Perceptions of Student Nurses About Transcultural Nursing

International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research Vol.6; Issue: 1; Jan.-March 2021 Website: ijshr.com Original Research Article ISSN: 2455-7587 Perceptions of Student Nurses about Transcultural Nursing Olutoyin Elizabeth Okeya Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Senior Lecturer, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Health care delivery is undergoing United Kingdom’s rapid increasing diverse constant change that affects both patients population and transcultural nursing care is and health professionals across the spectrum becoming an important part of nursing and of care (1). Consequently, each health midwifery care, hence the need to investigate profession including nursing is searching to the level of student nurses’ perceptions, understanding, awareness, knowledge and skills redefine its role in a world where patient of transcultural nursing. In order to provide care and patient satisfaction are paramount. patients with adequate holistic care, the nurse Transcultural nursing may be defined as “a must recognise differences in how diverse body of knowledge that helps to provide ethnic groups and cultures view health and culturally sensitive care” (2). The term sickness. Quantitative research method was used “transcultural nursing has gained to investigate the perceptions, understanding considerable recognition in nursing and and awareness of student nurses and midwifery other fields as one of the most significant students in a University in the North West of and growing trends in the twenty-first England. The study was conducted using a century” (3). Nursing leaders emphasised questionnaire survey developed by the author. that cultural awareness and transcultural Findings suggest a lack of confidence in meeting the transcultural care needs of the care are becoming gradually more important participants’ patients. It was discovered that as the World becomes extremely more student nurses’ understanding, knowledge and close, complex, and multicultural (4). Hence skills of transcultural nursing was not enhanced the need to investigate student nurses and to promote cultural nursing care. The midwives understanding of transcultural participants’ identified a lack of opportunities to nursing. Transcultural care is an important work with multi-religion, multi-cultural and aspect of patient care and the skill of nurses multi-ethnic agencies that provide care to and midwives to provide it safely and culturally diverse patients. These same effectively is so central to the nursing role participants report relatively high awareness of (5). Transcultural care has undergone little patient's culture as a determining factor in scrutiny since the 1970s (6). It is with this compliance to treatment regime. It is recommended that nurse lecturers find creative view that the author found it appropriate to educational methods to ensure that student investigate a fundamental perception of nurses and midwives have sufficient clinical students about transcultural nursing at a care experience in order to meet all their service Northwest university using quantitative users’ cultural needs and promote high standard purposive research method. of transcultural care. Aims of the study Keywords: Transcultural Nursing, Nursing To identify nursing students’ knowledge Theory, Health, Transcultural Knowledge and experiences of transcultural nursing. To evaluate students’ experiences of transcultural nursing in providing International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 7 Vol.6; Issue: 1; January-March 2021 Olutoyin Elizabeth Okeya. Perceptions of student nurses about transcultural nursing holistic care to patient from outside their relationships. Nursing practice cannot be own cultural background. ethical unless the cultural and beliefs of the The result of the research is to patient are taken into consideration (12). inform the future development and delivery Therefore, an assessment of the patient of curricula to improve nursing and aspects of lifestyle, health beliefs and midwifery education and practice. It will practices will enhance the nurses’ decision benefit all healthcare service users, patients, making and judgment skills when providing clients, nurses, midwives and the broader care. healthcare community. (13) confirms that a culturally competent nurse recognises that cultural LITERATURE REVIEW differences occur across all levels of Defining Transcultural Nursing diversity, both primary (age, gender, The literature review demonstrates language, physical ability and sexual the difficulty that authors have had in preference) and secondary (socio-economic reaching a consensus around a definition of background, geographical location, transcultural nursing. Although definitions education and religion). Transcultural differ conceptually in that one views nursing according to (14) is therefore an transcultural nursing as “abilities” and essential area of study and practice focused another defines it as a “process” both on the cultural care beliefs, values, and definitions include cultural sensitivity, lifeways of health care service users to help awareness, knowledge, skills and safety (7, them maintain and regain their health, or to 8, 9, 10) The concern is to provide care that face death in meaningful ways. Essentially, is culturally sensitive to the needs of the transcultural nursing has focused on individuals, families, and groups who understanding cultures and their specific represent diverse cultural population within care needs and how to provide care that fits a society. (6) describes transcultural nursing service users’ lifeways rather than assuming as a humanistic and scientific area in that professional nurses always know what nursing which is directed towards the is best for them. differences and similarities between The purpose of transcultural nursing cultures. It focusses on human care, health is to discover and provide care in specific and illness based upon the people's cultural ways for multicultural society such as values, beliefs, and practices, and to use this Asian, African, Caribbean, Eastern knowledge to provide culturally specific or European, other cultures and subcultures. culturally congruent nursing care to people. Providing adequate cultural care is the goal In the context of health care, cultural of transcultural nursing. Nurses as the heritage influences the perceptual largest health care providers (15) can framework of illness, wellness and accepted provide a beneficial cultural care for the treatment modalities (11) supports the work well, sick, disabled or dying patient with of Leininger and asserts that as highlighted transcultural nursing knowledge and in Leininger’s Theory of Culture care competencies. Diversity and Universality, an enabling The call to nurses to become factor on culturally sensitive care have been culturally competent is not merely a identified. Having the required skills and standard but an ethical imperative. (3) ability to care for patients in a congruent contend that all nurses need to be prepared manner, Leininger believes that cultural to serve culturally vulnerable populations values cannot be separated from the and to develop professional competencies in concepts of health, and illness. Nurses and transcultural nursing. As a profession, midwives must be aware of the value nursing is distinguished by its philosophy of systems of people in their care as well as care, commitment to human well-being with family expectations about their roles and a specific blend of knowledge and skill, and International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 8 Vol.6; Issue: 1; January-March 2021 Olutoyin Elizabeth Okeya. Perceptions of student nurses about transcultural nursing its service to the community. In situations knowledge that has a powerful means of requiring transcultural nursing, sensitivity to overcoming cultural biases, prejudices, and the patient's value system is of paramount non-therapeutic care practices that can importance because it may differ markedly reduce legal suits. At the same time (4) from that of the caregiver (16). challenged the nurses and other health Furthermore (6) asserts that the professionals to discover and use culturally concept of transcultural nursing has been in based knowledge and health policies for existence ever since nursing profession diverse cultures. To address the challenge started. In recent years however, the term there is need for a provision of culturally transcultural nursing is becoming widely based care that will reflect patients’ accepted and is generally used to mean lifeways. Recognising that there are about healthcare that involves specific cultural 4,000 distinct cultures in the world, there information to provide sensitive and are more culture care constructs to be culturally competent care (17). This discovered in the future. definition indicates that it is not possible to Another theorist is (17) who provide safe and appropriate care without developed a model for cultural competence this orientation. Some researchers, such as which was built on Leininger’s model with (18, 19) and (20) also support the notion some minor exceptions. The major that the goal of transcultural nursing is to assumption of the model was that one improve the caregiver’s self-awareness. culture is not superior to another culture and all cultures share core similarities. In recent Theoretical Framework years however, the term cultural care has Transcultural nursing may bring become

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