United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Long Valley Road Extension Right-of-Way Environmental Assessment DOI-BLM-UT-C030-2020-0004-EA September 2020 Location: Section 31, Township 42 South, Range 14 West Section 6, Township 43 South, Range 14 West Section 36, Township 42 South, Range 15 West Salt Lake Baseline and Meridian Applicant: Washington City 1305 East Washington Dam Road Washington, Utah 84780 St. George Field Office 345 East Riverside Drive St. George, Utah 84790 435-688-3200 435-688-3252 fax TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Purpose and Need ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Purpose and Need for Action ........................................................................................................ 1 1.4 Decision to be Made ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Conformance with BLM Land Use Plan ....................................................................................... 2 1.6 Scoping and Public Involvement and Issues ................................................................................. 4 1.6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.6.2 Issues Identified .................................................................................................................... 4 1.6.3 Issues Considered but Eliminated from Further Analysis ..................................................... 5 Chapter 2. Description of Proposed Action and Alternatives ....................................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Proposed Action ............................................................................................................................ 6 2.2.1 Applicant-Committed Measures ........................................................................................... 9 2.3 No Action Alternative ................................................................................................................. 16 2.4 Alternatives Considered but not Analyzed in Detail ................................................................... 16 Chapter 3. Affected Environment ............................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 17 3.2 Affected Environment ................................................................................................................. 18 3.2.1 Would Project Implementation (Construction and Maintenance Activities) Affect Wildlife (Excluding USFWS Designated Species) Habitat and Result in Loss of Animals? ........... 18 3.2.2 Would Project Implementation (Construction and Maintenance Activities) Affect Migratory Bird Species Habitat and Result in Loss of Birds? ............................................ 18 3.2.3 Would Project Implementation (Construction and Maintenance Activities) Result in Vegetation (Excluding USFWS Designated Species) Habitat Loss? .................................. 18 3.2.4 Would Project Implementation (Construction and Maintenance Activities) Result in the Loss of the Listed Endangered Dwarf Bear-Poppy and Holmgren Milkvetch and the Listed Threatened Siler Pincushion Cactus Habitat or Individual Plants? ..................................... 19 3.2.5 Would Project Implementation (Construction and Maintenance Activities) Result in the Loss of the Listed Threatened Desert Tortoises or Their Habitat? ..................................... 22 3.2.6 Would Project Implementation (Construction and Maintenance Activities) Result in the Loss of Warner Ridge/Fort Pearce ACEC Values? ............................................................ 24 Chapter 4. Environmental Effects ............................................................................................................... 26 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 26 4.2 Anticipated Environmental Effects ............................................................................................. 26 4.2.1 Proposed Action .................................................................................................................. 26 4.2.2 No Action Alternative ......................................................................................................... 29 4.3 Cumulative Impact Analysis ....................................................................................................... 29 4.3.1 Past and Present Actions ..................................................................................................... 29 4.3.2 Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions ............................................................................. 29 4.3.3 Cumulative Effects .............................................................................................................. 30 Chapter 5. Consultation and Coordination .................................................................................................. 31 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 31 Long Valley Road Extension Right-of-Way Draft Environmental Assessment Transcon Environmental, Inc. page i 5.2 Tribes, Individuals, Organizations, or Agencies Consulted ........................................................ 31 5.3 Public Participation ..................................................................................................................... 31 5.4 List of Preparers .......................................................................................................................... 31 5.4.1 BLM Preparers .................................................................................................................... 31 5.4.2 Non-BLM Preparers ............................................................................................................ 31 References ................................................................................................................................................... 32 List of Figures Figure 1 Project area overview map .................................................................................................. 8 Figure 2 Occupied and unoccupied dwarf bear-poppy habitat located within the project area ...... 12 Figure 3 Fences overview map ........................................................................................................ 15 Figure 4 Plant area overview map ................................................................................................... 21 Figure 5 Federally-listed species map ............................................................................................. 23 Figure 6 ACEC overview map ........................................................................................................ 25 List of Tables Table 1 Tribes, Individuals, Organizations, and Agencies Consulted ........................................... 31 Table 2 Non-BLM Preparers ......................................................................................................... 31 List of Appendices Appendix A BLM ID Checklist Appendix B Project Construction Plans Appendix C USFWS Consultation Appendix D Photographs of the Project Area Long Valley Road Extension Right-of-Way Draft Environmental Assessment Transcon Environmental, Inc. page ii CHAPTER 1. PURPOSE AND NEED 1.1 Introduction The proposed Long Valley Road extension is part of a Washington City master planned roadway that would connect the existing Long Valley Road with a planned interchange on the Southern Parkway known as Interchange 11 (3650 South). The proposed road would lie adjacent to the recently completed parkway (Figure 1). The extension would provide a principal access to the planned Trails at Long Valley master community as well as traffic circulation and utility access to approximately 2,000 residential units located within the subdivision. The proposed road would provide additional traffic circulation and emergency access to the area prior to the completion of the interchange, which is currently under discussion to be constructed. Additionally, public utilities (culinary water, sewer, natural gas, television, and telephone lines) would be located underneath the proposed roadway (James Raines personal communication 2020). A paved bicycle trail would eventually be constructed adjacent to the road within the proposed right-of-way (ROW). Because the trail is being analyzed as a part of the proposed project, no additional environmental assessment work would be required. The proposed project would be located on Bureau of Land Management (BLM)-administered land and
Recommended publications
  • Project: 2003-NPS-305-P Seed Fates of Arctomecon Californica By
    Project: 2003-NPS-305-P Seed Fates of Arctomecon californica By: Laura Megill & Dr. Lawrence Walker University of Nevada, Las Vegas Final Report Clark County Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan June 30, 2006 ** A copy of the finished thesis and subsequent publications will be sent upon completion. INTRODUCTION The Las Vegas bearpoppy, Arctomecon californica Torr. and Frem., is a rare herbaceous perennial endemic to the Mojave Desert that mainly inhabits gypsum outcrops. The Las Vegas bearpoppy is listed as Critically Endangered by the State of Nevada (Mistretta et al., 1995). A vital aspect of the life history of the bearpoppy that has been overlooked in previous studies is the fate of seeds. The unknown fate of the bearpoppy seeds provides an information gap in conservation management plans that is critical to plan mitigation measures (Powell and Walker 2003). Therefore, the objective of this research project is to determine the seed fates of the Las Vegas bearpoppy to further promote conservation efforts. The scope of this project follows seed fates through seed production, seed dispersal, and granivory to incorporation within the soil seed bank. In addition, seed viability testing will occur throughout the project to substantiate seed fate data. The research data will be collected from four study areas with an additional area added for soil seed bank studies traversing the natural range of the Las Vegas bearpoppy over a two-year consecutive period. The following hypotheses will be addressed in this research study: (1) Seed production corresponds to capsule size and number of rosettes. (2) Primary seed dispersal declines leptokurtically from the source.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of a Dwarf Bear-Poppy (Arctomecon Humilis) Population Over a Sixteen-Year Period
    Western North American Naturalist Volume 64 Number 4 Article 8 10-29-2004 Dynamics of a dwarf bear-poppy (Arctomecon humilis) population over a sixteen-year period K. T. Harper Brigham Young University Renée Van Buren Utah Valley State College, Orem, Utah Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan Recommended Citation Harper, K. T. and Van Buren, Renée (2004) "Dynamics of a dwarf bear-poppy (Arctomecon humilis) population over a sixteen-year period," Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 64 : No. 4 , Article 8. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol64/iss4/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western North American Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Western North American Naturalist 64(4), © 2004, pp 482–491 DYNAMICS OF A DWARF BEAR-POPPY (ARCTOMECON HUMILIS) POPULATION OVER A SIXTEEN-YEAR PERIOD K.T. Harper1,2 and Renée Van Buren3 ABSTRACT.—A population of the dwarf bear-poppy (Arctomecon humilis Coville, Papaveraceae) at Red Bluff, Wash- ington County, Utah, was monitored twice annually between 1987 and 2002. This is a narrowly endemic, gypsophilous species that has been formally listed as endangered since 1979. During the 16 years of observation, density of this species has fluctuated between 3 and 1336 individuals on the 0.07-ha monitoring plot. Moderate to large recruitments of seedlings occurred in 1992, 1995, and 2001. Seedling recruitments from a large, long-lived seed bank are triggered by abundant precipitation during the February–April period.
    [Show full text]
  • December 2012 Number 1
    Calochortiana December 2012 Number 1 December 2012 Number 1 CONTENTS Proceedings of the Fifth South- western Rare and Endangered Plant Conference Calochortiana, a new publication of the Utah Native Plant Society . 3 The Fifth Southwestern Rare and En- dangered Plant Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, March 2009 . 3 Abstracts of presentations and posters not submitted for the proceedings . 4 Southwestern cienegas: Rare habitats for endangered wetland plants. Robert Sivinski . 17 A new look at ranking plant rarity for conservation purposes, with an em- phasis on the flora of the American Southwest. John R. Spence . 25 The contribution of Cedar Breaks Na- tional Monument to the conservation of vascular plant diversity in Utah. Walter Fertig and Douglas N. Rey- nolds . 35 Studying the seed bank dynamics of rare plants. Susan Meyer . 46 East meets west: Rare desert Alliums in Arizona. John L. Anderson . 56 Calochortus nuttallii (Sego lily), Spatial patterns of endemic plant spe- state flower of Utah. By Kaye cies of the Colorado Plateau. Crystal Thorne. Krause . 63 Continued on page 2 Copyright 2012 Utah Native Plant Society. All Rights Reserved. Utah Native Plant Society Utah Native Plant Society, PO Box 520041, Salt Lake Copyright 2012 Utah Native Plant Society. All Rights City, Utah, 84152-0041. www.unps.org Reserved. Calochortiana is a publication of the Utah Native Plant Society, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organi- Editor: Walter Fertig ([email protected]), zation dedicated to conserving and promoting steward- Editorial Committee: Walter Fertig, Mindy Wheeler, ship of our native plants. Leila Shultz, and Susan Meyer CONTENTS, continued Biogeography of rare plants of the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened, Endangered, Candidate & Proposed Plant Species of Utah
    TECHNICAL NOTE USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service Boise, Idaho and Salt Lake City, Utah TN PLANT MATERIALS NO. 52 MARCH 2011 THREATENED, ENDANGERED, CANDIDATE & PROPOSED PLANT SPECIES OF UTAH Derek Tilley, Agronomist, NRCS, Aberdeen, Idaho Loren St. John, PMC Team Leader, NRCS, Aberdeen, Idaho Dan Ogle, Plant Materials Specialist, NRCS, Boise, Idaho Casey Burns, State Biologist, NRCS, Salt Lake City, Utah Last Chance Townsendia (Townsendia aprica). Photo by Megan Robinson. This technical note identifies the current threatened, endangered, candidate and proposed plant species listed by the U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service (USDI FWS) in Utah. Review your county list of threatened and endangered species and the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Conservation Data Center (CDC) GIS T&E database to see if any of these species have been identified in your area of work. Additional information on these listed species can be found on the USDI FWS web site under “endangered species”. Consideration of these species during the planning process and determination of potential impacts related to scheduled work will help in the conservation of these rare plants. Contact your Plant Material Specialist, Plant Materials Center, State Biologist and Area Biologist for additional guidance on identification of these plants and NRCS responsibilities related to the Endangered Species Act. 2 Table of Contents Map of Utah Threatened, Endangered and Candidate Plant Species 4 Threatened & Endangered Species Profiles Arctomecon humilis Dwarf Bear-poppy ARHU3 6 Asclepias welshii Welsh’s Milkweed ASWE3 8 Astragalus ampullarioides Shivwits Milkvetch ASAM14 10 Astragalus desereticus Deseret Milkvetch ASDE2 12 Astragalus holmgreniorum Holmgren Milkvetch ASHO5 14 Astragalus limnocharis var.
    [Show full text]
  • Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plants: Proceedings of the Third
    The Influence of Interplant Distance and Number of Flowers on Seed Set in Dwarf Bear-Poppy (Arctomecon humilis) K. T. HARPER,^ RENEE VAN BUREN,* and ZACHARY T. AANDERUD~ l~ri~hamYoung University, Provo, and Utah Valley State College, Orem 2~tahValley State College, Orem 3~niversityof California, Davis Abstract: Samples from three isolated populations of the dwarf bear-poppy (Arctomecon humilis Cov.) demonstrate that both flower pollination (fruit set) and seed set per fruit decline as interplant distances increase and the number of flowers per plant declines. Interplant dis- tance and number of flowers per plant tend to interact with reproduction. Seed set per plant is most impaired on plants that produce few flowers and are far from other flowering, con- specific individuals. Such data warn that the number of surviving individuals alone is not a safe criterion for evaluating reproductive health of a plant population. Population density (number of individuals per unit area) strongly influences the reproductive success of this species. Other studies suggest that large reductions in the pollen deposited on stigmas may eliminate competition among pollen grains for access to ovules and adversely affect the vigor of the next sporophyte generation. The dwarf bear-poppy is a local endemic confined Our earlier work has shown that the dwarf to gypsiferous soils in Washington County, Utah bear-poppy is highly self-incompa tible (Harper e t and the adjacent edge of Mohave County, Arizona al., unpub. data). Plants enclosed in mesh cages (McDougall 1973, Welsh et al. 1993). The species is rarely produce fruits, whereas plants open to formally listed as endangered by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring 2019 Volume 42 Number 2 Natureserve Global Ranking
    Spring 2019 Volume 42 Number 2 NatureServe Global Ranking Session at March 2019 UNPS Meeting NatureServe Global Ranking .... 2 Cliffrose Reminder ..................... 19 Utah Rare Plant Meeting 2019 . 4 Dorde Woodruff .......................... 20 Fritillaria pudica ......................... 12 Joel Tuhy Meeting ............................. 21 Eriogonum Society Meeting .... 15 Lifetime Members ....................... 21 Alma Winward ............................. 16 Penstemon Society Meeting .... 22 Bill Gray’s App Reviews ............ 19 Dave Wallace Weed Pull ........... 22 BYU Herbarium sheet image adapted to fit page. Original image available on SEINet http://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/index.php Utah Native Plant Society NatureServe Global Ranking Session at March 2019 UNPS Meeting by Anne Frances ([email protected]) and About Conservation Status Assessments, or Ranks Leah Oliver ([email protected]) Conservation status assessments are used to prioritize plant conservation efforts by evaluating a species’ risk of extinction (Master, 1991). Because of the recognized Abstract importance of status assessments to conservation, On March 4, 2019 the Utah Native Plant Society and several international policy initiatives and strategies NatureServe co-coordinated a Global Ranking session to include status assessments as part of their strategic review the conservation status of high priority plant species. goals. For example, Target 2 of the Convention on Global Ranks refer to NatureServe’s Conservation Status Biological Diversity’s Global Strategy for Plant Assessments, the most widely used platform for assessing Conservation calls for “an assessment of the conservation status of species in the United States and conservation status of all known plant species…to guide Canada. The meeting was hosted by Red Butte Botanic conservation action” by 2020 (CBD, 2012). Similarly, the Gardens in Salt Lake City.
    [Show full text]
  • Hare-Footed Locoweed,Oxytropis Lagopus
    COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Hare-footed Locoweed Oxytropis lagopus in Canada THREATENED 2014 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2014. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Hare-footed Locoweed Oxytropis lagopus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xi + 61 pp. (www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC. 1995. COSEWIC status report on the Hare-footed Locoweed Oxytropis lagopus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 24 pp. Smith, Bonnie. 1995. COSEWIC status report on the Hare-footed Locoweed Oxytropis lagopus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 24 pp. Production note: C COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Juanita Ladyman for writing the status report on the Hare-footed Locoweed (Oxytropis lagopus) in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. This report was overseen and edited by Bruce Bennett, Co-chair of the Vascular Plant Specialist Subcommittee. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-953-3215 Fax: 819-994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur L’oxytrope patte-de-lièvre (Oxytropis lagopus) au Canada. Cover illustration/photo: Hare-footed Locoweed — Photo credit: Cheryl Bradley (with permission). Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of UAV-Based Methodology for Census of an Endangered Plant Species in a Fragile Habitat
    remote sensing Article Application of UAV-Based Methodology for Census of an Endangered Plant Species in a Fragile Habitat Kody Rominger 1 and Susan E. Meyer 2,* 1 College of Science, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058, USA; [email protected] 2 USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo, UT 84606, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-801-356-5122 Received: 11 February 2019; Accepted: 21 March 2019; Published: 26 March 2019 Abstract: Accurate census is essential for endangered plant management, yet lack of resources may make complete on-the-ground census difficult to achieve. Accessibility, especially for species in fragile habitats, is an added constraint. We examined the feasibility of using UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle, drone)-based imagery for census of an endangered plant species, Arctomecon humilis (dwarf bear-poppy), an herbaceous perennial gypsophile endemic of the Mojave Desert, USA. Using UAV technology, we captured imagery at both 50-m altitude (census) and 15-m altitude (validation) at two populations, White Dome (325 ha) and Red Bluffs (166 ha). The imagery was processed into orthomosaics that averaged 2.32 cm ground sampling distance (GSD) for 50-m imagery and 0.73 cm GSD for 15-m imagery. Putative poppy plants were marked in the 50-m imagery according to predefined criteria. We then used the 15-m imagery from each area to verify the identification accuracy of marked plants. Visual evaluation of the 50-m imagery resulted in errors of both commission and omission, mainly caused by failure to accurately identify or detect small poppies (<10 cm diameter).
    [Show full text]
  • DWARF BEAR-POPPY Arctomecon Humilis Coville
    DWARF BEAR-POPPY Arctomecon humilis Coville Photo by Daniela Roth; USFWS. 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Utah Field Office Salt Lake City, Utah September 29, 2016 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 5-YEAR REVIEW FOR 2016 THE DWARF BEAR-POPPY (ARCTOMECON HUMILIS) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3 2. Background on the Species’ Listing History ....................................................................... 3 3. Review of the Listable Entity .............................................................................................. 4 3.1. Taxonomic Information.................................................................................................... 4 3.2. Application of the Distinct Population Segments (DPS) Policy ...................................... 4 4. Basic Species Information ................................................................................................... 4 4.1. Brief Species Description ................................................................................................. 4 4.2. Basic Life History and Biological Limiting Factors ........................................................ 4 4.3. Distribution....................................................................................................................... 7 4.4. Population Status .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Special Status Vegetation Species and Noxious Weeds
    5.3.10 Special Status Vegetation Species and Noxious Weeds 5.3.10.1 Affected Environment Special Status Vegetation Species Overview. This section presents information on the 58 special status plant species that potentially occur in the survey area, based on habitat requirements. The list of species was derived from an overall list of 101 species, including plants listed by the USFWS list as threatened, endangered, proposed, candidate, and conservation agreement species potentially occurring in Mohave and Coconino counties, Arizona, and Washington and Kane counties, Utah; Glen Canyon GCNRA Special Status Plant Species list; and the BLM Sensitive Plant Species List for the Arizona Strip, and for Kane and Washington counties, Utah (Table 5-88). Table 5-88 Special Status Plant Species with Potential to Occur within the Area of Potential Effect Page 1 of 4 Found in Area of Species Name and Family Status1 Potential Effect (Yes/No) Acer glabrum (Rocky Mountain maple) GCNRA G5 No Aceraceae Acer grandidentatum (Bigtooth maple) GCNRA G5 No Aceraceae `Aralia racemosa (American spikenard) GCNRA G5 No Araliaceae Arctomecon humilis (Dwarf bear-poppy) ESA LE No Papaveraceae Asclepias welshii (Welsh’s milkweed) ESA LT, CH No Asclepidaceae Astragalus ampullarioides (Shivwits milkvetch) ESA LE, CH No Fabaceae Astragalus ampullarius (Gumbo milkvetch) BLM UT No Fabaceae Astragalus holmgreniorum (Paradox [Holmgren] milkvetch) ESA LE, CH No Fabaceae Astragalus striatiflorus (Escarpment milkvetch) BLM UT No Fabaceae Camissonia bairdii (Baird camissonia) BLM
    [Show full text]
  • Las Vegas Bearpoppy Petition
    BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR PETITION TO LIST THE LAS VEGAS BEARPOPPY (Arctomecon californica) UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT AND CONCURRENTLY DESIGNATE CRITICAL HABITAT Las Vegas bearpoppy (Arctomecon californica) visited by the Mojave poppy bee (Perdita meconis) Photo by: Zachary Portman CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY August 14, 2019 NOTICE OF PETITION David Bernhardt, Secretary U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Margaret Everson, Acting Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1849 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Gary Frazer, Assistant Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1840 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Amy Lueders, Director Region 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service P.O. Box 1306, Room 4012 Albuquerque, NM 87102 [email protected] Paul Souza, Director Region 8 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2800 Cottage Way, Suite W2606 Sacramento, California 95825 [email protected] ii Pursuant to Section 4(b) of the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b); Section 553(e) of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 553(e); and 50 C.F.R. § 424.14(a), the Center for Biological Diversity hereby petitions the Secretary of the Interior, through the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS,” “Service”), to protect the Las Vegas bearpoppy (Arctomecon californica) as endangered under the ESA. FWS has jurisdiction over this petition. This petition sets in motion a specific process, placing definite response requirements on the Service. Specifically, the Service must issue an initial finding as to whether the petition “presents substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted.” 16 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Variation and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Podalyrieae and Related Tribes (Fabaceae)
    GENETIC VARIATION AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN THE PODALYRIEAE AND RELATED TRIBES (FABACEAE) by MICHELLE VAN DER BANK Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPB1AE DOCTOR in BOTANY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCES at the RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY PROMOTER: PROF. B-E VAN WYK SEPTEMBER 1999 I dedicate this thesis to my late father, Pierre Wessels, in recognition of his unfailing support for everything that I have attempted CONTENTS: Table of contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements Foreword vi Chapter 1: General introduction and motivation for the study ' Chapter 2: Material and methods 3 2.1 Sampling of populations and taxa for genetic studies 4 2.2 Electrophoretic analysis 4 2.2.1 Electrophoretic technique 4 2.2.2 Choice of tissue type 5 2.2.3 Enzyme extraction 5 2.2.4 Starch gel and buffer systems 6 2.2.5 Run conditions 8 2.2.6 Histochemical staining of gels 8 2.3 Genetic interpretation of gels and statistical analysis 9 2.3.1 Genetic interpretation of isozyme and allozyme variation 9 2.3.1.1 Locus nomenclature 9 2.3.2 Statistical analysis 10 2.3.2.1 Allelic and genotypic frequencies 10 2.3.2.2 Genetic diversity 10 2.3.2.3 Genetic variability — polymorphism 11 2.3.2.4 Genetic divergence 11 2.3.2.5 Constructing dendrograms depicting phylogenetic linkages 12 2.3.3 Computer analysis 12 2.4 DNA sequencing 13 2.4.1. DNA extraction 13 2.4.2 DNA purification 13 2.4.3 PCR amplification 14 2.4.4 PCR purification 14 2.4.5 DNA sequencing/ cycle sequencing 15 2.4.6 Sequence alignment and treatment of sequence insertions and deletions 17 2.5 Statistical analysis of DNA data 18 2.5.1 Distance data 18 2.5.1.1 Additive distance data 18 2.5.1.2 Ultrametric distance data 19 2.5.2 Discrete data 20 2.5.2.1 Maximum likelihood 20 2.5.2.2 Maximum parsimony- 21 2.5.2.2.1 Choice of parsimony optimality criterion 22 i.
    [Show full text]