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The Effect of Pesticides, Cultivar Selection and Soil Biogfumigation on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Using Tomato As a Model Sy

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The Effect of Pesticides, Cultivar Selection and Soil Biogfumigation on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Using Tomato As a Model Sy Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. The effect of pesticides, cultivar selection and soil biofumgation on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, using tomato as a model system. A thesis in submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters Department of Ecology Lincoln University by Christine Bayler Lincoln University 2015 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of three different pesticides, three tomato cultivars, and two mustard biofumigants on the establishment and survival of four species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Acaulospora capsicula, A. laevis, Funneliformis mosseae and Scutellospora calospora). In vitro spore germination of the four AMF species at standard rates of two fungicides (carbendazim and captan), the insecticide chlorpyrifos, or water (control) was observed weekly for 21 days. After 21 days higher germination was observed for S. calospora spores compared with F. mosseae, A. capsicula and A. laevis, but no differences were observed between the pesticide treatments and the control. The response of the four AMF species to carbendazim applied as a foliar spray, and captan and chlorpyrifos applied as soil drenches, was tested by examining the presence/ absence of colonisation (18 days post application) in tomato roots samples, grown in low P potting mix. Tomato growth responses (shoot height and diameter and root and shoot dry weight) were also measured. Fewer tomato roots treated with carbendazim and captan were colonised compared with chlorpyrifos and non-treatment control. A second experiment observed the response of two AMF species (F. mosseae and S. calospora) to the three pesticides on tomatoes grown in silt loam harvested at 10 and 28 days post application. At the first harvest there were no differences in tomato growth in response to the pesticide treatments, but the plants inoculated with AMF were larger than the non-inoculated controls in all tomato growth measures. Scutellospora calospora root colonisation at the first harvest was negatively affected by carbendazim and chlorpyrifos compared to F. mosseae. At the second harvest growth measures were affected by both AMF species and pesticides, with all showing increased growth in the AMF inoculated tomatoes compared to the control, and most showed increased growth in response to carbendazim and chlorpyrifos compared to captan and the non-treatment control. At the second harvest F. mosseae had fewer colonised roots than S. calospora and the non-inoculated control, and the chlorpyrifos treatment decreased colonisation overall. The effect of the four species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on three cultivars of tomato, Moneymaker and Aunt Ruby’s German Green and Sweet 100 was studied by examining growth responses and the presence/ absence of colonisation of root samples after 6 and 9 weeks. AMF had no effect on tomato growth at 6 weeks, but at 9 weeks shoot dry weights were lower for F. mosseae and S. calospora. Root colonisation in Sweet 100 was higher than Moneymaker and Aunt Ruby’s German Green. Two mustards (Caliente 199 and Brassica juncea) were grown in silt 1a loam for 35 days before being mulched and incorporated into the top 100 mm of silt loam in 4 L containers. AMF spores, sealed in micromesh bags, were buried at within the mulch layer (50 mm deep) and below the mulch layer (150 mm deep) for 14 days before being recovered and tested for in vitro germination, their ability to colonise and effect on the growth of Moneymaker tomatoes. Fewer Acaulospora capsicula spores were recovered in the Caliente 199 and mustard treatments compared with the non-treatment control. Germination of A. capsicula spores recovered from below the mulch was higher than for those recovered from within the mulch, whilst the opposite was seen for A. laevis. Spores buried below the mulch in the mustard treatment produced taller tomato plants than spores in the Caliente 199 and non-treatment control; and spores buried within the mulch had taller plants than the spores buried below the mulch in the Caliente 199 treatment, but no other differences in tomato growth were observed. A higher number of roots were colonised by AMF spores recovered after burial within the mulch compared with below the mulch. This study has demonstrated the resilience of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizal associations to horticultural management practices. Neither the pesticides or biofumigant treatments had any permanent effect on the AMF species, nor did the three cultivars show affiliation for a particular AMF species. 1b Acknowledgements My supervisors Dr. Eirian Jones, Dr. Haley Ridgway and Dr. Marlene Jaspers, thank you for your support and guidance. All the Lincoln University technicians and staff who assisted me; Sandy, Dalin, Candice and Miles from the Ecology Department, Brent and Leona at the Lincoln University Nursery, Don and the lads at FSC, and statistician Simon Hodge, thank you especially Sandy for spending days very carefully washing potting mix and soil off roots in extremely cold water. Barbara and Chris Barrett and Leanne Bayler for opening your homes to me when I needed a place to stay in Canterbury, providing airport shuttle services and home cooked meals. Mum and Dad for providing a haven of peace and endless cups of tea when I needed to write. My brothers Bill, Ross, Tony and John for keeping my feet firmly on the ground, I only wish John and Dad were still here to see the end of this. My three beautiful children, Hero, Maxwell and Zoë, thank you for putting up with an at times absentee mother who was also absent-minded and short-tempered. Finally my lovely husband Nick, I would never have even started this Master’s degree without your unfailing support, let alone finished it. Thank you for pushing me and periodically sending me to my parent’s so I could write in peace away from the demands of running a business and a family. To the seven thousand odd earthquakes I lived through in Canterbury from September 2010 to July 2011, thanks for nothing. 2 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Mycorrhiza .................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 The New Zealand horticulture industry........................................................................ 19 1.3 Pests and diseases ...................................................................................................... 20 1.4 Management practices and arbuscular mycorrhiza ..................................................... 22 1.5 Experiments and Earthquakes ..................................................................................... 27 1.6 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 28 1.7 References .................................................................................................................. 29 Chapter 2: The effect of three pesticides on four species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi .. 39 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 39 2.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................... 41 2.3 Experiment 1 – The effect of three pesticides on spore germination of the four AMF species in vitro .................................................................................................................. 42 2.4 Experiment 2 – The effect of three pesticides on four AMF species on “Moneymaker” tomatoes grown in potting mix ......................................................................................... 44 2.5 Experiment 3 - The effect of three pesticides on two AMF species on “Moneymaker” tomatoes grown in soil ..................................................................................................... 47 2.6 Results ........................................................................................................................ 48 Experiment 1– The effect of three pesticides on spore germination of the four AMF species in vitro .............................................................................................................................. 48 2.7 Experiment 2 – The effect of three pesticides on four AMF species on “Moneymaker” tomatoes grown in potting mix ......................................................................................... 50 2.8 Experiment 3 - The effect of three pesticides on two AMF species on “Moneymaker” tomatoes grown in soil ..................................................................................................... 57 2.9 Discussion ..................................................................................................................
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