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Index

Area designations used in the index are the pre-1974 Scottish counties with the current council names in brackets where they differ from the old counties Page numbers in bold indicate the subjects of chapters

A’ Cheardach Mhor (South Uist) 68 architects, dictionaries of (Colvin) 1, 3, 4 architectural history, Colvin and 1–3 Dalladies 121, 122, 123 Ardskenish, (), silver arm-ring 197–8, 200, Hatton of Fintray 296, 297, 305 201 Kinneff 121 Ardwell (), Doon Castle 16, 17 Kirkton of Bourtie 124 ARGYLL () Netherton of Comisty 106, 109 Achamore, Gigha 106 Rattray 282 Ardskenish, Colonsay 197–8, 200, 201 West Cults 125 Arknish forest 124 Aberdour (), funerary metal plates in St Fillan’s Church Breachacha Castle, 76 306 Crarae 110, 123 Achamore (Gigha), quarry for querns 106 Druim an Duin 16, 107 aerial photography 2 Dun Glashan 19 Airyolland (Wigtownshire), homestead 18–19 Dun Kildalloig 16 Alcock, L 88, 89, 95 , 105, 107 Aldclune (), quern stones 107, 123 Dunadd 85, 86, 88, 89, 93, 95, 105, 107, 123, 124, alder (Alnus) 172, 173 125 Allen, J R 112, 189 Dunollie 95 Allt Chrisal (Barra) 78 Dunstaffnage 9 Alnus (alder) 172, 173 Inch Kenneth 194 Alnwick (), burgage plots 223, 224, Kilcheran, Lismore 196–7, 200–1 231 Luing, South Fort 121, 122 Ambrose, S H 253 Machrihanish 92 AMS dating, Eilean Olabhat pottery 65, 66, 70, 75, 96 Minard 106 Amsterdam, Oude Kerk, funerary metal plates 294, St Ronan’s Church, Iona 195 306 Arknish forest (Argyll), quern stone 124 An Dunan (Lewis) 64, 68, 73 arm-rings, Viking Age 193, 194, 195–8, 200–1 Anderson, J 123, 124, 189, 239 Armit, Ian 27, 34 Orkneyinga Saga 239 brochs 16 Anderson, M O 215 Iron Age 23, 105 ANGUS Western Isles 52, 58, 64, 68, 78, 97, 98, 100; Eilean Caerston Castle 3 Olabhat 30, 32, 95 Carlungie 107 Artemisia 173 Hawkhill 119, 121 Asleifarson, Svein 239 Hurly Hawkin 92, 107 Aster 173 Mill Farm, Invergowrie 109, 123 Atlantic settlements, Iron Age, 15–20, 22, 24 St Peter, Restenneth 211–14, 218, 219 Aufderheide, A C 249, 250 West Grange of Conon 109, 121, 122, 124 Avena (oats) 283, 285, 286 West Mains of Ethie 107, 121, 122 Avena strigosa (black/bristle oats) 283, 285, 286 Annat Hill (Wigtownshire) 22 awns 285, 286 Ansell, M 21, 23 Anthemis 173 Barr 117, 124 antler tools 287, 288 Harpercroft 107 Antonine Wall Lanfine 7, 9 Callander Park, 132, 142, 162 Camelon 169 Bac Mhic Connain (North Uist), spindle whorl 118 Castlecary 169 Bailey, G B 132, 142, 162 Garnhall 129–76; for detailed entry see under Garnhall Baillie, M G L 66 Rough Castle 162 Balaenoptera borealis (sei whale) 278 Tollpark 162, 167 Balaenoptera musculus (blue whale) 278, 280 Apiaceae 173 Balaenoptera physalis (fin whale) 278, 280 Arbman, H 179, 199 Balbirnie (Fife), rotary quern 110 arch jambs, stone bedding orientation 206, 219 Ballin Smith, B 105, 109, 180 340 | society of antiquaries of , 2008

Balmaclellan () Birsay () (cont.) mirror 14 St Magnus Kirk 261 quern stone 115, 117, 124 stone artefacts 94 bangles, Roman glass 168–9 see also Brough of Birsay Banks, I 14, 22, 107 Blackburn, Mark 194 Bannockburn (), gold finger-ring 195 Blackie, T 187 Bar Hill () blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) 152, 166, 170, 175 Antonine Wall 169, 170–1 blinks (Monita fontana) 171 quern stone 110 Bogaard, A 20 Barber, J W 43, 261, 262 Bond, J 67, 76 Barhapple Loch (Wigtownshire), crannog 19, 20 Bond, J M 243, 255, 286 barley (Hordeum vulgare) bone comb, Viking 178–9, 181 Brotchie’s Steading, 283, 285, 286, 288 bones, animal Eilean Olabhat 95 Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness 273, 287, 288 hulled 285, 286 graves, St Thomas’ Kirk, Orkney 241 Barnes, M P 189 see also specific animals Barr (Ayrshire), quern stone 117, 124 bones, human Barra (Inverness-) St Thomas’ Kirk excavation, Orkney 243–52, 259, 260; Allt Chrisal 78 isotope analysis 243–6 Dun Cuier 67, 68, 124 see also skeletal remains Barrett, J H 243, 253, 254, 255, 262 Bonnywood Farm, Falkirk, quern stone 110 Barrow, G W S 232 Borgue (Kirkcudbrightshire), Castle Haven 18 barrows, square, Galloway 22 Bornais (South Uist) Barry, Rev George 195 gold strip 198 Bartram, A 295 pottery 64, 67, 68, 73, 76 Bateson, J D 195 Bostadh (Lewis) 52 Batey, C E 181, 194, 197, 280, 282 botanical remains Bayanne (Shetland), quern stones 109, 113, 124 carbonised, Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness 283–7 Bayley, J 93 Garnhall 169–74 beads, glass, Eilean Olabhat 93 bottle glass, Eilean Olabhat 93 Beafield, Sanday (Orkney) 289 Bowler, D P 230 Bearsden (Dunbartonshire) 169 Boyd, W E 169, 170–1, 286 Beattock Summit (), Roman tower 164 Braby, A R 98, 114, 118 Beirgh (Lewis), quern stone 107 brass swords 8 Bell, John 9 brasses, monumental see funerary metal plates Benbecula (Inverness-shire) Brassicaceae 173 Pictish symbol stones 190 Breachacha Castle (Coll) 76 quern stone 117, 124 Breck of Hillwell (Shetland), Pictish symbol-bearing stone berm pits, Garnhall 142–5, 162–3 187, 190 Bertelsen, R 289 Breeze, D J 153, 162 Bertram, J 294 Bremner, D 306 , 199 Bressay (Shetland), Pictish symbol-bearing stones 187, Betula (birch) 172, 173, 174 188, 189, 190 charcoal 95, 170 brochs Beveridge, B 180 Dunnet, Caithness 271 Beveridge, Erskine 30, 64 Howe, Orkney 280 Bidwell, P 162, 163 Rendall, Orkney 239, 241, 262 Bigelow, G F 181 south-west Scotland 16–17 bilberry (Vaccinium sp.) 284 southern outlier 16, 17 Bill, J 197 Bronk Ramsey, C 244 Bilson, J 214, 215 Bronze Age, Late, sword 8 A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects brooches 1600–1840 (Colvin) 3 Eilean Olabhat 76, 78, 90 A Biographical Dictionary of English Architects Viking Age 196 1660–1840 (Colvin) 3 Brooke, D 262 birch (Betula) 172, 173, 174 Brooks, C M 66, 70 charcoal 95, 170 Brooks, N P 224, 226, 228–9, 230, 231 bird bones Brotchie’s Steading, Dunnet (Caithness) 267–92 Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness 287 carbonised plant remains 283–7 graves, St Thomas’ Kirk, Orkney 241 croft house 267–8, 271, 274–8, 288, 289 Birrens (), quern stone 124 faunal remains 287 Birsay (Orkney) historical background 271–3 plant remains 286 Iron Age deposits 273 index | 341

Brotchie’s Steading, Dunnet (cont.) Campbell, General Alexander, of Monzie 7–9, 10–11 location 267–8 Campbell, Alexander Cameron 9 organic sediments, 5th–15th centuries 274, 288–9 Campbell, Angus, Captain of Dunstaffnage 9 pottery 280–3, 288 Campbell, E 43, 95 Brough of Birsay (Orkney) metalworking 85, 86, 87, 88, 92, 99 metalworking 82, 85, 88, 89 pottery 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 93, 96, 97 Viking comb 179, 180 quern stones 105, 107, 118, 123, 124, 125 Brown, D 70 Campbell, Jane 9 Brown, G B 207, 211, 214 Canongate (Edinburgh), burgage plots 224, 226, 228, 230, Broxmouth (East ), quern stone 117, 118, 125 231 Bruce-Mitford, R L S 87 unit plot widths 234 Brundle, A 190 Cant, R 187 Bu of Cairston (Orkney) 243, 261 carbon isotope levels, human bone, Orkney 244–6, 253–5 Buchanan, M 110, 123, 162 Carex spp (sedges) 66, 285 Buckley, D G 112 Carex nigra 171 Buckquoy (Orkney) 51 Carex ovalis 171 burgage plots Carex panicea 171 access 224–5, 231–2 Carghidown (Wigtownshire), promontory fort 19 Canongate 224, 226, 228, 230, 231 Carlungie (Angus), quern stones 107 Edinburgh 224, 225, 227–8, 231 Carmichael, A A 106 patterns and dimensions 223–38 Carr, John 8 Perth 224, 229–31 Carter, S P 280 plot widths 232, 234–6; measurement 224–5, 231, 232–3 Caryophyllaceae 173 quarter-plot scheme 224, 225–7, 230, 233 Castle Haven, Borgue (Kirkcudbrightshire) 18 St Andrews 226, 228–9, 230, 231 Castlecary (Stirlingshire) 169 Burgess, F 293 Castlehill Wood (Stirlingshire), quern stone 107 Burgess, C 52 Castleton (Castletown), , funerary metal -by-Sands (Cumbria) 164 plate 296–7, 302–3, 305 burials, St Thomas’Kirk, Orkney 241, 243, 260–1 cattle bones 287 Burland (Shetland), quern stones 109, 112, 113, 115, 123, Caulfield, S 105 124 Cavers, M G 18, 19, 20 Burraness (Shetland), Pictish fort 188 Ceann nan Clachan (North Uist) 98 Burrow, I 112, 113 cemeteries 3 BUTE (Argyll and Bute) Centaurea nigra 173 Dunagoil 7 ceramics Inchmarnock 107 industrial, Eilean Olabhat 85–92 Butler, Christina 2, 3, 4 see also pottery buttercup (Ranunculus sp.) 172, 174, 284, 286, 287 Cerastium 173 Buxton, K 164 cereal grains Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness 273, 274, 275, 283, 285, Caerston Castle (Angus) 3 286 Cairn Connell Hill (Wigtownshire) 22 Eilean Olabhat 95 CAITHNESS () Cessford, C 263 Brotchie’s Steading, Dunnet 267–92 charcoal Crosskirk 107, 119, 121 Eilean Olabhat 27, 34–6 Everley 109 Garnhall 170–1 Freswick 280, 281, 282, 286 charlock (Raphanus raphanistrum) 284 John O’Groats 280–1 Chenopodium album (fat hen) 284, 286 Latheron Parish 289 chickweed (Stellaria media) 284, 286 Latheronwheel 280 Chippermore (Wigtownshire), homestead 19 Marymas Green 273 Chopart’s joint 251 Nybster 124 Christison, D 16, 107, 123 Pictish sculpted stones 187 Cille Pheadair (South Uist), Norse gold and silver 193, 198 Robert’s Haven 280–1 cippi 163 Skinnet 187, 188 Cirsium palustre (marsh thistle) 171 whalebone as construction material 271 Cladh Hallan (South Uist) 41, 73, 98 Caldale (Orkney), Viking hoard 194 Clapham, A W 207 Callander, J G 92, 93 Clarilaw, (Roxburghshire) 111 Callander Park, Falkirk, Antonine Wall 132, 142, 162 Clarke, A 109, 113, 121, 124 Calluna vulgaris (heather) 171, 172, 173, 284 Clibberswick, Unst (Shetland), Norse arm-ring 195 Camelon (Stirlingshire) 169 Clibhe (Lewis) 58 Cameron, H K 294 Clickhimin (Shetland), quern stone 123 Cameron, N 211, 212, 215, 217 Cliffdale, Shapinsay (Orkney), Norse gold ring 195 342 | society of antiquaries of scotland, 2008

Close-Brooks, J 106, 110, 111, 113, 123 Cruden, S 211, 214, 217 Clouston, J S 239, 261, 262, 263 Cruggleton (Wigtownshire), roundhouse 17 club-rush (Scripus sp.) 285 cuff-fastener, Monzie estate 9 Clugan (Shetland) 180 Cunliffe, B 22 Cnip (Lewis) 34, 43, 64, 68, 78 Cunningsburgh (Shetland) 188–9 Cnoc a’Caisteil () 163 see also Mail cobble tools, Eilean Olabhat 93 Curle, A O 16, 17, 93 cod (Gadoides) 287 Curle, C L 82, 85, 87, 88, 89, 179 coins, Viking Age, single finds 195 Curwen, E C 112, 123 Coleman, R 223, 224 Cyperaceae (sedge) 66, 171, 173, 285 Coles, Geraint 61 Coll (Argyll) 76 Dale Abbey (Derbyshire) 1, 2–3 Breachacha Castle 76 Dalgleish, G 294 collagen, bone, isotope values 244–6, 253–5 Dalladies (Aberdeenshire), quern stone 121, 122, 123 Colliness, Sanday (Orkney), Norse gold ring 194 Dalland, M 280 Collins, G 94 Dalton Parlours (West Yorkshire) 168, 169 Collison, M E 174 dandelion (Liguliflorae) 172, 173 Colonsay (Argyll), Ardskenish 197–8, 200, 201 Danielsson, K 179 Colvin, Christina (née Butler) 2, 3, 4 Danthonia decumbens (heath grass) 171 Colvin, Sir Howard Montagu, obituary 1–5 Darling, W C 258 combs Davidson, D A 289 Tempel’s typology 179 deer Viking Shetland 179, 180; in Copenhagen 177–84 antler tools 287, 288 Condry, J 21, 23 red, bones 287 Conium maculatum (hemlock) 284 Deerness (Orkney), burials 255, 262 Connor, R D 232, 233 D’Elboux, R H 293 Conzen, M R G 223, 224, 231 DeNiro, M J 253 Cook, M 21 Dennison, E P 228, 231, 232 Cool, H E M 107 Dickson, C A 169, 286 Copenhagen Dickson, J H 169, 286 antiquarian links with Shetland 177–8, 182 dictionaries of architects (Colvin) 1, 3, 4 Shetland Viking comb in 177–84 dietary study Society of Northern Antiquities 177, 178 marine/terrestrial foods 252–5 copper, Eilean Olabhat 88, 92 skeletal remains, St Thomas’ Kirk, Orkney 252–5 corn spurrey (Spergula arvensis) 284, 286, 287 Dinas Powys (Glamorgan) 88 Corrigall (Orkney), quern stone 109 discs, decorative, Eilean Olabhat 86, 90 Coryloid 172, 173 Dixon, T N 14, 93 Corylus (hazel), charcoal 95, 170, 172 dock (Rumex spp.) 284, 286, 287 Coutts, T 109, 124 Dockrill, S J 109, 190 Cowley, D 15, 22 Dodghson, R A 100 craggan wares 76, 281 dog bones 287 Craig Phadrig (Inverness-shire), metalwork 87 donkey bones 287 Cramond Campus (Edinburgh), quern stones 110 Doon Castle (Wigtownshire) 16, 17 crannogs 19 Dores (Inverness-shire), silver ingot 199–200, 201 Galloway 14, 19 Dorman’s Island, Whitefield Loch (Wigtownshire), crannog Crarae (Argyll), quern stone 110, 123 20, 21 Crataegus (hawthorn) 169, 170 Dowalton Loch (Wigtownshire), crannogs 19 Craw, J H 10 Driscoll, S T 119, 121 Crawford, B E 198, 199 Druim an Duin (Argyll) 16, 107 Crawford, I A 76 Druim nan Dearcag (North Uist) 58, 100 Crawford, O G S 163 Drumry (), quern stone 110 Cree, J E 92 croft house, Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness 267–8, 271, identity problem 14–15 274–8, 288, 289 see also Dumfriesshire; Galloway; Kirkcudbrightshire; Crone, B A 19 Wigtownshire crop-mark settlements, Galloway 21, 22, 23 DUMFRIESSHIRE (Dumfries and Galloway) Crosskirk (Caithness), quern stone 107, 119, 121 Birrens 124 Crowley, N 282 Hoddom 195 Crows Fort, Kirkinner (Wigtownshire) 22 Langholm Old graveyard 303 crucibles, metalworking, Eilean Olabhat 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, New Abbey 296, 298–9 76, 78, 82–92 Woodend Farm, Johnstonebridge 107 cruck blades (Highland couple), whale jawbone as 268, (Skye), glass beads 93 276–7, 278–9, 280 (Skye), glass beads 93 index | 343

Dun Bharabhat (Lewis) 93 Edwards, P 239, 262 Dun Cuier (Barra) Eilean Domhnuill (North Uist) 96 pottery 67, 68 30 quern stone 124 Neolithic pottery 78, 79 dun enclosures, Galloway 17–19 Eilean Olabhat (North Uist) 27–104 Dun Glashan (Argyll) 19 causeway 63 dun houses, Galloway 17–19 early excavations 30 Dun Kildalloig (Argyll) 16 early Historic settlement 31, 45–52, 54; entrance Dun Mor Vaul (Tiree), quern stone 105, 107 passage 45, 48, 51, 52; floor/floor deposits 48–51, 52; (Inverness-shire), quern stone 123 hearth 49, 50, 52; pits 48–9, 52; posthole 51; roof 46, (South Uist), pottery 64, 68, 73 48, 52; walls 45–7 Dunadd (Argyll) 95 enclosure wall 61–3, 98 metalwork 85, 86, 88, 89, 93 environmental evidence 95 quern stones 105, 107, 123, 124, 125 investigations beyond main settlement site 60–3 Dunagoil (Bute), promontory fort 7 iron Age structures 31, 32–45, 97–8; entrance passage Dunbar, J G 76 33, 34, 35, 42; floor/floor deposits 33, 36–40, 42, Dunbar, J H 8 44–5; hearth 34, 35, 36–7, 42, 44; pits and postholes Dunbar (), funerary metal plate 298, 299 33, 38–9, 40–1, 42, 43; roof 41–2; walls 32, 34–6, DUNBARTONSHIRE (East Dunbartonshire) 43, 45 Bar Hill 110, 169, 170–1 location of site 27–9 Bearsden 169 medieval and later structures 31, 54–60, 99–100; DUNBARTONSHIRE (North Lanarkshire) entrance passage 54, 56; floor/floor deposits 54, 56–7, Garnhall 129–76 60; hearth 56, 58; postholes 56; walls 56, 57, 58 Tollpark 162, 167 metalworking 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 76, 78, 82–92, 96, 98; Dundurn (Perthshire) 95 crucibles 82, 83, 84, 87–9, 91–2; moulds 82, 83, 84, Dunion (Roxburghshire), quern stone 107 85–7, 90–1; wood in 95–6 Dunnet (Caithness) pottery 38–9, 41, 44, 45, 51, 58, 63–82, 98 Brotchie’s Steading 267–92 radiocarbon dating 39, 44–5, 51, 95–7; pottery 65, 66, Kirk of 271, 288 70, 73, 75, 78 Marymas Green 273 soil composition 33, 36–7, 38, 39, 49–51, 54, 56–7, 61, Dunollie (Argyll) 95 62–3 Dunrossness (Shetland) 109, 194 Elginhaugh (), quern stone 107, 110 see also Mail Emery, N 262 Dunstaffnage (Argyll) 9 enclosures Dunsyre (Lanarkshire), funerary metal plate 297, 301–2 dun 17–19 earthwork, rectilinear 21 Earl’s Bu (Orkney) 286 enthesopathies, skeletal remains, Orkney 247–52 passim Early Historic period Eogan, G 7, 9 eilean Olabhat settlement/cellular building 31, 45–52, Escomb (Durham) 219 54 Eswick (Shetland), Pictish symbol-bearing stones 187, 190 metalworking, Eilean Olabhat 82–5, 99 Evans, C 117 pottery, Eilean Olabhat 72, 73–6, 78, 80–1 Evans, J A 257 rotary querns 105, 109, 113 Everley broch (Caithness), quern stone 109 earthwork enclosure, rectilinear 21 Ewan, E 223 East Coldoch (Stirlingshire) 163–4 Ewart, G 17 EAST LOTHIAN Broxmouth 117, 118, 125 Fair Isle, Kirki Geo 280 Dunbar 298, 299 Fairhurst, H 107, 119, 121 Gullane 110 Fairy Knowe (), quern stone 121 Mungoswell Farm 111 Falkirk (Stirlinghshire) North Berwick Gas Works 107, 124 Bonnywood Farm, quern stone 110, 123 Phantassie 107, 117, 118, 123, 125 Callander Park, Antonine Wall 132, 142, 162 Prora, Drem 123 Fane Gladwin, P F 106 quern stones 107, 117, 118, 123, 125 Fanning, T 196, 198 Seacliffe 110 farm mounds 289 Spott 296, 299–301 Farmoor (Oxfordshire) 170 Traprain 92, 107, 110, 113, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124, 125 Faroes, Sandur on Sandoy, Viking hoard 198 (Roxburghshire), The Camps, quern stone 124 fat hen (Chenopodium album) 284, 286 EDINBURGH Fawcett, R 210, 211, 214, 216 burgage plots 224, 225, 227–8, 231; unit plot widths 234 Feachem, R W 107 Castle 124; St Margaret’s chapel 207, 209–11, 218, 219 Fenton, A 118 Cramond Campus 110 Fernie, E 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 217 Merchiston Tower 110, 123 Fiddes, J 19 344 | society of antiquaries of scotland, 2008

FIFE Garnhall (Dunbartonshire) (cont.) Balbirnie 110 soil composition 135–61 passim Hawkhill 121, 122 survey work 130–4 Kilduncan 190 temporary camp 158–62, 167–8 123 wall construction 135–7, 159–60, 161, 162 Pitlour House (camp near) 124 Garranes (Ireland) 88 St Andrews see St Andrews Gask system towers 132, 164, 165 St Fillan’s Church, Aberdour 306 Gater, John 60 Filicales 174 Gawthorpe, W E 295 Filipendula 173 Geddes, George F 18 finger-rings, Viking Age 193, 195, 197 Gibbon, S J 261, 262, 263 Finlayson, B 94 Gibson, A M 78 Fintry (Stirlingshire), quern stone 124 Gibson Craig, J T 10 flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds, Brotchie’s Steading 274, Gifford, J 210 283, 285, 286 Gigha (Argyll), Achamore quarry for querns 106 flint objects, Eilean Olabhat 94 Gilchrist, G 303 floating sweet grass (Glyceria fluitans) 171, 172 Gilmour, S 52, 64, 68, 73, 86, 107 Flodden Field (Northumberland), gold finger-ring 195 GLASGOW, Drumry 110 foot, pseudojoint, skeletal remains, Orkney 251, 260 glass objects Forsyth, K 190 beads, Eilean Olabhat 93 forts bottles, Eilean Olabhat 93 Iron Age, Galloway 17–19 Garnhall 151, 152, 157, 166, 168–9 promontory 9, 17, 19 Iron Age south-west Scotland 22 Fothringham, H S 294 Glenfalloch (Perthshire), quern stone 124 fowl, domestic, bones 287 Glenluce (Wigtownshire), Roman marching camp Franklin, J 107 17 Fraxinus 173 Glyceria fluitans (floating sweet grass) 171, 172 Frere, S S 110 goat bones 287 Freswick (Caithness) 286 gold/goldwork pottery 280, 281, 282 Monzie Estate 7–12 Friell, J G P 164 prehistoric Irish 9 frog bones 287 Viking Age and Late Norse 193–204; rings 193, 194–5; Fulford, M G 112 strips 198 funerary architecture 3 Gooder, J 110 funerary metal plates, external 293–308 Gordon (Berwickshire), Viking Age hoard 199 distribution: Britain 293–4, 306–7; Scotland 296 Goudie, G 189 lettering 294–5, 305; see also individual examples Graham-Campbell, J 181, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, material and form 294; see also individual examples 199, 200, 202 Scotland 296–307 grain see cereal grains funerary metal plates, internal 294, 295, 296, 305–6 Gramineae (grasses) 66, 284, 285 gravemarkers Gadoides (cod) 287 external metal plates on 293–308 Gaimster, D R M 280, 281, 282 stone inlays 295–6, 304 Galium 173 graves, medieval, St Thomas’ Kirk, Orkney 239–66 Galium palustre (marsh bedstraw) 171 description of graves 241, 243 Galloway, Iron Age 13–26 Gray, J 239 Atlantic settlements 15–20, 22, 24 Gray, N 295 material culture 22 Greenloaning (Perthshire), Roman tower 164 non-Atlantic type settlements 20–3 Greig, S 179, 198 social structure 22–4 Griffiths, Moses 115 Galloway, W 212 Griffiths, W E 117, 119 Garnhall (Dunbartonshire) 129–76 grinders, Eilean Olabhat 93, 94 berm/berm pits 142–5, 162–3 Guido, M 22, 93 botanical remains 169–74 Gullane (East Lothian), quern stones 111 building at 138–9, 140, 142, 156, 162, 164, 167 Gurness (Orkney), handpin 86 glass objects 151, 152, 157, 166, 168–9 Military Way at 131, 132, 153 Hadley, D M 261 possible signals installations/tower 129–30, 132, 163–5, Hadrian’s Wall 162, 163, 165, 167 166, 175 haematite, Eilean Olabhat 92–3 post-Roman activity 168 Haggarty, A 17, 21, 22 postholes 146, 154–6 Haggarty, G 17, 21, 22, 282 ring features: eastern 131, 132, 157–8, 163; western ring Hall, A 20 ditch 131, 132, 134–57, 163–72 Hall, D W 259, 281, 282 index | 345

Hall of Rendall (Orkney) 239–41 Housley, Rupert 95–7 medieval graves 239–66 Howard-Davis, C 164 Hallén, Y 118 Howe (Orkney) 93, 286 Halliday, S 22 pottery 280 , J R C 180, 281 quern stone 105, 109 hammerstones, Eilean Olabhat 93, 94 Rings (Roxburghshire), quern stones 111 handpins 86 Hughen, K 244 Eilean Olabhat 76, 78, 86–7, 90 Humphreys, P D 273 Hanson, W S 129, 164 Humphries, J 95 Harding, D W 13, 14, 17, 19, 51, 64, 86, 93 Hunter, D 293 quern stones 105, 107 Hunter, F 19, 91, 92–3, 107, 117, 123, 125, 196, 197, 199 Harland, J 254 Harpercroft (Ayrshire), quern stone 107 Huntingtower (Perthshire), Roman tower 164 Harris (Ross and Cromarty), Northton 78 Huntley, J P 286 Hartburn (Northumberland) 163 Hurly Hawkin (Angus) 92, 107 Haselgrove, C 13, 23 Hutchinson, G 66 Hatton of Fintray (Aberdeenshire), funerary metal plate Hylocomium splendens (moss) 171, 172 296, 297, 305 Hawkhill (Angus), quern stone 119, 121 Inch Kenneth (Argyll), Viking Age hoard 194 Hawkhill (Fife), quern stone 119, 121 Inchmarnock (Bute), quern stone 107 Haworth, R 9 ingot moulds 85, 89, 90–1, 92 hawthorn (Crataegus) 169, 170 inhumations see burials Hay, G 271 Invergowrie (Angus), Mill Farm, quern stone 109, 123 Hayes, R H 106 INVERNESS-SHIRE hazel (Corylus) 172, 173 Craig Phadrig 87 charcoal 95, 170 Dores 199–200, 201 Heald, A 19, 85, 87, 88, 99, 119, 198, 201 Dun Troddan 123 Healey, E 95 Laggan 124 heath grass (Danthonia decumbens) 171 Roy Bridge 124 heather (Calluna vulgaris) 171, 172, 173, 284 Urquhart Castle 87 Hedges, J W 86 see also islands of Barra; Benbecula; Lewis; North Uist; Hedges, R E M 253, 255 Skye; South Uist Heisgeir (North Uist), quarry for querns 106 Iona (Argyll), St Ronan’s Church, Viking hoard 195 hemlock (Conium maculatum) 284 Ireland Hencken, H 88 export of antiquities from 9–10 Henderson, G 188, 189, 190 General Alexander Campbell in 7–8 Henderson, I 188, 189, 190 metalwork(ing) 83, 85, 88; prehistoric 7, 8, 9 Henderson, J C 19, 22 Iron Age Henshall, A 92, 107 Atlantic settlements, Galloway 15–20, 22, 24 Heslop, D H 106, 118 Brotchie’s Steading deposits 273, 288 Heywood, S 214 forts, Galloway 17–19 Highland couple see cruck blades Hall of Rendall settlement 239 Hill, P 195, 200, 202 metalworking: Irish 8; south-west Scotland 14, 22 Hillsborough, Earl of 10 pottery, 38–9, 41, 44, 45, 51, 63, 65–6 Hingley, R 13, 119 rotary querns 105, 109–11, 113, 119–22 The History of the King’s Works (Colvin) 3 south-west Scotland, regionality and 13–26 Hoddom (Dumfriesshire), Viking Age coins 195 iron objects Hodgson, N 167 graves, St Thomas’ Kirk, Orkney 241 Hoey, L R 210 nails: Eilean Olabhat 92; Garnhall 139 Hoffman, Birgitta 163, 164, 168–9 iron slag 82 Holleyman, G A 281 Irvine, J M 187 Holmes, N M McQ 195 isotope analysis, human bone, Orkney 243–6, 259 Holwerda, J H 179 dietary study 252–5 Holyrood Archaeology Project Team 228 origins study 255–9 homesteads, Galloway 17–19 Ivens, R J 66 Hordeum vulgare (barley) Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness 283, 285, 286, 288 Jackson, Adam 93–4 Eilean Olabhat 95 Jankuhn, H 199 hulled 285, 286 (Shetland) Hornish Point (South Uist) 43 Pictish decorated disc 187, 188, 190 horns, Irish Iron Age 8, 9 pottery 93, 281 Hornungia 173 quern 119 horse bones 287 Jarrow (Durham) 219 346 | society of antiquaries of scotland, 2008

Jensen, I 177 Larsen, A C 119 Jensen, J S 177 Late Norse, gold and silver 193–204 Jobey, G 21, 163 Latheron Parish (Caithness) 289 John O’Groats (Caithness), pottery 280–1 Latheronwheel (Caithness), whale bones 280 Johnson, Melanie 78–9 Lawrie, A C 231 Johnstonebridge (Dumfriesshire), Woodend Farm 107 Laws, K 105 Jolly, T 286 lead weights, Viking Age 199 Jones, G D B 130 (Stirlingshire), quern stone 125 Juncus sp. (rushes) 171, 172 Lees, H 293 Juncus bufonius 171 Leges Burgorum 232 Juncus effusus/conglomeratus 171 Leisk, Margaret 177, 182 Leisk, Thomas 182 Kebister (Shetland), pottery 280 lesser spearwort (Ranunculus flammula) 171, 172 Keppie, L 17, 153, 159, 162 Lethbridge, T C 42 Kilbride-Jones, H E 168, 169 Levinson, A A 259 Kilcheran, Lismore (Argyll), Viking Age arm-ring 196–7, Lewis (Inverness-shire) 200–1 An Dunan 64, 68, 73 Kildonan (South Uist) Beirgh 107 pottery 64 Bostadh 52 ring-money 196, 201 Clibhe 58 Kilduncan (Fife), Pictish cross-slab 190 Cnip 34, 43, 64, 68, 78 Kilpheder (South Uist) 42 Dun Bharabhat 93 Kilwarlin (County Down), lunula 10 Loch na Beirgh 51–2, 64, 86, 87 Kinneff (Aberdeenshire), quern stone 121 Stornoway 198 Kintradwell broch (), quern stones 109, 119 Lewis, S 8 Kirkcaldy (Fife), quern stone 123 Liguliflorae (dandelion) 172, 173 KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE (Dumfries and Galloway) lime (Tilia) 172, 173 Balmaclellan 14, 115, 117, 124 Liners 223, 226 Castle Haven, Borgue 18 Linga (Shetland), quern stones 109, 123 Kirkpatrick Irongray 304 Linum usitatissimum (flax) seeds 274, 283, 285, 286 Moss Raploch 23 Lismore (Argyll), Kilcheran, Viking Age arm-ring 196–7, Mote of Mark 82, 85 200–1 Kirki Geo (Fair Isle), pottery 280 Litten, J 306 Kirkinner (Wigtownshire), Crow’s Fort 22 Lloyd, Tom 3 Kirkness, W 202 Loch na Beirgh (Lewis) 51–2, 64, 86, 87 Kirkpatrick Irongray (Kirkcudbrightshire), headstone Loch Olabhat Research Project 30, 32 ‘metal’ plate 296, 304 Loch Roe (Sutherland), quarry for querns 106 Kirkton of Bourtie (Aberdeenshire), quern stone 124 lock-ring, Monzie estate 9 Klippel-Feil syndrome 249 Lockett, N J 163 skeletal remains, Orkney 249, 260 Longley, D 82, 85 knotgrass (Polygonum) 284 Loughnashade (County Antrim) 8 Kruse, S E 199, 201 Low, Rev George 194 Kyhlberg, O 202 Lowe, C 262, 263, 288, 289 Luing (Argyll), South Fort, quern stone 121, 122 La Tène style decoration 117 lunula Lack, W 293, 294 Kilwarlin 10 Laggan (Inverness-shire), quern stone 124 Monzie estate 9, 10 Lagore (Ireland) 88 Luzula sp. (wood-rush) 284 Laing, L 82, 85, 87 Luzula sylvatica 171 lake settlements 13 Lychnis flos-cuculi (ragged robin) 171 Lamb, R 289 Lynch, M 223, 232 Lambaness (Orkney), quern stones 109, 123 LANARKSHIRE (North Lanarkshire), Mollins 169 McAdam, R 8 LANARKSHIRE (South Lanarkshire) McArthur, J 257 Beattock Summit 164 MacAskill, N L 259, 282 Dunsyre 297, 301–2 Macaulay, C 187 Lancaster, S J 274, 288, 289 McCarthy, M 23, 66 Lane, A 93 Macdonald, Major Ker 194 metalworking 85, 86, 87, 88, 99 MacGibbon, D 210 pottery 64, 65, 66, 67, 73, 76 McGibbon, Fiona 106 quern stones 105, 107, 123, 124 McGregor, G 9 Lanfine (Ayrshire) 7, 9 MacGregor, G 21 Langholm Old graveyard (Dumfriesshire), memorial 303 MacGregor, M 22 index | 347

Machrihanish (Argyll) 92 Mosley, J 295 MacInnes, L 16 Moss Raploch (Kirkcudbrightshire), unenclosed settlement Mack, A 187, 190 23 MacKie, E 64, 65, 93 mosses, Garnhall 171, 172 MacKie, E W 105, 107, 109, 110, 112 Mote of Mark (Kirkcudbrightshire), metalworking 82, 85 McLaren, Dawn 91, 92–3, 107, 117, 123, 125 Mouat, Captain William Cameron 177, 178, 182 Maclean, Kenneth 196 moulds, metalworking, Eilean Olabhat 82, 83, 84, 85–7, MacQueen, H L 223, 232 90–1 MacSween, A 67, 78, 107, 280 Mounagh Lough (Ireland) 88 Madsen, H B 88 ‘Mull’ hoard 9 magnetometry, Eilean Olabhat 60 Mulville, J 243, 255 Mail, Cunningsburgh (Shetland) 188–9 Mungoswell Farm (East Lothian), quern stones 111 Pictish carved symbol-bearing slabs 185–8, 189, 190 Murdoch, K R 93 Mainland, Roddie 106 Murray, G 115 Major, H 112 Murray, H K 282 Mann, L 76 Murray, J C 282 marsh bedstraw (Galium palustre) 171 Myatt, L J 273 marsh ragwort (Senecio aquaticus) 171, 172 Mytum, H 293 marsh thistle (Cirsium palustre) 171 Martlew, D N 239, 241, 262 Neighbour, T 52 Marymas Green (Caithness), possible Norse settlement 273 Nendrum (Ireland) 88 Maryon, H 93 Neolithic Period Maxton (Roxburghshire), silver ingot fragment 199, 201 islet settlement, Eilean Domhnuill 30 Maxwell, G 23 pottery 63 Maxwell, G S 129, 164 Netherton of Comisty (Aberdeenshire), quern stones 106, Maynard the Fleming 231 109 measurement of burgage plot widths 224–5, 231, 232 nettle (Urtica dioica) 171, 172, 284 measurement units 232–3 Neuberg-Ravolzhausen (Germany) 167 medieval period New Abbey (Dumfriesshire), funerary metal plate 296, croft house, Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness 274–8 298–9 Eilean Olabhat settlement 31, 54–60, 99–100 Newark Bay (Orkney), burials 244–6, 253, 255 graves at St Thomas’ Kirk, Rendall, Orkney 239–66 Newmill (Perthshire) 95 pottery: Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness 275; Hebrides Newstead (Roxburghshire), quern stones 111, 123, 125 64, 67, 76–7, 81–2 Nicholson, A 105, 115, 124, 195 Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whale) 278 Nicolson, John 271, 288 memorial plates see funerary metal plates Nieke, M 99 Merchiston Tower (Edinburgh), quern stones 110, 123 nitrogen isotope levels, human bone, Orkney 244–6, 253–5 metalworking Norr, L 253 Early Historic period 82–5, 99 Norse: Late Norse gold and silver 193–204 eilean Olabhat 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 76, 78, 82–92, 95–6, North Berwick Gas Works (East Lothian) 107, 124 98; crucibles 82, 83, 84, 87–9, 91–2; moulds 82, 83, North Uist (Inverness-shire) 84, 85–7, 90–1 Bac Mhic Connain 118 Ireland 83, 85; prehistoric period 7, 8 Ceann nan Clachan 98 Iron Age, south-west Scotland 14, 22 Druim nan Dearcag 58, 100 MIDLOTHIAN Eilean Domhnuill 30, 78, 96 Elginhaugh 107, 110 eilean Olabhat 27–104; for detailed entry see Eilean Stow 111, 123 Olabhat Miller, Jennifer 95 Heisgeir 106 Mills, S 282 Sollas 43, 67, 73, 92, 96, 118 Minard (Argyll), quarry for querns 106 Udal 64, 65, 67–8, 73, 75, 76, 78 mirror, Balmaclellan 14 Northton (Harris), Neolithic pottery 78 Mitchell, A 299, 300, 304 Norwick (Shetland) 180 Mollins (Lanarkshire), pollen analysis 169 Novantae 23 Monita fontana (blinks) 171 Nybster (Caithness), quern stone 124 Montgomery, J 257, 259, 262 Monumental Brass Society 293, 306 Ó Floinn, R 87 Monzie Castle 7, 8, 9 Ó Néill, J 8 Monzie Estate, gold objects 7–12 Ó Ríordáin, A B 83 Moore, H 109, 113, 123, 124 Ó Ríordáin, S P 88 Moore, P D 174 oak (Quercus) 172 Moorhouse, S 70 charcoal 170 Morris, C D 262 oats (Avena) 283, 285, 286 Morrison, I 14 black/bristle (Avena strigosa) 283, 285, 286 348 | society of antiquaries of scotland, 2008

Old Luce (Wigtownshire), silver ingot fragment from PERTHSHIRE (cont.) Pilanton Burn 200, 201 Shielhill North and South 164 (Shetland), Pictish symbol-bearing stone Strageath 110 190 Westerton 164 Omand, D 289 Phantassie (East Lothian), quern stones 107, 117, 118, 123, oracle-shrines 34 125 Ordnance Survey, heritage information 2 Pictish symbol stones/symbol-bearing cross slabs, Shetland ORKNEY 189–90 Beafield, Sanday 289 carved slab, Mail, Cunningsburgh 185–8, 190 Birsay/Brough of Birsay 82, 85, 88, 89, 94, 179, 180, Pierowall, Westray (Orkney), Norse gold ring 194 261, 286 pig bones 287 Bu of Cairston 243, 261 Piggot, C M 111 Buckquoy 51 Piggott, S 14 Caldale 194 Pilanton Burn, Old Luce (Wigtownshire), silver ingot Cliffdale, Shapinsay 195 fragment 200, 201 Colliness, Sanday 194 pins Corrigall 109 Eilean Olabhat 86–7, 90 Deerness 255, 262 moulds 85 Earl’s Bu 286 Viking Age ringed-pins 196, 198 Gurness 86 Pinus 173 Howe 93, 105, 109, 280, 286 Pirie, E J E 195 Lambaness 109, 123 Pitlour House (camp near) (Fife), quern stone 124 Newark Bay 244–6, 253, 255 pits, Eilean Olabhat 33, 38, 39, 40–1, 42, 43 Pierowall, Westray 194 plant remains Pool 286 carbonised, Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness 283–7 Quoygrew 254, 259, 281 Garnhall 169–74 St Boniface Church, Papa Westray 289 Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) 172, 173, 284, 286, St Magnus Kirk, Birsay 261 287 St Thomas’ Kirk/Hall of Rendall 239–66 Plantago major (greater plantain) 171 Stenness 194, 195, 197 plantains 171, 172, 173, 284, 286, 287 Tofts, Sanday 289 Pleurozium schreberi 171, 172 Wasbister 121, 122 Pløyen, Christian 177–8, 179 Westbrough, Sanday 289 Poaceae 172, 173 osteoarthritis, skeletal remains, Orkney 247–52 passim pollen analysis, Garnhall 172–5 Oxna (Shetland), arm-ring 196 Polygonum sp. (knotgrass) 284 oxygen isotope values Polygonum aviculare 173 tooth enamel/dentine 254, 256, 257, 259 Polygonum persicaria/lapathifolium (persicareia) 284 water for UK 258 Polypodium 174 Polytrichum commune 171, 172 Page, R I 189 pony cap, Torrs 14 pallisade-enclosed settlements, Galloway 21 Pool (Orkney), cereal seeds 286 Pallister, D M 231, 232 Port William (Wigtownshire), quern stone 111 Pálsson, H 239, 262 Portpatrick (Wigtownshire), funerary metal plate 303–4, Papil (Shetland), Pictish symbol-bearing stones 187, 188, 305 189 post-holes Parker Pearson, M 41, 64, 68, 97, 98, 193, 198 Eilean Olabhat 33, 38, 39, 40–1, 42, 43 Paterson, C 198 Garnhall 146, 154–6 peat, Eilean Olabhat 61, 62 post-medieval period , West Water Reservoir, quern stone croft house, Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness 274–8 107 pottery, Eilean Olabhat 76–7 Pennant, Thomas 115 Potentilla 173 persicareia (Polygonum persicaria/lapathifolium) 284 Potentilla erecta (tormentil) 171 Perth, burgage plots 224, 229–31 Potter, J F 205, 206, 209, 212, 213, 219 unit plot widths 236 pottery PERTHSHIRE () Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness: grass-tempered wares Aldclune 107, 123 273, 280–2, 288; hand-made gritty ware 282; Dundurn 95 medieval redware 281, 282, 288; modern pottery Glenfalloch 124 382–3 Greenloaning 164 craggan wares 76, 281 Huntingtower 164 eilean Olabhat 38–9, 41, 44, 45, 51, 58, 63–82, 98; Monzie Estate gold 7–12 construction techniques 65–6; decoration 67–8, 73, Newmill 95 76, 77; fabric 64–5; form 67–8; stratigraphic summary Rossie, Forgandenny 110 70–8; usage 68–9 index | 349 pottery (cont.) Redman, N 279 flaring-rim 65, 67, 68, 73, 76, 77, 78 Rees, A R 121 Garnhall 160 Reid, R 28 grass-impressed 65, 66 Reimer, P 244 grass-tempered 273, 280–2, 288 Rendall (Orkney), St Thomas’ Kirk/Hall of Rendall 239–66 graves, St Thomas’ Kirk, Orkney 241 Rerigonium 23 hand-made gritty ware 282 resistivity surveys Hebridean 63–4, 66, 67, 78, see also Eilean Olabhat Eilean Olabhat 59, 60–1 iron Age: Hebrides 38–9, 41, 44, 45, 51, 63, 65–6, 68, Garnhall 132–3, 160 70–3, 78, 79–80; south-west Scotland 22 Restenneth (Angus), St Peter (Restenneth Priory) mat-impressed 44, 65, 66, 73 dating 211–13, 219 medieval: Hebrides 64, 67, 76–7, 81–2; Orkney 259, stonework 211–14, 218, 219 262; redware 281, 282, 288 Reynard, L M 253, 255 Neolithic, Eilean Olabhat 63, 78–9, 82 Ribchester (Lancashire) 164 Norse period 66, 67 Ribe (Denmark) 88 Plain Style 67, 73, 76 ribwort (Plantago lanceolata) 172, 173, 284, 286, 287 post-medieval, Hebrides 76–7 Richards, M P 243, 253, 254, 255 St Thomas’ Kirk, Orkney 259, 262, 263 Richardson, J S 209 taphonomy 70 Richardson, K M 68 use of dung in 280 Rideout, J S 107, 163 pounders, Eilean Olabhat 93 ring-money Premonstratensian order 2 Monzie Estate 7 Price, J 168, 169 Viking Age 194, 195–6, 201 promontory forts 9, 17, 19 rings Prora, Drem (East Lothian), quern stone 123 gold, Viking Age 194 –5 Prunella vulgaris (selfheal) 171 see also arm-rings; finger-rings Prunus spinosa (blackthorn) 152, 166, 170, 175 Rispain (Wigtownshire), roundhouse 17 Pteridium 174 Rispain Camp (Wigtownshire), earthwork enclosure 21 pumice, Eilean Olabhat 93, 94 Ritchie, A 34, 51, 179, 180, 185, 187, 188, 190, 262 Ritchie, J N G 65 Quail, G 281 Robert’s Haven (Caithness), pottery 280–1 quartz objects, Eilean Olabhat 94 Robertson, A 110 Quercus (oak) 172, 173 Robertson, A S 165 charcoal 170 Robinet, Laurianne 201 querns, rotary 105–28 Robinson, M 170 bun-shaped 105, 117 Rodriguez-Martin, C 249, 250 decorated 113, 114–19, 123–5; distribution 116, 117 Roes, A 179 disc 105, 112, 119 Rogers, C 8 horizontal slot-handled 106, 108–11, 112–14; Romans distribution 108, 112 south-west Scotland 17 manufacture 106–7, 112 towers 166–7 miniature 119–22 see also Antonine wall; Garnhall quoins, stone bedding orientation 206, 219 rorquals 278, 280 Restenneth Priory 211–12, 213 Ross, A 280 St Margaret’s Chapel, Edinburgh Castle 210–11 ROSS AND CROMARTY (Highland) St Rule, St Andrews 215–16 Cnoc a’Caisteil 163 Quoygrew (Orkney) 254, 259 Northton, Harris 78 pottery 281 Tarbat 199 Ross, T 210 radiocarbon dating Rossie, Forgandenny (Perthshire), quern stone 110 Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness 273, 281, 287, 288 rotator cuff disease, skeletal remains, Orkney 249, 250, 260 burials, St Thomas’ Kirk, Orkney 244–6, 253, 255, 260 Rough Castle (Stirlingshire) 162 eilean Olabhat 39, 44–5, 51, 95–7; pottery 65, 66, 70, Rough Loch (Wigtownshire), crannog 19, 20 73, 75, 78 roundhouses, Atlantic 98 Rafn, Carl Christian 177, 178 Galloway 16–17, 21 Raftery, B 8, 86, 117 Rowan, Alistair 2, 3 ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi) 171 ROXBURGHSHIRE Ramsay, S 169–74, 172 Castleton (Castletown) 296–7, 302–3, 305 Ranunculus sp. (buttercup) 172, 174, 284, 286, 287 Clarilaw, St Boswells 111 Ranunculus flammula (lesser spearwort) 171, 172 Dunion 107 Raphanus raphanistrum (charlock) 284 Edgerston 124 Rattray (Aberdeenshire), pottery 282 Hownam Rings 111 rectilinear forms, Iron Age Galloway 21–2 Maxton 199, 201 350 | society of antiquaries of scotland, 2008

ROXBURGHSHIRE (cont.) Senecio aquaticus (marsh ragwort) 171, 172 Newstead 111, 123, 125 Setters (Shetland) 180 Whitehillsheil 124 settlements, Galloway Roy Bridge (Inverness-shire), quern stone 124 crop-mark settlements 21, 23 Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments pallisade-enclosed 21 of Scotland 2, 4 unenclosed 21, 23 Rubha nam Brathairean (Skye), quarry for querns 106 Shaffrey, R 112 Rumex spp (dock) 284, 286, 287 Shapinsay (Orkney), Cliffdale, Norse gold ring 195 Rumex acetosa (sorrel) 284 Sharples, N 64, 67, 68, 73, 75, 76, 86, 97, 198 rushes 171, 172 Sheehan, J 194 Ryan, M 66 sheep bones 287 Rynne, E 83 Shepard, A O 280 Shepherd, T 8 St Andrews (Fife) Shetelig, H 86 burgage plots 224, 225, 226, 228–9, 230, 231; unit plot SHETLAND widths 235 antiquarian links with Copenhagen 177–8, 182 rotary quern 110 Bayanne 109, 113, 124 St Rule 214–19 Breck of Hillwell 187, 190 St Boniface Church, Papa Westray (Orkney) 289 Bressay 187, 188, 189, 190 St Boswells, Clarilaw (Roxburghshire), quern stone 111 Burland 109, 112, 113, 115, 123, 124 St John’s College, Oxford, Colvin and 2, 4 Burraness 188 St Kilda, Viking Age hoard 194 Clickhimin 123 St Margaret’s Chapel, Edinburgh Castle Clugan 180 dating 209–11, 219 Dunrossness 109, 194; see also Mail stonework 207, 209–11, 218, 219 Eswick 187, 190 St Peter, Restenneth (Angus) Jarlshof 93, 119, 180, 187, 188, 190, 281 dating 211–13, 219 Kebister 280 stonework 211–14, 218, 219 Linga 109, 123 St Ronan’s Church, Iona (Argyll), Viking hoard 195 Mail, Cunningsburgh 185–8, 190 St Rule, St Andrews, Fife Norwick 180 dating 214 –19 Old Scatness 190 stonework 214 –19 Oxna 196 St Thomas’ Kirk, Rendall (Orkney) 239 Papil 187, 188, 189 medieval graves 239–66; dietary study 252–5; fieldwork Pictish symbol stones/symbol-bearing cross-slabs 185–92 241–3; origins study 255–9, 262 Sandness 189, 190 site plan 242 Sandsting 123 Salix 173 Sandwick beach 181–2 Sandness (Shetland), Pictish symbol-bearing stones 189, Scalloway 86, 87, 109, 113, 124 190 Scatness 109 Sandoy (Faroes), Sandur, Viking hoard 198 Scousburgh, Dunrossness 109 Sandsting (Shetland), quern stone 123 Setters 180 Sandwick beach, Unst (Shetland) 181–2 Soterberg 180 Saville, A 95 Underhoull 180 Saxby, J M E 181 Unst 177, 178, 179, 180–2, 195 Scalloway (Shetland) 86, 87 Upper Scalloway 86, 87 quern stone 109, 113, 124 Uyea 177, 189, 190 Scatness (Shetland), quern stone 109 Viking comb in Copenhagen 177–84 Schallmayer, E 167 Yell 178 Schoeninger, M J 253 Shielhill North and South (Perthshire), Roman towers 164 Schweger, G 66 Silene dioica 174 Schweingruber, F H 170 silver Scott, I G 185, 187, 188 Eilean Olabhat 83, 88 Scott, Jack 15, 23, 111 Viking Age and Late Norse 193–204; analyses 201 Scott, J G 110 silver ingots 193, 198–200, 201 Scott, S A 302 Simpson, A D C 232, 233 Scott, Sir Walter 9, 10 Simpson, I A 289 Scottish Industrial Archaeology Survey 2 Simpson, W D 211, 212, 213 Scousburgh, Dunrossness (Shetland), quern stones 109 Sinapis 174 Scripus sp. (club-rush) 285 skeletal remains, St Thomas’ Kirk, Orkney 241, 243–52, Seacliffe (East Lothian), quern stones 111 259–62 Sealy, J 253 gender and age 244–6, 260, 261–2 sedges (Carex spp.) 66, 171, 173, 285 laboratory analyses 244–6 selfheal (Prunella vulgaris) 171 pathological conditions 247–52 passim, 259, 260 index | 351

Skinnet (Caithness), Pictish symbol-bearing stone 187, 188 STIRLINGSHIRE (cont.) Skovmand, R 198 Callander Park, Falkirk 132, 142, 162 Skye (Inverness-shire) Camelon 169 Dun Ardtreck 93 Castlecary 169 Dun Beag 93 Castlehill Wood 107 Rubha nam Brathairean 106 East Coldoch 163–4 Slater, T R 231, 232 Fairy Knowe 121 Small, A 180, 188 Fintry 124 Small, J 193 Leckie Broch 125 Smith, A J E 169 Rough Castle 162 Smith, Brian 189 West Plean 121, 122, 163, 169 Smith, I M 198 stone objects, Eilean Olabhat Smith, R 198 coarse objects 91, 93–4 social structure, Iron Age Galloway 22–4 flaked objects 94–5 Society of Northern Antiquities, Copenhagen 177, 178 stonework, ecclesiastical buildings soil composition bedding orientation 205–7 Brotchie’s Steading 274 English Pre-Conquest 205–6, 207, 208 eilean Olabhat 33, 36–7, 38, 39, 49–51, 54, 56–7, 61, Patterned style 207, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 62–3 218–19; stonework features 208 Sollas (North Uist) 43, 118 stone emplacement 205–22; St Margaret’s Chapel, pottery 64, 65, 66–8, 73, 93, 96 Edinburgh Castle 207, 209–11, 218, 219; St Peter, sorrel (Rumex acetosa) 284 Restenneth 211–14, 218, 219; St Rule, St Andrews Soterberg (Shetland) 180 214–19 South Uist (Inverness-shire) Stornoway (Lewis), Viking Age arm-ring 198 A’ Cheardach Mhor 68 Stow (Midlothian), quern stones 111, 123 Bornais 64, 67, 68, 73, 76, 198 Strageath (Perthshire), quern stone 110 Cille Pheadair 193, 198 Stranraer (Wigtownshire), quern stone 117, 124 Cladh Hallan 41, 73, 98 Strathbrora (Sutherland), quern stone 119, 121 Dun Vulan 64, 68, 73 stratigraphy, Eilean Olabhat pottery assemblage 70–8 Hornish Point 43 straw 285 Kildonan 64, 196, 201 strontium isotope values, tooth enamel/dentine 254, 256, Kilpheder 42 257 Viking comb 179, 180 Stuart, J 8 Southesk, Earl of 189 Stuchfield, M 293, 294 Spall, Cecily 199 Stuiver, M 96 Spearman, R M 223, 224, 225, 230 Stummann Hansen, S 119, 180, 182 spearwort, lesser 171 Succisa/Scabiosa 174 Spence, Gilbert 178, 179, 182 SUTHERLAND (Highland) Spergula arvensis (corn spurrey) 284, 286, 287 Kintradwell broch 109, 119 Sphagnum 174 Loch Roe 106 Spiers, S M 294 Strathbrora 119, 121 spina bifida occulta, skeletal remains, Orkney 249 Swain, S A M 133 spindle whorl, mica schist 93–4 Switsur, R 76 spondyloslysis 250 swords, brass 8 skeletal remains, Orkney 249–50, 260 Spott (East Lothian), funerary metal plates 296, 299–301 ingot 201 Tait, A 2, 3 square barrows, Galloway 22 Tait, R 224, 225, 227, 234 Stace, C 169 taphonomy, ceramic 70 Stairhaven broch (Wigtownshire) 16 Tarbat (Ross and Cromarty), lead weight 199 Steer, K A 121, 163 Tatham, S 257 Stell, G 223, 232, 289 Taylor, H M 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 216, 217 Stellaria holostea 174 Taylor, J 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 216, 217 Stellaria media (chickweed) 284, 286 Taylor, J J 7, 9 Stenness (Orkney), finger-rings/ring-money 194, 195, teeth, strontium and oxygen isotope levels from enamel/ 196 dentine 254, 256, 257 Stevens, T 261, 262 Tempel, Wolf-Dieter 179 stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) 171, 172, 284 Teroy (Wigtownshire), Atlantic roundhouse 16–17 Stirling, quern stone 110 Thomas, C 66 Stirling Heads, Monzie 8, 9 Thoms, Jennifer 95 STIRLINGSHIRE Thomson, G 293, 294, 295 Bannockburn 195 Thurlby, M 210 Bonnywood Farm, Falkirk 110, 123 Tilia (lime) 172, 173 352 | society of antiquaries of scotland, 2008

Tiree (Argyll) West Plean (Stirlingshire) Dun Mor Vaul 105, 107 Antonine Wall 163, 169 pottery 76 quern stone 121, 122 Viking Age hoards 194 West Water Reservoir, West Linton 107 Tofts, Sanday (Orkney) 289 Westbrough, Sanday (Orkney) 289 Tollpark (Dunbartonshire) 162, 167 Westerton (Perthshire), Roman tower 164 tongs, metalwork 88 whale bones, use in Scotland 279–80 Toolis, R 19 as construction material 271, 279–80; jawbone as cruck Topping, P G 64 blades 268, 276–7, 278–9, 280 tormentil (Potentilla erecta) 171 whales Torrs (Wigtownshire), pony cap 14 blue (Balaenoptera musculus) 278, 280 towers, Roman 166–7 fin (Balaenoptera physalis) 278, 280 Traprain (East Lothian) humpback, (Megaptera novaeangliae) 278 haematite 92 sei (Balaenoptera borealis) 278 quern stones 107, 110, 113, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124, Wharram-le-Street (Yorkshire), tower 214–15 125 whetstone/polisher, sandstone, Eilean Olabhat 94 Trench-Jellicoe, R 190 Whitefield Loch (Wigtownshire), crannog 20, 21 Tress-Barry, Sir Francis 271 Whitehillsheil (Roxburghshire), quern stone 124 Turner, D J 76 Whithorn Priory (Wigtownshire) 85 Turner, V 185, 189, 190 Whithorn (Wigtownshire) tuyères 82, 84, 89, 92 querns 105, 115, 124 Viking ring-money 195–6, 201 Udal (North Uist) 67 Whittemore, P 293, 294 pottery 64, 65, 67–8, 73, 75, 76, 78 Whittington, G 224, 226, 228–9, 230, 231 Ulmus 173 Wickham-Jones, C R 93 Underhoull (Shetland) 180 WIGTOWNSHIRE (Dumfries and Galloway) unenclosed settlements, Iron Age Galloway 21, 23 Airyolland homestead 18–19 Unst (Shetland) 177, 178, 180 Annat Hill 22 Clibberswick 195 Barhapple Loch 19, 20 Scandinavian/Viking sites 180–2 Cairn Connell Hill 22 Underhoull 180 Carghidown promontory fort 19 Viking comb 178, 179, 180 Chippermore homestead 19 Urquhart Castle, Inverness-shire, handpin 87 Crows Fort, Kirkinner 22 Urtica dioica (nettle) 171, 172, 284 Cruggleton 17 Uyea (Shetland) 177, 189, 190 Doon Castle 16, 17 Dorman’s Island, Whitefield Loch 20, 21 Vaccinium sp. (bilberry) 284 Dowalton Loch 19 vertebral pathology, skeletal remains, Orkney 247–52 Glenluce 17 passim Iron Age 16–22 Viking Age Pilanton Burn, Old Luce 200, 201 coins (single finds) 195 Port William 111 gold and silver 193–204 Portpatrick 303–4, 305 Shetland comb in Copenhagen 177–84 Rispain 17, 21 vitrified fuel ash slag (VFAS) 82, 89 Rough Loch 19, 20 Stairhaven broch 16 Waddell, J 11 Stranraer 124 Wainwright, F T 107 Teroy 16–17 Walker, J C 10 Torrs 14 Wallace, C 7, 9 Whitefield Loch 20, 21 Wallace, J 193 Whithorn 85, 105, 115, 124, 195–6, 201 Warren, Graeme 94–5 Williams, G 194, 199 Wasbister (Orkney), quern stone 121, 122 Willsher, B 293 Watkins, T 95, 121, 123 Wilson, A 23 Watt, T 189 Wilson, David 9 Way, A 8 Wilson, E M 107, 121 Webb, J A 174 Wilson, G 109, 113, 123, 124 weed seeds, Brotchie’s Steading, Caithness 283, 286–7 Windram, W J 223, 232 West Cults (Aberdeenshire), quern stone 125 Wolliscroft, D J 129, 130, 133, 163, 164 West Grange of Conon (Angus), quern stones 109, 121, Wood, M 209 122, 124 wood remains, Garnhall 170 West Linton (Peeblesshire), West Water Reservoir 107 wood-rush (Luzula) 171, 284 West Mains of Ethie (Angus), quern stones 107, 121, Wright, M E 106 122 Wright, R S 210 index | 353

X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) 83, 88, 201 Young, A 64, 68, 124 Young, R 95 Yates, M J 16 Youngs, S 78, 86, 87, 88 Yell (Shetland) 178 354 | society of antiquaries of scotland, 2008 index | 355 356 | society of antiquaries of scotland, 2008