6:00. paintings. A fully illustrated catalogue of a growing shift in the Arab favor. Israel's Tour of the week the exhibition, with an introduction and original order for additional aircraft was "The Reality of Appearance: The Trompe notes by Mr. Frankenstein, 9" x 11", 156 placed in September 1969, for delivery in l'Oeil Tradition in American Painting," Cen­ pages, is available for $3.50 postpaid. 1971 and 1972. The size of that order reflected tral Gallery. Tues. through Sat. 1 :00; Sun. In conjunction with the exhibition, three a projection of the military balance as it 2:30. Sunday lectures will be devoted to different appeared in September 1969. Since then, Tour aspects of American art and stlll-life paint­ the Soviets have accelerated the shipments ing. See weekly listings for details. of planes and other sophisticated weapons to "Introduction to the Collection," Rotunda. the Arabs, culminating in the introduction Mon. through Sat. 11:00 & 3:00; Sun. 5:00. into Egypt of SA-3 missiles. The numerical Sunday lecture disparity between Israel's air strength as "Bruegel's Paintings in Vienna," Guest compared with that of the Arabs is growing. Speaker: Anna Spitzmiiller, Former Curator NO PLANES FOR ISRAEL-DIPLO­ And while the Arab countries can count on of Education, Kunsthistorisches Museum, MACY OR DISASTER? an unlimited supply of war materials of all Vienna, Auditorium 4:00. kinds, Israel is found to be even more re­ stricted than ever before in its ability to Sunday concert HON. ROBERT N. GIAIMO procure essential supplies of planes. Inevi­ National Gallery Orchestra, Richard Bales, OF CONNECTICUT tably, this cannot but have an adverse effect Conductor, George Wargo, Viola, East Garden upon the credibility of Israel's potential de­ Court 8:00. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES fensive capacity in the eyes of the Arabs and MONDAY, APRIL 13, THROUGH SUNDAY, Thursday, April 2, 1970 the Soviets. APRIL 19 In the given Middle East situation, the Mr. GIAIMO. Mr. Speaker, Secretary credibility of Israel's deterrent strength is Object of the week of State Rogers has announced that the the only effective guarantee against the out­ "Chalice of Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis," United States will hold in abeyance break of full-scale hostilities. The Israel air­ French, c. 1140, (Widener Collection) Gal­ Israel's request to purchase jet aircraft. force is a most vital element of that posture. lery G-2. Tues. through Sat. 12:00 & 2:00; I, for one, am dismayed by this an­ Grossly outnumbered in men and weapons, Sun. 3:30 & 6:00. nouncement, for it shows that this ad­ Israel ha-s to rely, in the first instance, upon Tour of the week ministration is willing to dabble in diplo­ the skill and effectiveness of its airforce to compensate for its deficiencies in other areas "The Realistic Tradition of Still-Life macy while the survival of a progressive of defense. In very large measure, it is the Painting," Rotunda. Tues. through Sat. 1 :00; and friendly nation hangs in the balance. airforce that is the key to the maintenance Sun. 2:30. Will the Soviet Union hold in abey­ of the balance of power. Tour ance the further deployment of SAM The term "balance of power" is not a scien­ "Introduction to the Collection," Rotunda. missiles or the influx of military tech­ tific concept given to precise measurement. It Mon. thi:ough Sat. 11:00 & 3:00; Sun. 5:00. nicians into the UAR and other Arab can at best be estimated and is always sub­ Sunday lecture states? Will the Arab governments hold ject to error. In Israel's case, an error could have disastrous consequences not only with "The American Tradition in the Arts." in abeyance their 22-year record of hos­ respect to its immediate security, but in Guest Speaker: Richard McLanathan, Au­ tility toward Israel and at least recognize terms of its very national survival. Israel's thor and Art Critic, New York, Auditorium her right to exist? Will the Arab guerilla request to purchase a specified number of 4:00. organizations hold in abeyance their planes was not arbitrary. It was based upon Sunday concert policy of violence, treachery and sabo­ sober intelligence evaluations that reveal a 27th American Music Festival: The Uni­ tage, a policy which even the Arab gov­ steadily deteriorating ratio in numerical odds. versity of Maryland Trio, East Garden Court ernments cannot adequately control? 3. The Arab Response.-The U.S. decision 8:00. must undoubtedly leave its mark on Arab For reproductions and slides of the collec­ No, Mr. Speaker, the violence in the military planning, short-term and long-term. tion, books, and other related publications, Middle East will not end because we re­ It might serve to encourage an escalation of self-service rooms a.re open daily near the fuse to sell Israel the aircraft she needs the Egyptian war of a.ttrition, the Soviet and Constitution Avenue entrance. to survive. It will not end because we or Arab calculation being that Israel will be in­ hibited in the deployment of its air force for MONDAY, APRIL 20, THROUGH SUNDAY, others impose a so-called balance of power in the area. It will end only when fear of sustaining losses it will be unable to APRIL 26 replace. The fact that the United States re­ Painting of the week the Arab nations are willing to conduct direct, face-to-face talks with Israel in sponse to Israel's aircraft request has come Perino del Vaga: "The Nativity," (Samuel at the very time when Egypt is being H. Kress Collection) Gallery 15, Tues. search of a just and lasting peace. To equipped by the Soviets with the SA-3 mis­ through Sat. 12:00 & 2:00; Sun. 3:30 & 6:00. play diplomatic games with Israel's fu­ siles (accompanied by a substantial number ture, to hypothesize about a balance of Tour of the week of Soviet personnel to operate the system) power when her survival is at stake will will surely serve to strengthen this projec­ "The Realistic Tradition of American not end the hostilities in the Middle East. tion. The missiles constitute for the Egytians Painting," Rotunda. Tues. through Sat. 1 :00; To think otherwise courts disaster. the long-sought umbrella for the intensifica­ Sun. 2:30. tion of their war of attrition, unhampered by Tour Following the announcement by Secre­ tary Rogers, the Israeli Government re­ the measured Israeli air responses that "Introduction to the Collection," Rotunda. have successfully countered the attrition ef­ Mon. through Sat. 11 : 00 & 3: 00; Sun. 5: 00. leased a thought-provoking assessment fort in the past. Seen in this light, the of the impact of the U.S. decision on the Sunday lecture SA-3's emerge not as a defensive but as an situation in the Middle East. I wish to offensive device, operating in support of an "The Still-Life Tradition," Speaker: Grose . insert at this point in the RECORD the text offensive strategy. Evans, Curator, National Gallery of Art. Au­ Their introduction raises the prospect of ditorium 4:00. of that assessment along with an excel­ lent editorial from the March 26 Hart­ the renewal of the massive Egyptian artil­ Sunday concert ford, Conn., Courant on the same subject. lery barrages along the leng,th of the Suez 27th American Music Festival: Thomas Cana.I, backed by Egypt's substantial artil­ THE U.S. RESPONSE TO ISRAEL'S AmCRAFr Beveridge, Bass-Baritone, Martin Katz, Pi· lery and manpower advantage which Israel NEEDS-AN AssESSMENT an.ist, East Garden Court 8:00. cannot match. It was because of this Egyp­ 1. The decision of the U.S. Government to The reality of appearance tian advantage that Israel was compelled hold in abeyance Israel's request to purchase to take to the a.Ir, its aircraft serving along "The Trompe l'Oeil Tradition in American a supply of jet aircraft gives rise to four the Canal as flying artillery. With the pres­ Painting." Continuing through April, un- fundamental questions: ence of the missiles, Israel has no ohoice 10232 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 but to !ace the prospect of increased air the time being. And it is the Administration's privileges enjoyed by the American oil losses a.t the very time when its request for promise, despite the interim decision, to see industry appeared in the New York more aircraft is being held up. This is a new that the security of Israel ls not jeopardized situation and one that represents a material as time-and enemy developments-goes Times of March 8. shift in the balance of power. along. Mr. Knoll points out the $1.3 billion 4. The Soviet Response.-Certalnly, the This might be all right enough if it were annual loss in revenue to the U.S. Treas­ U.S. decision is rendered particularly grave a sound appraisal of the mmtary picture ury through the oil depletion allowance, when measured against the Russian actions in the Middle East. But it ls difficult to see a sum most interestingly comparable to to increase the Arab military potential, where it takes into consideration the large the Health, Education, and Welfare ap­ backed by an increased Soviet military pres­ superiority in men and materials the Arab ence in Egypt. The absence of a positive U.S. countries have on the ground and in the air, propriation increase approved by Con­ response to Israel's request for aircraft at or such a fact as the present deployment gress which the President recently found this time is liable to be interpreted by the of Russian SAM 3 weapons in Eygpt, or the inflationary. In addition, the author Soviet Union as an assurance that its con­ impressive number of technicians Russia analyzes the cost to the consumer of the tinued military and political support for t he hn.s just sent to the United Arab Republic to oil import quota program, a device which Egyptian attrition strategy may go forward bolster Arab military strength and train protects the domestic petroleum industry and be further intensified without hindrance. Arab pilots. from the competition of lower priced oil 5. The Prospects of Peace and the Dangers Mr. Nixon professes to believe none of this imports. In New York the average family of War.-Politically, the United States move so far disturbs the balance of military power of four subsidizes the American oil in­ must serve to encourage those forces in the in the Middle East, nor places Israel in any Arab world bent on launching wa.r in an immediate jeopardy. But even should this dustry to the tune of $102.32 a year effort to vanquish Israel. The first prerequi­ be granted, it does not take into considera­ through the artificially high prices of site '.for peace in the Middle East ls the need tion matters of further-and perhaps even gasoline and heating oil maintained by to eliminate once and for all from Arab greater--concern. It is Mr. Nixon's premise this protectionist program. Estimates of thinking the option of war a.nd the notion that the arms race in the Middle East should the cost of the oil imPort quotas to the that Israel can be destroyed. Herein lie the not be accelerated, that the road to peace American people range from $40 to $70 seeds of realism a.nd the promise of peace. So demands restraint on the part of all poten­ bllllon over the past decade, a hefty price long as Arab Governments believe they have tial arms suppliers. a chance to trounce Israel in battle there will This would be a very fine approach to the for the public to pay for a vested interest be no peace in the Middle East. The war of problem that has wracked the Mideast for with the high-powered lobbying re­ 1967 broke out because of the mistaken Arab two decades, if it were not for the fact it sources and contacts that the oil indus­ a.nd Soviet belie'! that Israel could be mlli­ takes two to tango. Unfortunately it assumes try has employed over the years. ta.rily overwhelmed. The only reason why re­ that the Russians are going to take their cue I was consequently dismayed, there­ newed full-scale war has not erupted since from American idealism, and withhold arms fore, when the President rejected the 1967 is because the Soviets and the Egyptians on their part from the Arab countries. This is a very doubtful hunch to play from. And recommendation of his own task force have concluded that their chances of waging that the oil import program be modified a successful battle a.re in doubt. This doubt hunch is all it appears to be. When Sec­ has been planted, in the first instance, by retary of State Rogers announced Mr. Nixon's and thereby provide fuels at lower prices Israel's air force. Were the Arabs and the "interim decision" to withhold the planes to the American people, a move which no Soviets to conclude that Israel's capacity for asked by Israel, he was very closely ques­ less an administration figure than Paul long-term defensive planning is now to be tioned by newsmen on this point. Does the McCracken declared would have a coun­ subjected to the limitations of restrictive President have some secret assurance, some terinflationary effect. aircra:ft supply, the prospects of all-out war under-the-counter sign from the Russians, In the type of move becoming ever will automatically increase. One cannot dis­ that they in turn plan to de-escalate arms miss in this context the psychological impact aid to the Arab countries? Has he noted any­ more predictable when the interests of of the U.S. decision upon the Arab leadership where on the world scene, for that matter, the American consumer are at stake, the e.t the sight of what they might interpret as that Moscow is softening its aggressive President reacted to these :findings by the sealing off, or at least the reduction, of stance? appointing yet another committee to Israel's last source of supply of crucial mili­ To questions of this kind, Secretary Rogers study the oil import program and pre­ tary equipment. consistently answered in the negative. Ex­ sumably will continue to do so until he 6. In making these observations, Israel ls actly where, then, does this leave the United States and its decision not to send more finds one which will concur with the oil by no means unmindful of the U.S. declara­ lobby's wishes. tions o'.f readiness to assist it in meeting some planes to Israel, not to add to the arms of its current economic burdens through the race in the Mideast? It certainly does not Because of this sequence of actions, extension of credits. This ls deeply appre­ leave this country looking as if it were and on behalf of the doubly-penalized ciated as are the expressions of friendship leading from a hand of strength. It seems American consumer, I joined 47 of my contained in the recent statements of both bound to suggest to Russians and Arabs alike colleagues in urging the President last the President and the Secretary of State. It is that we find ourselves in a weak position, in month to direct his new Oil Policy Com­ in the spirit of this amity that Israel's For­ which we have to walk softly a.nd play it cautiously. The Arabs are doubtless glee­ mittee to consider the total elimination eign Minister, Mr. Eban, was able to declare of the controls on oil imports. Vested on March 23: fully aware that we have oil interests to protect in their lands. Russia.ns, only too interests have dominated our national "The '.friendship between Israel and the aware of our problem in Southeast Asia petroleum policies for too long, and it is United States has deep roots in the con­ which are reflected in our problems at home, time that Government actions should re­ sciousness of both nations. This ca.me to can and probably will interpret our handling cogent expression during the meetings be­ flect the public interest rather than the of the Mideast situation as rooted in essential dictates of a pampered, high-powered, tween President Nixon and Prime Minister timidity and worries. Golda Meir last September, a.nd in many low-taxed industry. subsequent contacts and disc'l~ions. That is why Americans as well as Israelis must remain very dubious of the wisdom of Because of the imPortance to the "We believe tha.t Israel and the United the President's interim decision. It may very American people of the information con­ States have many common values and a long well encourage Russia and the Arab states to cerning the privileges afforded to the oil record of friendship. further aggression leading to confrontation lobby, I insert Mr. Knoll's article in the "The Government of Israel expects the between East and West rather than avoiding close watch on the balance of arms indicated RECORD, in full: it. A soft answer turneth away wrath. In THE OIL LOBBY Is NOT DEPLETED by the U.S. President to result soon in practi­ maintaining dealings, it often invites a clout cal steps to prevent the increase of the dan­ on the other cheek. (By Erwin Knoll) gerous imbalance and to supply Israel with WASHINGTON.-On Thursday evening, Nov. the aircraft so necessary and vital 'for her 6, 1969, the Governors of three states met security." over a quiet dinner at the Tavern Club in THE on. LOBBY IS NOT DEPLETED Washington with Frank N. Ikard, a former PLANES FOR ISRAEL "IN ABEYANCE" Texas Congressman who is now president of It is not alone Israel that ls dismayed by the American Petroleum Institute, the trade President Nixon's announcement that the HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER associaition of the nation's largest oil com­ United States "will hold ln abeyance !or panies. There is no public record of what the now" a decision on Israel's request to buy OF NEW YORK four men discussed, although-by ooinci­ additional jet fighters in this country. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dence or otherwise-the same three Gover­ Many Americans too will doubt the wisdom Thursday, April 2, 1970 nors and a fourth were a,t the White House of the President's apparent reasoning. It is early the next morning to urge the Nixon the Administration's contention that Israel's Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, an ex­ Administr.atlon to retain the 11-year-old sys­ air capacity is sufficient to meet its needs for emplary article by Erwin Knoll on the tem of oil-import quotas, which oosts con- April 2, '1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10233 sumers more than $5 billion a year in higher than $60-billion. Among the 2,.250 largest The National Petroleum Refiners Associa­ prices for petroleum products. American companies surveyed last April by tion, composed of domestic refining com­ The Tavern Club tete-a-tete a.nd the sub­ the Economic Newsletter of the First Na­ panies and representing about 90 per cent of sequent White House session are examples tional City Bank of New York, the 99 oil the refinery production in the United States. of the close and continuing contacts be­ companies alone accounted for more than 25 Donald O'Hara, the association's executive tween oil and politics-an intimate relation­ per cent of the total profits. The industry's vice president, was formerly a registered ship that has prompted some critics to de­ average profit of 9 per cent (based on net lobbyist for the Petroleum Institute, with scribe the oil industry as "the fourth branch sales) is about double the average for all which he maintains close liaison. of government." In recent months those manufacturing companies; only one other The Independent Natural Gas Association contacts have intensified, for the industry's industry-drugs-maintains a higher profit of America, representing major pipeline com­ privileged status is being attacked wLth un­ level. The 20 largest oil companies a.massed panies. Its executive director is a former precedented ferocity. Under the benign pa­ profits of $8.1-billlon in 1968 and paid 7.7 per Texas Representative, Walter E. Rogers. He tronage of such influential figures as the late cent of the net in taxes, according to U.S. served in Congress as Chairman of the House Sena.tor Robert Kerr of Oklahoma, who re­ Oil Week, an independent oil-marketing pub­ Subcommittee on Communications and joiced in being known as "the uncrowned lication. Thanks to the generosity of the tax Power, which handles gas-pipeline legislation. king of the Senate"; the late House Speaker, laws, one oil company-Atlantic-Richfield­ He gave up his Congressional seat in 1966 Sam Rayburn of Texas; the late Senate Mi­ avoided all Federal tax payments from 1964 and registered as a lobbyist in 1967 to rep­ nority Leader, Evere1rt McKinley Dirksen of to 1967, and actually managed to accumu­ resent 12 pipeline companies in a vigorous­ Illinois, and former President Johnson-an late a Federal tax credit of $629,000 while and successful-effort to water down a pend­ of whom shared a profound and undisguised earning profits of $465-million. Atlantic, ing bill that would have established strict commitment to the industry's welfare-the Richfield's case is not unique. Federal safety standards for the nation 'S petroleum. producers enjoyed decades of vir­ A tax structure that lends itself to such 800,000 miles of gas pipelines. tually limitless power in Washington. Their egregious inequity is obviously worth defend­ A formidable array of regional a.nd state strength probably still surpasses that of any ing. In Washington (and at state capita.Is groups-among them the Mid-Continent Oil other special-interest group. But. with the across the country) the industry's interests and Gas Association, the Western Oil and departure of their moot prominent and effec­ are served by a. costly and complex but Gas Association, the Texas Independent tive champions, their critics are for the :first closely coordinated lobbying a.pparatm. Producers and Royalty Owners Association time emerging as a force to be reckoned with. Among its principal components are these and the Kansas Independent Oil and Gas In one of the few genuine, although lim­ groups: Association-augments the national contin­ ited. reforms to survive the byzantine machi­ The American Petroleum Institute, whose gent. Executives of these organizations are nations that produced the final version of membership roster of 400 companies and· frequent visitors to Washington, and they the Tax Reform Act of 1969, both houses o! 8,000 individuals represents about 85 per can draw on the talents of the capital's most Congress voted decisively to reduce the sacro­ cent of the total production, refining and prestigious law firms for missions of special sanct oil-depletion allowance from 27.5 per marketing volume in the oil and gas indus­ delicacy. Individual companies also mount cent to 22 per cent. The reduction-ac­ try. Despite its broad membership, A.P.I. is their own lobbying efforts; John Knodell, a quiesced in by a reluctant executive branch­ regarded as primarily the spokesman for the genial and knowledgeable lawyer who worked oonstituted an acknowledgement that many "Big Seven"--Standard Oil of New Jersey, the Congressional beat until recently for Americans had come to regard depletion as Mobil, Shell, Standard on of Indiana. Texaco, Humble Oil, was credited with establishing a the moot flagrantly objectionable abuse in Gulf and Standard OiI of California. Among new beachhead for the industry in the Ia.st the loophole-riddled tax code. these, Standard of New Jersey is the domi­ year or two by opening lines of communica­ In a statement tbat some of his colleagues nant force. tion with liberal members of the House and thought was tinged with exaggeration, Sen­ The Institute's annual budget is a.. closely Senate. He is now assigned to Humble's legal a.tor Thomas J. Mcintyre of New Hampshire guarded secret, and its quarterly reports to department in Houston. declared that the vote to cut the depletion the clerk of the House of Representatives on By pooling their efforts, the companies are allowance signified that the Senate had lobbying expenditures are incredibly mod­ able to marshal formidable forces. In the "once and for all rejected it.s role as the es~a total of $39,119 for 1968. Industry carefully orchestrated campaign against re­ bastion of the oil industry." The Senator was sources report that the institute spends be­ ducing the depletion rate. for instance, one among those who had unsuccessfully sought tween $5-million and $10-million a year, concern urged all its stockholders to write to a more drastic reduotion to 20 per cent. "But much of it for "research." It has a. staff of members of Congress; another focused on the important thing." he said, "1.s that we more than 250 at offices in New York, Wash­ mobilizing its retired employes; a. third con­ have finally made a. crack in oil's protective ington, Los Angeles and Dallas. centrated on service-station opera.tors; a If shield. others develop in the days to come~ The chief A.P.I. lobbyist is former Con­ fourth sent brochures to its credit-card American consumers and taxpayers may yet gressman Ikard, who represented Wichita holders. The companies claimed all these ef­ get a. fair shake at the hands of this much­ Falls, Tex., from 1952 to 1961 and was a pro­ forts as deductible business expenses. but the pampered industry." tege of the late Speaker Rayburn. When he Internal Revenue Service is, at the request The depletlon allowance, which stood in­ resigned from the House to join the Insti­ violate !or more than four decades, has of Senator William Proxmire- of Wisconsin. tute-a move that he said was .. a question of examining those claims. allowed an oil or gas company to deduct economics"-Ikard was praised by Lyndon 27.5 per cent of its gross income from tts Instances of disarray in the ranks of oil are Johnson. then Vice President, as "a heavy relatively rare-and when they occur. the taxable income, providing the deduction does thinker and a. heavy doer." Under his direc­ not exceed 50 per cent of taxable income. dominant companies usually manage to tion. says a Congressional source, the insti­ muffle the dissenters. Last year, the small in­ With lesser depletion percentages provided tute has been "a pace and precedent set­ tor almost 100 other mineral products, de­ dependent producers in the Kansas Inde­ ter ... vigorously seeking to adapt its po­ pendent Oil and Gas Association broke ranks pletion h.8is oost the Treasury about $1.3 sitions and attitudes to the wave of the billion a year in lost revenues-a sum com­ to support a. proposal by Senator Proxmire parable to the "inflationary'' spen-cling incre­ future." that would have instituted a system of ments that President Nixon cited as the rea­ The Independent Petroleum Association of scaled depletion allowances-a. plan em­ son for vetoing the Labor-H.E.W. appropria­ America, with some 5,000 members represent­ phatically resisted by the majors. The Kansas tions bill for fiscal 1970. Special provisions ing a.bout 60 per cent of the Independent oil oilmen were unable to ners•1ade even their iln the tax laws also permit oil and gas pro­ producers. Its "experts"-a professional sta.tr own state's Senators to- support the Prox­ du"Cers to deduct many of their intangible of six opera.ting out of an impressive Wash­ mire plan. When two executives of the Kan­ costs for exploration, drilling and develop­ ington office suite-were highly visible among sas group flew to Washington to enlist one ment, including off-shore drilling a.nd pro­ the oil men who flitted in and out of the Senator's assistance, he kept them waiting duction in many foreign countries. And oil back door to the Senate Finance Committee's in an outer office while a representative of companies are allowed to deduct against offices while the committee, in sessions closed Standard Oil of Indiana delivered the pitch their United Staites taxes most of the royal­ to the public, considered the oil provisions of for retaining full depletion. "The local boys ties they pay to foreign powers--e.n arra.nge­ the Tax Reform Act. The immediate past just don't understand the situation," the ment cloaked in the oonvenient fiction that president of the association, Harold M. Mc­ Senator later said. such royalty payments are "taxes... Clure, the Republican National Committee­ Depletion and tax preferences are hardly The result of these privileges, according to man from Michigan, has acknowledged mak­ the only-<>r even the most significant-­ Treasury Department calculations, is that oil ing "persona.I" campaign contributions total­ perquisites the industry is eager to protect. and gas companies save in taxes 19 times ing $90,000 in 1968. He recently testified be­ In fact, some Congressional critics suspect their original investment for the average fore a. Federal grand jury investigating alle­ that the oilmen were not entirely displeased well. In 1968, American oil companies paid gations of political bribery. when Congress voted to reduce the deple­ less than 8 per cent of their income in taxes, The same Congressional source who ad.­ tion allowance, since they hope that this ac­ compared with more than 40 per cent for all mires the A.P.I. for its flexibility describes tion will ease the pressures against other oil corporations. the Independent Petroleum Association as privileges now under attack. Clearly, the ta.x laws have played an im­ "sticking to the traditional line that the Chief among such privileges is the import­ portant part in making the oil industry the existing state of oil privileges is essential to quota system-the topic the four Governors formidable economic and political force it the national defense and must remain took to the White House on Nov. 7. Their is. The industry's annual sales total more sacrosanct." meeting took place in the office of Peter 10234 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 Flanigan, a Presidential assistant who has oil. In Vermont, a family of four pays an Hawaii, but priced as though it had been re­ special responsibility for financial affairs and additional $195.92. The comparable figure for fined from more expensive domestic crude who serves as the President's staff expert on Wyoming is $258. on the West Coast, then shipped to Hawaii oil. The Governors present, representing the President Eisenhower established the oil­ in American vessels, which traditionally col­ Interstate Oil Compact Commission 1 wer1 import quota system on March 10, 1959, as lect a. top dollar for their services. "It seems Preston Smith of Texas, Robert B. Docking of a "national security" measure designed to hard to understand," said Prof. Morris A. Kansas, Stanley K. Hathaway of Wyoming reduce American reliance on foreign petro­ Adelman, an M.I.T. economist, during the and Richard B. Ogilvie of Illinois; they leum production. In taking this step, Sher­ Senate hearings last spring. "If I looked into brought with them telegrams of support man Adams recalls in his memoirs of the it, maybe I would find it even harder to from the chief executives of 13 other states. Eisenhower Administration, "the President understand.'' Among the Administration officials assembled had to go against the principles that he had Consumers and their congressional spokes­ to hear the Governors' views were Secretary fought for in his foreign-trade policy." Ac­ men, however-no matter how loud their of Labor George P. Schultz, who heads Pres­ cording to Adams, the departure was made complaints against the quota system-can ident Nixon's Task Force on Oil Import Con­ necessary by "the unpredictable human fac­ claim only modest credit for the current as­ trol, and several key members of the task tor . .. the men who headed two large oil­ sault. The Presidential task force whose work force-Secretary of the Treasury David M. importing companies that refused to join in has worried the industry and preoccupied its Kennedy, Secretary of the Interior Walter J. voluntary restraints and to heed the warning lobbyists in recent months came into being Hickel and Secretary o! Commerce Maurice of the Government of what would happen as a result of competitive pressures among H. Stans. if they failed to do so. Oil was coming into the companies themselves, which prompted "This meeting," Senator Proxmire told the the United States from foreign fields at such some major producers to seek special Federal Senate on Nov. 17, "was clearly the result of a rate that the American oil-producing cen­ benefits under the quota system. The first a planned campaign of pressure by the oil ters were being forced into desperate straits." important breach in the system came when industry through the Interstate Oil Com­ Adams, who served as "deputy President" in the Johnson Administration granted quotas pact Commission. Even a cursory examina­ the early Eisenhower years, candidly dis­ to a Phillips Petroleum refinery in Puerto tion of the telegrams from the Governors misses the notion that the national security Rico and a Hess Oil refinery in the Virgin who could not attend the meeting shows was at stake: "The imposing of import Islands. Then Occidental Petroleum, a rela­ they are almost all in identical language . . .. quotas on oil was primarily an economic de­ tively small but aggressive company, discov­ "The pressure on the Governors must have cision brought about by an economic emer­ ered vast oil pools in Libya and decided to been fierce. The most interesting example of gency, but the action . .. was based upon seek increased access to the restricted Amer­ this is a telegram sent [by the State Com­ security considerations in accordance with ican market by requesting a 100,000-barrel-a­ missioner of Conservation and Natural Re­ the law." day quota for a refinery to be built in a sources] on behalf of Gov. Nelson Rocke­ The quota system restricts the entry of proposed foreign-trade zone at Machiasport, feller of New York. The telegram assures the cheap foreign crude oil to 12.2 per cent of Me. To New Englanders, Occidental promised White House that Governor Rockefeller sup­ domestic production in states east of the a reduction of at least 10 per cent in the ports oil-import quotas, though Mayor Lind­ Rockies. (The quota does not apply in the swollen cost of home heating oil. To the ma­ say has shown that the quotas cost New York Western states because even a maximum rate jor producers, however, Occidental's request City consumers a minimum of $95 million a of domestic production there cannot meet raised the threat of a series of "Machiasports" year in increased prices and that the cost the demand.) The system operates in tandem around the country, dissolution of the im­ might go as high, just for New York City, with state laws that closely regulate month­ port-quota system and substantial reductions as a quarter of a billion dollars." to-mon th oil production on the basis of in profits. Whether Governor Rockefeller was, in fact, demand estimates furnished by the major Confronted with strong and conflicting subjected to "fierce pressure" is problematic; producers. The effect is to assure domestic pressures, the Johnson Administration fum­ as a member of a family that founded its companies of a demand for all production, bled indecisively with the Machiasport appli­ fortune on Standard Oil, he is presumably and to push up the cost to American con­ cation during its last year in office, then not entirely unsympathetic to the industry's sumers. A barrel of Middle Eastern oil can passed the problem on to its successor. On point of view. But Senator Proxmire's refer­ be landed in New York harbor for about $1.50 Feb. 5, 1969, Chairman Haider and President ence to a "planned campaign of pressure" in less than a barrel of domestic oil of the same Ikard of the American Petroleum Institute behalf of the import-quota system was no quality. proposed to Dr. Arthur F. Burns, the Presi­ exaggeration. "Import quotas have been instituted in dent's principal economic adviser, that a About the time the oil-state Governors order to insulate the domestic oil market Presidential task force be appointed to review were meeting at the White House with mem­ from the challenge of foreign competition," the quota system. Their intent, it seems clear, bers of the President's task force, Michael Prof. Walter J. Mead, an economist at the was to block the Machiasport project, but L. Haider, the retired chairman of Standard University of California at Santa Barbara, surprisingly the task force took on some as­ Oil Company (New Jersey) and retiring told the Senate Antitrust and Monopoly Sub­ pects of a runaway grand jury. The industry chairman of the American Petroleum Insti­ committee last spring. "Given this barrier of has not recovered from the shock. tute, had a private audience with President free entry into the United States market, the In a forceful submission to the task force, Nixon. He emerged, according to the indus­ price of crude oil in the United States is the Antitrust Division of the Department of try's trade journal, The Oil Daily, "feeling approximately double the free-market world Justice challenged the major rationale for more optimistic about the handling of petro­ price." During the first half of 1968, Professor the quota system, arguing that "the import leum-industry problems in Washington." Mead said, Japan paid an average of $1.42 a quotas themseves do nothing to preserve this After a "very good conversation" with the barrel for Middle Eastern crude oil. The nation's domestic oil reserves. Reserve pro­ President, the report said, Haider "believes American price for a similar grade of crude ductive capacity is maintained, if at all, by Nixon has a good grasp of the problems was $3 a barrel. state regulatory action aimed primarily at surrounding oil-import controls and is A Department of the Interior study made other objectives, such as conservation. The more confident that the outcome will be public on Jan. 16, 1969-and challenged by resulting hodgepodge of Federal and state favorable." some economists as too conservative-found regulation seems ill-adapted for achievement In the same interview, Haider offered a that the removal of import quotas would of a coherent program designed to provide glimpse of the relative equanimity with cause a 95-cent-a-barrel decline in the price this country with sufficient emergency oil which the industry viewed the reduction in of crude oil ea.st of the Rockies. John M. reserves.'' The import program, the Antitrust the depletion allowance. "Of course we can Blair, the Senate subcommittee's chief econ­ Division also noted, "is a keystone in pre­ live with the new taxes," he said. "We ob­ omist, estimates that the quotas "have cost serving a dual price system as between the viously aren't going out of business." The the American public $40-billion to $70-billion United States and the rest of the free world. Petroleum Institute has estimated that the in the last 10 years." By insulating the domestic market from the Tax Reform Act will cost the industry $550- Among the quota system's bizarre by-prod­ competitive pressures of world oil prices, the million to $600-million a year. ucts is a complex of exceptions and evasions program intensifies the effects of the existing The import-quota system, on the other designed to suit the oil industry. In the in­ lack of competitive vigor in various domestic hand, has been estimated by reputable econ­ terest of "national security," for example, oil markets." omists to be worth between $5.2-billion and Canadian oil imports, which can be shipped Under the direction of Prof. Phillip $7.2-billion a year. Using the more conserva­ overland to the United States, are curtailed, Areeda, a Harvard economist, the task-force tive projection of the quota system's cost, while no limitation is placed on tanker ship­ staff compiled what is generally regarded experts have calculated that the average fam­ ments from Texas and Louisiana. Senator as a full, fair and thorough record (although ily of four in New York State pays an excess Russell Long of Louisiana, who has inherited some industry sources passed the word that of $102.32 a year for gasoline and heating Senator Kerr's mantel as the Capitol's chief the staff was dominated by a most danger­ spokesman for oil, once defended the Cana­ ous element-"theoretical economists") . In assembling detailed position papers and re­ ~ The Interstate 011 Compact Commission dian restriction by invoking the likelihood buttals, the staff shunned ex parte contracts 1s supposedly charged with one responsibil­ of war between the United States and its ity, conserving oil and gas within the con­ neighbor to the north. with the ubiquitous oil lobbyists and with· tinental United States. In theory it has Another odd and costly arrangement ex­ stood formidable pressures, including a tele­ nothing to do with the oil-import program, acts about $14-million a year from Hawaiian gram from Representative Wilbur M1lls of but it has engaged in heavy lobbying for consumers because oil shipped to their state 4,rkansas, the Chairman of the powerful retention of the quota system. from Indonesia and Venezuela is refined in House Ways and Means Committee, who Aprii 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10235 warned Professor Areeda. against "tinkering tion would not permit "anything- drastic" to Federal Power Commission. A few days later With the matter of oil imports." happen to oil imports. Interior Secretary Hickel, whose. department In its tinal report, the- task-force staff found Secretary Hlckel's prediction proved ac­ has broad jurisdiction over matters of im..; that the quota system has· serious disad­ curate. When the 400-page task-force re­ portance to the oil industry, was in Houston vantages, including "the hazards of falllble port, with its recommendation that the quo­ to inspect offshore drilling rigs and hold pri­ judgment. combined with the ever-present ta system be abolished, was released by the vate conversations with industry leaders. risks of corruption." These !actors, the staff White House on Feb. 20. it was accompanied Hickel, the former Governor of Ala.ska. concluded, "counsel strongly in :favor oi get­ by a Presidential announcement. that no whose intimate ties to oil were the subject ting the Governm.ent out o! tl:e allocation "major" change would be ordered now. of stormy confirmation hearings when he was 'business a.s rapidly and as completely as The President thanked the task-force named to the Cabinet, seemed for a time possible." The staff recommended scrapping members and staff for their "devoted and to fall short of the industry's glowing ex­ quotas in favor of a preferential tariff sys­ discerning effort," then announced the for­ pectations. Mindful of his vulnerability to tem for oil that would produce about $700,­ mation of a new Oil Policy Committee to con­ conflict-of-interest allegations. he appeared million a year in new Federal recenues and duct further studies. The only task-force determined to stress his independence of the reduce prices by a.boUit 80 cents a barrel­ member missing from the new group is Sec­ industry. When an offshore oil blowout in a quarter to a third of the price reduction retary Shultz, the original body's most vig­ the Santa Barbara channel became- a na­ that might be realized by the total elimi­ orous critic of the quota system. He was tional pollution scandal, the Secretary is­ nation of all import controls. Under a prob­ replaced by Attorney General Mitchell, who sued relatively stringent controls on drilling able tariff schedule, consumers might save presumably will see to it that the President procedures, and oilmen complained of official a cent or two on a. gallon of gasoline and is not boxed in. "overkill." Such industry complaints are no about a cent on a gallon o! heatlng oil. Understandably, the Petroleum Institut e longer heard in Washington, however, and thought the President's action was "encour­ Such a reduction would have a. measurable Mr. Hickel seems to have dropped his guard. aging," while the IndependentPetroleur.:i As­ It was reported recently that an Alaska in­ counterinflationary effect. According to Paul sociation declared that the move should. "re­ W. McCracken, the chairman of President vestment firm owned by the Secretary and assure consumers as to future supplies of his wife and managed by his brother, Ver­ Nixon's Council of Economic Advisers, "with both oil and natural gas at reasonable annual consumption on the order o! 80 bil­ non, had received a $1-billion contract to prices. build an addition to the building in which lion gallons, a 2-cent cut at retail would Meanwhile, the industry ls reappraising its tra.nsliate into a. reduction of about $1.6 Atlantic-Richfield maintainS its Anchorage pressure tactics, assessing its past mistakes headquarters. billion in the total na.tionaI bill for gasoline. and preparing for such future battles as the Such a cut would be equivalent to a reduc­ developing national crusade against automo­ President Nixon, too, was well acquainted tion of approximately 6 per cent in the aver­ tlve pollution. Former Congressman Ikard with leading oil producers long before Mi­ age retail price." predicts "a pretty substantial change" in the chael Haider paid his cordial call at the The task force held' its last full meeting industry's expensive image-building program. White House in November. California oilmen ·in December, and a majority-five of the "We aren't dedicated to anything we are were prominent contributors to the Nixon seven members, led by Secretary of Labor doing simply because we have been doing it," personal-expense fund that erupted into headlines during the. 1952 Presidential cam­ Shultz-was prepared to accept the staff's he says. An industry committee headed by conclusions. The two dissenters were Secre­ Howard Hardesty, senior vice president o! paign. In Congress, Mr. Nixon was a. reliable tary o! the Interior Hickel and Secretary Continental Oil, has been conducting an in­ supporter of such oil measures as the tide­ of Commerce Stans, who insisted, in what tensive study of oil's public-relations efforts. lands bill, which divested the Federal Gov­ several participants have described as an In a speech last fall that attracted sym­ ernment of the offshore petroleum reserves. angry confrontation, on retention of the pathetic attention in the industry-it was As Vice President, Nixon worked closely with quota system. reprinted in full in The Oil Daily-Michel T. Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson in Present for the first time at a meeting Halbouty, a Houston oil producer, engilleer, 1956 to block a sweeping inquiry into dis­ of the task force was Attorney Genera.I John banker and former president of the American closures by the late Sena.tor Francis Case of N. Mitchell~ who emphatically told Secretary Association of Petroleum Geologists, com­ South Dakota that he had been offered a Shultz, "Don't box the President i.n." Some plained that the industry's trade associations $2,500 bribe for his vote in behalf of a bill of those present interpreted the remark as had "simply failed to inform and educate to exempt natural-gas producers from Fed­ a Presidenial request for the 11tention of the public properly." eral regulation. The law firm with which quotas. Following Mitchell's appeal, the task "Frankly," Halbouty said, "all of us took Nixon was associated before his 1968 candi­ force tempered its recommendations, though it for granted that our little red house would dacy had its share of oil clients, and oil­ it reached the basic conclusion that quotas never be blown down by those howling men-including president Robert 0. Ander­ son of rapidly growing Atlantic-Richfield­ should be scrapped in :favor of a tariff wolves. So we find ourselves behind the eight schedule. ball. We now see depletion being hammered ranked high among contributors to Nixon's Presidential campaign. The broad conclusions of the task-force down. We see serious attacks being made· on report leaked out long before it was offi­ other incentives. The mandatory import pro­ No one knows precisely-or even approxi­ cially made public, and the oil industry lost gram is in trouble. . . . The shortcoming in mately-how much money oiI pours into poli­ no time in stepping up itr efforts to win our own case has been a lack of communica­ tics, though experts on campaign financing friends and infiuence people. For ma.ny weeks tion with the people who really count. in agree that the industry outspends a.II others. it bombarded Congress and the White House this country-the people who vote. Official reporting requirements, which divulge with demands that the quota system be "We have done little to tell the history of only the tip of the iceberg. indicate that retained. oil and gas or the industry or the men who executives of oil companies and trade as­ sociations can be counted on for hundreds A retired oil executive who maintains close ha.ve made it. We have said little about how contact with the industry reported in a con­ this industry ignited and sustained the age of thousands oi dollars in contributions dur­ fidential memorandum early in February of liquid fuel and thereby helped lift the ing Presidential campaigns-the bulk of it that representatives of the Independent shackles of toil from labor. , . , We simply (except in 1964) to Republican candidates. Petroleum .Association had made ..quite an haven't put this information out properly, The role of oil money in House and Senate impression" in a meeting with Flanigan and without wrapping it in a package which had campaigns is even more obscure, although Brye& Harlow, another Presidential aide. The the sign 'support depletion' on the outside. occasional disclosures such as the 1956 memo continued: "Theme wa.s--oll revenues The people would automatically support de­ charge of a bribe attempt and the more re­ a.re key to the prosperity and state budgets, pletion if they knew what our industry cent investigations of former Senate Ma­ such as schools (over 90 per cent in Louisi­ means to them." jority Secretary Robert G. Baker indicate ana). o! the oil-producing states. Stall any From a Washington perspective, Hal­ that money is easily-and bipartisanly­ decision until after the election and in this bouty's apprehensions seem overblown. or at available to legislators who can be counted way the Republican party can capture the least premature. While the industry's critics on to vote the industry's way. Baker, whose Senate. This policy will assure Republican are increasingly outspoken and have tasted Senate mentors were Robert Kerr of Okla­ Sena.tors' election in questionable states of a few small victories, they have also been homa. and Lyndon Johnson of Texas. served Alaska, California. Wyoming, New Mexico subjected to large defeats. Though some of as both collector and distributor of oil con­ and Texas. Harlow assured the group that oil's most stalwart champions have been re­ tributions funneled through the Democratic the President ls well aware of all the facts moved by the process of attrition, others re­ Senatorial Campaign Committee in the late and will act to the best interests of the main, steadfast and loyal, in Congress and nineteen-fifties and early sixties. country." in the executive branch. Despite a few cracks Periodic disclosures of political bribery, Even more reassuring to the indu,stry was in the solid front the industry was long able which have a remarkably transitory effect on a report published Feb. 6 by Platt's Oilgram to maintain in its lobbying effort, it remains public opinion and political morality, are News Service, an "inside" newsletter for the a potent force in the capital. probably less significant than the day-in, industry, based on a.n interview With a "high When the American Petroleum Institute day-out "legitimate" relations between con­ Adm.1nlstra.tion official known to be opposed" convened 1n Houston 1n November. Admin­ gress and the powerf'ul oil industry. As Rob­ to the task-force ma.Jority's taritr recom­ istration officials on hand to deliver speeches ert Engler observed in "The Politics o! OiI,'' mendation. The official, whom industry included Treasury Secretary Kennedy, In­ a. classic study: "The spotlight here belongs sources identify as Interior Secretary Hickel, terior Under Secretary Russell E. Train and more on lawmakers and respectable men said he was convinced that the Adlnlnistra- John N. Nassikas, the new chairman of the with bulging brown briefcases entering the 10236 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 1970 portals of government than on lawbreakers In the House, the Ways and Means Com­ gressman Roger Zion announced in a news and furtive men with little black bags using mittee, which writes the nation's tax laws, release this week. side entrances of hotels. Government policy still has the essential make-up decreed for "Green Thumb employs older and retired on oil has increasingly become indistin­ it by the late Speaker Rayburn, whose policy low-income farmers to beautify the highways guishable from the private policies of was to interview all candidates for assign­ and build roadside parks and to carry out on . . .." ment to the committee on issues relating to other conservation and beautification proj­ For some lawmakers, of course, the wheel oil. (Former President Johnson exercised the ects,'' explains the congressman. of self-interest need not be oiled, even by same kind of control over the Senate Finance The Department of Labor has signed a political contributions. The late Senator Kerr Committee in his days as Majority Leader.) contract for Indiana extending the program who held a ranking position on the Finance Among those who passed Mr. Rayburn's test for five months. The program in this state Committee in the nineteen-fifties and early was former Congressman Ikard, who now employs 282 men, all over the age of 55 and sixties and was always available to the oil serves as the industry's lobbyist in chief. many who are in the 70's and BO's, who earn industry, was simply advancing his own With rare exceptions, the full House delega­ up to $1500 a year under the program. They cause as a substantial shareholder in Kerr­ tions from Texas, Oklahoma and Louisiana work two days a week. McGee Oil Industries, Inc. "Why, hell," he serve as the hard core of the oil bloc. "Local government officials have told me," said, "if everyone abstained from voting on Those legislators who are not irrevocably said Mr. Zion, "that this is one of finest grounds of personal interest, I doubt if you committed to oil's interests can :>unt on fre­ federal programs. The money goes where it could get a quorum in the United States quent, cordial contacts with the army of lob­ belongs-into the pockets of people who need Senate on any subject." byists the industry maintains in the capital. work. These older workers have many skills Senator Long, who now presides over the One aide to a Senator who is active in legis­ and talents and they do an excellent job in Finance Committee and the loyal oil contin­ lative matters affecting oil reports that he improving their communities." gent on Capitol Hill, shares his illustrious receives about 20 calls and several visits a day We agree. Sadly, too many of the well­ predecessor's view. "Most of my income is from industry spokesmen. Written commu­ intentioned schemes dreamed up in Wash­ from oil and gas," he says. "I don't regard nication is rare. ington collapse like a wet dishrag when they it as any conflict of interest. My state pro­ And the oil lobbyists are doing more than are put into operation at the grassroots level. duces more oil and gas per acre than any socializing during those visits on Capitol Green thumb is a happy exception. state in the Union. If I didn't represent the Hill. As soon as the thrust of the task-force Perhaps the reason lies in the character of oil and gas industry, I wouldn't represent report on import quotas became clear, they these old gentlemen. They are relics from the state of Louisiana." moved decisively to protect the quota system. another day, another world. When they hired According to records of the Louisiana Already scheduled are two Congressional out to a neighbor down the road, they ex­ Mineral Board, Senator Long has received in­ committee inquiries designed to attack the pected to do an honest day's work for an come of $1,196,915 since 1964 from his in­ task force's recommendations. In the House, honest day's pay. You can be assured they terests in four state oil and gas leases, and the Interior Subcommittee on Mines and still feel the same way. almost $330,000 of that income has been Mining plans an investigation of the "na­ They are experts. Turn them loose in a exempt from Federal income taxes because tional security aspects" of the quota system park or on a highway right-of-way, they can of the oil-depletion allowance. The Senator under the direction of Representative Ed see exactly what needs to be done. At their is also a trustee of family trusts that have Edmondson of Oklahoma. "He is a Congress­ unhurried, deliberate pace, what they get collected $961,443 from holdings in state man representing an oil-producing and re­ done is done right. leases since 1964; and he has an interest in fining state," one of Edmondson's aides ex­ at least seven private leases whose royalty plains. "He feeJs the smaller independent reports are not available for public scrutiny. operator gets squeezed first in this kind of issue.'' In the Senate, a planned investigation Few of his colleagues can match Senator wlll, from the industry's point of view, be in MEDICAL CARE FOR VETERANS Long's oil holdings, but many share his solic­ equally reliable hands-those of Senator itous concern for the industry's welfare. Long. Among those on whom the oil moguls can In his announcement that he would not generally count for unstinting support are HON. FRANK T. BOW immediately implement the task-force re­ OF OHIO Senators John G. Tower of Texas, Gordon port, President Nixon said he expected that Allott of Colorado, Clifford P. Hansen of such Congressional hearings would produce IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wyoming, Henry L . Bellmon of Oklahoma, "much additional valuable information." Thursday, April 2, 1970 Roman L. Hruska of Nebraska, Robert J. Dole As they make their cordial way through of Kansas, Peter H. Dominick of Colorado, the corridors of the Capitol, the oil lobbyists Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, the President Allen J. Ellender of Louisiana, Theodore F. complain that things just haven't been going is to be commended for his swift response Stevens of Alaska, George Murphy of Cali­ right lately. Some predict the most drastic to the problems of the Veterans' Admin­ fornia and Karl E. Mundt of South Dakota. consequences-not just for the industry but istration hospital system arising out of Most--but not all--of oil's fast friends in for the nation-if the quota system is the special medical problems of many the Senate are stanch conservatives. None­ scrapped. theless, such liberal heroes as J. William But they don't really look very worried. Vietnam veterans. Fulbright of Arkansas and Eugene J . Mc­ The well is not about to run dry. Ills statement today shows both an Carthy of Minnesota can usually be counted understanding of the problem and a de­ on to see oil's side. When a crucial vote on sire to do whatever is possible to assure depletion came up in the Senate Finance the highest standard of medical care for Committee last fall and resulted ln an eight­ veterans. to-eight tie, Senator McCarthy, a member of GREEN THUMB GAINS SUPPORT the committee, was in a New York res­ As a member of the Appropriations taurant autographing copies of his book on Committee, I shall do all in my power to the 1968 campaign, which includes a stern HON. LEE H. HAMILTON make certain the additional funds re­ rebuttal of charges that he has favored the OF INDIANA quested are provided as speedily as pos­ oil interests. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sible. This program deserves and must re­ McCarthy, who voted consistently against Thursday, April 2, 1970 ceive the highest domestic priority. oil privileges during most of his first Senate In respect to the present situation in term, cast his first vote in favor of depletion Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, I in­ the VA hospitals, it is only fair to say in 1964 anc has generally favored the in­ clude the following editorial in which my that it is extremely difficult today, no dustry's positions since. There were pub­ colleague, the Honorable ROGER ZION lished reports in 1968 that he had raised matter what funds are available, to ob­ about $40,000 for his Presidential campaign from Indiana's Eighth Congressional tain the skilled medical practitioners we in one day at the Petroleum Club in Hous­ District, commends the work of the would like to have to provide superior ton. Green Thumb job program for senior attention for the Vietnam veteran. There Sena.tor Fulbright's unswerving loyalty citizens in Indiana. I can only add that is a shortage of such men and women to his state's oil and gas interests is per­ I have observed, first-hand, the growth throughout the United States and the haps more understandable, but he has oc­ and the success of this project and I am Veterans' Administration must compete casionally carried it beyond mere routine pleased to see it recognized aJ a meaning­ for their services with thousands of other support. When Senator Case of South Dakota ful program. The editorial follows: disclosed the attempt to buy votes for the institutions. The President has men­ 1956 natural-gas bill, Fulbright accused him (From the Paoli Republican, Mar. 10, 1970) tioned this problem in his statement to­ of being "irresponsible": to jeopardize pas­ GREEN THUMB-BACK IN BUSINESS day. I know it is a matter of greatest con­ sage of the b111 was "inexcusable,.. Fulbright The Green Thumb Job program for senior cern to Dr. Ekeberg, our distinguished explained. citizens will be continued in Indiana, Con- Assistant Secretary for Health. April 2, 1970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10237 UNITED STATES SHOULD RESPOND French interest in the neutrality of Indo­ genuinely pressing for a negotiated solution FAVORABLY TO FRENCH PRO­ china is long standing and officials here in Vietnam involving some comproinise on POSAL FOR INDOCHINA CONFER­ habitually refer to the 1954 agreements as both sides and to indicate our readiness to well as to those of 1962, on Laos, as the prin­ extend the scope of the negotiations to in­ ENCE ciples by which the concerned parties should clude Cambodia and Laos. First moves in guide theinSelves. this direction would be: ( 1) an explicit dis­ It is not believed that there was a prior avowal of the Dulles doctrine that neutrality HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM consultation on the possibility of a new is immoral; (2) the immediate appointment OF NEW YORK conference before the French made the sug­ of an American of world stature to take IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gestion, but the statement said that France charge not only of the Paris negotiations but would "actively contribute" to bring about also of the wider negotiations we hope to Thursday, April 2, 1970 a general understanding. enter into; (3) announcement of a definite Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, the pro­ Two weeks ago, when the Cabinet met, the schedule for total withdrawal of American posal issued yesterday by the French Government expressed fear of a spread of forces from Vietnam; (4) strong pressure on Cabinet to convene a general interna­ the conflict and at today's meeting it found the repressive Thieu government to include the situation aggravated and its fears con­ representatives of all non-communist elP.­ tional conference on Indochina in the firmed. ments in Vietnam so as to make possible face of recent developments in Laos and The two cabinet meetings at which the negotiations leading toward a genuinely Cambodia is a most welcome one. While Government took a stand on the Indochina neutral government. I severely criticized recent French policy problem followed a long period of silence The initiative of France, a power which in the Middle East, I feel that France imposed by the desire to lend a discreet hand has since 1954 been a genuine neutral in the has maintained genuine neutrality to­ to the participants in the peace talks here. area, offers a welcome opportunity for the ward Southeast Asia since 1954. The The renewal of French overt activity was U.S. to start getting out of the intolerable also characterized by moves by French diplo­ predicament we are in. French initiative, therefore, should be mats in Hanoi, Peking and Pnompenh, all de­ JONATHAN B. BINGHAM, regarded as both constructive and oppor­ signed to express French concern and exert Member of Congress. tune. It offers, in my view, a fresh chance a moderating influence on the parties. for this country to begin to extract itself The French ambassador in Peking, Etienna from our predicament in that area of the Manac'h, was reported to have conferred with world. the deposed Cambodian chief of State, Prince THE MAILMEN "GIVE IT A JOLT" I have today communicated these Norodom Sihanouk and to have told him he thoughts to the President, urging him to would not have French support if he set up a government in exile. HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER respond favorably to the French proposal The Government said hope of keeping OF NEW YORK by immediately appointing an American Cambodia and Laos neutral and peaceful IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of world stature to take charge not only was not lost. Success, the cabinet said, in­ of the Paris negotiations, but also of the volves the cessation of all foreign inter­ Thursday, April 2, 1970 wider negotiations we hope to enter. Such vention and the respect of the sovereignty Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, as we a response, along with several other steps and territorial integrity of each country. continue to seek an equitable resolution which I have specified in my telegram to The Government appeared to be warning to the current postal dispute, we might the President, would revive long dor­ the United States and North Vietnam and its allies in equal measure. well pay attention to the excellent analy­ mant efforts on the part of the United A reference to "a really independent South sis of the Government's obligations to its States to achieve a negotiated settle­ Vietnam" implied equal condemnation of the employees in a March 24 editorial in the ment in Vietnam. It would also clearly United States and North Vietnam for main­ New York Times by Tom Wicker. Be­ indicate our readiness to extend the scope taining forces there. The phrase also sug­ cause of my agreement with the conclu­ of the negotiations to include Cambodia gested that the present Saigon regime was sions reached by Mr. Wicker and because and Laos as a means of reducing the less than independent. I believe it imperative that we move alarming possibility that the Vietnamese The Government noted that the Cam­ quickly in Congress to redress the war might spread to those areas. bodian Embassy here had reaffirmed Cam­ bodia's desire oo be neutral. The Cambodian longstanding grievances of our postal Today's New York Times report on the Ambassador ~aid at a news conference today employees. I insert the editorial in the French Cabinet proposal, and the text that this neutrality was being violated by the RECORD: of the telegram I have sent to President presence of foreign troops-North Vietnamese THE MAILMEN "GIVE IT A JOLT" Nixon urging a favorable U.S. response, and Vietcong-which refused oo leave. (By Tom Wicker) follow: WASHINGTON, March 23.--0f course, Pres­ FRANCE PROPOSES INDOCHINA PARLEY CITING APRll. 2, 1970. The PRESIDENT, ident Nixon is right that the postal workers WAR'S SPREAD, CABINET ASKS A MEETING­ cannot be allowed to strike against the GENEVA FORMULA A Possmn.ITY The White House, Government; and, of course, he cannot Washintgon, D.C.: negotiate on their wage demands until they (By Henry Giniger) As a vigorous critic of recent French policy PARIS.-The French Government called in the Middle East, I nonetheless welcome return to work, because to do so would be tonight for a general conference on Indo­ the French proposal of an international con­ to legitimate an illegal strike. But neither china to make the area as a whole "a zone ference aimed at finding a solution for the these a.ssertions nor the use of troops to de­ of neutrality and peace." problem of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. I liver the mail in New York goes to the heart A statement issued by the Cabinet said hope you will respond promptly and posi­ of the matter, which is whether the situation that the Vietnamese war was spreading to tively to this proposal and will urge the other should have been allowed to oome to such an Laos and Cambodia and that all foreign in­ parties involved to do likewise. impasse. tervention had to end if peace and neutrality I am sure that your Adininistration gen­ The postal situation, in fact, is all too were to prevail. uinely does not want to see the Vietnam exemplary of what so often happens in Amer­ "The French Government is convinced," war extended inoo Laos or Cambodia. How­ ica today. An institution fails to respond the Cabinet said, "that the extension of a war ever, I fear that you will feel compelled to quickly or effectively to the needs or desires that tends to become indivisible can be extend our military involvement as a ne<;­ of those it affects; they then take matters avoided only by negotiation between all in­ essary consequence of our insistence on con­ inoo their own hands; and the institution terested parties with a view to seeking and tinuing the war in Vietnam to maintain an is forced to respond with tough mea.sures­ guaranteeing the bases of a peace, itself anti-communist bastion there. political repression or strike-breaking. invisible." The ouster of Sihanouk demonstrates the MISTRUST OF "THE SYSTEM" Leo Hamon, the Government spokesman, paradox that neutral leadership in Southeast When that happens, those--whether said a reconvening of the Geneva Conference Asia may serve U.S. interests better than blacks, students or postmen-who tried and of 1954, which brought an end to the French­ provocative anti-communism. · failed to get a response, before turning to the Indochinese war, was one possibility. The The North Vietnamese pressure on Laos direct action for which they are rebuked, can official statement implied that such a gen­ shows that Hanoi has the capability of out­ hardly be blamed for developing a bitter mis­ eral conference could replace the talks be­ flanking our position in Vietnam even if our trust of "the system." The first requirement ing held here, with little result, by the war there seems for the time being to be of any institution should be that it func­ United States, South Vietnam, the Vietcong succeeding. tion with reasonable effectiveness and equity; and North Vietnam. It seems clear that the developments in if it does not, it can hardly hope for and The French decision to speak out was Cambodia and Laos were a consequence of does not deserve allegiance and respect. backed by references made by President Pom­ the continuing American Inilitary involve­ The postal workers, for instance, as well pidou two weeks ago to Laos and Cambodia ment in Vietnam. as other Government employes, have been as "islands of French culture and presence in I urge you Mr. President to return to the asked to abide by the self-evident proposition that part of the world." posture of 18 months a go when the U.S. was that there is no right to strike against the 10238 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 2, 197~ Government. But it ls equally self-evident tures an article by Mr. William Schulz ways to points along the Texas, New Mex­ that, if that is so, the Government must take concerning contraband traffic in marl· ico, Arizona and California borders. care to maintain its side of the compact. Its huana, heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, Much of it winds up in Tijuana, the wide­ employers must not be put in .the position open border town just below San Diego. Be­ of having no way to gain a just end except and barbiturates. cause of 'l'ijuana's heavy international traf­ by breaking the law. Included in the article, entitled "The fic-more than 100,000 people cross the bor­ Smugglers of Misery," is the story of der every day-most of the college students, ECONOMIC PRESSURES Donald Rice, a 25-year-old San Fran­ ·hippies and others who buy small a.mounts Without asserting that the postal workers' ciscan who earned thousands of dollars

SENATE-Friday, April 3, 1970 The Senate met at 10 o'clock a.m., Senate from the President pro tempore Senator from Florida