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“This Humble Work”: Puerto Rican and Philippine Literature Between Spanish and United States Empires

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“This Humble Work”: Puerto Rican and Philippine Literature Between Spanish and United States Empires “This Humble Work”: Puerto Rican and Philippine Literature between Spanish and United States Empires William S. Arighi A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2015 Reading Committee Cynthia Steele, Chair Jose Francisco Benitez Leigh Mercer Ileana M. Rodríguez Silva Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Comparative Literature University of Washington Abstract “This Humble Work”: Puerto Rican and Philippine Literature between Spanish and United States Empires By William S. Arighi Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Cynthia Steele Department of Comparative Literature “‘This Humble Work’: Puerto Rican and Philippine Literature between Spanish and United States Empires” interrogates the concept of value that underpins contemporary theories of world literature, arguing that this field of inquiry reproduces the imperial relationships that shaped the origins of literary studies. By tracing the growth in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries of literary culture in two of the last remaining Spanish colonies, “This Humble Work” proposes an alternative theory of studying world literature by positing the study of the empire as essential to the concept of “literariness.” This dissertation utilizes postcolonial and Marxist theories to reconceive of literature as a world-making venture that represents forces of domination and resistance to political and economic projects which would otherwise remain beyond intelligibility. ii “This Humble Work” begins with an investigation into the theory of aesthetic judgment developed by Immanuel Kant in the late eighteenth century, since Kant’s theory is foundational to contemporary literary study. Kant founds his theory of the subject in its ability to judge free from irrational bases and historical contingencies, a position that coincides with political economists in the fifty years following Kant as they attempt to grapple with the concept of an economic subject. The presupposition that the subject exists in its judgment as a free individual forms the backbone of contemporary studies of literature, including world literature. “This Humble Work” then pursues how this subject position manifested itself in Puerto Rico and the Philippines from 1849-1926, demonstrating in the process four problems that emerged in the struggle to found communities in these territories that would be based on the principle of the ahistorical subject. The problems of culture, temporality, identity, and worlding arise in the literary projects of the Spanish empire as they struggle to integrate Puerto Rican and Philippine subjects into new political-economic configurations premised on the Kantian “ideal” subject. Through an examination of literary projects in Spanish and Tagalog from these colonies during their transition from the Spanish Empire to the United States Empire after 1898, these four problems are revealed as the limits of literary possibility for texts that emerge from outside of metropolitan society. In the process, “This Humble Work” exposes the limits of world literature to ever account fully for the totality of forces that make the modern world. iii Acknowledgements My humblest and most sincere thanks to my committee: My advisor, Cynthia Steele, who has guided not only this project but my professional life with practical wisdom and generous support; Kiko Benitez, who has pushed me relentlessly and brilliantly ever since I met him, and without whom this project would not exist; Ileana M. Rodríguez Silva, who has provided me with perfect words of encouragement at perfect times, and who taught me how to read like a scholar; and Leigh Mercer, whose generosity in so many aspects of my professional life has been phenomenal. Vince Rafael, Marshall Brown, Jennifer Dubrow, Rich Watts, Gillian Harkins, Sonal Khullar, Míċeál Vaughan, Candice Rai, and Michelle Liu have also aided me immensely. Research and writing time was expanded by dissertation fellowships from the Walter Chapin Simpson Center for the Humanities at the University of Washington (Kathleen Woodward, director) and Modern Language Quarterly (Marshall Brown, editor). My experiences with the Simpson Center were enriched by the cohort of scholars with whom I worked, particularly Jennifer Dubrow, Candice Rai, Heekyoung Cho, Heather Arvidson, and Shruti Patel. My special thanks to Heather and Shruti, who helped me professionally, intellectually, and emotionally during a transitional year. For fellowships to support language training, and for subsequent support in the form of advising, I would like to thank the Southeast Asian Studies Center at the University of Washington, especially Director Laurie Sears and iv Associate Director Sara van Fleet. I also received funding to study Filipino in the Philippines from Fulbright-Hayes Group Projects. Theorists of world literature often lament a lack of collaboration in literary studies, and yet I cannot think of my time in Seattle as anything but collaborative. Those who have worked with me most closely include Andrea Schmidt, my best friend in Seattle, and my German-language tutor; Joel Strom, who has been among the staunchest critics of and advocates for my work, and has reframed my argument countless times; Marites Mendoza, who has challenged me (since before I met her!) to think, act, and teach critically, ethically, and rigorously about the Philippines and much else; Julie Kae, without whom the Krispy Kreme phase of the project might not have been written; Raj Chetty, a brave interlocutor on what the Caribbean is and does; Shiboney Dumo, for writing sessions heavily interrupted by discussions of Philippine literature and culture; and kuya Jed Domigpe, whose tutelage and guidance are unmatched. Rachel Gibson has been one of the greatest colleagues imaginable since my MA. A special thanks to Bob Hodges and Joel (again), for an eleventh-hour reading of the introduction. My time at UW has also been made better by Julie Myers, Angela Durán Real, Andrew Pyle (and Zee and ChanceLore), Chris Grorud, Travis Sands (and Phoenix and Anya), Joe Bernardo, Allan Lumba, Tavid Mulder, Donghee Han, Kathy Morrow, Yasi Naraghi, Carmel Laurino, Elloise Kim, Alissa Bourbonnais and Adam Turner, Sue Shon, Sam Simon, Liz Brown, Caleb Knapp, Alan-Michael Weatherford, Symbol Lai, and Matthew Nicdao. Yuko Mera is an advising wizard and a stellar friend; for me, there is no Department of Comparative Literature without her and Marcia Feinstein-Tobey. Passages from Chapters One and Three appeared in “Empire and the Geography of Literary Time in the Spanish Philippines,” English Language Notes 52.2. Laurie Sears, Vince v Rafael, Eric Tagliacozzo, Christoph Geibel, and Marshall Brown provided generous commentary on aspects of this project at various points. Any errors of fact or interpretation that persist in this dissertation are my own, and in spite of the advice and criticism of the aforementioned. My time in the Philippines gave me a much greater understanding of the urgency of addressing the continuing coloniality of power, as well as humbled me in the pursuit of justice. For all this, my thanks go first of all to the Hayag Cruz family: Karla, Ivan, and, most of all, the late tita Ibay, who welcomed me into their home, fed me, and helped me understand my place in the world. Pinamulatan nila ang mata ko sa malalim na kahulugan ng kagandahan-loob. Astig na “kapatid” din si Karl Alcover. The rest of the Hayags of Dasmariñas, Cavite, and beyond, know my debt to them. As director of the Advanced Filipino Abroad Program, Dr. Ruth Elynia Mabanglo (tita Ruth) challenged all of us to work hard and articulate ourselves clearly. The in- country director, Dr. Teresita Fortunato (tita Tess), was a hilarious and rigorous intellectual guide to Filipino linguistics. Dr. Teresita Ramos (tita Terry), who founded the program and whose work on Tagalog language instruction is the cornerstone of contemporary Tagalog education in the U.S., was a warm and enlivening presence. Ate Evangeline Alvarez Encabo and kuya Ramil Correa were incredible, witty, diligent, friendly, generous, and all-around loveable teachers who put up with us for two months of their lives and never once let on how tiring we must have been to them. To you and your families, may utang na loob po kami. Rouchelle Dinglasan and Gerg Cahiles showed us more subtle aspects of Manila and Dasmariñas. A special thanks to the rest of the Yun Lang cohort: James, Nik, Lara, Isa, Heidi, Modesto, Lester, and Lola. vi The Benitez-Kuo family has taken me into their homes in both Manila and Seattle, and I cannot thank them enough for everything they have done for me. Thanks also to the Kae-Sands family, who offered restaurant-quality meals and much needed conversation at perfect times. Finally, to my family, my deepest love and admiration: Margaret, Michael, and Louis Arighi, my sister-in-law, Emily Meierding, my grandmother, Dorothy, and my uncles and aunt: the late Nick Viesselman, and Scott and Margie Arighi. The Wongs have taken me in as one of their own: Ray, Florence, and Sonia, you have been a great source of strength. Thanks also to Evan and Jen, dom, Dev (craw!), Pam, and Anthony, my extended family. And to k@, my partner, collaborator, friend, who has accompanied me throughout this prolonged ordeal, and without whom I would not laugh or cry, and would not have been born as human. vii Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iv Introduction 1 Chapter One Aesthetics, Empire, and World Literature
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