DOCSLIB.ORG

Depressive Subtypes and Their Biological Differentiation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Depressive Subtypes and Their Biological Differentiation Depressive subtypes and their biological differentiation Femke Lamers, PhD ISCTM Washington DC,19 February 2014 Disclosures • Employee of: VU medical center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam • Research support from: EU (FP7 grant) • Consultant for: - • Stockholder in: - • Honoraria from: - Outline • Heterogeneity of MDD • Subtypes of depression: Results from data-driven analysis – Clinical correlates – Biological correlates – Course differences • Meaning of findings with respect to treatment • Recent developments in treatment/RCTs Heterogeneity of MDD is hindering research • Current classification systems based on descriptive phenomenology, not on etiology and pathophysiology • Phenomenological heterogeneity etiological heterogeneity? Hindering research on MDD: • Inconsistent findings • Small effect sizes MDD subtypes in literature Starting points for subtyping: 1. Symptom-based: – Melancholia, Psychotic (delusional) depression, Atypical depression, Anxious depression 2. Etiology-based: – Adjustment disorder with depressed mood, Early trauma, Reproductive depression, Perinatal depression, Organic & drug- induced depression 3. Time of onset based: – Early vs. late onset, Seasonal affective disorder Meta-review - Baumeister & Parker, J Affect Dis , 2012;139(2):126-40 MDD subtypes in literature (2) Meta-review - Baumeister & Parker, J Affect Dis , 2012;139(2):126-40 NESDA study Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety • Naturalistic cohort study with assessments at baseline & after 2, 4, 6, 9 years • 2,981 subjects (1979 ♀,1002 ♂), 18-65 years • Recruited in community, primary + specialized care • Includes - controls (n=652) - depression patients (MDD, dysthymia) - anxiety patients (Panic, Social Phobia, Agora, GAD) (Penninx et al. Int J Meth Psychiatr Res 2008;17:121-140/ www.nesda.nl) Subtype identification – sample • Baseline data • N=818 persons with a 1 month dx of depression or minor depression • Input for data-driven analysis (latent class analysis): • CIDI symptoms & • selection of IDS symptoms: lack of responsiveness, quality of mood, mood worst in morning, early morning awakening, interpersonal sensitivity, leaden paralysis LCA NESDA - Results 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 CIDI IDS Severe Melancholic (46.3%) Severe Atypical (24.6%) Moderate (29.1%) (Lamers et al. 2010 J Clin Psych 71:1582-1589) Correlates depression subtypes Severe Melancholic Severe Atypical Moderate P-value N=379 N=201 N=238 Female sex 65.4 % 73.1 % 63.4 % .08 Age of onset, median 25 22 28 .002 Duration (nr of months) 18.7 18.2 9.6 <.001 Subthreshold manic symptoms 10.3 % 9.5 % 4.6 % .04 1st degree family history MDD 86.4 % 83.8 % 72.9% <.001 Comorbid panic disorder 31.1 % 37.3 % 16.8 % <.001 Comorbid social phobia 36.9 % 35.3% 20.2 % <.001 Comorbid GAD 37.2 % 31.3 % 18.5 % <.001 Neuroticism (NEO-FFI) 44.4 44.4 38.7 <.001 Melancholic – Environmental stress & smoking Severe Severe A vs M Melancholic Atypical OR (95%CI) Psychosocial functioning Childhood trauma index, median 0.4 0.2 0.86 (0.74-1.00) Negative life events, median 1 0.6 0.87 (0.73-1.04) Life style Current smoking, % 52.8% 36.8% 0.57 (0.39-0.84) Atypical - More metabolic disturbances 30 28.3 * 25.3 25.4 25 Atypical vs. Melancholic (ref) 20 OR (95%CI) 15 Metabolic syndrome 2.17 (1.38-3.42) BMI 10 Waist circumference 2.30 (1.59-3.35) 5 Triglycerides 1.93 (1.25-2.99) 0 Severe Severe Moderate Melancholic Atypical *p<.05 Differences in biological measures? HPA axis (Stetler et al., Psychosom Med, 2011) Depression (Hiles et al., Brain, Behavior & Immun, 2012; Dowlati et al., Biol Psych, 2010; Howren et al., Psychosom Med, 2009) Methods Biological measures NESDA Groups: • Melancholic depression • Atypical depression • Controls Outcomes: • Salivary cortisol (cortisol awakening curve) • Inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrotic factor- (TNF-) Cortisol in MDD & subtypes Current MDD (n=701) Remitted MDD (n=579) Controls (n=308) Control n=393 Melancholic n=66 Atypical n=82 24 24 22 22 /l) 20 20 nmol 18 18 16 16 Cortisol ( Cortisol Cortisol (nmol/l) Cortisol 14 14 12 12 0 15 30 45 60 awakening 30 min 45 min 60 min Vreeburg et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:617-626 Lamers et al., Mol Psych, 2013; 18(6):692-9 Stable Melancholic vs. Stable Atypical AUCi p=NS; AUCg p=.001 Stable Melancholic vs. Control AUCi p=NS; AUCg p=.002 Inflammation in MDD & subtypes CRP (mg/l) TNF-α (pg/ml) IL-6 (pg/ml) 2 1.2 1.2 1 1 1.5 0.8 0.8 1 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 controls remitted MDD current MDD controls remitted MDD current MDD controls remitted MDD current MDD Vogelzangs et al. Trans Psych, 2012;2,e79 1.2 2 * 1.2 * * * 1 1 1.5 * * 0.8 0.8 1 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 Control Melancholic Atypical Control Melancholic Atypical Control Melancholic Atypical * p<.01 Lamers et al., Mol Psych, 2013; 18(6):692-9 Findings cortisol & inflammation other studies (Penninx et al., BMC Medicine, 2013;11;129) Course differences melancholic/atypical? • 2, 4 & 6 yr FU data Suicidal thoughts Onset diabetes atypical depression vs moderate depression p=0.01, Lamers et al, in progress Two different clinical entities? MELANCHOLIC ATYPICAL DEPRESSION DEPRESSION Pathophysiology: Pathophysiology: environmental stress (?), increased inflammation/ smoking, hyperactivity MetSyn/ obesity HPA-axis ↓ ↓ Different genes? Different genes? Different treatment? Different treatment? Inflammatory + metabolic dysregulations impair treatment response Adjusted risk of 2-year chronicity of depression among antidepressant users (N=315) 2-year chronicity of depression OR 95%CI p High CRP 1.33 0.83-2.14 .23 High interleukin-6 2.18 1.35-3.52 .001 Abdominal obesity 0.92 0.56-1.52 .75 Hypertriglyceridemia 1.78 1.01-3.14 .05 Low HDL cholesterol 2.08 1.09-3.99 .03 Hypertension 0.70 0.40-1.23 .22 Hyperglycemia 2.44 1.25-4.79 .01 Vogelzangs et al. Neuropsychopharm. in press Anti-inflammatory agents as tx? • 60 outpatients with treatment-resistant depression on antidepressants (n=37) or medication-free (n=23) • 12-week RCT: - 3 infusions of TNF-antagonist infliximab - placebo Raison et al, JAMA Psychiatry 2013:70(1):31-41 NSAIDs as add-on tx? • 40 MDD patients (HAM-D≥18) • 6-wk RCT : - sertraline + Cox-2 inhibitor (Celecoxib) - sertraline + placebo Abassi et al. J Affect Dis 2012;141:308-312 NSAIDs as add-on tx? • Meta-analysis adjunctive celecoxib tx in MDD Na et al. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2014:48:79-85 Take-home messages • Atypical and melancholic depression represent two groups with different background characteristics, including biological differences • Take MDD heterogeneity into account! • Inflammation (=atypical depression(?)) seems to be associated with poorer treatment response … • …and seems an important target for treatment thanks to: Email: [email protected] www.nesda.nl .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dietary Patterns Are Differentially Associated with Atypical and Melancholic Subtypes of Depression
    nutrients Article Dietary Patterns Are Differentially Associated with Atypical and Melancholic Subtypes of Depression Aurélie M. Lasserre 1,* , Marie-Pierre F. Strippoli 1 , Pedro Marques-Vidal 2 , Lana J. Williams 3, Felice N. Jacka 3, Caroline L. Vandeleur 1, Peter Vollenweider 2 and Martin Preisig 1 1 Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; [email protected] (M.-P.F.S.); [email protected] (C.L.V.); [email protected] (M.P.) 2 Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; [email protected] (P.M.-V.); [email protected] (P.V.) 3 Barwon Health, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; [email protected] (L.J.W.); [email protected] (F.N.J.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-21-314-3552 Abstract: Diet has been associated with the risk of depression, whereas different subtypes of depres- sion have been linked with different cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). In this study, our aims were to (1) identify dietary patterns with exploratory factor analysis, (2) assess cross-sectional associations between dietary patterns and depression subtypes, and (3) examine the potentially mediating effect of dietary patterns in the associations between CVRFs and depression subtypes. In the first follow-up of the population-based CoLaus|PsyCoLaus study (2009–2013, 3554 participants, 45.6% men, mean age Citation: Lasserre, A.M.; Strippoli, 57.5 years), a food frequency questionnaire assessed dietary intake and a semi-structured interview M.-P.F.; Marques-Vidal, P.; Williams, allowed to characterize major depressive disorder into current or remitted atypical, melancholic, L.J.; Jacka, F.N.; Vandeleur, C.L.; and unspecified subtypes.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Concept of Atypical Depression
    Jonathan R. T. Davidson A History of the Concept of Atypical Depression Jonathan R. T. Davidson, M.D. The term atypical depression as a preferentially monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)–responsive state was first introduced by West and Dally in 1959. Further characterization of this syndrome and its responsiveness to antidepressants came to occupy the attention of many psychopharmacologists for the next 30 years. Different portrayals of atypical depression have emerged, for example, nonendoge- nous depression, phobic anxiety with secondary depression, vegetative reversal, rejection-sensitivity, and depression with severe chronic pain. Consistency across or within types has been unimpressive, and no coherent single type of depression can yet be said to be “atypical.” In successfully demonstrat- ing superiority of MAOI drugs to tricyclics, the Columbia (or DSM-IV) criteria have established their utility and become widely adopted, but other criteria have also passed this test. In this “post-MAOI” era, no novel compound or group of drugs has been clearly shown to have good efficacy in atypical depression, leaving the treatment of atypical depression as an unmet need. (J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68[suppl 3]:10–15) DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT drawn from the medication after a few months of treat- OF ATYPICAL DEPRESSION ment. This observation may reflect recovery from brief episodes of depression or possibly a set of patients with The concept of atypical depression with respect to different atypical symptoms than those seen today; it is monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) was first articu- also possible that follow-up was not long enough to lated in 1959 by West and Dally1 upon recognizing a sub- observe relapses.
    [Show full text]
  • A Practical Approach to Subtyping Depression Among Your Patients
    SECOND OF 2 PARTS A practical approach to subtyping depression among your patients Improve outcomes by understanding the forms that depressive disorders can take epression—sad, empty, or irritable mood accompanied by somatic or cognitive changes—is not a homoge- Dneous condition. Recognizing subtypes of depressive illness can guide treatment and relieve your patient’s suf- fering. In this 2-part article [April and May 2014 issues], I summarize information about clinically distinct subtypes of depression, as they are recognized within diagnostic systems or as descriptors of treatment outcomes for particular sub- groups of patients. My focus is on practical considerations for assessing and managing depression. Because many forms of the disorder respond inadequately to initial antidepressant treatment, optimal “next-step” pharmacotherapy, after nonre- sponse or partial response, often hinges on clinical subtyping. JON KRAUSE/THE ISPOT.COM The second part of this article examines “situational,” treat- ment-resistant, melancholic, agitated, anxious, and atypical Joseph F. Goldberg, MD depression; depression occurring with a substance use disor- Clinical Professor of Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai der; premenstrual dysphoric disorder; and seasonal affective New York, New York disorder. Treatments for these subtypes for which there is evi- Director, Affective Disorders Research Program dence, or a clinical rationale, are given in the Table, page 42. Silver Hill Hospital New Canaan, Connecticut ‘Situational’ depression In recent decades, the phenomenon of nonsyndromal depres- sion after a life stress has undergone many name changes but lit- tle conceptual revision: “situational,” “reactive,” and “neurotic” labels for depression that were used before DSM-III became “adjustment disorders” in DSM-IV-TR and then “stress Disclosure Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Atypical Depression with Cognitive Therapy Or Phenelzine a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Treatment of Atypical Depression With Cognitive Therapy or Phenelzine A Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Robin B. Jarrett, PhD; Martin Schaffer, MD; Donald McIntire, PhD; Amy Witt-Browder, MA; Dolores Kraft, PhD; Richard C. Risser, MS Background: Patients with atypical depression are more Results: With the use of an intention-to-treat strategy, likely to respond to monoamine oxidase inhibitors than the response rates (21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for De- to tricyclic antidepressants. They are frequently offered pression score, #9) were significantly greater after cog- psychotherapy in the absence of controlled tests. There nitive therapy (58%) and phenelzine (58%) than after pill are no prospective, randomized, controlled trials, to our placebo (28%). Phenelzine and cognitive therapy also re- knowledge, of psychotherapy for atypical depression or duced symptoms significantly more than placebo accord- of cognitive therapy compared with a monoamine oxi- ing to contrasts after a repeated-measures analysis of co- dase inhibitor. Since there is only 1 placebo-controlled variance and random regression with the use of the blind trial of cognitive therapy, this trial fills a gap in the lit- evaluator’s final Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score. erature on psychotherapy for depression. The scores between cognitive therapy and phenelzine did not differ significantly. Supplemental analyses of other Methods: Outpatients with DSM-III-R major depres- symptom severity measures confirm the finding. sive disorder and atypical features (N = 108) were treated in a 10-week, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial Conclusions: Cognitive therapy may offer an effective comparing acute-phase cognitive therapy or clinical man- alternative to standard acute-phase treatment with a agement plus either phenelzine sulfate or placebo.
    [Show full text]
  • The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders
    The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines World Health Organization -1- Preface In the early 1960s, the Mental Health Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO) became actively engaged in a programme aiming to improve the diagnosis and classification of mental disorders. At that time, WHO convened a series of meetings to review knowledge, actively involving representatives of different disciplines, various schools of thought in psychiatry, and all parts of the world in the programme. It stimulated and conducted research on criteria for classification and for reliability of diagnosis, and produced and promulgated procedures for joint rating of videotaped interviews and other useful research methods. Numerous proposals to improve the classification of mental disorders resulted from the extensive consultation process, and these were used in drafting the Eighth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-8). A glossary defining each category of mental disorder in ICD-8 was also developed. The programme activities also resulted in the establishment of a network of individuals and centres who continued to work on issues related to the improvement of psychiatric classification (1, 2). The 1970s saw further growth of interest in improving psychiatric classification worldwide. Expansion of international contacts, the undertaking of several international collaborative studies, and the availability of new treatments all contributed to this trend. Several national psychiatric bodies encouraged the development of specific criteria for classification in order to improve diagnostic reliability. In particular, the American Psychiatric Association developed and promulgated its Third Revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, which incorporated operational criteria into its classification system.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment-Induced Manic Switch in the Course of Unipolar Depression Can Predict Bipolarity: Cluster Analysis Based Evidence
    JAD-05110; No of Pages 11 Journal of Affective Disorders xxx (2011) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Affective Disorders journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jad Research report Treatment-induced manic switch in the course of unipolar depression can predict bipolarity: Cluster analysis based evidence Kemal Dumlu a,1, Zahide Orhon a,2,Ayşegül Özerdem a,b,c,d, Ümit Tural e, Halis Ulaş a, Zeliha Tunca a,⁎ a Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry Izmir, Turkey b Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylul University Health Sciences Institute Izmir, Turkey c Multidisciplinary Brain Dynamics Research Center, Dokuz Eylul University Izmir, Turkey d Kültür University, Brain Dynamics, Cognition, and Complex Systems Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey e Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Kocaeli, Turkey article info abstract Article history: Background: Antidepressants are known to induce manic switch in patients with depression. Received 11 April 2011 Treatment-induced mania is not considered as bipolar disorder in DSM IV. The aim of this study Received in revised form 16 June 2011 was to assess whether clinical characteristics of patients with unipolar depression with a Accepted 16 June 2011 history of treatment-induced mania were similar to those of patients with bipolar disorder. Available online xxxx Method: The study included 217 consecutive patients with DSM-IV mood disorders, diagnosed as: bipolar disorder type I (BP-I, n=58) or type II (BP-II, n=18) whose first episodes were Keywords: depression, recurrent (unipolar) major depressive disorder with a history of antidepressant Bipolar disorder Recurrent depression treatment-induced mania (switchers=sUD; n=61) and without such an event (rUD; n=80).
    [Show full text]
  • Partial Validation of the Atypical Features Subtype of Major Depressive Disorder
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Partial Validation of the Atypical Features Subtype of Major Depressive Disorder Michael A. Posternak, MD; Mark Zimmerman, MD Background: Symptoms of the atypical features sub- semistructured interviews. Using the available litera- type of major depressive disorder include mood reactiv- ture, we made a series of a priori hypotheses regarding ity, hypersomnia, hyperphagia, leaden paralysis, and re- how depressed patients with atypical features (n=130) jection sensitivity. This subtype was introduced into the would differ from those without atypical features (n=449). mood disorders section of the DSM-IV following a series In addition, we tested the strength of the associations be- of antidepressant trials showing that such patients re- tween each of the 5 atypical symptoms. sponded preferentially to monoamine oxidase inhibi- tors. Studies aimed at validating the atypical features sub- Results: Although many of the predicted hypotheses were type have yielded inconsistent results. Our study sought substantiated, an equal number were not. Correlation to reevaluate the validity of atypical depression by ex- analyses revealed modest associations between several of amining the demographic and clinical features of a large the atypical symptoms, but mood reactivity was not as- cohort of depressed patients who met DSM-IV criteria for sociated with any of the other symptom criteria. atypical features. Conclusion: Our results provide partial support for the Methods: We evaluated 579 psychiatric outpatients with validity of the atypical features subtype of major depres- a current diagnosis of major depressive disorder for the sive disorder. presence of atypical features. Detailed demographic and clinical information was obtained for each patient through Arch Gen Psychiatry.
    [Show full text]
  • Atypical Depressive Syndromes in Varying Definitions
    044_054_Angst_EAPCN_600 08.02.2006 09:11 Uhr Seite 44 Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2006) 256:44–54 DOI 10.1007/s00406-005-0600-z ORIGINAL PAPER Jules Angst · Alex Gamma · Franco Benazzi · Brett Silverstein · Vladeta Ajdacic-Gross · Dominique Eich · Wulf Rössler Atypical depressive syndromes in varying definitions Received: 29 October 2004 / Accepted: 18 May 2005 / Published online: 27 July 2005 ■ Abstract Background Atypical depression (AD) ex- ity,and work impairment,early age of onset and long ill- hibits distinct patterns of gender,bipolar-II disorder,ge- ness.AD was comorbid with social phobia, binge eating, netic,and neuro-biological measures.Using prospective neurasthenia, migraine headache, and subjective cogni- data from a community sample,this paper identifies cri- tive impairment. teria (and correlates) for an AD syndrome that maxi- mizes the association with female sex and bipolar-II. ■ Key words atypical depression · bipolar-II disorder · Methods The Zurich cohort study is composed of 591 sex · prevalence subjects selected from a population-based cohort of young adults in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland, screened in 1978 and followed with six interviews Introduction through 1999. Seven definitions of atypical depression were tested, using varying combinations of vegetative The concept of atypical depression (AD) is of great in- symptoms and mood reactivity. Results The atypical de- terest because of its association with female sex and finitions using 2 of 3 (fatigue, overeating, oversleeping) bipolar-II disorder. AD has been found to explain, to a or 2 of 2 (overeating,oversleeping) vegetative symptoms major extent,the gender difference in depression (Angst showed the strongest association with gender, bipolar- 2002) and to be a special depressive syndrome from a ge- ity, and family history of mania.
    [Show full text]
  • Amaka S. Obineli Department of Guidance and Counselling Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria
    Mgbakoigba, Journal of African Studies. Vol. 8, No. 1. June 2019 DEPRESSION AMONG WOMEN: SYMPTOMS, CAUSES , INTERVENTION AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES BY GUIDANCE COUNSELLORS…Amaka S. Obineli Amaka S. Obineli Department of Guidance and Counselling Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria Introduction The lives of different categories of individuals across the globe are affected daily by depression which seems to be common among men and women. Depression can be said to be an illness that fills the media news pages on an almost daily basis; and it comes with so much outcomes and consequences which have devastated so many families and communities. Jowit (2018) curiously asked what causes depression, who is susceptible and what the best treatment is? This paper shall discuss in details this aspect of depression as it concerns nursing mothers in our society, as well as seek preventive measures and treatments for such. In addition, guidance counsellors play major significant roles in the provision of strategies and solutions to the issues of depression in our communities. Parekh (2017) explained that depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how an individual feel, the way he or she thinks and how act. The good thing is that depression is treatable, though it causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home. It is pertinent to note that depressed people don’t all shuffle around with a long face, or cry at any provocation.
    [Show full text]
  • Patrice Fortune, M.A., M.S. Pre-Doctoral Clinical Psychology
    Patrice Fortune, M.A., M.S. Pre-Doctoral Clinical Psychology Intern Community Center for Health and Wellness P: 650.619.9942 | E: [email protected] Chronic Depression or Dysthymia long-term lingering mild symptoms Major Depression or Clinical Depression mild to severe symptoms at least two weeks Atypical Depression similar to Major Depression less symptoms with mood reactivity Bipolar Depression symptoms of Major Depression with elevated mood swings Psychotic Depression severe depression with co-occurring psychosis Chronic Depression or Dysthymia less intense symptoms than Major Depression may co-occur with Major Depression linger symptoms, two years or longer sadness or low mood most of day, nearly every day loss of enjoyment in previously pleasurable activity Chronic Depression or Dysthymia, cont. excessive sleep almost every day physically restless or rundown fatigues nearly every day feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, or guilt difficulty concentrating or making decisions thoughts of death or suicide, plan or attempt Major Depression or Clinical Depression symptoms may be mild to severe low mood nearly all day, particularly morning symptoms every day, at least two weeks loss of energy nearly every day impaired concentration, indecisiveness Major Depression or Clinical Depression, cont. increased or decreased sleep nearly every day decreased pleasure or interest in activities restlessness or sluggishness, feeling slowed down significant weight loss or gain recurring thoughts of death or suicide, suicide plan or attempt
    [Show full text]
  • Depression an Information Guide Revised Edition
    Depression An information guide revised edition Christina Bartha, MSW, RSW Carol Parker, MSW, RSW Cathy Thomson, MSW, RSW Kate Kitchen, MSW, RSW Depression An information guide revised edition Christina Bartha, MSW, RSW Carol Parker, MSW, RSW Cathy Thomson, MSW, RSW Kate Kitchen, MSW, RSW Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Depression : an information guide / Christina Bartha, Carol Parker, Cathy Thomson, Kate Kitchen. -- Revised edition. Includes bibliographical references. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN: 978-1-77052-571-9 (PRINT) ISBN: 978-1-77052-572-6 (PDF) ISBN: 978-1-77052-573-3 (HTML) ISBN: 978-1-77052-574-0 (ePUB) 1. Depression, Mental--Popular works. I. Bartha, Christina, author II. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, issuing body RC537.D456 2013 616.85’27 C2013-905654-8 C2013-905655-6 Printed in Canada Copyright © 1999, 2008, 2013 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the publisher—except for a brief quotation (not to exceed 200 words) in a review or professional work. This publication may be available in other formats. For information about alternate formats or other CAMH publications, or to place an order, please contact Sales and Distribution: Toll-free: 1 800 661-1111 Toronto: 416 595-6059 E-mail: [email protected] Online store: http://store.camh.ca Website: www.camh.ca Disponible en français sous le titre : La dépression : Guide d’information This guide was produced by CAMH’s Knowledge and Innovation Support Unit.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Depressive Disorder (DSM-IV-TR #296.2–296.3)
    Major Depressive Disorder (DSM-IV-TR #296.2–296.3) Major depressive disorder, or as it is often called, “major ONSET depression,” is characterized by the presence of one or more depressive episodes during the patient’s lifetime. Typically, a Although the first depressive episode generally occurs in the depressive episode lasts anywhere from months to years, mid-twenties, not uncommonly the first episode is seen in after which most patients are generally left again in their adolescence or, on the other extreme, in old age. Indeed in normal state of health. Although some patients may have rare instances the onset may be seen in early childhood or as only one episode during their lifetime, the majority have two late as the ninth decade. or more. Thus major depression is a periodic, or cyclic, illness with the patient “cycling” down into, and then up out of periods of depression. Exceptions, however, do occur. For Most depressive episodes appear gradually and insidiously. example, in a minority of cases the depressive episode may Typically, a long prodrome occurs, sometimes lasting months be chronic, and an episode once begun may persist or in rare instances years, characterized by indefinite and at throughout the patient’s life. times fleeting symptoms such as moodiness, anxiety, or fatigue. Furthermore, when depressive symptoms finally do settle in, their several severities accrue and worsen often Synonyms for this disorder include unipolar affective haltingly or imperceptibly, and it is the rare patient who can disorder; melancholia; and manic-depressive illness, date the onset with any precision. This is not to say that acute depressed type.
    [Show full text]