Cover: An Australasian bittern (Botaurus poiciloptilus). Photo: John Cheyne.
Copyright February 2017, New Zealand Department of Conservation
This report may be cited as: Macdonald, A.; Robertson, H. 2017: Arawai Kākāriki Wetland Restoration Programme, Science Outputs 2007–2016. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Contents
About Arawai Kākāriki ...... 5 Arawai Kākāriki sites ...... 5 Aims of Arawai Kākāriki ...... 5 Science at our wetlands ...... 6 Partnerships ...... 6 About this bibliography ...... 7 Summary of Arawai Kākāriki science outputs ...... 7 Enhancing Native Species: Fauna ...... 8 Cryptic bird monitoring ...... 8 Fish communities ...... 9 Invertebrate fauna ...... 10 Kākahi ...... 10 Lizard populations ...... 10 Predator movements and dynamics ...... 11 Predator impacts on wetland birds ...... 11 Rare bird communities ...... 11 Enhancing Native Species: Flora ...... 13 Drivers of macrophytes (Ruppia) ...... 13 Lake SPI ...... 14 Peatland regeneration ...... 14 Rare plant communities ...... 14 Understanding willow drivers and controls ...... 15 Weed assessment ...... 16 Wetland vegetation mapping ...... 16 Wetland vegetation monitoring ...... 17 Understanding wetland history and value ...... 18 Ecosystem services ...... 18 Ramsar ...... 18 State of the Takiwa – Ō Tū Wharekai ...... 18 Wetland conservation overview ...... 18 Wetland loss in Southland ...... 20 Wetland palaeolimnology ...... 20 Wetland protection and loss ...... 20
Addressing catchment impacts ...... 21 High-country lakes water quality ...... 21 Impacts of nutrients ...... 21 Hydrological model – catchment scale ...... 22 Hydrological model – land inundation ...... 22 Hydrological monitoring ...... 22 Mitigating impacts of flood management ...... 22 Sedimentation and sediment sources ...... 24 Waituna creek restoration ...... 24 Wetland ecohydrology ...... 24 Wetland limit setting ...... 25 Reporting ...... 26 Arawai Kākāriki report cards ...... 26 Arawai Kākāriki reporting ...... 27 Monitoring framework ...... 27
About Arawai Kākāriki
Introduction and programme description Arawai Kākāriki is a large-scale wetland restoration programme led by DOC in partnership with others. The focus of Arawai Kākāriki is to protect and restore wetlands, and increase our understanding of these environments. The better our understanding of the status and functioning of vulnerable ecosystems and species, the more we can improve wetland restoration in New Zealand.
An important part of the programme is getting the community involved. We are also working with research partners to improve our knowledge of wetland conservation issues, and building stronger relationships with iwi and regional councils.
Arawai Kākāriki sites Our focus is on three of New Zealand's most significant wetland sites:
• Whangamarino Wetland (Waikato) – a Ramsar site, and at 7,000 ha the second largest bog and swamp complex in the North Island. • Ō Tū Wharekai (Canterbury) – one of the best examples of an intact, intermontane wetland, lake and braided river system remaining in New Zealand. • Awarua-Waituna (Southland) – New Zealand's first Ramsar site and one of the largest remaining coastal wetlands in New Zealand. The wetlands include extensive peat bog, swamp, coastal lagoon, estuary and stream habitats.
Aims of Arawai Kākāriki We have 10 national objectives to guide our conservation work and help us achieve the best possible outcomes.
Ecological restoration 1. Maintain or increase habitat extent 2. Enhance water regime and quality 3. Protect or restore ecosystem condition. 4. Enhance species diversity and protect threatened species
Mātauranga Māori 5. Work with iwi, hapū, and whānau to embrace Mātauranga Māori
Work with others 6. Maximise partnerships and participation 7. Increase awareness and appreciation 8. Share scientific and technical knowledge
Learning 9. Undertake research to improve wetland management 10. Develop best practice monitoring tools
5
Science at our wetlands
Scientific research guides our management decisions to help protect and restore wetland ecosystems. Identifying the greatest threats to our wetlands assists managers to put effort in the right places. Arawai Kākāriki has led a national research programme to address knowledge gaps that are a barrier to freshwater conservation – the research covers the fields of ecohydrology, paleoecology, environmental economics, botany, zoology, ecology and conservation biology.
To manage our wetlands effectively, we need to understand the ecological processes that keep these areas healthy and resilient. Currently there is limited information of some threats to wetlands and this creates a ‘knowing–doing’ gap. By working together, scientists and wetland managers can describe sensible goals and guidelines for restoration.
Partnerships
Arawai Kākāriki has developed research partnerships with a number of universities and research institutions. Working collaboratively has helped address gaps in our knowledge more rapidly than if we had worked alone. The Department acknowledges the in-kind and co-funding from our research partners, such as the MBIE Restoring Wetlands programme.
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About this bibliography
This bibliography documents Arawai Kākāriki science outputs since the programme began in 2007, with the outputs organised under five themes. These are: • Enhancing native species – fauna • Enhancing native species – flora • Understanding wetland history and values • Addressing catchment impacts • Reporting
The bibliography tables are in the following format:
Theme
Project title Citation document link Output Partnership? Output ID type
Key to bibliography symbols:
Report
Communication/Memo/Report card
Presentation
Output Output Type Publication/thesis
Partnership project (In-kind and co-funded)
Summary of Arawai Kākāriki science outputs
The following table shows the number of the science outputs under the five themes.
Number of outputs by theme TOTAL
Enhancing Enhancing Understanding Addressing Reporting Output type native species native wetland history catchment – fauna species – and values impacts flora
Report 24 24 5 15 6 74 Communication/memo 2 1 15 11 29 Presentation 10 11 8 10 39 Publication/thesis 8 8 11 8 35 TOTAL 40 39 23 46 17 177
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Enhancing Native Species: Fauna
Cryptic bird monitoring
More, J.M. 2011: A survey for marsh crake in the Hakatere wetlands with the aim of gaining a better 15t understanding of effective monitoring procedures. Department of Conservation, Christchurch
O’Donnell, C. 2010: Draft protocols for index counts of
fernbird. Research and Development Group, 015f-odonnell-2010.pdf 15f Department of Conservation, Wellington.
O’Donnell, C. 2010: Draft protocols for index counts of Spotless Crake. Research and Development Group, 015g-odonnell-2010.pdf 15g Department of Conservation, Wellington.
O’Donnell, C. 2012: Standardised call play-back protocol for monitoring spotless crake at
Whangamarino wetland in relation to predator control. 015p1-odonnell-2012.pdf 15p Research and Development Group, Department of Conservation, Wellington.
O’Donnell, C. 2013: Draft protocols for index counts of Australasian Bittern. Research and Development 15n Group, Department of Conservation, Wellington.
O’Donnell, C. 2013: Draft protocols for index counts of
Marsh Crake. Research and Development Group, 015e-odonnell-2013.pdf 15e
Department of Conservation, Wellington.
O’Donnell, C. 2013: Standardised protocol for monitoring effects of predator trapping on fernbird
populations at Whangamarino wetland. Research and 015o-odonnell-2013.pdf 15o
Development Group, Department of Conservation, Wellington.
O'Donnell, C. 2008: Developing national inventory 015h-odonnell-2008.pdf and monitoring standards for specialist swamp bird 15h
species. Presentation to research workshop.
O'Donnell, C. 2014: Conservation and monitoring 015j-odonnell-2014.pdf methods for threatened swamp bird species. 15j
Presentation to Department of Conservation.
O'Donnell, C. 2016: Progress towards developing monitoring methods for fernbirds, spotless crake and 015b-odonnell-2016.pdf 15b marsh crake. Presentation to National Wetland Restoration Symposium, Nelson.
O'Donnell, C.; Williams, E. 2015: Protocols for the http://www.doc.govt.nz/D inventory and monitoring of populations of the ocuments/science-and- endangered Australasian bittern (Botaurus 15c
technical/docts38entire.p poiciloptilus) in New Zealand. DOC Technical Series df 38. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
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O'Donnell, C.F.; Williams, E. 2013: How to monitor a bird that thinks it's a blade of grass: Developing 015k-odonnell-2013.pdf 15k
monitoring methods for Cryptic wetland species. Presentation to Department of Conservation.
O'Donnell, C.F.; Williams, E.M.; Cheyne, J. 2013: http://notornis.osnz.org.n Close approaches and acoustic triangulation: z/system/files/O'Donnell techniques for mapping the distribution of booming 15i
%20et%20al.%202013.p Australasian bittern (Botaurus poiciloptilus) on small
df wetlands. Notornis (60): pp. 279-284.
Williams E. 2016: How to monitor a bird that thinks it's 015a-williams-2016.pdf Raupo: an update of findings. Presentation to 15a
National Wetland Restoration Symposium Nelson.
Williams, E. 2012: How to monitor a bird that thinks 015d-williams-2012.pdf it's a blade of grass. Presentation to National Wetland 15d
Restoration Symposium, Invercargill.
Williams, E.; Cheyne, J. 2016: Pilot study: Characterising seasonal water levels and habitat 015l-williams-2016.pdf requirements of Australasian bittern in Whangamarino 15l
wetland. Report prepared for Department of Conservation.
Williams, E.; Plenderleith, L. 2010: Surveying for
fernbird, Whangamarino Wetland, 2009. Department 15s
of Conservation, Christchurch.
Williams, E.; Plenderleith, L. 2010: Trialling methods
for marsh crake, Whangamarino Wetland, 2009. 15r
Department of Conservation, Christchurch.
Williams, E.M. 2016: Developing monitoring methods for cryptic species: A case study of the Australasian 015m-williams-2016.pdf 15m
bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus. Unpublished PhD thesis. Massey University, New Zealand
Williams, E.M. 2016: Factors affecting calling rate and detectability in crake and rail species: A literature 015q-williams-2016.pdf 15q review. Unpubl. contract report to the Department of Conservation. Matuku Ecology, Christchurch.
Fish communities
http://www.doc.govt.nz/D Atkinson, E. 2008: What’s lurking in the Waituna ocuments/waituna- wetlands? A freshwater fish survey – Arawai Kākāriki 48a wetlands-fish-survey- Project. Department of Conservation, Southland.
report-2008.pdf
Funnell, E. 2016: Waituna catchment giant kokopu monitoring report. Department of Conservation. (In 48d prep.)
Hicks, A. 2001: Facultative amphidromy and the threatened giant kokopu: Benefits of larval retention 048e-hicks-2001.pdf may be compromised by artificially opening an 48e
estuary. Unpublished report for the Department of Conservation, Southland.
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Hicks, A.; Funnell, E.; Closs, G.; David, B. 2010: Giant Kokopu in Awarua/Waituna wetlands: A healthy 048c-hicks-2010.pdf population dependent on larval retention in Waituna 48c
Lagoon? Presentation at Freshwater Sciences Society Conference, Christchurch.
Hicks, A.; Funnell, E.; David, B.; Closs, G.; Swearer, S. 2011: Waituna Lagoon is really, really, really
048b-hicks-2011.pdf 48b
important for giant kokopu. Presentation to community, Southland.
Lake, M.; Brijs, J.; Hicks B. 2008: Fish survey of the Whangamarino wetland 2007-2008. Department of 049a-lake-2008.pdf Conservation Waikato Conservancy and University of 49a
Waikato Centre for Biodiversity & Ecology Research, Hamilton.
Invertebrate fauna
Watts, C. 2009: The invertebrate fauna of 053a-watts-2009.pdf Whangamarino wetland, Waikato. Landcare 53a
Research Contract Report LC0809/121.
Watts, C.; Ranson, H.; Thorpe, S.; Cave, V.; http://link.springer.com/ar Clarkson, B.; Thornburrow, D.; Batlam, S.; Bodman, ticle/10.1007/s11829- K. 2015. Invertebrate community turnover following 13c 015-9396-6 control of an invasive weed. Arthropod-Plant
Interactions 9(6): 585-597.
Watts, C.; Thornburrow, D.; Cave, V. 2016. Responses of invertebrates to herbicide in Salix http://onlinelibrary.wiley.c cineria invaded wetlands: restoration implications. om/doi/10.1111/emr.122 53b
Ecological Management and Restoration. 17(3): 243- 23/abstract 249.
Kākahi
De Winton, M.; Sutherland D.; Clayton, J. 2013: Kakahi (freshwater mussel) survey of the Ō Tū
Wharekai Lakes. Prepared for the Department of 026c-dewinton-2013.pdf 59a
Conservation. NIWA Client Report No: HAM2013- 001.
Lizard populations
Lettink, M. 2008: Lizard survey of the Awarua/Waituna wetlands and Tiwai Peninsula: 52a Murihiku/Southland Area. Prepared for the Southland Conservancy Office, Department of Conservation.
Lettink, M. 2008: Lizard survey of the Lake Heron Basin and upper Rangitata River catchment, 26b Raukapuka Area. Report prepared for the Department of Conservation (Raukapuka).
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Lettink, M. 2009: Lizard survey and monitoring in Ō Tū Wharekai wetland management area, mid 26a Canterbury. Report prepared for the Department of Conservation (Raukapuka).
Lettink, M. 2015: Rangitata skink survey in the mid Canterbury high country: 2015. Report prepared for 26c Auckland Zoo and the Department of Conservation.
Lettink, M. 2016: Rangitata skink survey in the mid Canterbury high country: 2016. Report prepared for 26d Auckland Zoo and the Department of Conservation.
Predator movements and dynamics
Gillies, C.; Brady, M. 2011: Monitoring mammalian predators in the Whangamarino Wetland. Interim 014b-gillies-2011.pdf 14b report: spring/summer 2011. Department of Conservation.
Gillies, C.; Brady, M. 2016. Introduced mammalian 014a-gillies-2016.pdf predators in the Whangamarino Wetland. 14a
Presentation to Sanctuaries of New Zealand network meeting.
Predator impacts on wetland birds
O’Donnell, C. F.; Clapperton, B. K.; Monks, J. M. 2015: Impacts of introduced mammalian predators on http://newzealandecology.o indigenous birds of freshwater wetlands in New 40a
rg/nzje/3211.pdf Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 39(1): 19- 33.
O'Donnell, C.F.; Clapperton, B.K.; Monks, J.M. 2015: The impacts of introduced mammalian predators on indigenous birds of freshwater wetlands in New 040b-odonnell-2015.pdf Zealand: a review. Presentation to NZ Ecological 40b
Society Conference, Christchurch (2015) and National Wetland Restoration Symposium, Nelson (2016).
Rare bird communities
Craig, J.; Langlands, P.; Long, J. 2012: Productivity of South Island pied oystercatcher and wrybill in Upper Rangitata: Report on the results of baseline 062c-craig-2012.pdf 62c monitoring 'before predator control' - Season 1: 2011/12. Report prepared for the Department of Conservation.
O'Donnell, C. F. 2011: Breeding of the Australasian http://www.publish.csiro.a bittern (Botaurus poiciloptilus) in New Zealand. Emu 39a u/?paper=MU10059 111(3): 197-201.
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O’Donnell, C.F.J.; Robertson, H.A. 2016: Changes in https://notornis.osnz.org. the status and distribution of Australasian bitterns nz/node/4359?0=ip_login 39b
(Botaurus poiciloptilus) in New Zealand, 1800s-2011. _no_cache%3D854ba97 Notornis 63: 152-166. 3becf1b0871c47a1b7093 aa25
Sullivan, W. 2011: Wrybill productivity in the Upper 062d-sullivan-2011.pdf Rangitata River, 2008-2010. Department of 62d
Conservation internal report.
Sullivan, W. 2013: Productivity and impacts on breeding of wrybill, Upper Rakaia River, season 2: 062b-sullivan-2013.pdf 62b 2012/13. Department of Conservation internal report, Raukapuka Area Office.
Ure, G. 2016: Wrybill and Black Fronted Tern Nesting Success in the Upper Rangitata River for the 2015 – 062a-ure-2016.pdf 62a 2016 Season. Report prepared for the Department of Conservation.
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Enhancing Native Species: Flora
Drivers of macrophytes (Ruppia)
Atkinson, E. 2009: Condition of the Ruppia dominated 006h-atkinson-2009.pdf macrophyte beds in Waituna Lagoon: Monitoring 6h
Results. Presentation to community, Southland.
Atkinson, E.; Robertson, H.;2009: Status and http://www.wetlandtrust.o Vulnerability of Macrophyte Populations in Waituna rg.nz//Eatkinson_Ruppia. Lagoon: Finding the right balance. Presentation at 6g pdf?ts=63589305915365 Freshwater Sciences Society Conference, 4429 Whangarei.
Robertson H.A.; Funnell, E. 2012: Aquatic plant http://link.springer.com/ar dynamics of Waituna Lagoon, New Zealand: trade- ticle/10.1007/s11273- 6i
offs in managing opening events of a Ramsar site.
012-9267-1 Wetlands Ecology and Management 20: 433-445.
Robertson, B.; Stevens, L. 2009: Waituna Lagoon 2009: Macrophyte (Ruppia) monitoring. Prepared for 006l-robertson-2009.pdf 6l Department of Conservation, Wriggle Coastal Management, Nelson.
Robertson, H.A. 2014: Evidence prepared for Resource Management Act Hearing - Proposed 006j-robertson-2014.pdf 6j Southland Regional Policy Statement. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Ryder Consulting, 2008: Waituna Lagoon - review of existing information relating to opening regime. 006k-ryder-2008.pdf Prepared for the Southland Conservancy Office, 6k
Department of Conservation. Ryder Consulting, Dunedin.
Stevens, L.; Robertson, B. 2010: Waituna Lagoon 2010: Macrophyte (Ruppia) monitoring. Prepared for 006m-stevens-2010.pdf 6m Department of Conservation, Wriggle Coastal Management, Nelson.
Sutherland, D.; Taumoepeau, A. 2015: Macrophyte http://www.doc.govt.nz//w monitoring in Waituna Lagoon - Summer 2015. etlands/waituna-lagoon- 6e Prepared for Department of Conservation, Southland.
report-2015.pdf NIWA Client Report: CHC2015-054
Sutherland, D.; Taumoepeau, A. Stevens, E. 2014: http://www.doc.govt.nz/w Macrophyte monitoring in Waituna Lagoon - Summer etlands/macrophyte- 6f 2014. Prepared for Department of Conservation, monitoring-waituna-
Southland. NIWA Client Report: DOC14206 lagoon.pdf
Sutherland, D.; Taumoepeau, A.; Wells, R. 2016. 006n-sutherland- Macrophyte monitoring in Waituna Lagoon - Summer 2016.pdf 6n 2016. Prepared for Department of Conservation,
Southland. NIWA Client Report: DOC16206
Waituna Lagoon Technical Group (LTG) 2011: Interim recommendations to reduce the risk of Waituna 6a Lagoon flipping to an algal-dominated state. Report prepared for Environment Southland.
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Waituna Lagoon Technical Group (LTG) 2013: https://www.researchgate Ecological Guidelines for Waituna Lagoon. Report .net/publication/3117363 6b prepared for Environment Southland. 75_Ecological_Guideline s_for_Waituna_Lagoon
Lake SPI
de Winton, M. 2008: LakeSPI assessments for the lakes of the Ashburton River Basin. Prepared for the 050a-dewinton-2008.pdf 50a Department of Conservation. NIWA Client Report: HAM2008-017. NIWA, Hamilton.
de Winton, M. Clayton, J. Sutherland, D. 2013: Ecological conditions of the Ō Tū Wharekai Lakes 050b-dewinton-2013.pdf based on LakeSPI. Prepared for the Department of 50b
Conservation. NIWA Client Report: HAM2013-003. NIWA, Hamilton.
Peatland regeneration
Burge, O. 2014: Regeneration and conservation in 001e-burge-2014.pdf Waituna-Awarua wetland complex. Presentation to 1e
Waituna Landcare AGM, Southland.
Burge, O. 2014: Research looking at ways to http://www.comsdev.cant conserve NZ wetlands. Ucan Newsletter Item, erbury.ac.nz/rss/news/?fe 1f
University of Canterbury. ed=news&articleId=1183
Burge, O. 2015: Fragmentation, fire and the kereru: 001c-burge-2015.pdf reforesting a wetland. Presentation to NZ Ecological 1c
Society Conference, Christchurch.
Burge, O. 2016: Abstract only - Facilitating forest 001d-burge-2016.pdf recovery in Awarua Wetland, Southland, New 1d
Zealand. PhD Thesis. University of Canterbury.
Burge, O. 2016: Facilitating forest recovery in Awarua http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/ Wetland, Southland, New Zealand. PhD Thesis. 1b
handle/10092/11890 University of Canterbury.
Burge, O. 2016: Protective edge effects? Pest species monitoring using chew cards in Awarua 001a-burge-2016.pdf 1a
Wetland. Presentation at National Wetland Restoration Symposium, Nelson.
Rare plant communities
Davis, M. 2006: Ephemeral wetlands of Clent Hills Conservation Area. Draft report prepared for the 34b Department of Conservation.
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Davis, M. 2008: Ephemeral wetlands of the Clearwater Moraines. Draft report prepared for the 34a Department of Conservation.
Davis, M. 2011: Hakatere Basin ephemeral wetland turfs 2005-2010. Draft report prepared for the 34c Department of Conservation.
Ledgard, G. 2011: Donatia novae-zelandiae in the Awarua–Waituna wetland complex: current research, 028a-ledgard-2011.pdf 28a results and future management considerations. Department of Conservation, Invercargill.
Wildland Consultants. 2009: Whangamarino threatened plant surveys 2008-2009. Report No. 2090 54a prepared for the Department of Conservation, Wildland Consultants, Rotorua.
Understanding willow drivers and controls
Bodmin, K.A.; Champion, P.D. 2010: Response of Whangamarino Wetland vegetation to the willow 051a-bodmin-2010.pdf control programme. Prepared for the Department of 51a
Conservation, Waikato Conservancy. NIWA Client Report: HAM2010-010. NIWA, Hamilton.
Burge, O.; Bodmin, K.; Clarkson, B.; Bartlam, S.; Watts, C.; Tanner, C. 2016. Glyphosate facilitates 013f-burge-2016.pdf native sedgland recovery in Whangamarino wetland 13f
following willow invasion. Presentation at Ecological Society Conference, Hamilton.
Champion, P.; Bodmin, K. 2010: Assessment of willow control and environmental factors affecting the 051c-champion-2010.pdf vegetation of Whangamarino Wetland. Prepared for 51c
the Department of Conservation. NIWA Client Report: HAM 2010-097. NIWA, Hamilton.
Griffiths, J. 2013: Managing ecological impacts of http://www.wet.org.nz/Ja naturalised willow in New Zealand. Presentation to 13a
mes-Griffiths Waihora Ellesmere Trust, Canterbury.
Griffiths, J.; Armstrong, H.; Innes, R.; Terry, J. 2016: Ecological outcomes of large-scale Salix cineria 013d-griffiths-2016.pdf 13d
control. Presentation at National Wetland Restoration Symposium, Nelson.
Griffiths,J.W.; Armstrong,H.; Innis, R.; Terry, J. (In Prep.). Aerial glyphosate application provides effective grey willow (Salix cineria) control and In prep. 13j
stimuates sub-canopy native plant recovery. Ecological Management and Restoration.
Griffiths, J.W.; Howell, C.J.; Burlace, D. 2017: Mapping Grey Willow (salix cinerea) stand http://onlinelibrary.wiley.c architecture using Airborne Laser Scanning: om/doi/10.1111/emr.1224 13i
implications for large-scale tree weed control. 1/abstract Ecological Management and Restoration.
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Griffiths, J.; Howell, C.; Burlace, D. 2013: Can Airborne Laser Scanning enhance ecological 013b-griffiths-2013.pdf outcomes of large-scale Salix cinerea control? 13b
Presentation at Ecological Society Australia Conference, Tasmania.
Griffiths, J.; McAlpine, K. 2017. Aerial glyphosate application reduces grey willow (Salix ceneria) canopy http://newzealandecology cover, increases light availability and stimulates 13h .org/nzje/3304 kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) growth. New Zealand Journal of Ecology.
Griffiths, J.; McAlpine, K. 2016. Aerial glyphosate application reduces grey willow (Salix ceneria) canopy cover, increases light availability and stimulates 013g-griffiths-2016.pdf 13g kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) growth. Presentation at Ecological Society Conference, Hamilton.
Watts, C.; Ranson, H.; Thorpe, S.; Cave, V.; Clarkson, B.; Thornburrow, D.; Batlam, S.; Bodman, http://link.springer.com/ar K. 2015. Invertebrate community turnover following ticle/10.1007/s11829- 13c
control of an invasive weed. Arthropod-Plant 015-9396-6 Interactions 9(6): 585-597.
Wech, J.; Brady, M.; Annandale, C.; Jones, K.; Kilroy, C.; Suren, A. 2016: Getting rid of wetland willows, 013e-wech-2016.pdf what happens to the water beetles and bugs? 13e
Presentation to National Wetland Restoration Symposium Nelson.
Weed assessment
Champion, P.; Bodmin, K. 2009: Whangamarino weed surveillance. Prepared for the Department of 051b-champion-2009.pdf 51b Conservation. NIWA Client Report: HAM 2009-111. NIWA, Hamilton.
Wetland vegetation mapping
Boffa Miskell and Urtica Inc. 2010. Awarua/Waituna wetlands hydrology and vegetation mapping: 044b-boffamiskell- methodology, vegetation descriptions and 2010.pdf 44b recommendations. Prepared for the Department of Conservation, Boffa Miskell and Urtica Inc.
Davis, M.; D. Brown, D.; Robertson, H.; Chadderton, http://www.doc.govt.nz/D L. 2013: How well does LCDB2 map wetlands in the ocuments/science-and- Wellington region? DOC Research and Development 24a
technical/drds341entire.p Series 341. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
df 21 p.
Hooson, S. 2015: Ō Tū Wharekai Vegetation Mapping: Methods, Vegetation Descriptions, and 044c-hooson-2015.pdf 44c Mapping Constraints. Report prepared for the Department of Conservation by Boffa Miskell Limited.
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McNutt, K.; Robertson, H.; West, D.; O’Donnell, C. 2009: Wetland mapping and classification protocol 44a (version 2.1). Research and Development Group, Department of Conservation.
Reeves, P. 2011: Vegetation map of Whangamarino 044d-reeves-2011.pdf Wetland, 2007. Prepared for the Department of 44d
Conservation, Wildland Consultants, Rotorua.
Wetland vegetation monitoring
Bodmin, K.; Robertson, H.A. 2010: Monitoring the ecological integrity of wetlands within Ō Tū Wharekai 035a-bodmin-2010.pdf (Ashburton Basin): an initial investigation and 35a
baseline survey. Unpublished report prepared for the Department of Conservation, NIWA.
Clarkson, B.; Hicks, A.; Robertson, H.; Rance, B.; Ledgard, G. 2013: A monitoring approach for http://www.envirolink.govt 56a Southland’s wetlands: Stage 1. Contract report .nz/20Stage%201.pdf LC1722. Landcare Research, Hamilton.
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Understanding wetland history and value
Ecosystem services
Giorgetti, A.; Yao, R.; Robertson, H. 2010: Evaluating the ecosystem services of Ō Tū Wharekai: an 042a-giorgetti-2010.pdf 42a application of Choice Modelling. Report prepared for Department of Conservation, ENVECO, Hamilton.
Kerr, G. 2014: Informing wetland decision making. Scoping Report to Department of Conservation, 42b Wellington.
Ramsar
http://www.wetlandtrust.o DOC and Wetland Restoration Trust. 2015: Our rg.nz/SNew_Zealand_Ra Global Wetlands: New Zealand Ramsar Symposium 16c msar_Symposium_2015. 2015 proceedings. ashx
Robertson, H. 2013: Ramsar wetlands in NZ: Why are http://sciblogs.co.nz/waiol they important and where are we going. Sci blogs 16a ogy/ online article, Waiology.
Robertson, H.; Atkinson, E.; Chesterfield, S.; Suggate, R. 2009: New Zealand - Awarua Wetland. 016b-robertson-2009.pdf Chapter in Ramsar Sites of the World - Exemplary 16b
sites demonstrating delivery of the Ramsar goals across the world. Ministry of Environment, Korea.
State of the Takiwa – Ō Tū Wharekai
Te Runanga o Arowhenua; Norton, T.; Pauling, C. 2009: Ō TŪ Wharekai / The Ashburton Lakes: An overview of the Ngai Tahu cultural association with Ō 55b
TŪ Wharekai. Prepared for the Department of Conservation.
Te Runanga o Arowhenua; Pauling, C.; Norton, T. https://www.takiwa.org.nz 2010: Ō TŪ Wharekai Ora Tonu: Cultural health /docs/2010_AshburtonLa 55a
assessment of Ō TŪ Wharekai / The Ashburton
kes.pdf Lakes. Prepared for the Department of Conservation.
Wetland conservation overview
Denyer, K.; Robertson, H. 2016: Wetlands of New http://link.springer.com/re Zealand. In C. Max Finlayson, G. Randy Milton, R. ferenceworkentry/10.100 Crawford Prentice, Nick C. Davidson (Eds) The 21i
7/978-94-007-6173- Wetland Book. Vol II: Distribution, Description and
5_176-1 Conservation, Springer Netherlands, pp.1-15
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Hansford, D. 2010: Wetlands. New Zealand https://www.nzgeo.com/st 21a
Geographic 101: 49-74 ories/wetlands/
Hansford, D. 2011: Loss Value and Protection of http://www.conservation.c Wetlands. DOC Intranet Article. Department of o.nz//loss-value-and- 57b Conservation, Wellington. protection/
Robertson, H. 2010: Arawai Kākāriki Wetlands.
Presentation to National Office, Department of 021d-robertson-2010.pdf 21d Conservation, Wellington.
Robertson, H. 2011: Restoring three of New Zealand's foremost wetlands: ecosystem 021f-robertson-2011.pdf 21f conservation amid ecological uncertainty. Presentation to Society of Wetland Science, Prague.
Robertson, H. 2012: Monitoring the response of wetlands to management: aligning to the DOC NHMS 021e-robertson-2012.pdf 21e framework. Presentation to National Wetland Restoration Symposium, Invercargill.
http://www.doc.govt.nz/n Robertson, H. 2014: Joining forces for freshwater ews/stories/2015/februar science. Article published on DOC website. 21c
y/joining-forces-for- Department of Conservation, Wellington.
freshwater-science/
Robertson, H. 2014: Management of Ramsar sites in
New Zealand. Presentation to Ramsar workshop, 021g-robertson-2014.pdf 21g Bangkok.
Robertson, H. 2016: Science for Wetland Conservation: Arawai Kākāriki 2008-2015. 021b-robertson-2016.pdf 21b Presentation at National Wetland Restoration Symposium, Nelson.
Robertson, H. 2016: Adapting the DOC ecosystem prioritisation framework for a changing climate. In http://www.doc.govt.nz/D ‘Freshwater Conservation Under a Changing Climate, ocuments/conservation/cl Proceedings of a workshop hosted by Department of imate-change- 21j Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand, 10-11 proceedings.pdf December 2013.’ (Eds H. Robertson, S. Bowie, R.
Death and D. Collins) (Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.)
http://freshwater.science. Robertson, H.A.; Clarkson, B.R.; Campbell, D.I.; org.nz/index.php/publicati Tanner, C.C. 2016. Wetland biodiversity, ecosystem ons/books/advances-in- processes and management. In: Advances in New 21h
new-zealand-freshwater- Zealand Freshwater Science. NZ Freshwater science/ Sciences Society & NZ Hydrological Society.
Robertson, H.; Edwards, B. 2016. Recent freshwater investigations for the Ashburton Lakes - Supporting 021k-robertson-2016.pdf 21k conservation efforts. Presentation to the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society.
Suggate, R.; Roberts, L.; Sullivan, W.; Bulling, P.; Robertson, H. 2012. Arawai Kakariki Wetland 021l-suggate-2012.pdf Restoration Programme: Large scale wetland 21l conservation. Presentation to National Wetland Restoration Symposium, Invercargill.
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Wetland loss in Southland
Ausseil, A-G.; Betts, H. 2013: Wetland extent change in Southland. Report prepared for Department of 45a Conservation, Landcare Research, Palmerston North.
Wetland palaeolimnology
Cosgrove, S. 2012: Anthropogenic impacts on http://hdl.handle.net/1052 Waituna Lagoon: Reconstructing the environmental 31a
3/2294 history. MSc Thesis. University of Otago.
Woodward, C.; Shulmeister, J.; Larsen, J.; Jacobsen, http://www.sciencemag.o G. E.; Zawadzki, A. 2014: The hydrological legacy of rg/content/346/6211/844. 30b
deforestation on global wetlands. Science, 346(6211):
short 844-847.
Woodward, C.; Shulmeister, J.; Zawadzki, A.; Jacobsen, G. 2014: Major disturbance to aquatic http://hol.sagepub.com/c ecosystems in the South Island, New Zealand, 30a
ontent/24/6/668.short following human settlement in the Late Holocene. The Holocene, 24(6): 668-678.
Wetland protection and loss
Robertson, H.A. 2016: Wetland reserves in New Zealand: the status of protected areas between 1990 http://newzealandecology 29a
and 2013. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 40(1): 1- .org/nzje/3247.pdf 11.
Robertson, H.A.; West, D.; Earl, R.; Gerbeaux, P.; Brown, D. 2009. Wetland protection in New Zealand http://www.wetlandtrust.o since 1990. Presentation to Joint New Zealand rg.nz/6355821936008451 29b
Hydrological Society and New Zealand Freshwater 66 Society Conference, Whangarei.
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Addressing catchment impacts
High-country lakes water quality
Caruso, B.S.; O’Sullivan A.D.; Faulkner, S.; Sherratt, http://link.springer.com/ar M.; Clucas, R. 2013: Agricultural Diffuse Nutrient ticle/10.1007%2Fs11270- 37a
Pollution Transport in a Mountain Wetland Complex.
013-1695-x Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 224(10): 1-21.
Hamill, K. 2016: Water quality in the Maori Lakes catchment: Ō Tū Wharekai / Ashburton Lakes. 012a-hamil-2016.pdf 12a Prepared for Department of Conservation. River Lake Ltd., Whakatane.
Kelly D.; Robertson, H. 2014: Nutrient loading to Canterbury high-country lakes for sustaining 002a-kelly-2014.pdf ecological values. Presentation to Environment 2a
Canterbury Regional Committee, Water Quality subgroup, Christchurch.
Kelly, D.; Robertson, H. 2014: Nutrient load limits for protecting ecological values of NZ lakes. Presentation 002c-kelly-2014.pdf 2c at New Zealand Freshwater Science Society Conference, Blenheim.
Kelly, D.; Robertson, H.; Allen, C. 2014: Nutrient loading to Canterbury high-country lakes for http://www.cawthron.org. sustaining ecological integrity values. Prepared for 2b
nz/ Department of Conservation and Environment Canterbury. Cawthron Report No. 2557. 60 p.
Wadworth-Watt, H.D.; Brian, B.S.; O'Sullivan, A.; Clucas, R. 2013: A hydrological and nutrient load http://search.informit.com balance for the Lake Clearwater catchment, 37b
.au/documentSummary Canterbury, New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand), Vol. 52 (2): 115-130.
Wadworth-Watts, H. D. 2013: A hydrological and nutrient load balance for the Lake Clearwater http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/ 37c
catchment, Canterbury, New Zealand: MSc Thesis, handle/10092/7797 University of Canterbury.
Impacts of nutrients
Schallenberg, M.; Hamilton, D.; Hicks, A.; Robertson, H.; Scarsbrook, M.; Robertson, B.; Wilson, K.; http://www.tandfonline.co Whaanga, D.; Jones, H.; Hamill, K. 2017. Multiple m/doi/abs/10.1080/00288 lines of evidence determine robust nutrient load limits 330.2016.1267651?journ
required to safeguard a threatened lake/lagoon alCode=tnzm20 system. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 51(1): 1-18.
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Hydrological model – catchment scale
Lockyer, C. 2015: Whangamarino Wetland Hydrology Study, Stage Three: Hydrological Modelling. Report 047a-lockyer-2015.pdf 47a prepared for the Department of Conservation. Jacobs New Zealand Ltd, Wellington.
SKM. 2009: Whangamarino Wetland Hydrology Study: Monitoring Plan. Unpublished report prepared 047c-skm-2009.pdf 47c for the Department of Conservation, Sinclair Knight Merz, Auckland.
SKM. 2010: Whangamarino Wetland Hydrology Study: Preliminary Analyses. Unpublished report 047b-skm-2010.pdf 47b prepared for the Department of Conservation, Sinclair Knight Merz, Auckland.
Hydrological model – land inundation
Walsh, J.; Measures, R.; Bind, J. 2016: Waituna lagoon level impacts on land drainage and inundation. 033a-walsh-2016.pdf Investigation stages 1 and 2. Prepared for the 33a
Department of Conservation. NIWA Client report: CHC2016-010.
Hydrological monitoring
Allen, C.; Kelly, D.; Robertson, H. 2014: Development of National Wetland Hydrology Database. Report 058a-allen-2014.pdf 58a
prepared for the Department of Conservation. Cawthron Institute. Report no: 2361
SKM. 2009: Whangamarino Wetland Hydrology Study 058b-skm-2009.pdf - Monitoring Report. Report prepared by Sinclair 58b
Knight Mertz for the Department of Conservation.
Mitigating impacts of flood management
Barea, L. 2015: Statement of Evidence in Chief of Laurence Peter Barea. Review of conditions of 007a-barea-2015.pdf 7a Resource Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Campbell, D. 2015: Statement of Evidence in Chief of Dave Campbell. Review of conditions of Resource 007b-campbell-2015.pdf 7b Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Clarkson. B. 2015: Statement of Evidence in Chief of Beverly Rae Clarkson. Review of conditions of 007c-clarkson-2015.pdf 7c Resource Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Dean, S. 2015: Statement of Evidence in Chief of Shay Bishanca Dean. Review of conditions of 007d-dean-2015.pdf 7d Resource Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
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Fountain. B. 2015: Statement of Evidence in Chief of Benjamin Hugh Fountain. Review of conditions of 007e-fountain-2015.pdf 7e Resource Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Gerbeaux, P. 2015: Statement of Evidence in Chief of Philippe Gerbeaux. Review of conditions of Resource 007f-gerbeaux-2015.pdf 7f Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Gibbs, M. 2015: Statement of Evidence in Chief of Max Martin Gibbs. Review of conditions of Resource 007g-gibbs-2015.pdf 7g Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Legarth, Y. 2015: Appendix 1 - Statement of Evidence in Chief of Yvonne Legarth. Review of conditions of 007h-legarth-2015.pdf 7h Resource Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Legarth, Y. 2015: Statement of Evidence in Chief of Yvonne Legarth. Review of conditions of Resource 007i-legarth-2015.pdf 7i Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Marsh, D. 2015. Statement of Evidence in Chief of Dan Marsh. Review of conditions of Resource 007j-marsh-2015.pdf 7j Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
O'Donnell, C. 2015: Statement of Evidence in Chief of Colin Francis John O'Donnell. Review of conditions of 007k-odonnell-2015.pdf 7k Resource Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Reeves, P. 2015: Statement of Evidence in Chief of Paula Nicole Reeves. Review of conditions of 007l-reeves-2015.pdf 7l Resource Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Robertson, H. 2015: First statement of Evidence in Chief of Hugh Allister Robertson. Review of 007m-robertson-2015.pdf 7m conditions of Resource Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Robertson, H. 2015: Second statement of Evidence in Chief of Hugh Allister Robertson. Review of 007n-robertson-2015.pdf 7n conditions of Resource Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Robertson, H.; Reeves, P. 2013: Restoration of large- scale wetland ecosystems: Understanding the state, 007o-robertson-2013.pdf functioning, and trajectory of Whangamarino Wetland. 7o
Presentation to NZ Freshwater Sciences Society Conference
Sands, M. 2015: Feasibility assessment for Whangamarino wetland: s128 review of consent 007p-sands-2015.pdf 7p 101727. Prepared for Department of Conservation by Jacobs New Zealand Ltd.
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Sands, M. 2015: Statement of evidence in chief of Michelle Sands. Review of conditions of Resource 007q-sands-2015.pdf 7q Consent 101727. Council hearing, Te Kauwhata, May 2015.
Sedimentation and sediment sources
Gibbs, M. 2009: Whangamarino Wetland pilot study: 036b-gibbs-2009.pdf sediment sources. Prepared for the Department of 36b
Conservation. NIWA Client Report: HAM2009-033.
Gibbs, M. 2016: Sediment source analysis using the CSSI technique – Whangamarino Wetland. Prepared 036c-gibbs-2016.pdf 36c for Department of Conservation. June 2016. NIWA Client Report: HAM2016-078.
Lockyer, C. 2015: Whangamarino water quality modelling and mapping using source catchments. 046a-lockyer-2015.pdf 46a Report prepared for the Department of Conservation. Jacobs New Zealand Ltd, Wellington.
Reeve, G.; Gibbs, M.; Swales, A. 2010: Recent Sedimentation in the Whangamarino Wetland. 036a-reeve-2010.pdf 36a Prepared for the Department of Conservation. NIWA client report: HAM2010-080.
Waituna creek restoration
Beech, M.; Holmes, R. 2015: Restoration in the lower 010a-beech-2015.pdf Waituna Creek, Southland. Presentation at 10a
Freshwater Sciences Society Conference, Wellington.
Funnell, E.; Allibone, R.; Holmes, R.; Hudson, H.; Beech, M. 2016: Restoring the habitat in Waituna 010c-funnell-2016.pdf Creek - a stream in an agricultural landscape. 10c
Presentation at Wetland Restoration Symposium, Nelson.
Holmes, R. 2016: Structural health of Waituna Lagoon 010d-holmes-2016.pdf tributaries. Presentation at National Wetland 10d
Restoration Symposium, Nelson.
Hudson, H. 2013: Waituna Creek Southland Rehabilitation and Enhancement. Issues and Options. 10b Unpublished report for Department of Conservation, Southland.
Wetland ecohydrology
Blyth, J.M. 2011: Ecohydrological characterisation of http://researchcommons. Whangamarino Wetland. MSc thesis, University of waikato.ac.nz/handle/102 32c
Waikato, New Zealand. 89/5344
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Blyth, J.M.; Campbell, D.I.; Schipper, L.A. 2013: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.c Utilizing soil indicators to explain historical vegetation om/doi/10.1002/eco.1247 32b
changes of a peatland subjected to flood inundation.
/full Ecohydrology 6: 104–116
Blyth, J.M. 2011: MSc thesis abstract. Ecohydrological characterisation of Whangamarino 032d-blyth-2011.pdf 32d
Wetland. MSc thesis, University of Waikato, New Zealand.
Blyth, J. 2010: Eco-hydrology of Whangamarino 032a-blyth-2010.pdf Wetland. Presentation at New Zealand Freshwater 32a
Sciences Society Conference, Christchurch.
Wetland limit setting
Clarkson, B.; Overton, J.; Ausseil, A-G.; Robertson, H. 2015: Towards quantitative limits to maintain the https://www.landcarerese ecological integrity of freshwater wetlands: Interim arch.co.nz/_wetland- 57a
report. Contract report LC1933. Landcare Research, quantitative-limits.pdf Hamilton
Robertson H. 2015: Freshwater ecosystems and land use change: our role in setting environmental limits. 057c-robertson-2015.pdf 57c Presentation to the Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Robertson, H.; Clarkson, B.; Overton, J.; Ausseil, A- G. 2015. Limits to maintain the ecological integrity of 057e-robertson-2015.pdf wetlands - towards a national approach. Presentation 57e
to New Zealand Freshwater Sciences Society Conference, Wellington.
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Reporting
Arawai Kākāriki report cards
DOC. 2015: Lake SPI monitoring. Ō Tū Wharekai. Report-card-o-tu- Report Card (Objective 3). Department of 63e
wharekai-habitat.pdf Conservation, Wellington.
DOC. 2015: Water quality. Whangamarino Wetland. Report Card (Objective 2). Department of 63l Conservation, Wellington.
DOC. 2015: Monitoring Tools. Report Card (Objective Report-card-national- 63b
10). Department of Conservation, Wellington. methods.pdf
DOC. 2015: Research Partnerships. Report Card Report-card-national- (Objective 9). Department of Conservation, 63a
reserach.pdf Wellington.
DOC. 2015: Water levels, water quality & Ruppia. Report-card-awarua- Awarua-Waituna Report Card Objective 2). 63c
waituna-water.pdf Department of Conservation, Wellington.
DOC. 2015: Weed Control at Lambies Stream. Ō Tū Report-card-o-tu- Wharekai. Report Card (Objective 3). Department of 63f
wharekai-habitat.pdf Conservation, Wellington.
DOC. 2015: Wetland protection. Ō Tū Wharekai. Report-card-o-tu- Report Card (Objective 1). Department of 63d
wharekai-wetland.pdf Conservation, Wellington.
DOC. 2017: Australasian bittern in New Zealand. Report-card-national- Report Card (Objective 4). Department of australasian-bittern.pdf 63g
Conservation, Wellington.
Report-card- DOC. 2017: Australasian bittern in the Whangamarino whangamarino- Wetland. Report card (Objective 4). Department of 63h australasian-bittern.pdf Conservation, Wellington.
DOC. 2017: Controlling Spanish Heath. Awarua- Waituna. Report Card (Objective 3). Department of 63j
Conservation, Wellington.
DOC. 2016: Understanding Giant Kokopu. Awarua- Report-card-awarua- Waituna Report Card (Objective 4). Department of 63i
waituna-species.pdf Conservation, Wellington.
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Arawai Kākāriki reporting
Duggan, K.; Roberts, L.; Beech, M.; Robertson, H.; Brady, M.; lake, M.; Jones, K.; Hutchinson, K.; http://www.doc.govt.nz/w Patterson, S. 2013: Arawai Kākāriki Wetland etlands/whangamarino- 23b Restoration Programme, Whangamarino Outcomes
outcomes-report.pdf Report 2007-2011. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Robertson, H.; Suggate, R. 2011: Arawai Kākāriki http://www.doc.govt.nz/ar Wetland Restoration Programme 2007 – 2010: awai-kakariki- 22a Implementation Report. Department of Conservation, implementation-report.pdf Wellington.
Sullivan, W.; Robertson, H.; Clucas, R.; Cook, L.; http://www.doc.govt.nz//o Lange, K. 2012: Arawai Kākāriki Wetland Restoration -tu-wharekai-outcomes- 23a Programme Ō Tū Wharekai Outcomes Report 2007-
report-2007-2011/ 2011. Department of Conservation, Canterbury.
Thorne, S.; Beech, M.; Funnell, E.; Robertson, H.; Egerton, R.; Ledgard, G. 2014. Arawai Kākāriki Wetland Restoration Programme: Awarua - Waituna 23c Wetland Outcomes Report 2007-2011. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Monitoring framework
Kelly, D.; West, D.; Robertson; H. Doehring, KAM.; http://www.doc.govt.nz/fr Gansell, O. 2013: Development of a freshwater tier 1 eshwater-tier-1- biodiversity monitoring programme: scoping report 19b biodiversity-scoping- 2013. Cawthron Report 2362. Prepared for
report.pdf Department of Conservation. 59 pp.
Robertson, H.; Beech. M. 2013: Arawai Kākāriki Monitoring & Reporting Framework (2013-). 19a Unpublished framework. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
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