Religiøse Grupper Og Bruddprosesser Kunnskapsstatus, Erfaringer Og Hjelpebehov

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Religiøse Grupper Og Bruddprosesser Kunnskapsstatus, Erfaringer Og Hjelpebehov 2008 Rapport 3 Audhild Skoglund, Arne Tord Sveinall, Majken Paulsen og Inger-Lise Lien Religiøse grupper og bruddprosesser Kunnskapsstatus, erfaringer og hjelpebehov Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress a/s www.nkvts.no Religiøse grupper og bruddprosesser Kunnskapsstatus, erfaringer og hjelpebehov Audhild Skoglund, Arne Tord Sveinall, Majken Paulsen og Inger-Lise Lien Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress A/S Rapport nr 3/2008 Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress (NKVTS) er et selskap under Unirand AS som er heleid av Universitetet i Oslo. NKVTS består av tidligere Psykososialt senter for flyktninger, Kompetansesenter for voldsofferarbeid, Nasjonalt ressurssenter for seksuelt misbrukte barn og deler av Kontoret for katastrofepsykiatri. Formålet med senteret er: Å utvikle, vedlikeholde og spre kunnskap og kompetanse som kan bidra til: • å redusere helsemessige og sosiale konsekvenser av vold og traumatisk stress • å forebygge vold og traumatisk stress Senterets oppaver er forskning, utviklingsarbeid, undervisning, formidling og veiledning. Bak opprettelsen av senteret står: Barne- og likestillingsdepartementet, Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet, Justis- og politidepartementet, Forsvarsdepartementet og Arbeids- og inkluderingsdepartementet. Omslag: KOBOLT Produsert i samarbeid med Unipub AS ISBN 978-82-8122-023-2 (h) ISSN 0809-9103 Henvendelse vedrørende publikasjonen rettes til Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress. Kontaktinformasjon på www.nkvts.no. Forord Denne rapporten er et oppdrag fra Barne- og likestillingsdepartementet, og består av to hoveddeler: en forskningsrapport og en erfaringsrapport. Fors- kningsrapporten er todelt. Den består av del IA: en litteraturstudie, og del IB: en empirisk del. Inger-Lise Lien har vært prosjektleder, har redigert rapporten og vært medforfatter på de fleste delene av forskningsrapporten. Folklorist Audhild Skoglund har skrevet innledningskapitlet, vært hovedforfatter av litteraturstudien, har intervjuet de utmeldte fra trossamfunn, er hovedforfat- ter av kapittel 11 og medforfatter på kapittel 13. Majken Paulsen har foretatt intervjuer med ansatte i fire kommuner og vært hovedforfatter av kapittel 10 og 12. Erfaringsrapporten er basert på Institutt for Sjelesorgs arbeid med 63 utmeldte fra religiøse grupper. Rapporten beskriver erfaringer og metoder, og er forfattet av Arne Tord Sveinall. Oppdraget fra Barne- og likestillingsdepartementet var å utarbeide en lit- teraturstudie, undersøke problemer og hjelpebehov for personer som bryter med religiøse grupper samt å foreslå relevante hjelpetiltak og videre forskning. Kunnskapsstatusen i del IA er basert på internasjonal og nasjonal litteratur. Kartlegging av eksisterende tilbud i hjelpeapparatet og de utmeldes vurdering av tilbudene, samt forslag til tiltak, redegjøres for i forskningsrapportens del IB. Vi vil takke alle som har bidratt til rapporten. En spesiell takk gis til professor Anne Stensvold ved Universitetet i Oslo som har lest hele fors- kningsrapporten og gitt viktige kommentarer og tilleggsinformasjon. Vi vil takke førsteamanuensis Asbjørn Dyrendal og Brith Dybing som underveis har kommet med ideer og forslag. Vi vil takke våre informanter som har bidratt med innsikt og forståelse for bruddprosessen, det innbefatter de ansatte i fire kommuner som lot seg intervjue. Vi vil takke kolleger ved NKVTS som har gitt oss kommentarer og innspill. Vi vil spesielt takke Arne Tord Sveinall og Institutt for Sjelesorg, Modum Bad, for samarbeidet. Oslo, 1. juli 2008 Inger-Lise Lien Prosjektleder 3 Innhold Forord ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 Sammendrag ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9 Summary ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 17 1 Bakgrunn ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 1.1 Oppdraget ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 1.2 Organiseringen av arbeidet �������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 1.3 Noen utgangsposisjoner ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27 1.4 Metode ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29 1.5 Selve intervjusituasjonen ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 32 1.6 Begrensninger ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33 1.7 Internasjonale kontakter ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 33 1.8 Inndeling av rapporten ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34 Del 1A: Litteraturstudie 2 Sektbegrepet �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39 2.1 Sektbegrepet i sosiologien ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 39 2.2 Hvordan bruke begrepet «sekt»? ������������������������������������������������������������ 41 3 Sektkontroversen ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 43 3.1 Sektbegrepet ifølge hjernevaskteori �������������������������������������������������������� 44 3.2 Hjernevask ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45 3.3 Deprogrammering ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 3.4 Årsaker til hjernevaskteoriens popularitet ���������������������������������������������� 48 3.5 Voldelige religiøse grupper ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 49 3.6 Refleksjon og oppsummering ����������������������������������������������������������������� 52 4 Antisektbevegelsen ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 4.1 Antisektbevegelser ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 4.2 Sektovervåkning ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 57 4.3 Brudd med familien ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60 4.4 Sosial smerte ved brudd ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 61 4.5 Refleksjoner og oppsummering �������������������������������������������������������������� 62 5 Exit-prosessen ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65 5.1 Innledning ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65 5.2 The Making of a Moonie ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 65 5.3 Brudd med religiøse grupper ����������������������������������������������������������������� 69 5 5.4 Brudd med religiøse grupper kontra andre brudd ���������������������������������� 71 5.5 Refleksjon og oppsummering ����������������������������������������������������������������� 74 6 Barn og ungdom ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 77 6.1 The Family (Children of God) ���������������������������������������������������������������� 77 6.2 Hare Krishna, ISKCON �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79 6.3 Jehovas Vitner ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81 6.4 Hardmanns modell �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 84 6.5 Refleksjon og oppsummering ����������������������������������������������������������������� 88 7 Moralsk panikk? ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 91 7.1 Bagatellisering og benektelse ������������������������������������������������������������������ 94 7.2 Refleksjon og oppsummering ����������������������������������������������������������������� 95 8 De nasjonale sektrapportene ����������������������������������������������������������� 97 8.1 Utredningene ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 98 8.2 Hva sier rapportene? ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 107 Del 1B: Norske trossamfunn, bruddprosesser og hjelpebehov 9 Det norske religiøse landskapet ��������������������������������������������������� 113 9.1 Befolkningens religiøse tilhørighet ������������������������������������������������������� 113 9.2 Nye religiøse grupper ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 114 9.3 Norsk litteratur om «sekter» ����������������������������������������������������������������� 116 9.4 Nettsteder og foreninger for eksmedlemmer ���������������������������������������� 121 9.5 Kunnskap om det norske religionsfeltet ������������������������������������������������ 122 10 Fokusgruppens refleksjoner ���������������������������������������������������������� 123 10.1 Problemstillinger ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 124 10.2 Om begrepet «sekt» ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 124 10.3 Veier inn ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 125 10.4 Forhold som gjør det vanskelig å bryte ������������������������������������������������
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