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Walker C Mmmgraduateproject.Pdf (1.489Mb) Exploring Ecosystems in Union Island: A Case Study of Ecosystem-based Management and Sustainable Livelihoods in Ashton Lagoon By Cassidy Walker Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Marine Management at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia December 2019 © Cassidy Walker, 2019 i Exploring Ecosystems in Union Island: A Case Study of Ecosystem-based Management and Sustainable Livelihoods in Ashton Lagoon By Cassidy Walker Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Marine Management at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia December 2019 © Cassidy Walker, 2019 i Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures ................................................................................................................. iii List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1 – Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Ecological, Cultural, and Economic Importance of Coastal Lagoons ........................................................ 4 1.2 Threats to Coastal Lagoons .................................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Ecosystem Based Management and Adaptation ................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Marine spatial planning (MSP) .................................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Management Problem ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Research Aims and Objectives .............................................................................................................. 8 1.5.1 Central Research Question ........................................................................................................................................ 9 1.5.2 Sub-questions ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 2 – Background .................................................................................................................. 10 2.1 Background Context of Union Island and St. Vincent & The Grenadines............................................... 10 2.3 Ashton Marina Development Project ................................................................................................. 15 2.4 The Ashton Lagoon Restoration Program............................................................................................ 17 Chapter 3 – Methodology ............................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Semi-Structured Interviews ................................................................................................................ 19 3.4 Limitations of Research ...................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 4 – Results ......................................................................................................................... 22 4.1 Participant History of Ashton Lagoon ................................................................................................. 24 4.2 Expectations of the Ashton Lagoon Marina Project ............................................................................. 26 4.3 Aftermath of the Ashton Marina Project ............................................................................................ 27 4.4 Participant Perceptions of the Value of Ashton Lagoon ....................................................................... 28 4.4.1 Cultural Value of Ashton Lagoon ............................................................................................................................. 29 4.4.2 Ecological Value of Ashton Lagoon .......................................................................................................................... 29 4.2.3 Economic Value of Ashton Lagoon .......................................................................................................................... 30 4.4.4 Personal Value of Ashton Lagoon ............................................................................................................................ 31 4.5 Ashton Lagoon Post-Restoration Activities ......................................................................................... 32 4.5.1 Community Response to the ALRP .......................................................................................................................... 32 4.5.2 Sustainable Livelihoods ........................................................................................................................................... 33 4.6 Ashton Lagoon Moving Forward ......................................................................................................... 34 4.6.1 Challenges for Ashton Lagoon Moving Forward ..................................................................................................... 34 4.6.2 Recommended Activities for Ashton Lagoon .......................................................................................................... 35 4.7 Key Issues Identified .......................................................................................................................... 36 ii Chapter 5 – Discussion .................................................................................................................... 38 5.1 Development and Conservation for Ashton Lagoon ............................................................................ 38 5.1.1 Ecotourism Development for Ashton Lagoon ......................................................................................................... 38 5.1.2 Ecosystem Conservation for Ashton Lagoon ........................................................................................................... 39 5.2 Ashton Lagoon as a Protected Area .................................................................................................... 40 5.2.1 Declaration and Enforcement ................................................................................................................................. 40 5.2.2 Zoning and Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................ 41 5.2.3 Climate Change Adaptation and Long-Term Management..................................................................................... 42 5.3 Community Capacity .......................................................................................................................... 43 5.3.1 Infrastructure Capacity ............................................................................................................................................ 43 5.3.2 Social & Cultural Capacity ........................................................................................................................................ 44 5.4 Integration of Stakeholders ................................................................................................................ 44 Chapter 6 – Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 47 References ...................................................................................................................................... 48 Appendices ..................................................................................................................................... 57 Appendix A ............................................................................................................................................. 57 Appendix B ............................................................................................................................................. 62 iii List of Tables and Figures FIGURE 1: MAP SHOWING UNION ISLAND AND ASHTON LAGOON (GOOGLE MAPS, 2019) ............................................................................ 2 FIGURE 2: MAP OF THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN HIGHLIGHTING THE LOCATION OF UNION ISLAND, ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES (GOOGLE MAPS, 2019). .................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 FIGURE 3: MAP OF THE GRENADINE ISLANDS SHOWING THE BORDER BETWEEN SVG AND GRENADA (DEGRAFF & BALDWIN, 2013). .................. 11 FIGURE 4: THE UNION-PALM ISLAND MARINA CONSERVATION AREA (UPMCA), AN IUCN CATEGORY VI PROTECTED AREA DESIGNATED UNDER THE 1986 FISHERIES PROTECTION ACT OF ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES (PROTECTED PLANET, 2018). .............................................. 14 FIGURE 5: THE PROPOSED ASHTON LAGOON MARINA PROJECT AND ASSOCIATED ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS (PRICE & PRICE, 1994A). ................... 15 FIGURE 6: PROPOSED PLANS FOR THE RESTORATION OF ASHTON LAGOON (SUSGREN, 2012). .....................................................................
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