International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (Cambridge
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This page intentionally left blank International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law How do international human rights and humanitarian law protect vulnerable individuals in times of peace and of war? Rene´ Provost analyses systemic similarities and differences in the construction of each body of law, showing how they achieve a similar goal. By detailing the dynamics of human rights and humanitarian law, Provost reveals how each performs a task for which it is better suited than the other, and that the fundamentals of both fields remain partly incompatible. This helps us understand why their norms succeed in some ways and fail, at times spectacularly, in others. Provost’s study represents innovative and in-depth research, covering all relevant materials from the UN, ICTY, ICTR, and regional organisations in Europe, Africa and Latin America. This study will be of interest to academics and graduate students in international law and international relations, as well as to legal practitioners in related fields, and NGOs active in human rights. rene´ provost is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law and the Institute of Comparative Law, McGill University. He has published in the British Yearbook of International Law, the Columbia Journal of Transnational Law and the University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. cambridge studies in international and comparative law This series (established in 1946 by Professors Gutteridge, Hersch Lauterpacht and McNair) is a forum of studies of high quality in the fields of public and private international law and comparative law. Although these are distinct legal subdisciplines, developments since 1946 confirm their interrelationship. Comparative law is increasingly used as a tool in the making of law at national, regional and international levels. Private international law is increasingly affected by international conventions, and the issues faced by classical conflicts rules are increasingly dealt with by substantive harmonisation of law under international auspices. Mixed international arbitrations, especially those involving state economic activity, raise mixed questions of public and private international law. In many fields (such as the protection of human rights and democratic standards, investment guarantees and international criminal law) international and national systems interact. National constitutional arrangements relating to ‘foreign affairs’, and to the implementation of international norms, are a focus of attention. Professor Sir Robert Jennings edited the series from 1981. Following his retirement as General Editor, an editorial board has been created and Cambridge University Press has recommitted itself to the series, affirming its broad scope. The Board welcomes works of a theoretical or interdisciplinary character, and those focusing on new approaches to international or comparative law or conflicts of law. Studies of particular institutions or problems are equally welcome, as are translations of the best work published in other languages. General Editors: Professor James Crawford SC FBA Whewell Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law and Director, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge Professor John S. Bell FBA Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge Editorial Board: Professor Hilary Charlesworth, University of Adelaide Professor Lori Damrosch, Columbia University Law School Professor John Dugard, Universiteit Leiden Professor Mary-Ann Glendon, Harvard Law School Professor Christopher Greenwood, London School of Economics Professor David Johnston, University of Edinburgh Professor Heinz Kotz,¨ Max-Planck-Institut, Hamburg Professor Donald McRae, University of Ottawa Professor Onuma Yasuaki, University of Tokyo Professor Reinhard Zimmermann, Universitat¨ Regensburg Advisory Committee: Professor Sir D. W. Bowett QC Judge Rosalyn Higgins QC Professor Sir Robert Jennings QC Professor J. A. Jolowicz QC Professor Sir Elihu Lauterpacht QC Professor Kurt Lipstein QC Judge Stephen Schwebel A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Rene´ Provost The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © René Provost 2004 First published in printed format 2002 ISBN 0-511-04186-1 eBook (netLibrary) ISBN 0-521-80697-6 hardback A mes parents, pour tout Contents Acknowledgmentspagex Tableofcasesxii Tableoftreatiesxviii Tableofotherinternationalinstrumentsxxxiv Introduction1 PART I Normative frameworks Introduction13 1Rightsandproceduralcapacity16 Rights17 Humanrights18 Humanitarianlaw26 Proceduralcapacity42 Substantiverighttoaremedy43 Internationalstanding49 Conclusion54 2Obligationsandresponsibility57 Obligations58 Humanrights58 Humanitarianlaw75 Responsibility102 Roleofresponsibility103 Dutytoprosecute110 ConclusiontoPartI116 vii viii contents PART II Reciprocity Introduction121 3Formation127 Proceduralaspects127 Treatylaw127 Customarylaw130 Objectandpurposeofnorms133 Humanrights133 Humanitarianlaw136 Reservationsandreciprocity140 Humanrights141 Humanitarianlaw146 4Application152 Initialapplicabilityandreciprocity152 Humanrights152 Humanitarianlaw153 Furtherapplicationandreciprocity163 Article60oftheViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties163 Humanrights167 Humanitarianlaw172 5Sanction182 Countermeasures182 Belligerentreprisals183 Countermeasuresandhumanrights201 Individualresponsibility:theruletuquoque227 ConclusiontoPartII236 PART III Application: law and facts Introduction241 6Areasoflegalindeterminacy247 Humanitarianlawofarmedconflict247 Inter-statearmedconflicts248 Nationalliberationarmedconflicts253 Non-internationalarmedconflictsunderProtocolII260 InternalarmedconflictsundercommonArticle3264 Stateofemergencyunderhumanrightslaw269 contents ix 7Legaleffectofcharacterisation277 Self-characterisation278 Humanitarianlaw279 Humanrights284 Conclusion290 Thirdstates292 Politicalorgansofintergovernmentalorganisations296 Characterisationbypoliticalbodies296 Natureandeffectofcharacterisation304 Independentbodies315 Humanrights316 Humanitarianlaw323 ConclusiontoPartIII338 Generalconclusion343 Bibliography351 Index388 Acknowledgments Over the course of writing a book, one accumulates many more debts than can be acknowledged in a few lines. I am grateful to Ian Brownlie, who gave me constant support and advice throughout the course of this project, even after I had left Oxford. My thanks go to Louis Henkin at Columbia Law School, with whom I had my first discussions to ar- ticulate the topic of this work. David Daube and Stefan Riesenfeld at UC Berkeley provided, in very different ways, inspiring models of what academic pursuit should be about. Christine Gray, Benedict Kingsbury, James Crawford and Stephen Toope gave me helpful comments and ad- vice at various stages. St Antony’s College proved a very warm and hospitable place to spend my time in Oxford, for which I am thankful to the Warden, Fellows and staff. The Faculty of Law of McGill University provided, and continues to provide, a collegial, friendly and stimulating environment. I am indebted to the staff of the Bodleian Law Library and the McGill Law Library for accommodating my frequent requests for esoteric books and articles. I am also grateful for the financial support provided by a number of sources, including the Fonds pour la formation de chercheurs et l’aide a` la recherche du Quebec,´ the Centennial Scholarship Fund, the IODE War Memorial Scholarships Fund and the Boulton Trust Fund of McGill University. With Amanda Dickins, Fabien Gelinas,´ Carolina Labarta, David Lametti, Susan Law, Hans Meier, David N’dii, Peter Oliver, Sophie Probert Oliver, Diarmuid Rossa Phelan, Nandini Ramanujam, Genevieve` Saumier, Stephen Smith and Robert Wintemute, I shared much food, wine, whisky, movies, sports, outings and so many other things essential to the production of a work such as this one. J’ai dedi´ ecelivre´ a` mes x acknowledgments xi parents, Jean et Denyse, pour tout ce que j’ai appris et continue d’apprendre d’eux. Finally my greatest debt is owed to Shauna, with- out whom nothing would have been possible ...et pour Daniel Sol et Micah, pour qui rien n’est impossible. Table of cases Abella v. Argentina (‘La Tablada’case) page 157, 199, 333–5 Admission of a State to the United Nations (Advisory Opinion) 311–12, 314 Ahmed v. Austria 61 Air Service Agreement Award 182, 185, 189, 277 Ashby v. White 14 Askoy v. Turkey 287–8, 316 Asylum case 281, 292 Austria v. Italy 134, 145, 168 Avila v. Colombia 333, 335–6 ‘Baby Boy’case 65 Baffico v. Calleri 90, 191 Barbie case 70 Barcelona Traction case 124, 134, 145, 204 Bauer et al. trial 35 Belgium v. Falkenhausen 197 Belilos v. Switzerland 143 Bleier v. Uruguay 113 Bouchelkia v. France 216 Brannigan and McBride v. UK 242, 271, 285, 287–8, 316–17, 323 Bronstein v. Peru 135 Burger-Fischer et al. v. DeGussa AG 46 Caso del Tribunal constitucional 135 Chrysostomos v. Turkey (1991) 19 Civil War Claimants Assoc. Ltd v.R 47 Coard v. United States 20, 335 Commission nationale des droits de l’homme v. Chad 61, 269 Compulsory Membership (Advisory Opinion) 61 xii table of cases xiii Corfu Channel case 197 Cyprus v. Turkey (1975) 19, 20, 21, 285, 333–4 Cyprus v. Turkey (1979) 20 Cysne case 191 Denmark,