Sir Isaac Newton Collection, 1684-1949
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Edgar Buckingham: Fluorescence of Quinine Salts
Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 27, Number 1 (2002) 57 EDGAR BUCKINGHAM: FLUORESCENCE OF QUININE SALTS John T. Stock, University of Connecticut Malaria, an often-fatal disease, has been a worldwide factured from cinchona trees that are cultivated in South plague for several thousand years. The discovery of America and in the Far East. the efficacy of substances present in the bark of vari- It must have been known ous cinchona trees, native since ancient times that certain to the Andes, provided substances appear to have one some relief. A real anti- color when viewed by transmit- malarial drug was not ted light and another when available until 1820, when viewed obliquely. Mineralo- Joseph Baptiste Caventou gists recognize a type of fluor- (1795-1877) and Josephe spar, pale green when viewed Pelletier (1788-1842) iso- against the light, but appearing lated quinine from the blue when viewed at an angle bark (1). Eighty years af- to the light. Unrefined petro- ter their discovery, a statue leum shows the same kind of honoring these chemists effect, as do certain substances was erected in Paris (Fig. when in solution. Fluorescein, 1). used both in the laboratory as Other workers estab- an indicator and industrially for lished the formula for qui- the location of leaks in waste nine, showed that it acts as water systems, is a familiar ex- a diacid base, and that it ample. Another is quinine or, is a methoxy derivative of because of its low solubility in a companion alkaloid, cin- water, one of its salts. The so- chonine. The elucidation lution, colorless when viewed of the structure of these directly, appears blue when compounds, largely due to viewed at an angle to the inci- the work of Wilhelm dent light. -
Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy 1
Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy 1 CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VII. CHAPTER VIII. CHAPTER IX. CHAPTER X. Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy The Project Gutenberg EBook of Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy by George Biddell Airy 2 License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy Author: George Biddell Airy Release Date: January 9, 2004 [EBook #10655] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE AIRY *** Produced by Joseph Myers and PG Distributed Proofreaders AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF SIR GEORGE BIDDELL AIRY, K.C.B., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., HONORARY FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, ASTRONOMER ROYAL FROM 1836 TO 1881. EDITED BY WILFRID AIRY, B.A., M.Inst.C.E. 1896 PREFACE. The life of Airy was essentially that of a hard-working, business man, and differed from that of other hard-working people only in the quality and variety of his work. It was not an exciting life, but it was full of interest, and his work brought him into close relations with many scientific men, and with many men high in the State. -
Kew Observatory and the Evolution of Victorian Science, 1840–1910
introduction Kew Observatory, Victorian Science, and the “Observatory Sciences” One more recent instance of the operations of this Society in this respect I may mention, in addition to those I have slightly enumerated. I mean the important accession to the means of this Society of a fixed position, a place for deposit, regula- tion, and comparison of instruments, and for many more purposes than I could name, perhaps even more than are yet contemplated, in the Observatory at Kew. Address by Lord Francis Egerton to British Association for the Advancement of Science, June 1842 When in 1842 Lord Egerton, president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS), announced the association’s acquisition of Kew Observatory (figure I.1), he heralded the inaugura- tion of what would become one of the major institutions of nineteenth- century British—indeed international—science. Originally built as a pri- vate observatory for King George III and long in a moribund state, after 1842 the Kew building would, as Egerton predicted, become a multi- functional observatory, put to more purposes than were even imagined in 1842. It became distinguished in several sciences: geomagnetism, me- teorology, solar astronomy, and standardization—the latter term being used in this book to refer to testing scientific instruments and develop- ing prototypes of instruments to be used elsewhere, as well as establish- ing and refining constants and standards of measurement. Many of the major figures in the physical sciences of the nineteenth century were in some way involved with Kew Observatory. For the first twenty months of the twentieth century, Kew was the site of the National Physical Labora- 3 © 2018 University of Pittsburgh Press. -
This Season's Colours
news & views one critical bundle radius, derived from the the assemblies can be tuned (it should be e-mail: [email protected]; relative energetic costs of filament bending noted that the models are idealized and [email protected] and interfilament spacing distortion. Below do not contain all the relevant elements; this critical radius, the preferred morphology particularly, entropic and thermal effects References corresponds to bundles with a circular are not yet included, and could turn out 1. King, H., Schroll, R. D., Davidovitch, B. & Menon, N. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 9716–9720 (2012). cross-section, whereas above it ribbon-like to be important). The task now is to find 2. Irvine, W. T. M., Vitelli, V. & Chaikin, P. M. Nature assemblies are favoured. Experimental experimental ways of controlling and 468, 947–951 (2010). and numerical verification of the authors’ manipulating these physical parameters, 3. Hure, J., Roman, B. & Bico, J. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 174301 (2011). 4. Meng, G., Paulose, J., Nelson, D. R. & Manoharan, V. N. Science predictions provides reinforcement of this for example via variation of temperature, 343, 634–637 (2014). simple yet insightful theory. solvents and concentrations. ❐ 5. Hall, D. M., Bruss, I. R., Barone, J. R. & Grason, G. M. Grason and colleagues’ modelling study Nature Mater. 15, 727–732 (2016). 6. Chiti, F. & Dobson, C. M. Annu. Rev. Biochem. is an important step towards the quantitative Eran Sharon is at the Racah Institute of Physics, 75, 333–366 (2006). understanding — and eventually, better The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 7. Seung, H. -
“Photography in the United States,” 22 April 1853
“Photography in the United States,” 22 April 1853 (keywords: Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre, François Arago, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, crystalotype, stereoscope, David Brewster, Levi L. Hill, Samuel F. B. Morse, James R. Chilton, James Miles Wattles, William Henry Fox Talbot, James Campbell, Mathew B. Brady, ivorytype, John A. Whipple, Dr. George Phillip Bond, Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau, Antoine François Jean Claudet, Charles H. Williamson, talbotype, calotype, crystalotype,” ivorytype, Niepce de Saint Victor, history of the daguerreotype, history of photography.) ———————————————————————————————————————————— THE DAGUERREOTYPE: AN ARCHIVE OF SOURCE TEXTS, GRAPHICS, AND EPHEMERA The research archive of Gary W. Ewer regarding the history of the daguerreotype http://www.daguerreotypearchive.org EWER ARCHIVE N8530001 ———————————————————————————————————————————— Published in: New-York Tribune (semi-weekly) 8:825 (22 April 1853): 1. PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED S TATES. HISTORY OF THE INVENTION. The art of Photography—more popularly known as Daguerreotyping—is brought to so great a perfection in this country, and prosecuted on a scale of such magnitude, and the different manufactures connected with it are of such importance, especially in this City, that we propose giving a few details respecting them, and also a sketch of the origin and progress of this important discovery. Several designations distinguish this new art—it was originally called Photography, or writing by light; afterward, the art of Photogenic drawing, or drawing produced or occasioned by light; then Heliography, or writing by the sun—the latter term being that used by the experimenter who first succeeded in fixing the delineations of pictures produced by light—Mons. Daguerre, whose name has originated another and the most general title by which the art is known—Daguerreotyping—a compliment to the discoverer which will hand his name down to the latest posterity. -
The Fresnel Equations and Brewster's Law
The Fresnel Equations and Brewster's Law Equipment Optical bench pivot, two 1 meter optical benches, green laser at 543.5 nm, 2 10cm diameter polarizers, rectangular polarizer, LX-02 photo-detector in optical mount, thick acrylic block, thick glass block, Phillips multimeter, laser mount, sunglasses. Purpose To investigate polarization by reflection. To understand and verify the Fresnel equations. To explore Brewster’s Law and find Brewster’s angle experimentally. To use Brewster’s law to find Brewster’s angle. To gain experience working with optical equipment. Theory Light is an electromagnetic wave, of which fundamental characteristics can be described in terms of the electric field intensity. For light traveling along the z-axis, this can be written as r r i(kz−ωt) E = E0e (1) r where E0 is a constant complex vector, and k and ω are the wave number and frequency respectively, with k = 2π / λ , (2) λ being the wavelength. The purpose of this lab is to explore the properties the electric field in (1) at the interface between two media with indices of refraction ni and nt . In general, there will be an incident, reflected and transmitted wave (figure 1), which in certain cases reduce to incident and reflected or incident and transmitted only. Recall that the angles of the transmitted and reflected beams are described by the law of reflection and Snell’s law. This however tells us nothing about the amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted Figure 1 electric fields. These latter properties are defined by the Fresnel equations, which we review below. -
The Charles Knight-Joseph Hooker Correspondence
A man tenax propositi: transcriptions of letters from Charles Knight to William Jackson Hooker and Joseph Dalton Hooker between 1852 and 1883 David J. Galloway Hon. Research Associate Landcare Research, and Te Papa Tongarewa [email protected] Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133J December 2013 Published by the Geoscience Society of New Zealand Inc, 2013 Information on the Society and its publications is given at www.gsnz.org.nz © Copyright David J. Galloway, 2013 Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133J ISBN 978-1-877480-36-2 ISSN 2230-4495 (Online) ISSN 2230-4487 (Print) This document is available as a PDF file that can be downloaded from the Geoscience Society website at: http://www.gsnz.org.nz/information/misc-series-i-49.html Bibliographic Reference Galloway D.J. 2013: A man tenax propositi: transcriptions of letters from Charles Knight to William Jackson Hooker and Joseph Dalton Hooker between 1852 and 1883 Geoscience Society of New Zealand miscellaneous publication 133J. 88 pages. A man tenax propositi: transcriptions of letters from Charles Knight to William Jackson Hooker and Joseph Dalton Hooker between 1852 and 1883 Contents Introduction 3 Charles Knight correspondence at Kew 5 Acknowledgements 6 Summaries of the letters 7 Transcriptions of the letters from Charles Knight 15 Footnotes 70 References 77 Figure 1: Dr Charles Knight FLS, FRCS 2 Figure 2: Group photograph including Charles Knight 2 Figure 3: Page of letter from Knight to Hooker 14 Table 1: Comparative chronology of Charles Knight, W.J. Hooker and J.D. Hooker 86 1 Figure 1: Dr Charles Knight FLS, FRCS Alexander Turnbull Library,Wellington, New Zealand ¼-015414 Figure 2: Group taken in Walter Mantell‟s garden about 1865 showing Charles Knight (left), John Buchanan and James Hector (right) and Walter Mantell and his young son, Walter Godfrey Mantell (seated on grass). -
Astbury (Arthur Kenelm)
ASTBURY (ARTHUR KENELM). The black fens. 8 0 Cambridge, 1958. .91(4259) Ast. ASTBURY (JOHN). Diss. ... inaug. de morbis cutaneis. 8 0 Edin. , 1781. Att. 77.7.7/16. --- Another copy. Att. 77.7.8/16. ASTBURY (NORMAN FREDERICK). Introduction to electrical applied physics. 80 Lond. , 1956. Engin. Lib. ASTBURY (WILLIAM THOMAS). Fundamentals of fibre structure. With an introd. by Sir W. Bragg. 80 Lond.. 1933. C. M. L. --- Textile fibres under the X-rays. 80 Birmingham pr., n. d. 5397:. 6335 Ast. [ASTELL (MARY). ] An essay in defence of the female sex. In which are inserted the characters of a pedant, a squire, a beau, a vertuoso, a poetaster, a city-critick, &c. In a letter to a lady. Written by a lady. 2nd ed. 120 Lond. , 1696. GGE . a—.4. E-B. 39e Asf ADDITIONS 1 AST B URY (RAYMOND) . --- ed. Libraries and the book trade; papers delivered at a symposium held at Liverpool School of Librarian- ship, May 1967 ... Lond. , 1968. .6555:.02 Ast. --- ed. The writer in the market place. See WRITER (The) in the market place. ASTELL (MARY) continued]. --- A fair way with the Dissenters and their patrons. Not writ by M. L ----- y, or any other furious Jacobite . but by a very moderate person and dutiful subject to the Queen [i.e. M.A.]. Lond., 1704. *A.7.15 4- --- An impartial enquiry into the causes of rebellion and civil war in this kingdom in an examination of Dr. Kennett's sermon, Jan. 31, 1703/4, and indication of the royal martyr. LAnon.1 Lond., 1704. -
Sir George Biddell Airy (1801 – 1892)
Sir George Biddell Airy (1801 – 1892) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy Sir George Biddell Airy PRS KCB was an English mathematician and astronomer, Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881. His many achievements include work on planetary orbits, measuring the mean density of the Earth, a method of solution of two-dimensional problems in solid mechanics and, in his role as Astronomer Royal, establishing Greenwich as the location of the prime meridian. His reputation has been tarnished by allegations that, through his inaction, Britain lost the opportunity of priority in the discovery of Neptune. Biography: Airy was born at Alnwick, one of a long line of Airys who traced their descent back to a family of the same name residing at Kentmere, in Westmorland, in the 14th century. The branch to which he belonged, having suffered in the English Civil War, moved to Lincolnshire and became farmers. Airy was educated first at elementary schools in Hereford, and afterwards at Colchester Royal Grammar School. An introverted child, Airy gained popularity with his schoolmates through his great skill in the construction of peashooters. From the age of 13, Airy stayed frequently with his uncle, Arthur Biddell at Playford, Suffolk. Biddell introduced Airy to his friend Thomas Clarkson, the slave trade abolitionist who lived at Playford Hall. Clarkson had an MA in mathematics from Cambridge, and examined Airy in classics and then subsequently arranged for him to be examined by a Fellow from Trinity College, Cambridge on his knowledge of mathematics. As a result he entered Trinity in 1819, as a sizar, meaning that he paid a reduced fee but essentially worked as a servant to make good the fee reduction. -
Back Matter (PDF)
[ 229 • ] INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, S e r ie s B, FOR THE YEAR 1897 (YOL. 189). B. Bower (F. 0.). Studies in the Morphology of Spore-producing Members.— III. Marattiaceae, 35. C Cheirostrobus, a new Type of Fossil Cone (Scott), 1. E. Enamel, Tubular, in Marsupials and other Animals (Tomes), 107. F. Fossil Plants from Palaeozoic Rocks (Scott), 1, 83. L. Lycopodiaceae; Spencerites, a new Genus of Cones from Coal-measures (Scott), 83. 230 INDEX. M. Marattiaceae, Fossil and Recent, Comparison of Sori of (Bower), 3 Marsupials, Tubular Enamel a Class Character of (Tomes), 107. N. Naqada Race, Variation and Correlation of Skeleton in (Warren), 135 P. Pteridophyta: Cheirostrobus, a Fossil Cone, &c. (Scott), 1. S. Scott (D. H.). On the Structure and Affinities of Fossil Plants from the Palaeozoic Ro ks.—On Cheirostrobus, a new Type of Fossil Cone from the Lower Carboniferous Strata (Calciferous Sandstone Series), 1. Scott (D. H.). On the Structure and Affinities of Fossil Plants from the Palaeozoic Rocks.—II. On Spencerites, a new Genus of Lycopodiaceous Cones from the Coal-measures, founded on the Lepidodendron Spenceri of Williamson, 83. Skeleton, Human, Variation and Correlation of Parts of (Warren), 135. Sorus of JDancea, Kaulfxissia, M arattia, Angiopteris (Bower), 35. Spencerites insignis (Will.) and S. majusculus, n. sp., Lycopodiaceous Cones from Coal-measures (Scott), 83. Sphenophylleae, Affinities with Cheirostrobus, a Fossil Cone (Scott), 1. Spore-producing Members, Morphology of.—III. Marattiaceae (Bower), 35. Stereum lvirsutum, Biology of; destruction of Wood by (Ward), 123. T. Tomes (Charles S.). On the Development of Marsupial and other Tubular Enamels, with Notes upon the Development of Enamels in general, 107. -
13. Fresnel's Equations for Reflection and Transmission
13. Fresnel's Equations for Reflection and Transmission Incident, transmitted, and reflected beams Boundary conditions: tangential fields are continuous Reflection and transmission coefficients The "Fresnel Equations" Brewster's Angle Total internal reflection Power reflectance and transmittance Augustin Fresnel 1788-1827 Posing the problem What happens when light, propagating in a uniform medium, encounters a smooth interface which is the boundary of another medium (with a different refractive index)? k-vector of the incident light nincident boundary First we need to define some ntransmitted terminology. Definitions: Plane of Incidence and plane of the interface Plane of incidence (in this illustration, the yz plane) is the y plane that contains the incident x and reflected k-vectors. z Plane of the interface (y=0, the xz plane) is the plane that defines the interface between the two materials Definitions: “S” and “P” polarizations A key question: which way is the E-field pointing? There are two distinct possibilities. 1. “S” polarization is the perpendicular polarization, and it sticks up out of the plane of incidence I R y Here, the plane of incidence (z=0) is the x plane of the diagram. z The plane of the interface (y=0) T is perpendicular to this page. 2. “P” polarization is the parallel polarization, and it lies parallel to the plane of incidence. Definitions: “S” and “P” polarizations Note that this is a different use of the word “polarization” from the way we’ve used it earlier in this class. reflecting medium reflected light The amount of reflected (and transmitted) light is different for the two different incident polarizations. -
Back Matter (PDF)
[ 387 ] INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, S e r ie s A, V ol. 194. A. Alloys of gold and aluminium (Heycock and Neville), 201. B. Bakerian Lecture (Tilden), 233. C. Chappuis (P.). See Habkeb and Chappuis. Children, association of defects in (Yule), 257. Cole (E. S.). See W obthinoton and Cole. Combinatorial analysis (MacMahon), 361. Conductivity of dilute solutions (W hetham), 321. E. Earthquake motion, propagation to great distances (Oldham), 135. G. Gold-aluminium alloys—melting-point curve (Heycock and Neville), 201. Gbindley (John H.). An Experimental Investigation of the Tliermo-dynamical Properties of Superheated Steam.—On the Cooling of Saturated Steam by Free Expansion, 1. H. Habkeb (J. A.) and Chapptjis (P.). A Comparison of Platinum and Gas Thermometers, including a Determination of the Boiling-point of Sulphur on the Nitrogen Scale, 37. Heycock (C. T.) and Neville (F. H.). Gold-aluminium alloys, 201. VOL. CXCIV.---- A 261. 3 D 2 388 INDEX. T. Impact with a liquid surface (W orthington and Cole), 175. Ionization of solutions at freezing point (W hetham), 321. L. Latin square problem (MacMahon), 361. M. MacMahon (P. A.). Combinatorial Analysis.—The Foundations of a New Theory, 361. Metals, specific heats of—relation to atomic weights (Tilden), 233. N. N eville (F. H.). See H eycock and N eville. O. Oldham (R. D.) On the Propagation of Earthquake Motion to Great Distances, 135. P. Perry (John). Appendix to Prof. Tilden’s Bakerian Lecture—Thermo-dynamics of a Solid, 250. R. Resistance coils—standardization o f; manganin as material for (Harker and Chappuis), 37. S.