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Download (7MB) https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EQUINE RESPIRATORY TRACT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Myrtle E.S. Pirie, M.R.C.V.S. Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Glasgow, 1990. c Myrtle E.S. Pirie, 1990. VOLUME I ProQuest Number: 10983741 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10983741 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 VOLUME I I, CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv DECLARATION vi SUMMARY vii LIST OF TABLES xvii LIST OF FIGURES xix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxix CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE General Introduction 1 Review of the Literature 7 TEM Studies 8 SEM Studies 22 Respiratory Tract of the Horse 24 CHAPTER 2 : AN OUTLINE OF THE GROSS ANATOMY OF THE EQUINE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM General Considerations 38 The Respiratory System of the Horse 39 The Nose 3 9 Nasal Cavity 41 Nasal Conchae 42 Paranasal Sinuses 43 Vomeronasal Organs and Incisive Ducts 44 Nasopharynx 44 Auditory Tubes and Guttural Pouches 46 Larynx 47 Trachea 52 (i) Page Lungs 53 Bronchial Tree 54 CHAPTER 3 : GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Source of Animals 57 2. Post-mortem Techniques 57 3. Histological and Staining Methods 57 4. Scanning Electron Microscopic Techniques 59 5. Transmission Electron Microscopic Techniques 61 6 . Photographic Methods 63 CHAPTER 4 : A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EQUINE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT 1. Introduction 64 2. Materials and Methods 64 3. Results 69 4- Discussion 81 CHAPTER 5 : AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EQUINE NASAL CAVITY 1. Introduction 100 2. Materials and Methods lOl 3. Results 103 4. Discussion 113 (ii) Page CHAPTER 6 : AN ULTRA STRUCTURAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EQUINE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT 1. Introduction 124 2. Materials and Methods 125 3. Results 127 4. Discussion 136 CHAPTER 7 : AN ULTRA STRUCTURAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF STREPTOCOCCUS EQUI INFECTION OR STRANGLES IN HORSES 1. Introduction 151 2. Materials and Methods 154 3. Results 158 4. Discussion 170 CHAPTER 8 : AN ULTRA STRUCTURAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF HORSES WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE 1. Introduction 187 2. Materials and Methods 191 3. Results 194 4. Discussion 203 CHAPTER 9 : SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 232 REFERENCES 249 (iii) A CKNQWLEDGMENT S I am indebted to my Supervisor, Professor N.G. Wright, Head of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, for his advice, constructive criticism and encouragement during the course of the study and in the preparation of this thesis. I am also indebted to my husband, Professor H.M. Pirie, of the Department of Veterinary Pathology, for his help, discussion and support in the project. I am most grateful to Mr. S. Love of the Department of Veterinary Medicine and other members of staff in the Clinical Departments for their help in the acquisition and clinical examination of animals used in the study. I would like to thank Professor J.S. Boyd and Dr. M.D. Purton, my colleagues in the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, for their help, advice and good humour. I wish to express my thanks to Dr. D.J. Taylor of the Department of Veterinary Pathology for his advice and for the bacteriological examination of samples carried out in his laboratory. I received a great deal of expert assistance from Technical Staff, both past and present, and would like to thank, in particular, Mrs. S. Cranstoun, Mrs. M. Reilly, Mrs. K. Muchan, Mrs. J. MacPherson and Mr. I. MacMillan for their help in the preparation of (iv) specimens for light and electron microscopy and in the processing of the electron micrographs. I also extend my thanks to Mr. C. Paterson for preparing the diagrams and to Mr. A. May for photography of the gross specimens and for printing the coloured micrographs. I wish to express my thanks also to Mr. J. Murphy and Mr. R. Irvine for their assistance in the post­ mortem room. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Horserace Betting Levy Board. (v) DECLARATION The work described in this thesis was carried out by myself except for the technical assistance received and for the clinical examination of the horses with respiratory disease, both of which have been acknowledged. The results presented in Chapter 4 and Chapter 6 have recently been published: PIRIE, M. , PIRIE, H.M. and WRIGHT, N.G. (1990). A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Equine Upper Respiratory Tract. Equine Veterinary Journal, 22^, 333-337. PIRIE, M . , PIRIE, H.M., CRANSTOUN, S. and WRIGHT, N.G. (1990). An Ultrastructural Study of the Equine Lower Respiratory Tract. Equine Veterinary Journal, 22, 338-342. (vi) SUMMA R Y (vii) There were two main aims in the work presented in this thesis. First, to carry out a detailed scanning electron microscopic (SEM), histological and, where appropriate, transmission electron microscopic (TEM) study of the surface features of the entire respiratory tract of normal horses. The second aim was to investigate the effects of respiratory disease (Streptococcus equi infection or Strangles and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) on equine respiratory tract surfaces. From the review of the literature in Chapter 1 it became apparent that, despite the importance of respiratory disease in horses, there was little information available concerning the histological and ultrastructural features of the respiratory tract either in healthy horses or in horses affected with disease of their respiratory systems. There was no previous description of the morphological features of the complete respiratory tract from the nasal vestibule to the alveolar membrane. Because the structure of the mammalian respiratory tract is complex and there are a number of features specific to Equidae, in Chapter 2 the gross anatomical features of the equine respiratory tract were outlined as a prelude to the detailed microscopic study. In Chapter 4 of the work, 21 horses of various types, sex and age (2 days to over 20 years)and 2 female donkeys were used in a study of the upper respiratory (viii) tract. Samples were taken for SEM, histological and histochemical studies from 11 sites, from the basal fold of the ventral nasal concha to the infraglottic cavity of the larynx. Because relatively large areas are available for examination by SEM, this proved to be the most useful method for defining the nature of the epithelial surfaces. The light microscopic appearance generally confirmed that of SEM. Epithelial surfaces were similar in all animals regardless of type or age. There was an abrupt junction between the stratified squamous epithelium of the nasal vestibule and the nonciliated stratified cuboidal epithelium of the mucosa of the rostral nasal cavity. In contrast, there was a gradual change from the latter to the well ciliated mucosa of the caudal nasal cavity. Between the rostral nonciliated and caudal well ciliated surfaces there was an extensive partially ciliated transitional zone which extended caudally to at least the level of the first cheek tooth, thus covering a considerable area of the rostral nasal cavity. Nasopharyngeal surfaces were covered by patches of ciliated and nonciliated cells and the guttural pouch epithelium was well ciliated. Stratified squamous epithelium merged with stratified cuboidal epithelium on the epiglottis and the ventral larynx, caudal to the glottis, was clothed (ix) with a luxuriant carpet of cilia. Many mucus-secreting surface cells and mucosal glands were present in the upper respiratory tract. The former were present in both ciliated and nonciliated surfaces and were observed in various stages of their secretory cycle. The glands were of a serous type rostrally and sero-mucous in nature caudally. A histochemical analysis using AB-PAS stain showed that they contained mucosubstances of both surface cells and glands were predominantly mixed or acidic in composition. The upper respiratory tract study was completed by sampling the mucosa of the ethmoidal conchae of 2 horses for SEM and histology. The olfactory epithelium present in this most caudo-dorsal area of the nasal cavity resembled that of other mammals. In the study of the upper respiratory tract the number of sample sites from each area was necessarily limited. The few samples taken from the long equine nasal cavity did not give a complete picture of the epithelial surfaces, particularly the extent of the partially ciliated transitional zone. Thus Chapter 5 was devoted to a more detailed study of the nasal cavity in 4 horses.
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