DOCSLIB.ORG

Memoir 216 3300 Penrose Place, P.O

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Memoir 216 3300 Penrose Place, P.O Revising the Revisions: James Hutton’s Reputation among Geologists in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries by A. M. Celâl Şengör İTÜ Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü ve Maden Fakültesi Jeoloji Bölümü Ayazağa 34469 İstanbul Turkey Memoir 216 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140 Boulder, Colorado 80301-9140, USA 2020 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/5198018/mwr216-00.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 Copyright © 2020, The Geological Society of America (GSA), Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright is not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within the scope of their employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA, to use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in other subsequent works and to make unlimited photocopies of items in this volume for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education and science. Permission is also granted to authors to post the abstracts only of their articles on their own or their organization’s website providing that the posting cites the GSA publication in which the material appears and the citation includes the address line: “Geological Society of America, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140 USA (https://www.geosociety.org),” and also providing that the abstract as posted is identical to that which appears in the GSA publication. In addition, an author has the right to use his or her article or a portion of the article in a thesis or dissertation without requesting permission from GSA, provided that the bibliographic citation and the GSA copyright credit line are given on the appropriate pages. For any other form of capture, reproduction, and/or distribution of any item in this volume by any means, contact Permissions, GSA, 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, Colorado 80301-9140, USA; fax +1-303-357-1070; [email protected]. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, sexual orientation, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official positions of the Society. Published by The Geological Society of America, Inc. 3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, Colorado 80301-9140, USA www.geosociety.org Printed in U.S.A. GSA Books Science Editors: Joan Florsheim, Christian Koeberl, and Nancy Riggs Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Şengör, A. M. Celâl, author. Title: Revising the revisions : James Hutton’s reputation among geologists in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries / by A.M. Celâl Şengör, İTÜ Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü ve Maden Fakültesi Jeoloji Bölümü, Ayazağa 34469, Istanbul, Turkey. Description: Boulder, Colorado : The Geological Society of America, Inc., 2020. | Series: Memoir ; 216 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2020043127 (print) | LCCN 2020043128 (ebook) | ISBN 9780813712161 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780813782164 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Hutton, James, 1726-1797--Influence. | Geology--History--18th century. | Geology--History--19th century. Classification: LCC QE11 .S46 2020 (print) | LCC QE11 (ebook) | DDC 551.092--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020043127 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020043128 Cover: James Hutton. Etching by J. Kay, 1787. John Kay’s famous caricature showing James Hutton in front of an outcrop at the Salisbury Crags near Edinburgh that had taken the shape of the heads of his opponents. The second from the top, directly facing an amazed Hutton, is most likely Jean-André Deluc, with his pointed nose and prominent chin. The one at the bottom is possibly Francis Lord Jeffrey (1773–1850), jurist and one of the founders of the Edinburgh Review and its editor between 1803 to 1829 (Dean, 1992, p. 126), with his bulbous forehead, bushy eyebrows and a suggestion of a double-chin. In between is probably Robert Jameson with the suggestion of a slight ski-jump nose with a rounded end and pursed lips. Detail of National Portrait Gallery image NPGD18643, © National Portrait Gallery, London, npg.org.uk. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/5198018/mwr216-00.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 Contents Dedication .........................................................................v Preface ............................................................................ix Acknowledgments ................................................................... xi Abstract ............................................................................1 Introduction ........................................................................2 Science and Historiography of Science: The Case of Geology ................................2 Revisionist Claims Concerning Hutton’s Place in Geology ...................................4 The British Empire ...................................................................9 Before Lyell ......................................................................9 After Lyell and before Geikie ........................................................38 Appendix to Hutton in the British Empire: Hutton in the Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society ..................................................................45 France ............................................................................49 Before Lyell .....................................................................49 After Lyell and before Geikie ........................................................61 The Russian Empire .................................................................70 Before Lyell .....................................................................70 After Lyell and before Geikie ........................................................72 Germany ..........................................................................74 Before Lyell .....................................................................74 After Lyell and before Geikie ........................................................77 Austrian Empire (Austro-Hungary After 1867) ...........................................88 Before Lyell .....................................................................88 After Lyell and Before Geikie .......................................................89 Switzerland ........................................................................92 After Lyell and Before Geikie .......................................................92 Italy ..............................................................................94 Before Lyell .....................................................................94 After Lyell and Before Geikie .......................................................97 The United States of America ........................................................101 Before Lyell ....................................................................101 After Lyell and Before Geikie ......................................................105 iii Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/5198018/mwr216-00.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 iv Contents Discussion .......................................................................111 Hutton Regarded as the Founder of Modern Geology (A chronology from 1829 to 1897) .......111 Hutton’s Theory Regarded as Something New (A chronology from 1787 to 1878). 113 Hutton Regarded as the Founder of Metamorphic Geology ...............................114 Evaluation of the Historical Record ..................................................114 Conclusions ......................................................................121 References Cited ...................................................................122 Notes ............................................................................137 Indices ..........................................................................151 Geographical Localities ...........................................................151 People .........................................................................155 Subjects .......................................................................161 Titles of Publications .............................................................169 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/5198018/mwr216-00.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 Dedicated, with deep gratitude, to three great scientists, who are also great historians and philosophers of science: Edward Harrison, Steven Weinberg and David Deutsch v Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/5198018/mwr216-00.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/5198018/mwr216-00.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization. —Voltaire Diligence and accuracy are the only merits which an historical writer may ascribe to himself; if any merit indeed can be assumed from the performance of an indispensable duty. I may therefore be allowed to say that I have carefully examined all the original materials that could illustrate the subject which I had undertaken to treat. —Edward Gibbon The impression produced upon the public mind by the new doctrines introduced and established, from time to time, by physical science … are always liable to be underrated by historians. —Sir Charles Lyell What a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mathematics Is a Gentleman's Art: Analysis and Synthesis in American College Geometry Teaching, 1790-1840 Amy K
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2000 Mathematics is a gentleman's art: Analysis and synthesis in American college geometry teaching, 1790-1840 Amy K. Ackerberg-Hastings Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Higher Education and Teaching Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Recommended Citation Ackerberg-Hastings, Amy K., "Mathematics is a gentleman's art: Analysis and synthesis in American college geometry teaching, 1790-1840 " (2000). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 12669. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/12669 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margwis, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. in the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Champ Math Study Guide Indesign
    Champions of Mathematics — Study Guide — Questions and Activities Page 1 Copyright © 2001 by Master Books, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication may be reproduced for educational purposes only. BY JOHN HUDSON TINER To get the most out of this book, the following is recommended: Each chapter has questions, discussion ideas, research topics, and suggestions for further reading to improve students’ reading, writing, and thinking skills. The study guide shows the relationship of events in Champions of Mathematics to other fields of learning. The book becomes a springboard for exploration in other fields. Students who enjoy literature, history, art, or other subjects will find interesting activities in their fields of interest. Parents will find that the questions and activities enhance their investments in the Champion books because children of different age levels can use them. The questions with answers are designed for younger readers. Questions are objective and depend solely on the text of the book itself. The questions are arranged in the same order as the content of each chapter. A student can enjoy the book and quickly check his or her understanding and comprehension by the challenge of answering the questions. The activities are designed to serve as supplemental material for older students. The activities require greater knowledge and research skills. An older student (or the same student three or four years later) can read the book and do the activities in depth. CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS 1. A B C D — Pythagoras was born on an island in the (A. Aegean Sea B. Atlantic Ocean C. Caribbean Sea D.
    [Show full text]
  • James Hutton, the Scottish Enlightenment and the North West
    by Vivien As old as the hills Martin ECENTLY we had a display of fossils Rin the library. A young woman with two small children examined a fossilised James Hutton, the Scottish dinosaur tooth with great interest. She then turned to me and asked if cavemen would have kept dinosaurs as pets. And to my surprise the question was serious. Enlightenment and the It brought home to me just how difficult the concept of time can be. Especially the further back you go. All those billions of years that have gone into creating North West Highlands Geopark the planet we know today, including the millions it’s taken for our particular bit of it, Scotland, to reach its present form. Such a vast span of time can be hard, if not impossible, for our minds to grasp. This ‘deep time’, as it’s called, is measured in eons, eras, periods and epochs. Geologists believe that many of these eras were brought to an end by specific cataclysmic events. Like, for example, the one 64 million years ago, when a gigantic meteor strike is thought to have set off a chain reaction so destructive that it led to mass extinctions on Earth, the dinosaurs included. Extinctions that occurred long, long before the arrival of humans. So no, if you were a caveman you most certainly wouldn’t have had a dinosaur as a pet! Fred Flintstone has a lot to answer for! “Go to the mountains to read the immeasurable course of time.” James Hutton, 1788 Fred Flintstone has a lot to Fred & Dino Credit Hanna-Barbera Gruinard Bay answer for! Prof Lorna The North West Highlands Dawson of the Geopark welcomes you! James Hutton Institute So how do we know how old the earth is? After all, humankind is one of the more recent additions to the planet and people weren’t around to witness what happened.
    [Show full text]
  • Enlightened Scotland: How the Age of Reason Made an Impact on the Country's Thinkers
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Enlighten Riach, A. (2017) Enlightened Scotland: How the Age of Reason made an impact on the country's thinkers. National, 2017, 21 Apr. This is the author’s final accepted version. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/161602/ Deposited on: 01 May 2018 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk The Enlightenment Alan Riach From the moment in 1660 when Thomas Urquhart dies laughing to the publication of Walter Scott’s first novel Waverley in 1814, Scottish literature becomes increasingly aware of itself. That is, Scottish writers – some of them – become increasingly self-conscious of their own literary ancestors. This is brought about centrally in the work of Allan Ramsay (1684-1758), in his anthologies of earlier poets, and in the edition of Gavin Douglas’s translation of Virgil’s Aeneid (1710) published by Thomas Ruddiman (1674-1757), which was probably what Burns was quoting from in the epigraph to “Tam o’ Shanter”: “Of Brownyis and Bogillis full is this Buke.” The evolutionary turn towards greater self-awareness, the process of questioning the formation of national identity, the position of that identity in an ongoing struggle for economic prosperity and international colonial and imperial power, is central in the history of Scotland from around 1660 to 1707. It underlies and suffuses the writing of philosophers, politicians, dramatists, novelists, poets, and travel writers.
    [Show full text]
  • Hutton S Geological Tours 1
    Science & Education James Hutton's Geological Tours of Scotland: Romanticism, Literary Strategies, and the Scientific Quest --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: Full Title: James Hutton's Geological Tours of Scotland: Romanticism, Literary Strategies, and the Scientific Quest Article Type: Research Article Keywords: James Hutton; geology; literature; Romanticism; travel writing; Scotland; landscape. Corresponding Author: Tom Furniss University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UNITED KINGDOM Corresponding Author Secondary Information: Corresponding Author's Institution: University of Strathclyde Corresponding Author's Secondary Institution: First Author: Tom Furniss First Author Secondary Information: All Authors: Tom Furniss All Authors Secondary Information: Abstract: Rather than focussing on the relationship between science and literature, this article attempts to read scientific writing as literature. It explores a somewhat neglected element of the story of the emergence of geology in the late eighteenth century - James Hutton's unpublished accounts of the tours of Scotland that he undertook in the years 1785 to 1788 in search of empirical evidence for his theory of the earth. Attention to Hutton's use of literary techniques and conventions highlights the ways these texts dramatise the journey of scientific discovery and allow Hutton's readers to imagine that they were virtual participants in the geological quest, conducted by a savant whose self-fashioning made him a reliable guide through Scotland's geomorphology and the landscapes of
    [Show full text]
  • James Hutton's Reputation Among Geologists in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
    The Geological Society of America Memoir 216 Revising the Revisions: James Hutton’s Reputation among Geologists in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries A. M. Celâl Şengör* İTÜ Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü ve Maden Fakültesi, Jeoloji Bölümü, Ayazağa 34469 İstanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT A recent fad in the historiography of geology is to consider the Scottish polymath James Hutton’s Theory of the Earth the last of the “theories of the earth” genre of publications that had begun developing in the seventeenth century and to regard it as something behind the times already in the late eighteenth century and which was subsequently remembered only because some later geologists, particularly Hutton’s countryman Sir Archibald Geikie, found it convenient to represent it as a precursor of the prevailing opinions of the day. By contrast, the available documentation, pub- lished and unpublished, shows that Hutton’s theory was considered as something completely new by his contemporaries, very different from anything that preceded it, whether they agreed with him or not, and that it was widely discussed both in his own country and abroad—from St. Petersburg through Europe to New York. By the end of the third decade in the nineteenth century, many very respectable geologists began seeing in him “the father of modern geology” even before Sir Archibald was born (in 1835). Before long, even popular books on geology and general encyclopedias began spreading the same conviction. A review of the geological literature of the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries shows that Hutton was not only remembered, but his ideas were in fact considered part of the current science and discussed accord- ingly.
    [Show full text]
  • During the Middle of the 18Th Century an Intellectual Revolution Took Place in Scotland That Still Has Resonance and Impact Today
    SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT A BRILLIANCE THAT RADIATES 300 YEARS ON During the middle of the 18th century an intellectual revolution took place in Scotland that still has resonance and impact today WORDS: Stewart McRobert 16 | DISCOVER | SUMMER 2019 he Scottish Enlightenment It coincides with a meeting of the was an outburst of ideas International Society for Eighteenth- covering an array of Century Studies which takes place in disciplines, from geology and Edinburgh in July. engineering to architecture, This sees 1,500 academics from A BRILLIANCE philosophy, medicine, around the world discuss the wider Age Teconomics and the law. They were of Enlightenment, which encompasses developed by people whose thoughts and developments in Europe and the United achievements are still celebrated around States. As part of this congress, the the world – Adam Smith, David Hume, Library is undertaking a joint event with Robert Burns, James Hutton, James Watt the Society and has commissioned THAT RADIATES and many others. work by postgraduate students who will A major National Library of Scotland further explore Library collections that exhibition – Northern Lights, beginning relate to the Scottish Enlightenment. on 21 June and running through to One of those curating the main April 2020 – celebrates the Scottish exhibition, Ralph McLean, Manuscripts 300 YEARS ON Enlightenment and its key figures. Curator (Long 18th-Century Collections), FIGURES OF HISTORY: From left: David Hume, Robert Burns, Adam Smith and James Watt SUMMER 2019 | DISCOVER | 17 SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT revealed that the Library has been observed: “Here I stand at what is the was vital. They include Alison Cockburn. collecting material relating to the Scottish Cross of Edinburgh, and can, in a few She was a literary hostess and writer – Enlightenment since the movement was minutes, take 50 men of genius and her version of the Scots song The Flowers in progress.
    [Show full text]
  • James Hutton November 1740, at the Age of Fourteen, He Entered the University of Edinburgh
    James Hutton November 1740, at the age of fourteen, he entered the University of Edinburgh. This was not as remarkable as it now sounds, for at this time the Scottish universities competed with the schools to educate the brightest pupils. At the University of Edinburgh Hutton was taught mathematics by Maclaurin and logic and metaphysics by John Stevenson. He graduated in the spring of 1743, still only seventeen years old. After graduating, Hutton took a job as an apprentice to a solicitor, but his mind was not on the work as Playfair recounts: ... the young man's propensity to study continued, and he was often found amusing himself and his fellow apprentices with chemical experiments when he should have been copying papers, or studying the forms of legal proceedings. Hutton, deciding to take the training, which involved the most chemistry, returned to the Born: 3 June 1726 in Edinburgh, Scotland University of Edinburgh in November 1744 to Died: 26 March 1797 in Edinburgh, Scotland undertake medical studies. However before he could begin his second year of studies the 1745 James Hutton's mother was Sarah Balfour and rebellion had broken out and his former his father was William Hutton. James was born lecturer Maclaurin was organising the defence into a wealthy family for his father William was of the city against the Jacobite armies. It was a a merchant who held the office of Edinburgh year before he could resume his studies, which city treasurer. he did in 1746. William owned a 140 acre farm at Slighhouses In 1747 Hutton fathered an illegitimate child.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Discover' Issue 41 Pages 11-25 (PDF)
    MY LIBRARY Owen Dudley Edwards’s father said he owed his career to a librarian and the former Edinburgh University history lecturer gets his point OWEN DUDLEY EDWARDS love A HYMN OF A familiar voice on the PA system at closing time leads Owen Dudley Edwards, who marks this year as his 50th as a National Library of Scotland reader, on a walk along the shelves of memory, featuring past librarians. Each exudes patience, inspires academics, talks in eloquent tones – or excludes undergraduates SUMMER 2019 | DISCOVER | 11 MY LIBRARY t is 6.40pm on Monday to Thursday, of authoritative Irish historiography or else 4.40pm on Friday or established in the academic journal Irish Saturday, and a voice is telling us to Historical Studies. Father was giving a draw our work to a conclusion. In 10 striking proof of what academics should minutes’ time it will tell us to finish know to be a truism, that behind every Iall work and hand in any of the property scholarly enterprise is one or more of the National Library of Scotland which librarians without whom it would have we may be using. been written on water. The Library is my home away from Richard Ellmann, master-biographer home, my best beloved public workplace of Joyce and Wilde, and David Krause, since I retired from lecturing in history at critic and editor of Sean O’Casey and his the University of Edinburgh 14 years ago, Letters, told me of their own debts to but cherished by me for a half-century. the National Library of Ireland.
    [Show full text]
  • Dark Money’S Influence on How You Vote Zihao Fang1, Nancy Shepherd2 1Palo Alto High School, 2Palo Alto City Council
    Dark Money’s Influence on How You Vote Zihao Fang1, Nancy Shepherd2 1Palo Alto High School, 2Palo Alto City Council “The vast majority of Americans believe money buys results in Congress; less than a quarter of Americans believe the institution worthy of their trust.” -Lawrence Lessig, Professor at Harvard Law School Does Dark Money Affect Election Outcomes? INTRODUCTION DATA & FINDINGS While funding affecting voting outcomes was confidence in their institutions, causing It has long been debated if dark money, or A total of eleven sources were analyzed to understand dark funding’s effects. The debated in the past, the newest research suggests suppressed voter turnouts and exacerbating election campaign funding that comes from data collected from these sources are in Table 1. that funding has a strong influence on election political inequality (Reynolds 1993; Hutton and organizations that are not required to reveal their Table 1: A list of the sources analyzed in this literature review organized in chronological order, highlighting key points. (By Author) Year Peer Article/Source Summary Policy Suggestion outcomes. “American Tradition Partnership,” a PBS Watad 1999; Lessig 2010; Fang 2012; donors, influences election results and is review documentary, shows that funded attack ads were Dahlberg and Solevid 2016). PACs also created therefore detrimental to U.S. democracy. 1983 Yes Options to Limit PAC Political - Legislation pertaining to PAC funds must be “vital to - Should limit PAC Financing and Independent government interest.” contributions more by the cause of John Ward’s failed election in a loophole allowing foreign money into America Expenditures Regardless of amending Constitution Source in Congressional - Prefers public funding Montana.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratising Infrastructure
    Political Geography 87 (2021) 102378 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Political Geography journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/polgeo Intervention: Democratising infrastructure Bregje van Veelen a, Ludovico Rella b, Gerald Taylor Aiken c,*, Emily Judson d, Evelina Gambino e, Alke Jenss f, Ankur Parashar g, Annabel Pinker h a Uppsala University, Sweden b Durham University, United Kingdom c Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER), Luxembourg d Exeter University, United Kingdom e University College London, United Kingdom f Arnold Bergstraesser Institute, Germany g Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, India h James Hutton Institute, United Kingdom ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This intervention seeks to revivify democratic thinking in political geography, through foregrounding and plu­ Infrastructure ralising its material and temporal dimensions. At the same time, it speaks to a renewed centrality and relevance Democracy of infrastructure and infrastructural projects in political discourse. The contributions included here demonstrate Governance how an infrastructural lens can offer new insights into democratic spaces, practices, and temporalities, offering Materiality more expansive versions of what it means to act politically. Specifically,these contributions intervene in existing Temporality Citizenship geographical debates by bringing to the fore four underexplored dimensions of democratic governance: (im) materiality, connectivity, performativity, and temporality. In doing so,
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Mineral Quantification -From Poorly Crystalline Phases and Interstratified Soil Clay Minerals to Digital Soil Mineralogy
    Thematic Session 12 Soil mineral quantification -from poorly crystalline phases and interstratified soil clay minerals to digital soil mineralogy Jan Dietel LLBB, Berlin, Germany [email protected] Reiner Dohrmann BGR/LBEG, Hannover, Germany [email protected] Anna Georgiadis Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Germany (Until 2019) [email protected] Steve Hillier Mineralogy group, James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland [email protected] Fabien Hubert IC2MP/University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France [email protected] Christian Mikutta Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany [email protected] Soils have multi-mineral compositions almost invariably including poorly crystalline and/or highly defective clay phases exhibiting high spatial heterogeneity. Understanding biogeochemical processes occurring in soils requires detailed mineral identification, quantification, and distribution information, and this has been a longstanding challenge. Recent developments have begun to provide more realistic quantitative descriptions of soil (clay) mineralogy. Examples from XRD are disordering models developed for Rietveld refinement, XRD profile modelling and high throughput full pattern fitting. This session seeks contributions to help define what further improvements are possible and desired for the characterization of poorly crystalline phases, hydroxy-interlayered minerals and interstratified soil clay minerals and how various new approaches may be integrated. We invite contributions of studies that highlight the use of quantitative data and interdisciplinary examples such as digital soil mineralogy and chronosequence data for a quantitative assessment of soil mineralogy. Keywords: Soil mineral quantification, Poorly crystalline phases, Hydroxy-interlayered minerals, Interstratified soil clay minerals. Potential Journals: JPNSS, Clay Minerals, Clays and Clay Minerals, Geoderma.
    [Show full text]