In-Migration Trends, Cause and Consequences: a Case Study of Dhapasi, Kathmandu Saraswati Dahal 20 Dahal Saraswati –
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17 IN-MIGRATION TRENDS, CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCES: A CASE STUDY OF DHAPASI, KATHMANDU SARASWATI DAHAL 20 DAHAL SARASWATI – APASI, KATHMANDU APASI, A Thesis Submitted to the Central Department of Geography Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of Tribhuvan University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for MASTER’S DEGREE In GEOGRAPHY : A CASE STUDY OF DH STUDY : A CASE USE AND CONSEQUENCES AND USE By SARASWATI DAHAL Symbol No: 280161 Central Department of Geography Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu MIGRATION TRENDS, CA TRENDS, MIGRATION April, 2017 - IN i RECOMMENDATION LETTER This is to certify that the thesis entitled "In-Migration Trends, Cause and Consequences: A Case Study of Dhapasi, Kathmandu" Submitted by Saraswati Dahal is prepared under my supervision in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Social Sciences in Geography. I recommend this thesis to the evaluation committee for viva voc. Date: ………………………. …………………………… Prof. Dr. Bhim Prasad Subedi Thesis supervisor Central department of geography Tribhuvan University ii Tribhuvan University Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY APPROVAL LETTER The present thesis submitted by Saraswati Dahal entitled as "In-Migration Trends, Cause and Consequences: A Case Study of Dhapasi, Kathmandu"has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master’s Degree of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Geography. Thesis Committee ____________________ Prof. Dr. Bhim Prasad Subedi Supervisor ____________________ Dr. Devi Prasad Paudel External Examiner ____________________ Prof. Narendra Raj Khanal, Ph.D Head of the Department Date: iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The learning process has been an intense one while working on this project. I not only improved myself on the academic level but also on the personal level. Writing this dissertation has made an enormous impact onme. I would live to give a sincere gratitude towards the people who have supported me throughout this intense process. I would firstly like to thank my supervisor Dr. Bhim Prasad Subedi. He has helped me in every step of the work, smallest doubts and problems were solved by him, and he has been the best support for me during all this work. Similarly, I am grateful to Dr. Devi Prasad Poudel for his constructive suggestion and recommendations. I would also like to thank my family and friends who supported me in all the possible ways they could. In addition to it, I would like to thank my daughter Rajnita, sons Suvanga and Suvakshya for immense support. Thank you everyone for the love, immense support and the golden opportunity. Regards, Saraswati Dahal iv ABSTRACT Migration has been a global issue and various impacts can be seen that has been caused by the migration. In this research ward 7 & 10 of Tokha municipality has been taken for the study where primary data is collected with the help of questionnaire prepared. The study shows that there are various factors affecting the migration like facilities, employment opportunities. Even though there is positive and negative impact of migration it should be kept in control. Especially for the developing country like Nepal overall development of the nation would be the road to success. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. RECOMMENDATION LETTER II APPROVAL LETTER III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV ABSTRACT V TABLE OF CONTENTS VI LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF FIGURES XI CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the Research 1 1.2 Introduction of the Study Area 2 1.3 Rationale of the Study 3 1.4 Problem Statement 4 1.5 Significance of the Study 5 1.6 Research Aims 5 1.7 Research Questions 5 1.8 Research Objectives 6 1.9 Organization of the Chapters 6 CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 8 2.2 MIGRATION 9 2.2.1 Internal Migration 10 2.2.2External Migration 11 2.2.2.1 Legal Immigrants 12 2.2.2.2 Illegal Immigrants 12 2.2.2.3 Refugees 12 2.2.3Linkages between Internal and External Migration 13 2.2.4Definition of Elements of Migration 13 2.2.4.1 Forced Migration 13 2.2.4.2 Life-Time Migration 14 2.2.4.3 Migration Stream 14 vi 2.2.4.4 In-Migrants 14 2.2.4.11 Districts 16 2.2.4.12 Village And Towns 16 2.2.5 Rural to Urban Migration 16 2.3CAUSES OF INTERNAL MIGRATION TRENDS 17 2.3.1 Economic Factors 18 2.3.1.1 Push Factors 19 2.3.1.2 Pull Factor 19 2.3.2 Demographic Factors 20 2.3.3 Socio-Cultural Factors 20 2.3.4 Political Factors 21 2.3.5 Miscellaneous Factors 21 2.4 Impact of Migration---Positive/Negative 21 2.4.1Impact on the Host Country 21 2.4.1.1 Positive Impact: 22 2.4.1.2 Negative Impact 22 2.4.2Impacts on Home Country 23 2.4.2.2 Positive Impact: 23 2.4.2.3 Negative Impact 24 2.4.3Impact of Migration on Rural and Urban 24 2.4.3.1 Development 24 2.4.3.2 Resources Utilization 24 2.4.3.3 Economy 25 2.5Consequence of Internal Migration 25 2.6 In-Migration Trend in Nepal 26 2.7In-Migration Trend in Kathmandu Valley 28 2.8Migration and Environment 29 2.9Conceptual Framework 30 2.9.1 Development Exclusion 30 2.9.2 Cultural Exclusion 30 2.9.3 Demographic Exclusion 31 2.9.4 Social Exclusion 31 2.9.5 Economic Exclusion 31 2.9.6 Political Exclusion 31 vii CHAPTER – III : METHODOLOGY 33 3.1 Research Philosophy 33 3.2 Research Approach 34 3.3 Research Design 35 3.4 Research Method 36 3.4.1Quantitative Research Method 37 3.4.2Qualitative Research Method 37 3.5Data Collection 37 3.5.1Primary Data 38 3.5.2Secondary Data 38 3.5.3Data Sampling and Population 39 3.6Ethical Consideration 39 3.7Validity and Reliability 40 3.8Research Limitation 40 CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS 42 4.1 Do you think that migration helps in sharing the culture and tradition among individuals from individuals from different backgrounds? 42 4.2 Does migration positively impact the country’s labor and employment trends? 43 4.3 Has increasing trend of in migration led to sustainable use and exploitation of the available resources in the place of migration? 44 4.4 Is in migration trend higher in the urbanized areas? 45 4.5 Does access to infrastructures entice the people to migrate to urban areas? 46 4.6 Will development of labor market in rural areas lower the increasing in migration trend in an urban area? 47 4.8 Does migration result in the deterioration of the environment in the migrated areas? 51 4.9 In migration has its direct impact on the economic development of the areas. What do you think of it? 52 4.10 What do you think of migration being influenced by multiple pushes and pull factors? 53 4.10 Revisit of Objectives 54 viii CHAPTER – V : SUUMMARY, CONCLUUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57 5.1 Suummary 57 5.2 Conclusion 60 5.3 Recommendation 62 REFERENCES 65 APPENDICES ix LIST OF TABLES Page No. Table 2.1: Urbanization and Rural-Urban Growth Rates 27 Table 4.1: Relationship between In-migration and Sharing of Culture and Tradition 42 Table 4.2 : Migration and Its Impact on Employment 43 Table 4.3: Relationship between Migration and Utilization of Resources 44 Table 4.4: Proportion of Migration in Urbanized Areas 45 Table 4.5 : Relationship between Facilities and Employment Opportunities 46 Table 4.6: Influence of Labour Market Development on Rate of Migration 47 Table 4.7: Relationship between Employment Opportunities and Inter-regional Migration 48 Table 4.8: impact of Migration on the Environment of Migrated Areas 51 Table 4.9: impact of Migration on the Economic Development of Migrated Areas 52 Table 4.10: Influence of Push Pull Factors on Migration 53 x LIST OF FIGURES Page No. Figure 1.1: Organization of the Chapters 7 Figure 2.1: Types of Migration 10 Figure 2.2: Factors Causing Migration 18 Figure 3.1 Inductive research approach 34 Figure 3.2 : Deductive Approach 35 Figure 4.1: Relationship Between In-migration and Sharing of Culture and Tradition 43 Figure 4.2: Migration and Employment Trends 44 Figure 4.3: Relation between in Migration and Use of Resources 45 Figure 4.4: Level of Migration in Urbanized Areas 46 Figure 4.5: Relationship between Migration and Access to Infrastructures 47 Figure 4.6: Influence of Labor Market Development on Rate of Migration 48 Figure 4.7: Relation between Employment Opportunities and Inter-regional Migration 49 Figure 4.8: Impact of Migration on the Environment of Migrated Areas 51 Figure 4.9: impact of Economic Development of Migrated Areas 52 Figure 4.10: influence of push pulls factors on migration 53 xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Research In the past few years, the mobility of people from one place to another precisely in search of work has been in increasing trend in thecontext of Nepal .Development and availability of goods is one such factor that has been influencing thegrowth of migration in thecontext of Nepal. This dissertation is conducted to outline the trend of migration in 7 & 10 Wards of Tokha Municipality, Kathmandu. The increasing prospect of development in 7 & 10 wards of Tokha municipality has attracted many people to flee from their respective zones and settle here. The underlying causes and consequences, its effect on the country’s development and theoverall economy are represented by this research. Migration represents the association between the various dimensions of a country’s affairs such as society, business, employment, security, economy(Collier, 2015).