Field News Published Monthly by Field Mtiseum of Natural History, Chicago

Vol. 4 JANUARY, 1933 No. 1 ALASKAN CARIBOU ADDED TO HALL OF AMERICAN MAMMAL HABITAT GROUPS By Wilfred H. Osgood from the United States Biological Survey the others, however, they have many Curator, Department of Zoology and the Alaska Game Commission. peculiarities. Among these is the fact that By coincidence rather than design, a Five animals are shown, two large bulls, the females have horns as well as the group appropriate to the season was com- two adult females, and a young male. They males. The feet, also, are unusual, the pleted and opened for exhibition in Hall 16 stand rather close together, in keeping with "dew-claws" being large and the hoofs in December just before the holidays. This their well-known gregarious habits, on a very heavy and broad to prevent sinking is a habitat group of Alaskan caribou or moss-grown ledge of rock, overlooking a in snow and swampy ground. The muzzle reindeer. That the American caribou are wide panorama of treeless mountain tops. is very wide and entirely hairy. A peculiar really reindeer is perhaps not generally The specimens were collected near Rainy habit is that of migration, which is rare known. They are, in fact, so closely related Pass in the general region of Mount among mammals. In passing from one to the Old World species from which the McKinley, and the scene in which they feeding ground to another, especially in domestic reindeer was derived, that in early appear is characteristic of many mountains the fall, caribou often gather in very large classifications they were regarded as the in the interior of Alaska. herds, sometimes numbering thousands. same species. In other The caribou group words, there are wild marks the completion species of reindeer in of the Museum's Hall both the Old World of North and South and the New, but it American Mammal was only in the Old Habitat Groups, being World that a domestic the twenty-fourth and variety was produced. last of the series repre- The name "caribou" is senting the principal of French-Canadian large mammals of the origin and has become New World. The so established for the other North American American animals that species included in this it is now almost uni- hall are: Virginia deer versally used. (in four groups show- The Museum's ing seasonal changes), group was obtained in mule deer, Olympic consequence of the elk, Alaska moose, T h orne-Graves-Field musk-ox, bison, moun- Museum Arctic tain goat, mountain Expedition, sponsored sheep, prongbuck, and led by Bruce grizzly bear, Alaska Thome of Chicago, brown bear, glacier and George Coe bear, polar bear, Graves II of New mountain lion, and York. To this expedi- beaver. South Ameri- tion the Museum is can subjects are: also indebted for its guanaco, tapir, ant group of Pacific bear, marsh deer, walrus. The jaguar and capybara speci- The Reindeer of America mens of caribou were (the last two in one of installed last month in Hall the series of North and South not actually collected Group caribou, 16, completing twenty-four group). American mammal habitat The scene is of the mountains of the Alaskan interior. by Messrs. Thorne groups. typical The caribou were and Graves but it was prepared by Taxider- through their intervention that they were Caribou belong to the deer family, all mist Julius Friesser, assisted by Arthur G. obtained by Alaska Guides, Inc., of which the members of which shed and renew Rueckert and W. E. Eigsti. The background Mr. Thorne is a vice-president, under permit their horns annually. As compared with was painted by Staff Artist Charles A. Corwin.

TO FIELD MUSEUM MEMBERS: Trustees and Officers have instituted econo- COFFEE PLANTS STUDIED mies wherever possible, in order that the takes this to Field Museum recently received on loan Field Museum opportunity full service of the Museum to the public its of Members for the from European herbaria two valuable collec- thank thousands might be maintained at the most reasonable have so tions of tropical American plants of the support they loyally given during level of expense. Many projects and like other institu- Rubiaceae or coffee family. The Botanical the trying times which it, activities which would normally be con- a result of the Museum of Berlin forwarded more than 300 tions, has had to face as sidered necessary have been postponed or The mem- sheets. From the Museum of Natural worldwide business depression. suspended pending economic improvement, of Paris there were received 1,850 bership plays an important part in main- but the curtailments have been of a character History sheets. taining the Museum and in making it which causes the least interference with the its educa- possible to carry on successfully Museum's primary functions as an educa- All this material has been determined by tional and scientific missions. Under present tional institution. Associate Curator Paul C. Standley. Several the revenue obtained from mem- in it. conditions, With full recognition of the loyalty shown new species were discovered A large fees is more than ever a vital factor of the Paris consisted of bership thus far by the Members, it is felt that it part sending plants in the of the Museum. in Brazil de Sainte- budget is now permissible to make a special appeal collected by Auguste While the stress of the past few years for further continuation of the Members' Hilaire in 1816-21, and of others gathered Jos6 Triana in 1851-57. has naturally brought some decline in the support. Likewise, Members are requested in Colombia by to find also number of Members on the rolls, the great to propose the names of possible new It was remarkable a specimen majority have continued their support, and Members who might take the places of collected in Uruguay by Commerson in this is deeply appreciated by the Museum's some of those who, because of financial 1767. It had waited 165 years for study Trustees and Officers. On their part the difficulties, have been forced to resign. and identification. Page 2 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS January t 19SS

Field Museum of Natural History ATTENDANCE AGAIN INCREASES character of the exhibits in this hall. This Founded Marshall 1893 also made it evident that the by Field. The steady increase in the number of production Roosevelt Road and Lake of a satisfactory botanical exhibition would Michigan, Chicago visitors to Field Museum, noted for years require careful planning, collecting in near-by past, continued during 1932. At the time THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES and distant localities, and continuous of going to press with this issue of Fiexd employment of skilled and specially trained Sbwelx L. Avery William H. Mitchell Museum News there was every indication John Borisn Frederick H. Rawson workmen. that the total for the year might reach William J. CHAUoats George A. Richardson In 1916 President Field Marshall Field Fred W. Sargent 1,800,000 persons, as the number up to and Stanley personally undertook to the considerable Stanley Field Stephen C. Simms including December 18 was 1,789,722, many carry expense Ernest R. Graham James Simpson of the continuation of this work. The more than in any previous year of the Albert W. Harris Solomon A. Smith Field Plant Labora- Samuex Insull, Jr. Albert A. Spragub Museum's history. This represents an Stanley Reproduction tories of the Museum have since functioned Gyrus H. McCormick Silas H. Strawn increase of about 20 per cent over 1931, John P. Wilson as a of the of and when the number of visitors was 1,515,540. part Department Botany have provided the altogether exhibits OFFICERS The increase in rate is shown by the fact unique that are the Hall of Stanley Field President that the 1931 gain over 1930 was approxi- gradually filling large First Vice-Presidenev temporarily unfitted 13.5 Plant Life. Albert A. Spbague Second Viee-Presidenl mately per cent. The collection as a whole is designed to Jambs Simpson Third Vice-President Adding to the attendance figure some view the Stephen C. Simms Director and Seer^ary 700,000 children reached by extra-mural present a general of plant world, Solomon A. Smith . . . Treasurer and Assistant Seeretanf and forms activities conducted by the James Nelson past present, by showing typical characteristic of its main divisions from and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for FIELD MUSEUM NEWS bacteria The Public School and Children's Lectures, and upwards. flowering plants shown constitute the of the Stbphbn C. Simms, Director of the Museum Editor the Department of the N. W. Harris Public larger part and include a large number of CONTRIBUTING EDITORS School Extension, it is found that the educa- display useful and interesting plants that are of Berthold I^UFER Curator tional influence of the Museum benefited of Anthropology to man. B. E. Dahlgren Acting Curator of Botany a total of approximately 2,500,000 persons particular importance Oliver C. Farrington Curator of Geology in 1932. Material for exhibits of plants not of Wilfred H. Osgood Curator of Zoology sixth local occurrence, has been obtained by H. B. Harte Manaffing Editor The year 1932 was the consecutive year in which attendance exceeded one special Museum expeditions. Specimens been and studies at first million. It is have gathered Field Museum is of the interesting to note that the open every day year during hand made in several American the hours indicated below: total for the past five years has been approxi- tropical those known for their November, December, January 9 A^. to 4:30 p.m. mately 6,840,000, or about 1,000,000 more countries, especially botanical such as Jamaica and February, March, April, October 9 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. than the total of 5,839,579 visitors received gardens, May, June, July, August, September 9 A^. to 6:00 p.m. British Guiana. These contain im- in the entire twenty-five years and some many Admission is free to Members on all days. Other portant plants of distant parts of the world adults are admitted free on and months during which the institution was Thursdays, Saturdays and often afford facilities for the Sundays; non-members pay 25 cents on other days. located in its first building in Jackson Park. special Children are admitted free on all days. Students and work that must be carried out in the field faculty members of educational institutions are admit- as a preliminary to the preparation of ted free of credentials. any day upon presentation exhibits in the Museum laboratories. The Museum's natural history Library is open for STANLEY FIELD LABORATORIES still remains to be done reference daily except Saturday afternoon and Sunday. Though much to Traveling exhibits are circulated in the schools of CREATE UNIQUE EXHIBITS before this collection can be considered the N. W. Harris Public School Extension it Chicago by By B. E. Dahlgrek be well balanced and representative, may Department of the Museum. in no other of confidently be asserted that Lectures for and entertainments Acting Curator, Department Botany schools, special miiseum, and in no botanical garden even and tours for children at the Museum, are provided The exhibits in the Hall of Plant Life by the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond under the best of conditions, can so many the notable Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. (Hall 29) represent most effort important plants from so many different in Announcements of free illustrated lectures for the made any Museum to provide a display places be seen at one time in their most and lectures for Members of the public, special Museum, of plants instead of only plant materials characteristic state of flowering and fruiting will appear in Field Museum News. and products. as in the Hall of Plant Life in Field Museum. A cafeteria in the Museum serves visitors. Rooms the of the Museum's are provided for those bringing their lunches. During early years existence the absence of means of Chicago Motor Coach Company No. 26 buses go any direct to the Museum. exhibiting plant forms constituted a formi- Long Mining Drill Cores Shown Members are requested to inform the Museum dable obstacle to the development of interest Much prospecting for mineral deposits is promptly of changes of address. in botany. The poor appearance of dead done by diamond dnll, consisting of a rotat- plants has always been discouraging to MEMBERSHIP IN FIELD MUSEUM ing pipe armed at its lower end with diamond those who have attempted to make a Field M useum has several classes of Members. teeth. The teeth grind a ring of rock, leaving museum botanical display. It is probably Benefactors give or devise $100,000 or more. Contribu- a central core which passes into the pipe and tors or devise to Life Members to this fact that one must ascribe the give $1,000 $100,000. can be raised for study. Two drill cores give $500; Non-Resident (Life) and Associate Members absence of botanical exhibits in most natural $100; Non-Resident Associate Members $50. exhibited in Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall pay pay history museums, often extending even to All the above classes are exempt from dues. Sustaining 37) attract the attention of mining men on Members contribute $25 annually. After six the failure to recognize the plant kingdom years they account of their length. Although records become Associate Members. Annual Members con- as existent. It was generally considered tribute $10 Other are of the rock passed through in thousands of annually. memberships Corpo- to be next to impossible to produce a rate. Honorary, Patron, and Corresponding, additions feet of drilling are often secured, the indi- under these classifications being made by action satisfactory permanent museum exhibit of special vidual pieces of core are usually short, due of the Board of Trustees. forms as in the natural plant they appear rock. of the cores Each in all is entitled to free to the brittleness of One Member, classes, living state. admission to the Museum for himself, his family and in the Museum, a cylinder of limestone In recent house guests, and to two reserved seats for Museum years, however, great advances six feet seven and one-half inches long, and lectures for Members. to Field provided Subscription have been made in museum technique. A in drilled from a Museum News is induded with all The two inches diameter, was memberships. standard of skill and of artistic courtesies of every museum of note in the United higher depth of 670 feet at Waltonville, Illinois. and Canada are all scientific considera- States extended to Members of performance, guided by This was thought to be the longest bit of Field Museum. A Member may give his personal card tions, has come to be applied to the prepara- to non-residents of core ever taken out in one piece until a Chicago, upon presentation of tion of exhibits. Perishable forms that which they will be admitted to the Museum without longer piece came to the Museum from once the of the charge. Further information about memberships will were despair museum expert Colorado. The core from Colorado is a be sent on request. are so today represented by reproductions granite cylinder ten feet long, and two inches well executed that are dis- BEQUESTS AND ENDOWMENTS they scarcely in diameter. tinguishable from the living plants. In the to Field Museum of Natural Bequests History may same manner it has become possible to show be made in securities, money, books or collections. Research on Extinct Whales They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to satisfactory representations of details of a person or cause, named by the giver. structure and to include lifelike models of Dr. Remington Kellogg of the Carnegie Cash contributions made within the taxable year microscopic forms of plants and animals. D.C., recently not exceeding 15 per cent of the taxpayer's net income Institution, Washington, are allowable as deductions in computing net income An effort made in 1909-10 at Field Museum spent some time at Field Museum making under Article 251 of Regulation 69 relating to the to solve the problem of botanical exhibits an exhaustive study of the fossil whale income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. resulted in the production of the breadfruit, skull brought from Patagonia by the Endowments may be made to the Museum with the and several other cases now in the Marshall Field provision that an annuity be paid to the patron for life. papaya, Paleontological Expedition These annuities are tax-free and are guaranteed against Hall of Plant Life, and served to establish to that country. Dr. Kellogg is preparing fluctuation in amount. fairly definitely the form and general a monograph on extinct whales. January, 19SS FIELD MUSEUM NEWS Pages

CHINA EXPEDITION SENDS and on banks from which they can be LIFE OF ANCIENT EGYPTIANS detached. 4,000 ANIMAL SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATED IN EXHIBITS While the appearance of these balls is The final from the Marshall shipment rough and unattractive on the exterior, The sources of much of our knowledge of PMeld Zoological Expedition to China, con- a skillful blow of a hammer often cracks the life and history of the ancient Egyptians of more than of sisting 4,000 specimens open the object to reveal an interior lined are exemplified by a large collection of Asiatic was received at Field animals, with brilliant and beautiful crystals. These Egyptian tomb sculptures and paintings, as Museum in December. About well 1,500 speci- crystals include quartz, calcite, sphalerite, as by casts of sculptures whose originals mens had been received earlier in the year. hematite, magnetite, gypsum, pyrite and are still in place in Egypt, which occupy The work of the expedition, which was other minerals, sometimes two or more several large new exhibition cases in the begun in the latter part of 1930, has now occurring in the same geode. Often they hall of Egyptian archaeology (Hall J). been concluded, and Floyd T. Smith, New are also filled with water, and frequently The original sculptures and paintings York zoologist who was its leader, has bitumen is enclosed. which are exhibited at the Museum represent returned. The white on the from 3000 B.C. to 1100 only man The question of what causes the cavity periods ranging B.C., he had adventures and the Old and Middle expedition, many of the geode and how the crj^stals get into including Kingdoms narrow from bandits and from and the and escapes it is one that has been much discussed, Empire, embracing dynasties natural in war-torn and from the third to the twentieth. were perils flood-ravaged but for which no generally accepted answer They from the cemeteries of regions. has yet been given. Many of the geodes brought Memphis, Gizeh and Sakkara. The last shipment includes about 1,500 are supposed to occupy spaces made by The for the inscribed on mammals, 1,000 birds, 500 fishes, and more the removal of fossils, but there are other prayers dead, of the are often and than 1,000 frogs, lizards, snakes and turtles. occurrences for which this explanation is many stones, curious, for the into With this vast addition to its collections, not satisfactory. If the fossil is a bivalve interesting insight they give ideas of bliss and and the material received from expeditions shell, it is easy to understand how the Egyptian Egyptian for an official of rank which have worked in other parts of Asia substance of the shell could be replaced by vanities. That high for "bread beer on feast during recent years, Field Museum takes silica, and the interior then lined with pleads and every and as Dr. a place among the leading scientific institu- crystals of quartz and other minerals by day every day," deciphered by T. Assistant Curator of tions for the study of Asiatic fauna, accord- infiltrating waters. George Allen, while on the tomb ing to Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator of It is further known that infiltration of Egyptian Archaeology, of a named a modest Zoology. water may dissolve the interior substance lady Ipi appears for loaves of bread, 1,000 Seven specimens of the rare takin, a of fossils and the cavity later be filled by petition "1,000 curious goat-antelope which inhabits the jars of beer, 1,000 alabaster vases of oint- Himalayas, stand out among the collections ment, and 1,000 garments." From the tomb obtained by the expedition. These are to of another official comes a slab identifying be used in a habitat group in William V. him as "seal bearer of the king and sole — Dr. Kelley Hall (Hall 17). Both sexes, and companion of the king" upon which claimed various ages from young to full-grown, are Allen comments that the frequently represented among the seven. distinction of "sole companion" was one in The expedition also obtained two speci- which, contradictorily, many persons some is thrown mens of the rare giant panda. Among the shared. Thus light upon of birds is a striking new species of bamboo the state Egyptian politics. come from the toinbs partridge. Curator Osgood expects that These specimens when a thorough checkup of the thousands of a varied assortment of citizenry, including of specimens has been made there will be an overseer of craftsmen, royal courtiers, revealed numerous other birds and animals governors of provinces, artists, the "overseer hitherto unknown to scientists. The Metro- of the palace's double storehouse of gold," a clerk of the politan Museum of Natural History at scribes, granary officials, of humbler Nanking cooperated with the expedition, pharaoh's archives, and persons and a share of the specimens has been estate. Artistically the collection includes of the designated for it. some of the finest work Egyptians, and some amateurish and ordinary hack a LARGE GEODE PRESENTED work too, in order to present complete archaeological concept of the subject. BY TRUSTEE CHALMERS In the casts exhibited of sculptures the Remarkable Geode By Oliver C. Fabbington originals of which are still in Egypt are This William J. specimen, presented by Chalmers, seen in low relief illustrating historic Curator, Department of Geology is 22 inches in diameter, and weighs 125 pounds. Its pictures interior is lined with brilliant crystals. events, and the daily activities of Egyptian A geode unusual in size and remarkable unusually life. One group records the capture of a few for the brilliancy of the crystals it encloses other deposits. In the vicinity of Tampa, towns in Palestine, when King Sheshonk I was added last month to the crystal collec- Florida, large fossil corals are found, the of Egypt defeated Solomon's son Rehoboam tion in Hall 34. It was presented by interiors of which have been about 930 B.C. The names of the captured William J. Chalmers of the Board of entirely removed by percolating waters. Usually cities—Taanakh,Shunem,Rehob,Mahanaim, Trustees, who for a long time has been a cavities thus formed are lined by layers Gibeon, Ajalon, and Megiddo—are inscribed generous donor to this collection. The geode of chalcedony, the lime of the fossil prob- in walls composed of representations of the is from Hamilton, Illinois, an area within the silica from the lined bodies of bearded Semites. The which strata of Lower Carboniferous or ably having precipitated up percolating waters. There are large areas, scenes of everyday life include hunters Mississippian age are characterized by the however, where geodes occur in abundance, returning with their spoils, boatmen fighting, occurrence of these bodies. The geodes where there are no evidences of the existence boys engaged in gymnastics, musicians at a range in size from about that of a pea to, of fossils which could have been the source festival, the slaughter of oxen, bringing in rare instances, nearly two feet in diameter. of the geodes. offerings of animals and foods to a tomb, The one just presented by Mr. Chalmers is plowing with oxen, donkeys threshing grain, 22 inches in diameter and weighs 125 pounds. Death of Dr. W. J. Holland cattle crossing a stream, building of boats Geode is a name to more or less applied both of wood and of papyrus, cabinet hollow balls of rock which in their most In the death of Dr. William J. Holland, makers at work, girl dancers, vintage scenes, interesting form have the interior lined with which occurred at on December Pittsburgh and hunting with hounds. One particularly brilliant crystals. They are characteristic 13, the museum has lost one of fraternity interesting picture is that of "bringing of certain formations. One of the most its most colorful associates. Dr. Holland, village officials for a reckoning"—that is, important areas producing them is in two who was 84 had been the first years old, punishment for delinquent taxes. counties bordering the Mississippi River— director of the Carnegie Museum, and for Lee County in Iowa and Hancock County the last ten years was its director emeritus. in Illinois. The beds of limestone and shale Dr. Holland was best known for his scientific The foraminifera, tiny marine animals of in this locality are characterized by having contributions to entomology and paleon- 100,000,000 years ago, whose fossilized intercalated in their layers large numbers tology, and had been honored by the fore- bodies form great chalk deposits, are repre- of these hollow balls. They are composed most scientific bodies throughout the world. sented by thirty enlarged models of as mostly of quartz. These balls weather out Field Museum joins other institutions in many distinct forms in Ernest R. Graham as the rock is dissolved or otherwise dis- expressing to the Carnegie Museum its Hall. Some of the fossils reveal great integrated, and are left behind in streams sorrow in the passing of a great man. beauty of form. Page i FIELD MUSEUM NEWS January, 19SS

THE ORIGIN AND ANTIQUITY known, in the New World. Therefore, it is JANUARY GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS reasonably safe to assume that the migration OF AMERICAN INDIANS Conducted tours of exhibits, under the to the New World was prior to the develop- Bv Paul S. Martin guidance of staff lecturers, are made every ment of agriculture and husbandry and Aflsistaiit Curator of North American Archaeology afternoon at 3 P.M., except Saturdays, after the recession of the last glacier. In Sundays, and certain hoUdays. Following Field Museum is noted for its compre- consequence the conclusion is logically is the schedule of subjects and dates for hensive and excellent exhibits relating to reached that the date of the entry of the January: the American Indians. In \'iewing these American race into the New World was there must be many visitors who wonder probably between 10,000 and 25,000 years Week beginning January 2: Monday—^New Year's no —Animal Wednes- whence came the American Indian, and ago. holiday, tour; Tuesday Groups; day—Philippine Hall; Thursday—General Tour; While there is no written when. history Friday—South America. this there have been reams of on subject, BLACKJACKING FISH Week beginning January 9: Monday—Prehistoric of — — speculation on the origin and antiquity TO CATCH THEM Life; Tuesday Java, Borneo,— Sumatra; Wednesday— the Indian, and an examination of the Indian Costumes; Thursday General Tour; Friday Primitive Musical Instruments. available facts and theories makes possible By Karl P. ScHinDT Week beginning January 16: Monday—Animal what seems to be a reasonably correct Assistant Curator o( ReptQes — Life in Cold— Lands; Tuesday Crystals— and Gems; conclusion. Probably most people remember being Wednesday— Plant Families; Thursday General Tour; Anthropologists have designated three told in childhood that the way to go about Friday Egypt. Week 23: —Bird divisions of humanity: the Caucasoid, a or other beginning January Monday grand catching rabbit, squirrel, bird, Habitat Groups; Tuesday—Primitive Metal Workers; of the Negroid, and the Mongoloid. Most small animal was "first to put salt on its Wednesday—Plants of Economic Value; Thursday— — Motmd Builders. the smaller sub-divisions of racial types tail." Then, too, there is the story about General Tour; Friday The — belong to one of these. The majority of the man who reputedly made a fortune by Week beginning January 30: Monday Shields and Weapons; Tuesday—Chinese Arts, anthropologists agree that the American advertising in agricultural papers: "Send Indians are a branch of the Mongoloid one dollar for sure method of killing potato Persons wishing to participate should division. This does not mean that they are and Thousands of bugs other pests." apply at North Entrance. Tours are free Chinese in origin, but rather that they and farmers are said to have sent this man and no gratuities are to be proffered. A new the both from an original for which Mongolians sprang their dollars, in exchange they schedule will appear each month in Field stem or proto-Mongoloid ancestry. received a printed slip of paper reading: Museum News. Guide-lecturers' services This well-known is still "Take two Place on quite theory open shingles. potato bug for special tours by parties of ten or more but it be and strike with the other." to question, may supported by one, are available free of charge by arrangement an explanation of how it was reached. In To the fisherman accustomed to matching with the Director a week in advance. distinguishing one race from another the his wits against such game creatures as bass anthropologist relies upon accurate recorded and muskellunge, the idea of going after a Gifts to the Museum observations and measurements of certain fish with a rock, and stunning it into uncon- such as and physical characteristics, length sciousness to catch it may seem as ridiculous Following is a list of some of the principal breadth of head and size of the nose, or face, as salting the rabbit's tail exterminating gifts received during the last month: distance between the eyes, and the stature. insects with this method shingles. However, From School of Forestry, Yale University—57 studies are made of the In addition, careful of fishing is successfully employed by Indians herbarium specimens, Colombia; from Companhia color of hair, skin and eyes; the shape of in Central America. Ford Industrial do Brasil—23 herbarium specimens with wood specimens, Braal; from the hard palate, certain teeth, and the hair, in accompanj-ing During a collecting expyedition Hon- Desert Laboratory-^-47 herbarium specimens, Arizona in cross-section. No trait — microscopic single duras, I was located for some time at the and Mexico; from Dr. Forrest Shreve an—Ephedra may ever be used in differentiating one race mouth of the Santa Ana River. This is a bush, Arizona; from Michigan State College 23 wood specimens, Philippines, Chile, and United States; from from another—observations of many must its is mountain stream and bed strewn with William J. Chalmers— Illinois; an individual large quartz geode, be made. To state that because rocks. During low water we found it almost from B. E. Dahlgren—7 specimens diamonds in he is 15 euxenite. 5 misoeUaneoas minerals, has prominent cheekbones Mongoloid impossible to employ even a small seine. matrix, specimens Brazil; from Frank Von Drasek—69 specimens minerals, would be unsound and as likely as not The fish were and took imder shy refuge ores, and fossils. New Mexico; from A. T. Newman— incorrect. the rocks at the slightest alarm, which 30 limonite concretions, Wisconsin, and 4 sand-caldte South from N. H. Seward—2 The correlation of a mass of such detailed made it impossible to catch them with a concretions. Dakota; meteorites and a fire opal, Australia; from Col. Theodore data as has been indicated however, net. The fish used the above, dip poisons by Roosevelt—999 shells, Philippine Islands; from Elm has led to the conclusion that the Indians natives in many parts of tropical America Place School —a bird skeleton and a sharp shinned Bertha Cramer—an <^d duck should be classified as Mongoloid, and it is were unknown in this region. hawk; from Miss squaw from Walter A. Weber—skeletons of a now that came to skin, Illinois; generally agreed they An Indian girl from Salvador showed us kingfisher and a white-winged scoter, Illinois; from the New World in a series of small, dribbling the novel method of catching fish by stun- John M. Simpson and A. Watson Armour III—3 topi and 3 Africa; from Stuart L. migrations via Bering Strait. them, which, she said, was weU known gnu, Tangan>'ika, ning Thompson— 100 beetles and 4 bugs, Canada; from of has In regard to the length time man to the Indians of mountainous districts in John G. Shedd ,\qtiarit2m—a hawkbill turtle; from inhabit«i the New World we enter a realm Salvador. It consists in wading the stream Dr. H. F. Strohecker—30 grasshoppers and 4 katydids. V. and R. W. where there are fewer facts to guide us. It armed with a dish in which the GeorgU; from Misses N. Haynie-^35 only pan, butterflies and 9 moths; from Mrs. Frank O'ConncU— is often claimed that man lived in North fish are to be placed. On approaching a a small boa; from E. Brundage, Jr. — 120 insects, America during the Ice Age (about 25,000 pool, one observes vmder which of the larger Illinois, Michigan, and North Carolina; from John T. Pine—a red.shouldered hawk, Chicago area. to 50,000 years ago). But as yet not a rocks the most promising fish hide. Taking single fragment of a skeleton of a Neander- a stone about as large as one can easily thal type has been found. The most ancient raise over one's head, one throws it with NEW MEMBERS skeletal remains that have as come to as much force as on this rock. yet possible The following persons were elected to have been classified as The concussion stuns even the light correctly Indian, larger fish, membership in Field Museum during the and differ in no important from which lie with their backs in they way probably period from November 16 to December 15: those of the modem Indian. contact with the rock, and apparently it .\ssoclate Members If, then, man did not live in America is transmitted to the water beneath the rock Edward L. Glaser, Comdius J. Groot, Mrs. OUve the last Ice when did he arrive? sufficiently to stun the smaller ones. -It is during Age, Beaupre Miller. The only acceptable answer to this question important to turn over the rock at once, or Annual Members in the light of present knowledge is arrived to feel under it, before the fish recover. Mrs. W. E. Burcfa. Joseph F. Chelius, E. K. CoUiaon, at by considering the pre-history of the Small fish as well as large ones are taken. Dr. Clinton \. Elliott, Lawrence A. Groot, Robert J. Hart, Frank J. Herlihy, iin. George H. High, Al World. W^e know that chief kinds of fish in the Santa Ana Old approximately The Jourdan, L. B. Logan, Miss Mabel McKay, James 8,000 to 10,000 years ago, barley, rice, River were a small silvery characin called Dougan Norris, Charles W. Schwede, John A. millet, and wheat were cultivated, and "sardinas" by the natives, several species Williamson. and were domesticated of the sunfish-like and a small cattle, pigs sheep cichlids, Teeth on Exhibition there. catfish. Mastodon Since it seems fairly well established that When we had only a few hours to spare, An exhibit of the teeth of North American the Indians came from Asia, it seems reason- in the central highland of Honduras, we mastodons, comprising specimens from the able to expect that they would have intro- were able to collect fish by this method jaws of animals of various ages from baby duced some or all of these plants and from a moimtain brook. WTiile it requires mastodons of a few months to animak animals into the New World. But until both patience and effort, I believe that it fifty or more years old, is to be seen among the arrival of the Europeans in the fifteenth occasionally affords an invaluable supple- the collections in Ernest R. Graham Hall and sixteenth centuries, at which time these ment to the methods available for the collec- (Hall 38). The specimens are from a bog plants and animals were introduced, not a tion of fishes for scientific purposes, as well near Minooka, Illinois, in which many of single one of them had been used, or even as for the frying pan. the animals became mired and died. pniMTCO BV FICLD MUSEUM PRESS FieldMtjrrr....^.-^__ News Published Monthly by Field Mumuni of Natural History, Chicago

Vol.4 FEBRUARY, 1933 No. 2

THE CHICAGO CORAL REEF lesser numbers. Not all the animals were SCULPTOR COMPLETES BRONZES attached to the sea bottom—there were 400,000,000 YEARS AGO OF ORIENTAL PEOPLES crawling and swimming forms as well. The By Henby W. Nichols scavenger trilobites with the habits and Miss Malvina Hoffman of New York and Associate Curator of Geology much of the appearance of crabs, were Paris, distinguished sculptor commissioned Four hundred million years ago the site common. The cephalopods, the most by Field Museum to prepare 110 life-size of Chicago was submerged under the waters highly developed animals of these seas, bronze statues, busts and heads representing of a great interior sea which covered the were numerous. They were related to the principal living races of mankind for northern part of what is now the Mississippi the octopus and squid, but unlike these exhibition in Chauncey Keep Memorial Valley. The limestone which underlies the were provided with shells. There were Hall, recently returned to America. About city was the bed of this shallow sea, and it a number of varieties. Some had coiled two-thirds of her task is now completed. contains many fossilized remains of the shells, and others, including the largest On her last journey she was engaged in stony skeletons of marine animals. Study and most common, had long, straight, extensive studies of the peoples of Asia and of these fossils enables geologists to present pointed shells. the South Pacific, and, during a subsequent a fairly complete description of the local Other animals were present in smaller sojourn at her Paris studios she made the life and conditions of finished bronzes of that time. figures modeled in This sea was an off- clay during her shoot of the Arctic travels. Last month Ocean, but at that Miss Hoffman spent time the Arctic waters a week at the Museum were warm and the at work upon various climate subtropical. details in connection Conditions at Chicago with the Keep Hall especially favored project. coral growth, and Before undertaking masses and reefs of her work in the Orient, coral were the domi- Miss Hoffman had nating features of this made the figures illus- primeval scene. The trating types of the coral is a small primi- peoples of Europe, tive animal, little Africa, and America. more than a tube of Early in the autumn flesh with a mouth of 1931 she sailed from and crown of tentacles San Francisco for the on its upper end. It Far East. She was rests upon a pedestal accompanied by of limestone which it Samuel B. Grimson, builds from lime ex- her husband, who tracted from the sea acted as photographer water. There were of the expedition; many single corals, Miss Gretchen Greene, each growing on its secretary and manager; own pedestal, but the and Jean de Marco, impressive features of who made the plaster the were casts. The seascape The Site of Chicago, 400,000,000 Years Ago party the colonies of com- visited Honolulu, Mural Charles R. the coral as science indicates it The corals where by Knight restoring Chicago reef, probably appeared. China, the pound land where the city now stands was then submerged beneath the Arctic Ocean, which in those days was a tropical Japan, many animals grew sea. This painting is on exhibition in Ernest R. Graham Hall. Philippines, Bali, together, their stony Java, Singapore, pedestals coalesced into one large mass. numbers and there must have been vegeta- Penang, the Malay Peninsula, Calcutta, The individual corals were small, seldom tion to support the abundant animal life, Delhi, Jaipur and Colombo. exceeding a quarter of an inch in diameter, but this vegetation, confined to the lower Everywhere Miss Hoffman was received but the colonies were large. Some took the orders of plant life, had no hard parts to with the greatest cordiality and enthusiasm, form of domes; other cylindrical branching become fossils, so that we know little of it. and local anthropologists rendered valuable forms resembled grotesque trees. At this Although this scene, if we could view assistance. Museums and hospitals were time corals had just acquired the reef build- it, would be strange in detail, its general placed at the artist's disposal, and in them ing habit, and a great coral reef which has aspect must have been very like that of she made her headquarters for studying, been exposed in what is now a quarry at a modern coral reef and, in fact, less strange measuring, photographing, and modeling Stony Island Avenue and Ninety-first Street to us than most landscapes of that remote the best available living representatives of was among the first such reefs formed. time or even of times much more recent. the racial types desired. Resemblance to modern reefs was increased A restoration of the Chicago reef forms the The Bishop Museum of Honolulu accorded by the presence of the more delicate bryozoa. subject of one of the twenty-eight mural Miss Hoffman full cooperation, and there These resembled corals but were slender paintings by Charles R. Knight, exhibited she modeled a life-size portrait-head of a and grew in intricate network patterns. in Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38). The Hawaiian youth, and another of a Samoan. Many assumed fan or leaf forms. Others painting is reproduced in the illustration She also made a life-size drawing of a were branching or netted threads which accompanying this article. Samoan chief. At Tokyo Miss Hoffman incriisted the coral. modeled life-size heads of a Japanese man There were also the crinoids, which, and woman. She then made a trip to the with their small round bodies and feathery Supposedly magic ornamental daggers, island of Yezo, home of the Ainu, where tentacles growing on long, flexible stems, hatchets, war clubs, tridents and other she obtained as subjects for study a typical look so much like flowers that they are weapons used by Lama priests of Tibet old Ainu man and middle-aged woman. called stone lilies. Sponges and shellfish in exterminating demons and enemies of The data, measurements, and photographs also grew attached to the bottom but in Buddhism, are on exhibition in Hall 32. (Continued on page S) Page 2 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS February, 1933

Field Museum of Natural History MUSEUM ACTIVITIES REACHED conditions. Life-size drawings were made of a from Bali, and a pure-blooded Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 2,500,000 DURING 1932 youth from British New Guinea. Roosevelt Road and Lake Michigan, Chicago Papuan Approximately 2,500,000 persons were Several weeks of traveling in India included THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES brought directly within the sphere of Field sojourns in Calcutta, Delhi, Jaipur, and Museum's educational influence during 1932, Colombo. The accomplishment William H. Mitchell principal Sewell L. Avery statistics on John Bokden Frederick H. Rawson it is shown by a compilation of was the modeling of a strong Kashmiri William J. Chalmers George A. Richardson the activities of the institution for the year. with a fine head. In Calcutta Miss Hoffman Marshall Field Fred W. Sargent The number of visitors received in the was fortunate enough to meet a Tibetan Stanley Field Stephen C. Simms which was Ernest R. Graham James Simpson Museum building was 1,824,202, couple, traders in jewels, from Lhasa. Both Albert W. Harris Solomon A. Smith a new high record for attendance. In husband and wife were modeled. Also Samuel Insull, Jr. Albert A. Spragub addition, activities of the institution con- modeled were the heads of a Brahman from Cyrus H. McCormick Silas H. Strawn ducted outside the walls of its from John P. Wilson building Benares, a high-caste Brahman woman reached children. Of the and an from Kabul. OFFICERS nearly 700,000 Bengal, Indo-Afghan beneficiaries of the extra-mural activities, In addition to heads and life-size figures, Stanley Field President were children who in their casts in Albert A. Sprague First Vice-President 181,672 heard, the artist made numerous negocoll Jamb:s Simpson Second Vice-President school classrooms and assemblies, natural of hands and feet of natives in characteristic Albert W. Harris Third Vice-President history lessons presented by lecturers of poses; among others, the hand of a native Stephen C. Simms Director and Secretary the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond of India in the act of taking his food, and Solomon A. Smith. . .Treasurer and Assistant Secretary Foundation for Public School and Children's the hand of an Indian artist wielding his Lectures. This is one of the As the manner of the FIELD MUSEUM NEWS only part— paint brush. using Raymond Foundation's work the total hand is very different among Orientals as Stephen C. Director the Museum Editor Simms, of number reached by all of the Foundation's compared with Occidental peoples, these CONTRIBUTING EDITORS activities, including those both inside and casts are of great scientific value. Life-size Berthold Laufer Curator of Anthropology outside the Museum, was 251,119. More drawings were made of a Burmese from B. E. Dahlgren. Acting Curator of Botany than 500,000 children were reached at and a Tamil from Madras. Oliver C, Farrington Curator Geohgy Rangoon of intervals of two weeks the school Wilfred H. Osgood Curator of Zoology during natural exhibits H. B. Harte Managing Editor year by traveling history WATER BIRDS EXHIBITED circulated in all the public and many other By Rudyerd Boulton schools the of the N. W. Birds Field Museum is open every day of the year during by Department Assistant Curator of the hours indicated below: Harris Public School Extension. Certain birds well known to many people November, December, January 9 A.M. to 4:30 p.m. The gain in the number of visitors to most of them are rarely February, March, April, October 9 A.M. to 5:00 p.m. the with the 1931 by name, although Museum, as compared were May, June, July, August, September 9 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. was While the total seen in inland localities, recently placed figure, 308,662. constitute Admission ia free to Members on all days. Other so on exhibition in Hall 21. They admitted on and attendance has been increasing steadily adults are free Thursdays, Saturdays the four most primitive orders found in non-members 25 cents on other the few there has been Sundays; pay days. during past years, are for all and North America, and noteworthy Children are admitted free on days. Students a striking reduction in the number of paid members of educational institutions are admit- curious form and structure rather than for faculty admissions, apparently as a result of the ted free any day upon presentation of credentials. and attractive colors. The number of admissions bright The Museum's natural history Library is open for depression. paid to Five loons shown are so truly aquatic reference daily except Saturday afternoon and Sunday. dropped from 160,924 in 1930 126,209 they are unable to walk upright on land. Traveling exhibits are circulated in the schools of in 1931, and in 1932 there was a further Their feet are webbed like those of ducks. Chicago by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension decrease to 82,607. It will thus be seen Department of the Museum. Seven in the exhibit also are more that last year barely 4M per cent of those grebes Lectures for schools, and special entertainments at home in water than on land. Their visiting the Museum paid admission. The and tours for children at the Museum, are provided feet are not webbed, but each toe is provided by the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond 1932 attendance on free days, plus the with a of skin which forms an Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. free admissions on pay days granted to fringing flap excellent paddle. Grebes build floating Announcements of free illustrated lectures for the Members, children, teachers, students, etc., and lectures for Members of the Museum, nests in lakes, and rarely, if ever, public, special amounted to 1,741,595, or 226,055 more marshy will appear in Field Museum News. come to land. than the total of free and admissions voluntarily dry A cafeteria in the Museum serves visitors. Rooms paid fulmars and which was Albatrosses, shearwaters, are provided for those bringing their lunches. together in 1931, 1,615,540. sea- petrels represent the large group of Chicago Motor Coach Company No. 26 buses go This may be accepted as evidence that birds known as "tube-nosed swimmers" direct to the Museum. the Museum, in addition to its normal because their nostrils open into little tubes Members are requested to inform the Museum functions, is performing a special service of changes of address. on the upper surface of the bill. Their promptly during "hard times" by providing some- feet are webbed, but they spend a large thing of interest for those no longer able MEMBERSHIP IN FIELD MUSEUM of their time over the high seas to afford other forms of recreation. part flying Field M useum has several classes of Mem bers. and come to land only to nest and raise Benefactors or devise or more. Contribu- give $100,000 their The small petrel often called tors give or devise $1,000 to $100,000. Life Members young. is shown in give $500; Non-Resident (Life) and Associate Members BRONZES OF ORIENTALS "Mother Carey's chicken" $100; Non-Resident Associate Members pay $50. attitude. pay (Continued from page 1 ) characteristic flying All the above classes are from dues. exempt Sustaining The fourth large group of birds in the Members contribute $25 annually. After six years they taken, together with a model she made of become Associate Members. Annual Members con- exhibit contains the "totipalmate swim- a male Ainu head, have enabled her to tribute $10 annually. Other memberships are Corpo- mers," so-called because their feet are and additions make a full-length statue of an Ainu. As rate, Honorary, Patron, Corresponding, all four toes being joined under these classifications being made by action and completely webbed, special these people are extremely shy, object bird, of the Board of Trustees. by a web of skin. The man-'o-war strongly to being photographed or exposing and Each Member, in all classes, is entitled to free tropic-bird, snake-bird, pelicans, boobies their bodies to a foreigner, this is indeed admission to the Museum for himself, his family and cormorants all show their relationship house guests, and to two reserved seats for Museum an achievement of importance. cor- lectures for Members. to Field through this characteristic. Although provided Subscription In Peiping Miss Hoffman enjoyed the Museum News is included with all memberships. The morants have dark plumage, they are of the Peking Union Medical courtesies of every museum of note in the United hospitality decorated the brilliant coloring of the are to all of Dr. by States and Canada extended Members of College and the active cooperation throat Field Museum. Member his card bare skin of the face and pouches A may give personal Davidson Black, Professor of Anatomy. to non-residents of Chicago, upon of the breeding season. presentation There she modeled life-size heads of a during which they will be admitted to the Museum without The were prepared by Taxi- Further information the specimens charge. about memberships will northern Chinese and a Manchu, and staff. be sent on dermist Ashley Hine of the Museum request. head of Dr. Hu Shi, famous Chinese scholar. the numerous tribes inhabiting BEQUESTS AND ENDOWMENTS Among Mrs. Edward E. Ayer is Dead the Malay archipelago the artist selected Bequests to Field Museum of Natural History may for life-size a dancing girl Mrs. Edward E. Ayer, an Honorary be made in securities, money, books or collections. portrait-heads of Field and one of its They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to from Bali, a typical boy and girl from Java, Member Museum, 18 at her a person or cause, named by the giver. a Jakun (proto-Malay), a Sakai and Semang Contributors, died on December Cash contributions made within the taxable the widow of year of tribes living in the densest home in Chicago. She was not 15 cent of the net income (pygmies exceeding per taxpayer's a E. first President of the are allowable as deductions in net income jungle of the Malay Peninsula), Dyak Edward Ayer, computing from the time of under Article 251 of Regulation 69 relating to the from Borneo, and a pure Malay. In order Museum, and a Trustee income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. to track down the Jakun and Sakai, hundreds the institution's establishment until his Endowments be made to the Museum with the her may of miles to be traversed motor car death in 1927. Mrs. Ayer shared that an be to the for had by provision annuity paid patron life. enthusiasm for and interest in These annuities are tax-free and are guaranteed against into the jungles, and the work had to be husband's fluctuation in amount. done under the most primitive and difficult the Museum. February, 19SS FIELD MUSEUM NEWS Pages

SIR HUBERT WILKINS, EXPLORER, the peanut, which was carried to Africa A DEFENDER OF THE FAITH TO LECTURE AT MUSEUM from the east coast of South America AND HIS MIRACLES to the west and the Orient from coast, early By Berthold Laufer Captain Sir Hubert Wilkins, famed ex- in the of world-wide history navigation. Curator, Department of of the Arctic and will Anthropology plorer Antarctic, Some American food plants, such as potatoes, lecture at Field on after- An exhibit of carved wooden of Museum Saturday were first carried to Europe and developed images noon, March 4. His subject will be "What in cultivation there before coming into Buddhist and Taoist deities was recently I Discovered in the Arctic and Ant- installed in T. and Frances Have general use among the new population in George Gaylord and he will relate his Smith Hall Most of these were arctic," experiences the land of their origin. Others, such as (Hall 24). from ancient in and on expeditions made by dog team, by tomatoes, were very slow in becoming obtained temples around submarine. The lecture Si-an fu. of them is a statue of airplane, and by adopted. The tomato was grown in Europe One Wei-to, will motion the of Buddha's be illustrated with pictures. for several centuries as a curiosity and loyal protector temples It will in the James and a staunch defender of his faith. be given Simpson ornamental plant before it became, rather Theatre of the and will at This well carved and lac- Museum, begin recently, the important article of food that statue, finely 3 P.M. is a tradition. it is today. A few valuable American food quered, glorified by During Hubert's lecture is the first in the the seventh there lived at Si-an fu Sir plants such as the avocado are only now century course the a Buddhist Tao Siian name. fifty-ninth presented by Museum, becoming well known. Others, e.g., the priest, by which will other lectures Like all monks he was devoted to comprise eight chayote, are scarcely known at all in the contempla- to be on successive looked as the means of given Saturdays through- United States in spite of efforts made to tion, upon attaining out March and April. The complete introduce them. self-perfection. Meditation naturally led schedule for this course will appear in the to dreams, in which he had contact with The recent discovery by a party of Russian March issue of Field Museum News. the Tao Siian wrote his botanists of more than a dozen potato-like supernatural. No tickets are necessary for admission memoirs, in which he records his conversa- plants and potato relatives cultivated by to these lectures. A section of the Theatre tions with the gods. Among others Wei-to Indians, a few in the Maya area in southern is reserved for Members of the Museum, and ordered his statue made Mexico, the rest in Bolivia on the margin appeared each of whom is entitled to two reserved exactly like his apparition. Tao Siian of the former Inca region, may prove to be seats on Requests for these seats and thenceforward images of Wei- request. of importance for the development of new obeyed, be made or in to were set as the of Buddha's may by telephone writing and improved sources of food at the hands up guardians to the Museum, in advance of the lecture, temples and clergy. of expert plant breeders. and seats will then be held in the Member's All other Buddhistic divinities are derived The new exhibit shows only the principal name until 3 o'clock on the day of the from types created in India, where Buddhism native American vegetable products. Many lecture. Members may obtain seats in the was born. Wei-to is the only one conceived American fruits and some vegetables, reserved section also by presentation of tropical in China. He has the appearance of a little known in North America, are omitted. their cards to the Theatre handsome Chinese youth with a smiling membership Also omitted are various small fruits such attendant before 3 o'clock on the lecture countenance, yet is a powerful general as blueberries, and even no advance reservation strawberries, raspberries, fortified a suit of mail, ever ready to day, though which to the by has been made. All reserved seats not plums, belong circumpolar strike demons and foes of the faith. flora and have their counterparts in Europe. claimed by 3 o'clock will be opened to the The temple from which came the Wei- The display includes maize, or Indian corn, general public. to now in the Museum was erected on the potatoes, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, pimen- spot where Tao Siian lived and taught. Jerusalem artichokes, which are the toes, According to tradition this statue was a NEW WORLD FOOD PLANTS roots of a western sunflower, pumpkins, descendant of Tao Siian's work, permeated By B. E. Dahlgren squashes, lima and kidney beans, cassava, by his spirit. It was regarded, therefore, Acting Curator, Department of Botany which in the United States is best known in as a great miracle-worker. Wei-to, above the form of tapioca, peanuts, cranberries, The Department of Botany recently all, was a good provider, an efficient money- persimmons, papaws, papayas, the avocado, installed in Hall 25 an exhibit showing the raiser, and bill collector. In some monas- the pineapple, cacao, vanilla, and others. principal food plants of American origin. teries the monks placed his statue in the On his first voyage to the New World, kitchen, entrusting its supervision to his Columbus found the inhabitants care. Sometimes even recited incanta- using Chinese Mirrors Displayed they vegetables that were strange to him, espe- tions, threatening him with corporal punish- cially some starchy tubers, probably sweet Two exhibition cases of metal mirrors ment if he should neglect to supply them potatoes and cassava. He carried these from China, some dating back as far as with provisions. back to Spain and presented them to Queen 246 B.C., have been installed in George T. Whenever a temple was in need of repairs, Isabella, together with other products of and Frances Gaylord Smith Hall (Hall 24). or a pagoda was to be restored, Wei-to was the newly found land. It is doubtful Mirrors were important to the Chinese instrumental in raising the necessary cash. whether the queen was greatly impressed not only as aids to vanity, but also because The brotherhood would stage a procession a with the present. She would much rather of the belief that they dispelled evil spirits through the city. One monk, carrying beat- have had a gift of cinnamon, cardamoms and goblins, according to Dr. Berthold shrine harboring Wei-to's picture, and or sandalwood, which would have constituted Laufer, Curator of Anthropology. The com- ing a wooden drum in the shape of a fish, If this proof of a new route to India. The incident, mon superstition that breaking a mirror solicited funds from the wealthy. would however, is noteworthy as marking the brings bad luck prevails in China, and was unsuccessful, a monk deposit threshold of the first introduction of American food plants goes far back into antiquity, states Dr. Wei-to's image on the into the Old World, an event of considerable Laufer. house of a prominent family, obstruct the significance to the world's dietary, which entrance, and remain seated there cross- has America to thank for important like a Buddha, for days if necessary, many of Rockefeller legged contributions. Progress Project until the contribution was made. It is interesting to note that the introduc- J. FVancis Macbride, Assistant Curator If the monks again failed in this quest of tion of Old World food plants into America of Taxonomy, in Europe for several years charity, they resorted to extreme measures. also dates from the voyages of Columbus, to obtain photographs of type specimens One would be locked in a cage just high and has continued ever since. of Central and South American plants in enough to allow him to squeeze in, and would After Columbus, the early explorers and European herbaria—a joint project of the then be exhibited in the market place. conquistadores found other food plants in Rockefeller Foundation and Field Museum The door of the cage was padlocked, and use and in cultivation among the New carried on for the benefit of botanists the news was broadcast that he was doomed World inhabitants, especially the Aztecs of generally—reports that he has completed to die of starvation unless the money was Mexico and the Incas of Peru. Cortez 2,000 photographs at the University Museum raised. The people were urged to have made the first acquaintance with chocolate of Copenhagen, and is continuing similar pity. To arouse their feelings, it was said and vanilla at the court of Montezuma. activity at Geneva. To date more than that the prisoner's bare feet rested on iron It is evident that the areas inhabited by 23,000 photographs have been assembled in spikes. This in a way was true, but the the Mayas and Incas have been important various European herbaria. The herbarium spikes were so deeply sunk into a plank centers of origin and dispersal of plants. of Copenhagen contains some early and that it formed a smooth surface. Moreover, The settlers in North and South America important Central American collections, the man was always secretly released before soon learned to use many of the vegetable especially from Costa Rica, and its curator. harm could befall him. foods of the Indians, such as corn, beans, Dr. Carl Christensen, generously permitted it will thus be seen that "rackets" are pumpkins and cassava. Certain of the Mr. Macbride to select a large amount of not of recent origin, but that they have a newly discovered food plants spread rapidly duplicate material for the herbarium of history whose threads may take us back over most of the world. This was true of Field Museum. to the intricate mysteries of the Orient. Page i FIELD MUSEUM NEWS February, 19SS

RAYMOND FOUNDATION PRESENTS Dr. J. A. Henshall, noted authority on FEBRUARY GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS game fishes, described it as a "silver shuttle," PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN Conducted tours of exhibits, under the flashing in and out of the water in a succes- guidance of staff lecturers, are made every Two special programs of free motion sion of swift jumps. afternoon at 3 p.m., except Saturdays, pictures for children, in celebration of the Some excellent specimens of bonefish were Sundays, and certain holidays. Following birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and George recently presented to Field Museum by is the schedule of subjects and dates for Washington, will be given at the Museum Colonel Lewis S. Thompson of Red Bank, Nelson and February: during February by the James New Jersey. One of them, mounted by for — Anna Louise Raymond Foundation Staff Taxidermist L. L. Pray, is on exhibi- Wednesday, February 1 Reptiles, Past and Present; Lectures. Thursday—General Tour; Friday—Roman Hall. Public School and Children's tion in Albert W. Harris Hall (Hall 18). Week 6: —Marine Following these, the Raymond Foundation Mr. has observed bonefish in their beginning February Monday Pray Life: Tuesday—Eskimo Customs; Wednesday—Animal will the first of its regular spring — present natural siu-roundings near Nassau, Bahama Life in—the Chicago Area; Thursday General Tour; series of ten children's entertainments. Islands. He says they appear as gray Friday Weaving in Many Lands. — The Lincoln program will be given on shadows when resting or moving slowly Week beginning February 13: Monday Egyptian Exhibits; Tuesday—Mexico; Wednesday—Woodland morning, February 11, and will the water. When Saturday through startled, they Indians: Thursday—General Tour; Friday—Pewter, consist of films dealing with outstanding become gray streaks that disappear almost Jade and Gems. events in the life of the Civil War president. When taken out of the — instantly. water, Week beginning February— 20: Monday Plants of The Washington program, made up of films the gray appearance changes instantly to Unusual Interest; Tuesday Chinese Halls; Wednes- day—Prehistoric Plants and Animals; — similarly with the life of the nation's a burnished silver color. Thursday dealing General Tour; Friday—Moon and Meteorites. first hero, "will be presented on Wednes- There has been a about the great long dispute Monday, February 27—Baskets and Mats; Tuesday 22. day morning, February name of this fish. As early as 1888, Dr. —^Man Through the Ages. The regular spring series will begin on G. Brown Goode mentioned that this species Persons wishing to participate should Saturday morning, February 25, with a {Albula vulpes) was called ladyfish in apply at North Entrance. Tours are free program of three motion pictures, as follows: Bermuda but that American writers called and no gratuities are to be proffered. A new "The Muskrat and the Fox," "The Forest it bonefish. Since that time most scientists schedule will appear each month in Field and His Work," and "Behind the have used the name ladyfish, and have used Ranger Museum News. Guide-lecturers' services Weather Man." The second program in the name bonefish for a small relative of for special tours by parties of ten or more this series, to be given Saturday, March 4, the tarpon, which is also sometimes called are available free of charge by arrangement includes the films, "A Beaver and His big-eyed herring {Elops saurus). However, with the Director a week in advance. Indian Friend," and "The Declaration most American anglers have used the name of Independence." bonefish for Albula and have called Elops Gifts to the Museum The other eight programs in the spring something else. In Australia, where Elops to a of four feet or it series will be announced in the March issue grows length more, Following is a list of some of the principal is called while the name of Field Musexbi News. "giant herring," gifts received during the last month: to numbers big-eyed herring is given to the East Indian In order accommodate larger From of Texas—160 herbarium In cases of University speci- of children, all the programs of the Raymond tarpon, Megalops cyprinoides. mens, Texas and New Mexico; from Museo Nacional such a difference of it seems best Foundation, both special and regular, are opinion, (Costa Rica)—68 herbarium specimens, Costa Rica; from do Brasil—42 of the to use, as far as possible, the names used Companhia Ford Industrial presented twice, the first showing herbarium and wood those who know the fish handling it specimens accompanying speci- films beginning at 10 A.M., and the second by by mens, Brazil; from Rev, Brother Elias—85 herbarium and not about it. at 11 A.M. They are given in the James by simply writing specimens, Colombia; from C. C. Deam—87 her- Imrium from School of Theatre of the Museum. Children specimens, Indiana; Forestry, Simpson Yale University—97 herbarium specimens, Colombia; from all parts of Chicago and suburbs are EXHIBIT OF ORIENTAL WOOD from Arturo Burkart—36 herbarium specimens, invited to attend. Argentina: from United States National Museum— A recent addition to the series of Aus- cast of the Santa Fe meteorite; from Le Roy P. Guion —etched section of Seneca Falls iron meteorite; from tralian woods in Hall 27 is a group of four — ELECTION OF MUSEUM OFFICERS Mrs. J. T. Stewart 11 clay concretions, Colorado; panels of the so-called Oriental wood from Bryan Patterson, Frank Letl, and Thomas J. a of Russell Newbill, Jr.—48 specimens of invertebrate fossils, The Annual Meeting of the Board of (Endiandra Palmersioni) , gift Illinois; from Sharat K. Roy and Bryan Patterson— Fortune, Inc., Indianapolis. Trustees of Field Museum was held January 20 specimens of fossil brachiopods, 2 of fossil cepbalo- This useful wood comes from a tree which 16. President Stanley Field was re-elected pods, and one of a fossil bryozoan, Wisconsin; from Mr. and Mrs. J. R. Miss Nan and the time. Mr. Field has often attains a height of 140 feet or more. Below. Mason, for twenty-fifth Patterson —24 of invertebrate It grows in northern Queensland. Although Bryan specimens fossils. been President continuously since January, Illinois; from Oriental Library (Toyo Bunko;, Tokyo it to it is 1909. belongs the laurel family known —photostat reproduction of painting by Shizuya the invasions of Second Vice-President Albert A. Sprague in its native country as black walnut, Fujikake, depicting Mongol .lapan walnut bean and black in 1274 and 1281. was elected First Vice-President, filling the Medang walnut, recent Oriental vacancy in that office caused by the death mahogany. During years wood has been introduced NEW MEMBERS last Augiist of Martin A. Ryerson. Third commercially Vice-President James Simpson was elected into the United States. The following persons were elected to of this have in the Second Vice-President, and Trustee Albert Quarter-sawed panels wood membership Field Museum during W. Harris was elected Third Vice-President. a figure consisting of more or less parallel period from December 16 to January 16: stripes of varying width, often interrupted Stephen C. Simms, Director and Secretary, Associate Members by cross-figures of different types. Individual and Solomon A. Smith, Treasurer and A. Edwin S. Professor show a of colors Joseph Duner, Fetcher, Assistant Secretary, were re-elected to their specimens variety ranging James Payne, Louis C. Seaverns, Mrs. Robert E. between salmon red and a walnut or respective offices. tint, Wilson. from gray to brown. Its decorative qualities Non-Resldent Associate Meinf>ers make the wood suitable for the manufacture Mrs. Winfield S. Day THE BONEFISH of furniture, cabinets, fixtures and fittings. Annual Members By Aubed C. Weed In Australia it is used in making pianos. Mrs. W. Gray Brown, Mrs. Howard J. Burridge, AssistaQt Curator of Fishes Mrs. John Porter Denison, Graham B. Jacobus, Mrs. Alexander M. Mrs. John J. James E. the fishes of the Florida Laterite Added to Soil Exhibit Kerr. Louis, Among coast, McShane, Mrs. Philip Raymond O'Brien, Conway three stand out as popular game species. A specimen of laterite was recently added H. Olmsted, Mrs. L. B. Patterson, Miss Luella Raithel, Mrs. A. W. Shaw, J. C. Harry Snyder, Mrs. These are the tarpon, sailfish, and bonefish. to the soil collections in Hall 36, to call Slaney, L. S. Tark, James Webster, Leon Witkowsky. The first two have the advantage of large attention to this curious infertile substance size in their battles with fishermen. The which sometimes takes the of soil in place A Historic Plant Collection bonefish is smaller, seldom weighing more tropical and subtropical regions. It is than twenty pounds. Its claim to excellence occasionally found as far north as the A most unusual collection of 280 sheets for the sport angler comes from strength, southern borders of this country. Laterite, of plants of the Rubiaceae or coffee family and like speed leaping ability. Shaped a like soil, is a product of the disintegration was received recently for determination at long, slender spindle, stream-lined in every of solid rock, but under special conditions Field Museum from the United States part, and able to close most of its fins down of temperature and moisture the decom- National Museum. It was part of a large into grooves so that they offer no resistance, position is of a different character and little series of specimens obtained at the Botanic this fish develops and maintains great speed of the original rock remains except oxides Garden of Madrid, which possesses probably for a long rush. of iron and aluminum. These form stony, the first collections of plants ever made The bonefish does not depend on straight porous or granular masses free from the in tropical America by pioneer Spanish rushes alone to escape from the hook. Much clay upon which the fertility of ordinary botanists. This collection was made between of its fight consists of leaps above the surface. soil largely depends. 1760 and 1808.

PRINTKO BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS Field ews Published Monthly by Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

Vol. 4 MARCH, 1933 No. 3

EXHIBIT REVEALS INFLATION has reached a high degree of perfection for LIFE BEYOND EARTH INDICATED ATTEMPT BY ANCIENTS the reproduction of naked and scaly animals BY METEORITIC BACTERIA? such as amphibians and reptiles. It has By Oliver C. Farrington The evolution of money in China, from also proved successful for the hippopotamus Curator, Department of implements used for barter down to coins, is and the rhinoceros, and its potential advan- Geology illustrated in a new exhibit in George T. tages for preparing exhibits of animals Is there life beyond the earth? The Smith Hall and Frances Gaylord (Hall 24). which are mainly hairy but with the skin problem of whether life exists in other parts to inflate the How attempts were made exposed on certain parts have been evident of the universe is one which probably will currency thousands of years ago, and how for some time past. always be of interest to the human race. is told Dr. Berthold the people resisted, by The recent receipt of an orang in fresh Aside from possibilities of "exchanging Laufer, Curator of Anthropology. In the condition, shortly after its death, offered signals with Mars," probably the only exhibit is a coin with an inscription which an opportunity for applying the process physical source of evidence to which we indicates an inflated value, many times the which was eagerly seized by Mr. Walters, can look for an answer is in those celestial actual value in smaller coins. When such and the result is a specimen exceedingly rocks called meteorites. These missiles inflated currency was circulated, the Chinese life-like in appearance and quite unique from outer space arriving on the earth it face people refused to accept at value, have been examined for many years to it at the actual value and used merely see what light, if any, they would throw the metal in the Dr. represented by coin, on the question. Until recently the only Laufer says. As a result all inflation indication they have given that life might were attempts failed, and several emperors exist in the regions whence they came is forced into bankruptcy. the fact that hydro-carbons, similar to Included in the same exhibit are collec- those which on this earth are of organic tions of ancient Chinese public and private origin, have been detected in some meteor- seals, and the world's earliest chessmen, ites. These compounds suggest that there made of bronze and dating back to the ninth may be plant or animal life outside of the century. There are also shown charms earth, but no positive evidence in the form derived from coin designs, and rare old of observations of microscopic cell structure coins worn as charms to protect the wearer or other distinguishing features has ever against demons, lightning, snake bites, and been obtained from a study of them. to other dangers, and bring luck, wealth, Recently a new suggestion that life exists long life, and numerous descendants. elsewhere than on the earth arises from the The currency exhibit begins with small work on meteorites of Dean Charles B. bronze or copper bells, axes, spades, and Lipman of the University of California. knives which served as media of exchange Dean Lipman's investigations, the results in earliest times. These gradually assumed of which have just been published, seem conventionalized forms, and finally became to indicate that bacteria are sometimes to flat, thin and convenient for circulation. be found in the interior of stone meteorites, From these developed coins. The earliest also known as aerolites. From these they circular coins, with round or square holes may be extracted and their growth and in their centers, are shown. multiplication carried on under terrestrial The earliest of the seals are of clay, the New Orang Exhibit conditions. later ones of metal. in addition to of these bacteria also Some, This ape, now to be seen in Hall 15, represents Discovery opens the owner's name, are provided with his the first application of the Walters cellulose-acetate further speculation on the theory some thumb impression and thumbnail mark, and process of reproduction to a hairy mammal, scientists have propounded to the effect Dr. Laufer states that the Chinese were that the original forms of terrestrial life among museum preparations. The dead the first people to recognize the value of have been brought to the earth by animal was posed in a carefully chosen may fingerprints in identification. meteorites hundreds of millions of years ago. attitude based on studies of living orangs An exhibit of mediaeval cast iron objects Professor and molds were then taken from it, repro- Lipman's experiments began from China, ranging in date from a.d. 618 several when he found evidence ducing its form with utmost precision. By years ago to 1643, has also been installed in the same of the existence of bacteria in ancient means of a special technique, the hair of hall. A wide variety of objects is shown, terrestrial rocks and in coal. his the original animal was transferred to the Turning including bells. Buddhistic and attention to the of them temple reproduction, becoming embedded in the possibility finding Taoistic ornamental also in he to several figures, utensils, objects, celluloid-like composition exactly as it was meteorites, applied and iron coins. museums collections formerly in the skin. In effect, the skin having large (among the Field for a of "During Sung dynasty (A.D. 960-1279) was replaced by the composition and in them Museum) supply of forced the to suitable material for an scarcity copper government the resulting specimen the only part not investigation. desired resort to iron currency which was circulated artificial is the hair. Especially were small individual the interior of which had been {Continued on page X) The advantages of a reproduction of this meteorites, completely sealed by the crust which formed kind are mainly in the increased fidelity on the surface during the journey through to nature which is possible, especially in NEW TAXIDERMY METHOD the earth's This crust the fine detail of the surface of the skin atmosphere. pre- APPLIED TO ORANG would insure retaining the contents and in its coloration, translucence and sumably By Wilfred H. Osgood of the interior in their form and texture. Like other works of taxidermy, original of condition. Field Museum to Curator, Department Zoology it is a combination of art and realism, but responded this individuals of Because it is one of the anthropoids or while its art does not necessarily suffer, its request by furnishing the meteorites which fell man-like apes, an orang is always interesting, realism is less limited than by methods in Pultusk, Poland, in of the meteorites but an especially prepared specimen placed which the dried and tanned skin is used. 1868, Mocs, Hungary, which fell in and of the on exhibition last month is extremely un- It does not threaten to displace earlier 1882, Richardton, North meteorites which fell in usual. This orang is partly real and partly methods, however, except for subjects to Dakota, 1918, were synthetic, and represents the first serious which it is peculiarly adapted. Other museums cooperating the American Museum of Natural attempt to apply the so-called "celluloid" The orang reproduction is exhibited in History, of New United States National process to hairy mammals. Hall 15 in a case with the gorilla, chimpanzee, York, and the This process, developed by Leon L. and gibbons in the systematic series of Museum, Washington, D.C, Walters of the Museum's taxidermy staff, mammals. {Continued on page 2) Page 2 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS March, 193S

Field Museum of Natural History LIFE BEYOND EARTH? Ancient Inflation Attempt Founded by Marshall Field. 1893 (Coniinufd from page 1) {Continued from page 1) Roosevelt Road and Lake Michi^n, Chicago Colorado Museum of Natural History, in large quantities, without, however, THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Denver. superseding the existing copper money," Dr. Laufer. ratio ten Professor method of says "The legal made Sewbll L. Avery William H. Mitchell Lipman's investiga- iron pieces the of one John Borden Frederick H. Rawson tion consisted of first thoroughly sterilizing equivalent copper coin. This double standard caused William J. Chalmers George A. Richardson the exterior of each meteorite by scrubbing naturally Marshall Field Fred W. Sargent difficulties and the relative value of the two it with soap and water, then soaking it in Stanley Field Stephen C. Simms metals was to fluctuations." Ernest R. Graham James Simpson a 30 per cent hydrogen peroxide solution, subject many of Dr. Laufer Albert W. Harris Solomon A. Smith then in alcohol, and then heating it in a The casting iron. states, Samuel Insull, Jr. Albert A. Sprague is an art practised through all periods of H. Strawn flame for thirty seconds. The meteorites Cyrus H. McCormick Silas Chinese In times the Chinese John P. Wilson were then placed in a variety of sterile history. early dedicated cast iron to the service of the OFFICERS culture media and allowed to remain from two to five these dead, as a precious and durable substance Stanley Field President weeks months. Under of offered to ancestors. Albert A, Sprague First Vice-President conditions if any organisms had remained worthy being James Simpson Second Vice-President alive on the surface, growths would appear. Albert W. Harris Third Vice-President In most cases no such occurred. Stephen C. Simms Director and Secretary growth GLOBES SHOW ABUNDANCE Solomon A. Smith.. .Treasurer and Assistant Secretary Specimens which thus showed sterile sur- OF CERTAIN ELEMENTS faces were then transferred under sterile of the FIELD MUSEUM NEWS conditions to a sterile mortar in which Graphic illustration quantities they were ground to powder. Portions of existing in the crust of the earth of certain Stephen C. Simms, Director of the Musettm Editor the powder were distributed into various elements is afforded by small globes which CONTRIBUTING EDITORS culture media and watched for whatever are being added to some of the exhibits in So such Bebthold Laufer CurcUor of Anthropology growths might develop. the Department of Geology. far, B. E. Dahlgren Acting Curator of Botany globes, with maps of the continents outlined Oliver C. Fabrington Curator Geology Both the Mocs and Pultusk meteorites of on them, have been installed with the Wilfred H. Osgood Curator of Zoology supplied by Field Museum yielded notable aluminum, iron and silicon exhibits. H. B. Harte Managing Editor colonies of bacteria. These were mostly of is the most abundant of all the order of rod or bacillus forms, and cocci, Aluminum Field Museum is open every day of the year during but from one culture from the Pultusk metals. This is shown graphically on a the hours indicated below: meteorite there was a sphere three inches in diameter by a circle, to 4:30 p.m. produced very November, December, January 9 A.M. remarkable painted in aluminum color, 1.6 inches in March, October 9 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. organism. This organism proved February, April, which the space that May, June, July, August, September 9 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. to be autotrophic, that is, one which builds diameter, represents would be all the aluminum in Admission is free to Members on all days. Other carbohydrates and protein from carbon occupied by adults are admitted free on and the crust of the earth if it were Thursdays, Saturdays dioxide and inorganic salts. As these are gathered Sundays; non-members pay 25 cents on other days. of such into one place. On another globe of the Children are admitted free on all days. Students and common constituents meteorites, same size the iron of the earth's crust is faculty members of educational institutions are admit- organisms might be able to perpetuate of credentials. a circle 1.27 inches ted free any day upon presentation themselves for a long period. similarly represented, by The Museum's natural history Library is open for in diameter. These proportions include afternoon and of the other forms found in the reference daily except Saturday Sunday. Many not only the ores of sufficiently high grade of meteorites were Traveling exhibits are circulated in the schools spore-forming organisms. for mining, but all other aluminum and Chicago by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension The preservation of spores in a dormant of the Museum. iron deposits, it is explained by Henry W. Department condition a have during long period might Nichols, Associate Curator of Geology. On Lectures for schools, and special entertainments been such and tours for children at the Museum, are provided possible. How long spores might the other hand, it is emphasized that only retain is but one case by the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond vitality not known, the crusl of the earth to a depth of ten Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. of after is germination forty years known, miles, which is the farthest point accessible, Announcements of free illustrated lectures for the there is and in the view of Dean Lipman is to believe and lectures for Members of the is considered. There reason public, special Museum, no reason to doubt a retention of will appear in Field Museum News. possible that the inaccessible interior of the earth their for a of times A cafeteria in the Museum serves visitors. Rooms vitality period many contains vastly larger quantities, probably are provided for those bringing their lunches. that length. Many other bacteria obtained as much as two-thirds of the entire substance 26 buses from the meteorites were coccus forms Chicago Motor Coach Company No. go of the earth being iron. direct to the Museum. which are not believed to be spore formers, On the globe devoted to silicon, the space Members are requested to inform the Museum but in Professor Lipman's opinion they of of address. occupied by the circle is 2.6 inches in promptly changes have bodies which served may produced diameter. This non-metallic substance is the of MEMBERSHIP IN FIELD MUSEUM purpose spores. second only to oxygen in abundance as an Field Museum has several classes of Members. Studies which have been made on the ingredient of the earth's crust. Benefactors give or devise $100,000 or more. Contribu- age of the materials composing meteorites tors or devise to Life Members give $1,000 $100,000. indicate that are of the same general give $500; Non-Resident (Life) and Associate Members they Museum Aids Rotenone Research pay $100; Non-Resident Associate Members pay $50. order in this respect as the solar system. in the Journal the All the above classes are exempt from dues. Sustaining The age of one stone meteorite has been Recently of Washington Members contribute $25 After six A. of annually. years they its content to be Academy of Sciences, Howard Jones, become Associate Members. Annual Members con- calculated from helium the Bureau of Chemistry, United States tribute $10 annually. Other memberships are Corpo- 110,000,000 years. Under what conditions, and additions of published the rate, Honorary, Patron, Corresponding, or at what period, if any, during that time Department Agriculture, under these classifications made action of being by special in results of experiments in the extraction the Board of Trustees. the growth of bacteria might take place of rotenone from derris and cube bark, men- Each Member, in all classes, is entitled to free a meteorite, there is at present no means tioning Peruvian cube from admission to the Museum for himself, his family and of determining. Naturally far more investi- particularly house guests, and to two reserved seats for Museum Field Museum. is before con- lectures for Members. Subscription to Field gation necessary satisfactory provided Rotenone is a chemical compound prom- Museum News is included with all memberships. The clusions can be drawn. courtesies of every museum of note in the United inent as an ingredient of insecticides. Mr. order to determine what sources of States and Canada are extended to all Members of In Jones finds cube much richer in rotenone Field Museum. A Member his card may give personal food for bacteria might be found in mete- than Old World derris bark. The cultiva- to non-residents of Chicago, upon presentation of those mentioned. which they will be admitted to the Museum without orites, beyond already tion of cube {Lonchocarpus wicom; a vine of also investi- charge. Further information about memberships will Professor Lipman made some the bean family), promises to become an be sent on request. gations to learn whether organic nitrogen industry of importance. The Field Museum was The result showed a small BEQUESTS AND ENDOWMENTS present. material was obtained by Llewelyn Williams, percentage of organic nitrogen actually Assistant in Wood Technology, while a Bequests to Field Museum of Natural History may in all of seven meteorites be made in securities, money, books or collections. present stony member of the Marshall Field Botanical They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to which were examined. The existence of Expedition to Peru (1929). a or named the person cause, by giver. organic nitrogen in meteorites had not been Cash contributinns made within the taxable year known. not exceeding 15 per cent of the taxpayer's net income previously An interesting habitat group of beavers are allowable as deductions in net income computing be seen in Hall 16. under Article 251 of Regulation 69 relating to the may income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. A specimen of the giant salamander of Endowments may be made to the Museum with the Japan, which grows to about fifty pounds An ingenious cradle for a baby, and a provision that an annuity be paid to the patron for life. iised the Karok These annuities arc tax-free and are guaranteed against in weight and five feet in length, is exhibited fox-skin swaddling, by fluctuation in amount. in Albert W. Harris Hall. Indians of California, are displayed in Hall 6. March, 1933 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS Page S

RAYMOND FOUNDATION PRESENTS the rapidly running band saw becomes burse a man not only for the tools them- PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN heated and scorches the gum or volatilizes selves, but for loss of time suffered during the resin contained in the wood. The the manufacture of new implements. Yet There remain nine more free motion result is a dense fog, sometimes veritable the blacksmiths remained obdurate. picture programs for children to be pre- clouds of smoke, which may be pungent The tool to which most importance was sented at the Museum in the annual spring almost to suffocation or, almost as often, attached is the large hammer, now shown in series of the James Nelson and Anna Louise pleasantly aromatic, spreading like incense Hall D, which the blacksmith wields at his Raymond Foundation for Public School and through the building. Certain of the woods anvil. This was finally obtained at Elende, Children's Lectures. These will be given are, in fact, well-known sources of incense Angola, after much difficulty in overcoming on Saturday mornings during March and gums. the owner's reluctance to part with it. April. Following is the schedule of dates, Their resistance to cutting instruments is A boy who wishes to become a blacksmith and the titles of the films to be shown on not always due solely to density of structure. must serve an apprenticeship of two years each: Some are known to contain fine particles of during which he receives no pay^only silica, capable of dulling the best of saws instruction the master blacksmith. At March 4—A Beaver and His Indian by in a few moments. Such woods are immune the end of this time the youth asks for an The Declaration of Independence Friend; to insect attacks and even resistant to the examination which the master conducts in — of the toredo March 11 Fathoms Deep; Queen rasping action of the tongue of the a practical way by asking his pupil to make Waves; Cotton—From Seed to Cloth or shipworm. Some have their bundles of the blade of a hoe, an ax head, or some March 18—The From Tree woody fibers twisted and interlaced so effec- other article in demand. Coyote Family; be to Newspaper tively that, though they may sawed, When this task is successfully performed, can be with an ax. Others they scarcely split a day is arranged for formal initiation of the March 25—Porcupines, Bears and Badgers; for their color which are remarkable may novice, who must stand on the small anvil Buried Sunshine or on become more intense, may disappear, during the entire ceremony. Meanwhile are April 1 —The Tortoise and His Cousins; exposure to light. Many interesting the master has made for his pupil a complete their —all for their minute struc- The Frontier Woman for grain set of tools, and in his turn the novice ture, and the size and disposition of their not to with these under April 8—The Rhino Meets an Auto- promises part misfortune. In earlier mobile; A Dyak Wedding; A Trip Through penalty of dire days Yellowstone Park death was the penalty of a man who disposed of the large hammer. April 15—The Realm of the Honeybee; While the large hammer is hot, and at Among the Elephant Seals the moment of its completion, a dog is April 22—A Trip to Penguin-land; Peter killed with it. About the same time a goat Stuyvesant and four chickens are killed. All the newly tools are close so April 29—From Egg to Butterfly; Flower presented placed together Friends of Brook and Roadside; Wild that they may be conveniently sprinkled Wings with blood from the sacrificed animals. The master blacksmith turns to his pupil, stand- is at 10 a.m. Each program given twice, ing on the anvil, and says, "You may speak and at 11, in the James Simpson Theatre and tell us what name you want." The boy of of the Museum. Children from all parts may say, "I am Ndumbu," whereupon the Chicago and suburbs are invited to attend. hands and make a trilling Sections of Odd Tree Trunks spectators clap No tickets are required for admission. with their fingers in their mouths. Then, Amazonian woods of contour. In Two strange in the words of "the the one on the left the ace of clubs outline indicates my interpreter, boy forms bundles from the he is a he Schmidt Returns a buttressed base. In the other the wood steps anvil; blacksmith; Herpetologist enveloped by bark as in some lianas. Both are of the must work hard, and people must pay him; Indian hemp family. Karl P. Schmidt, Assistant Curator of he used to work hard, but his master took to Field Museum the Reptiles, has returned vessels, which distinguish one genus of money." after six months of research at European trees from another. I noticed that, although clay for making under a from obtainable at a near museums, carried on grant By no means all of these tropical woods pottery was easily pit the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial are either heavy or difficult to work. Some the village, women made an unnecessary Foundation of New York. Studies long in are of moderate weight and may be cut journey to secure clay. The reason for this American of a hand on the Central reptilian and shaped with facility. Many take a was the consecration particular spot by fauna were concluded by examination of beautiful finish. A considerable part of the medicine-man, who killed a chicken and type specimens in these museums. These them must be classed as soft woods although allowed its blood to drop on the clay. In studies are a part of the program of investi- there are no conifers among them. A few, some mysterious manner this ritual act was gation of the reptiles and amphibians of like the well-known balsa, are almost as supposed to sanctify the clay. Similarly a in 1923 with Field be consecrated as a surface for Central America begun light as pith. rock must Museum's expedition to British Honduras pounding grain. Likewise, ritual is im- and Honduras. MAGIC RITUAL PLAYS PART portant in connection with the hunter's IN AFRICAN INDUSTRY occupation. A hunter serves an apprenticeship when REMARKABLE AMAZON WOODS By W. D. Hambly young, and his formal initiation is similar Assistant Curator of African RECEIVED AT MUSEUM Ethnology to that of a young blacksmith. His bow of By B. E. Dahlgrbn In aboriginal negro society, apprentice- and arrows are sprinkled with blood initiation as a skilled and sacrificed and to him Acting Curator, Department of Botany ship, craftsman, animals, presented by the production of satisfactory work in his trainer. A hunter is expected to use At times an aromatic haze spreads through native handicrafts and industry, are deeply certain pottery vessels for cooking. These the offices and workshops of the Museum, involved in ritual and magic. Among the utensils are for his exclusive use. The bows in the exhibition and is perceptible even objects acquired in Angola by the Frederick and arrows of dead hunters are kept in a halls. "Traced to its source it will be found H. Rawson-Field Museum Expedition to hut which is entered only by a professional to emanate from the quarters of the Depart- West Africa (1929) is a set of blacksmith's adult hunter who lives near-by. The night it is to take the ment of Botany, where apt tools, which are so simple in structure and before the hunt he pours over the weapons as form of a blue smoke, becoming denser so obvious in their use, that the difficulty of his predecessors a libation of beer mingled one approaches the Department's carpenter experienced in obtaining them would hardly with the blood of a sacrificed fowl. where it shop, originates. be suspected. During life a hunter mounts the skulls of recurs This phenomenon, which periodi- On arriving among the Ovimbundu of slain animals on poles near his dwelling. the arrival in the of cally, marks Museum Angola I was anxious to find to what extent At death he is the only person who is of Amazonian woods from a new sending ritual in handicraft survived. No objection buried in a stone tomb, which is situated the Ford Motor concession on Company's was made by the tribesmen to an inspection on the top of a rocky hill. the Tapajos River in Brazil. Many of these of their tools and processes, or to making woods are so hard that it is difficult to cut of these; but no monetary photographs known them into hand specimens with the power- offer could persuade a blacksmith to part Fossil scales of the earliest fishes, driven band saw. Others are hard and at with his tools, despite the fact that he had which lived about 590,000,000 years ago, the same time resinous or gummy. On the material and skill for making others. are included among the exhibits in Ernest cutting them, even with the greatest care. The money offered was sufficient to reim- R. Graham Hall. Page U FIELD MUSEUM NEWS March, 1933

SPRING LECTURE COURSE is little larger than a hen's egg, and is too MARCH GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS 4 sour and acrid to be eaten with comfort. BEGINS MARCH Conducted tours of exhibits, under the This wild plant is of a smooth-leaved The Free Lecture Course to guidance of staff lecturers, are made every Fifty-ninth variety, and is of importance as a source be Field Museum will on afternoon at 3 p.m., except Saturdays, presented by open of fiber for the making of twine and other Sundays, and certain holidays. Following Saturday, March 4, and continue on Satur- articles in which and March and length, strength, is the schedule of subjects and dates for day afternoons through April. fineness of fibers are desirable. The smooth, There will be nine lectures on science and March : silky fiber of some varieties of cultivated March 1 — — travel, illustrated with motion pictures and Wednesday, Spring Birds; Thursday pineapple is likewise used in some parts General Tour; Friday—Egyptian Burials. stereopticon slides. All the lectures will be of the world. In Hall 28 there is an exhibit Week March 6: — Past in the James Theatre of the beginning Monday Fishes, given Simpson of textiles and laces made of this fiber. and Present; Tuesday—Minerals; Wednesday—Makers Museum, and will begin at 3 P.M. Follow- of Totem Poles; Thursday—General Tour; Friday— Pineapples thrive in Florida, and formerly China and is the schedule of dates, sub- Its Art. ing complete were grown there for the northern market, and Week beginning March 1.3: Monday—Primitive jects, speakers: it — but has proved possible to import them Uses of—Bark; Tuesday Musical Instruments;— Wed- March 4—What I Have Discovered in the at less expense than to grow them domes- nesday Cereals and Their Uses; Thursday General Tour; Friday—South Seas Exhibits. Arctic and Antarctic tically. A striking reproduction of a fruiting Week beginning March 20: —Primitive and with its seen blue Monday (By Dog Team, Airplane Submarine) pineapple plant, rarely African Art; Tuesday—Life in the Far North; Wed- is exhibited in the — — Captain Sir Hubert Wilkins, F.R.G.S.. New flowers, Hall of Plant nesday—Prehistoric Life; Thursday General Tour; York City Life (Hall 29). Friday Crystals of Artistic and Economic Value. Week March 27: —Animal March 11 —Jungle Trails of the Congo Pineapples were introduced to Europe beginning Monday Habitat Groups; Tuesday—Industrial Models; Wed- Colonel Charles Wellington Furlong, F.R.G.S., shortly after Columbus' discovery of nesday—Trees and Wood Products; Thursday— Cohasset, Massachusetts America, and they spread thereafter all General Tour; Friday—.\rchaeology of South America. March 18—Around the Globe in the Camargo over the world probably more rapidly than Persons wishing to participate should other Amos O. Burg, Portland, Oregon any introduced plant. apply at North Entrance. Tours are free March 25—The Tarahumara Indians—the and no gratuities are to be proffered. A new schedule will each month in Field Cave Dwellers of Northern Mexico LIZARDS OF THE CHICAGO AREA appear Museum News. Guide-lecturers' services Robert M. Zingg, University of Chicago By Kakl p. Schmidt for special tours by parties of ten or more 1 —Land o' Peaks and Blue Assistant Curator of Reptiles April Sky are available free of charge by arrangement Waters The scarcity of lizards in the Chicago area with the Director a week in advance. Fred Payne Clatworthy, Estes Park, Colorado has led to the erroneous application of the April 8—The Canadian Arctic and Its name to the local salamanders, which are Gifts to the Museum lizard-like in but are otherwise People shape very Following is a list of some of the principal different. are not at but Richard Finnie, F.R.G.S., Ottawa, Canada They reptiles all, gifts received during the last month: amphibians. True lizards are typical reptiles. April 15—Hunting Whales From John T. Pirie—a sharp-shinned hawk, Illinois; Numerous species inhabit our southern states from Vainisi —a Cuba; from Martin Chester Scott Howland, New Bedford, Massa- Phillip scorpion, and more are found in the Petersen—an armored South from chusetts many southwest, — catfish, America; which is one of the great lizard centers of the Dr. S. C. Bishop a small boa; from Companhia April 22—The Utah Fairyland of Bryce Ford Industrial do Brasil—21 herbarium specimens world. from Canyon National Park with accompanying wood— specimens, Brazil; In the Chicago area, i.e., within fifty miles University of Texas 110 herbarium specimens, Dr. C. O. Schneider, Chicago Austin, Texas; from Fritzache Brothers—75 samples of the center of the city, three very distinct of perfume ingredients; from Crane and Company, April 29—Jungle Gods kinds of lizards have been found. One of — Mrs. Charles Inc. 16 paper and linen products; from Captain Carl von Hoflfman, New York City these is the five-lined skink, a shiny-scaled W. Dempster—a porcelam ewer and plate, and a gourd from Herbert J. Devine—a clay creature with five golden stripes on the black teapot, Japan; No tickets are necessary for admission Mgurine of rhinoceros of Han period, China; from Air color of the to these lectures. A section of the Theatre ground back and sides, and a Reduction Sales Company—a cabinet of eight tubes brilliant azure blue tail in the This of rare gases of the atmosphere; from William B. is reserved for Members of the young. Museum, Pitts—5 wax Nevada; from Allan species is abundant in southern Illinois but specimens opal, each of whom is entitled to two reserved Caplan—6 specimens pickeringite and goslarite, is rare near it is found some- — seats on Requests for these seats Chicago, though Colorado; from H. H. Nininger 2 photographs of request. from Lake in what farther north. Huizopa meteorite, Colorado; Hayden may be made by telephone or writing and —4 In the Indiana dunes we have a more Mining Milling Company specimens copper to the Museum, in advance of the lecture, ore, Idaho; from Frank von Drasek— 13 specimens and seats will then be held in the Member's abundant lizard in the six-lined race-runner. minerals, Arkansas; from School of Forestry, Yale —46 herbarium Colombia; from name until 3 o'clock on the day of the It lives in shallow burrows beneath the moss University specimens, Dr. Roman S. Flores—8 herbarium specimens, Yucatan , lecture. Members may obtain seats in the or leaf-mold, coming forth on bright days to its insect food and to bask in reserved section also by presentation of capture the NEW MEMBERS their membership cards to the Theatre sun. This species is our representative of a attendant before 3 o'clock on the lecture family of lizards whose variety of form, color The following persons were elected to size in a host of is the day, even though no advance reservation and species one of the membership in Field Museum during has been made. All reserved seats not features of the American tropics. period from January 17 to February 14: claimed by 3 o'clock will be opened to the Our most remarkable lizard is the all too Associate Members general public. scarce "glass snake." As its name implies, Dr. E. H. Hohman, Mrs. John H. S. Lee, Mrs. the glass snake is limbless and, to that degree, Richard I. Stearns. WILD PINEAPPLES snakelike. It is readily distinguishable from Annual Mentbers its Mrs. David E. Brainerd, Miss Mary V. Culp, By Paul C. Standley all snakes by evident ear openings and Isak Dahle, M. J. Flynn, Walter E. Fowler, Conrad well eyelids. The snake's Associate Curator of the Herbarium developed glass J. Kalbfell, Mrs. Phillip Miller, Mrs. Bernhard Rosen- tail breaks off with great ease and without berg, Edward F. Schoeneck, Walter H. Schultz, G. fruits in the markets Tropical common serious injury to its owner, for no blood is Leland Seaton, Mrs. E. H. Siebel, James P. Soper, Arthur W. H. Trausch. of the United States are bananas, pineapples, lost and the tail grows out again in time. In Jr., Straus, Joseph the citrus fruits: and and oranges, grapefruit, this species the tail is considerably longer lemons. The one native to America Museum Library Open to All only than the body, so that a glass snake may is the this fruit is to pineapple. Although actually be broken in two without injury to In addition to its assistance rendered the and the of Field grown throughout tropics, its vital organs. These facts are only a little the scientific staff, the Library supply for the United States comes from less remarkable than the fallacious belief that Museum is open for reference purposes to Cuba and the Isle of and from it is Pines, Hawaii, the glass snake can reassemble its parts after the general public. Among persons the is a native of Brazil. Before are students from plant being broken with a stick. now serving regularly Columbus' time it was probably unknown of manufac- An unusually handsome specimen of this universities, representatives north of South America. turing firms and business houses needing species was recently found in the territory Field Museum has received from Roy information, authors engaged in just south of the dune region of Indiana by specific Carr, of the Ford Industrial Company of research work, and many others engaged Maurice Weil, who presented it to Field Brazil, preserved material of the primeval in diverse occupations. Museum of Natural History. pineapple plant as it grows wild in the Amazon Valley. This ancestor of the modern The fruit of a bush—jaboncillo or soap- cultivated plant is a striking contrast to the A large collection of the curious forms of berry—is used by certain South American huge Cuban pineapples sold in our markets. rocks, clays and sands known as concretions Indians as soap. Specimens of this and The two plants are similar in general is on exhibition in the Department of other plants of the soapberry family form appearance, but the fruit of the wild plant Geology. an exhibit in the Hall of Plant Life. PRINTED BV FIELD MUSCUM rRCSB Field News Pvblished Monthly by Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

Vol. 4 APRIL, 1933 No. 4

THE BOWER BIRD, AN AESTHETE Australian bower bird has recently adopted JEHOL PAGODA MODEL OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM as cherished decorations for its playground ON EXHIBITION of broken china and bottles, By Rudyerd Boulton pieces glass By Berthold Laufer showing that the selection of materials is Assistant Curator of Birds of not an iron-bound, inherent mechanical Curator, Department Anthropology One generally thinks of an aesthetic sense, reflex. Here, indeed, is an artistic genius An exact miniature reproduction of a the appreciation of color, form, and sound among bower birds! One can think of many pagoda in the imperial palace of Jehol, for their own sakes, as an attribute solely parallels in human society, but conscious China, the region recently invaded by the of human beings. For example, there is no effort devoted to a non-utilitarian result is Japanese, is on exhibition in the South evidence that a bird will select for its mate not common among animals. The hoarding Gallery on the second floor at Field Museum. one that is more brightly colored than its of bright-colored objects by jays and crows The original of this pagoda, which is fellows, or that sings, to our ears, more is one of the few comparable instances octagonal in shape, contains nine stories beautifully than other birds. Detailed known. Activity of this kind is, no doubt, and is 213 feet high. It is one of the finest studies indicate that the songs of birds are an outgrowth of secondary sexual charac- pagodas in northern China. expressions of physical vigor, Between the years 1751 and and many songs are known to 1765, the Emperor K'ien-lung be warnings to rivals rather made four journeys through than invitations to mates. the midland provinces of his The bower birds of New empire. On his visits to Nan- Guinea and Australia, how- king and Hangchow he was ever, definitely display a sense deeply impressed by the two of beauty which makes them famed pagodas of these cities unique in the animal kingdom. —the Pao-en-ta ("Pagoda for It is the habit of these birds the Reward of Kindness") and to build complicated struc- the Leu-ho-ta ("Pagoda of Six tures, which they decorate in Harmonies"), models of which various ways and use as play- are also shown in the Mu- grounds during the period of seum's collection. He desired courtship and mating. to have these reproduced in A habitat group of the New his summer palace at Jehol, Guinean fawn-breasted bower where he had erected a temple bird was recently installed in in 1751. The plan was carried Stanley Field Hall. This is a out, but one of the two pagodas species which builds a bower was destroyed by fire and the on the ground, with platforms other collapsed on its com- at each end, constructed of pletion. twigs and sticks by the male The geomancers counseled bird. He devotes about two and gave the verdict that weeks to the task and performs southern monuments must not a remarkable feat of architec- be built in the north. The ture. One platform is plain, emperor, however, scorned but the other is definitely deco- tL'A^ their decision and ordered rated with fresh and colorful fl^^ new and more solid building berries, fruits, and leaves. ^l^^l material. After ten years' These are not eaten; they are labor, the pagoda was com- purely for ornamentation. Bower Bird Group in Stanley Field Hall pleted. Its story is told in an They are replaced at frequent The male bird is seen performing his courtship dance on the platform decorated with inscription engraved on a the female watches the bower. intervals, and the bird carries fruits and berries, while through stone tablet and composed by the old withered decorations the emperor. The tablet is to a neatly maintained rubbish pile near-by, teristics, such as the drumming of the ruffed set up in front of the pagoda on a terrace instead of scattering them about indis- grouse and the dancing of the prairie chicken, enclosed by a stone rail, and is reproduced criminately. On the decorated platform which, as in the case of the bower birds, in the Museum model. Five lion cubs the male performs a courtship dance, while is performed by the males whether or not playing with a ball are carved in high relief the female stands on the undecorated plat- any females are present. It is dangerous on the top. Each side is adorned with a form at the opposite end of the bower to to describe these actions in the anthropo- dragon in clouds striving for the flaming watch. When the courtship is over, a nest morphic terms of human psychology and pearl. Each story has four doors and four is built high in a tree near-by, and the bower behavior, yet, in default of detailed modern windows. The pinnacle is in the shape of is used as a playground by the male. studies, one is left no choice. an Indian stupa (tope). The Museum group, consisting of both The territory of Jehol formed part of male and female birds, and a bower, illus- Chi-li Province under the Manchu dynasty Gift from C. Cutting trates the courtship stage. The birds and Suydam (1644-1911). Originally inhabited by roving it of Inner to the bower were collected near the Sepik Through the generosity of C. Suydam Mongols, was part Mongolia River in New Guinea by Assistant Curator Cutting of New York, Field Museum has which it also belongs geographically. It never was of or in connected Karl P. Schmidt and Walter A. Weber received an extremely interesting collection part any way while members of the Cornelius Crane of birds and mammals from Upper Burma. with Manchuria. For many centuries the has been settled Chinese Pacific Expedition of Field Museum in 1929. The collections were made by Lord Cran- country by agricul- turists. The returned to their The birds were mounted by Assistant brook and Captain F. Kingdon Ward. Mongols and through hard labor the Chinese Taxidermist John W. Moyer. Among the most interesting specimens are steppes, farmers transformed the inhospitable moun- Another species of bower bird uses shells several rare water shrews and moles, and tain region into fertile land. and shiny pebbles for decorations, while a paratypes of two species of new babbling third species builds a mossy roofed hut thrushes, recently described by N. B. and distributes flowers and bright petals Kinnear of the British Museum (Natural The Museum's economic botany collec- on the carefully leveled dooryard of moss, History). A pair of very rare blood pheas- tions include a display of oils, resins and renewing them as fast as they wither. An ants is also included. lacquers. Page 2 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS April, 1933

Field Museum of Natural History NEW RARE GAS EXHIBIT abundant of the rare gases, one part being Founded by MarahaU Field, 1893 By Henry W. Nichols present in 125 parts of air. The two other in the RooaeTelt Road and Lake Michigan, Chicago Associate Curator of Geology gases exhibit, krypton and xenon, are so rare that they have at A collection of rare elemental of THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES gases present little or no commercial use. Krypton the has been to argon family presented is present in air only to the extent of one Sewell L. Avery WiLUAM H. Mitchell the Museimi the Air Reduction Sales John Borden Frederick H. Rawson by part in 2,000,000, and xenon in the almost of and is now exhibited William J. Chalmers George A. Richardson Company Chicago, infinitesimal quantity of one part in Sargent Hall Marshall Field Fred W. in the corridor connecting 36 and 17,000,000 air. Field G. Simms parts Stanley Stephen Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37). The Ernest R. Graham James Simpson Albert W. Harris Solomon A. Smith gases are seen glowing with the bright PASSION FLOWERS Samuel Insull, Jr. Albert A. Spragub colors they radiate when used in neon and Cyrus H. McCormick Silas H. Strawn similar signs. Normally these gases are The flowers constitute a small John P. Wilson passion colorless and invisible, but if maintained New World of and OFFICERS family tropical subtropical in a partial vacuum they can be excited to climbers with a few shrubs or trees. Several Stanley Field Pretident luminosity by the passage of a suitable are cultivated for their fruit and Albert A. Spragub Fint Vice-Pretidni — species Jambs Simpson Second Vice-Pmidmt electric current. In the exhibit five gases for their curious flowers. Albert W. Harris Third Vice-Pretident argon, neon, helium, krypton and xenon— The flowers owe their characteristic C. Simms Direclor and Stephen Seeretarv radiate characteristic colors from five tubes. to a circle of colored Solomon a. Smith.. .Trcomrcr and Atnxtant Seetetaxy appearance conspicuous Three other tubes show the colored glow filaments and to the elevation of pistil and of mixtures of these gases, and a modifica- stamens on a column. The name refers FIELD MUSEUM NEWS tion of color by the vivid green fluorescence to the legend originated by the early Spanish Stephen C. Director Oie Muteum Editor Simms, o/ they induce in uranium gla.ss. missionaries who saw in these flowers CONTRIBUTING EDITORS The gases of the argon family are rare, emblems of the crucifixion or "passion of Berthold Laufer Curator of Anthropology being found nowhere in more than minute Our Lord." The corona of filaments B. E. Dahlgren Acting Curator of Botany quantities. Some are found in certain suggested the crown of thorns, the stigmas Oliver C. Farrington Curator Geology of rare minerals. the the stamens the three Wilfred H. Osgood Curator of Zoology natural gases and in a few spikes, wounds, the tendrils the and the of H. B. Harte Managing Editor All are found in minute quantities in the scourges, parts the ten air. They are all inert chemically; that is, the floral envelope apostles. with other A and passion flower Field Museum is open every day of the year dtuing they cannot combine elements, flowering fruiting the hours indicated below: but are always in the free state. Their vine, the Granadilla, and several smaller November, December, January 9 AJ«. to 4:30 PJJ. scarcity and inert nature delayed their passion flower fruits, are to be seen in the October 9 A.M. to 5:00 p.m. February, March, April, discovery until years after most other Hall of Plant Life (Hall 29). The edible May, June, July, August, September 9 aji. to 6:00 p.m. chemical elements had been classified. It part of the passion flower fruit is, as in Admission is free to Members on all Other days. the the of adults are admitted free on Thursdays, Saturdays and was not imtil 1894 that the first of them, pomegranates, pulpy covering Sundays; non-members pay 25 cents on other days. helium, was isolated from the rare mineral, the seeds, which has an acid-sweet aromatic Children are admitted free on all Students and days. uraninite or pitchblende. The four others flavor greatly esteemed in the tropics as a faculty members of educational institutions are admit- in this exhibit found in in the for ices and for cool refreshing ted free any day upon presentation of credentials. were 1895, flavoring drinks. The Museum's natural history Library is open for residues from evaporating liquid air. reference daily except Saturday afternoon and Sunday. Neon, helium and argon now have an Traveling exhibits are circulated in the schools of important place in industry. The evening ORIGIN OF UNICORN LEGEND Chicago by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension of business streets has been Department of the Museum. aspect brightened The unicorn of mythology has three the red of neon Neon Lectures for schools, and special entertainments by glow signs. light principal counterparts in actual animal life, and tours for children at the Museum, are provided is used also for signaling. Miniature neon to each of which has been attributed the the James Nelson and Anna Louise by Raymond bulbs provide the light for television this one- Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. origin of legends concerning queer receivers, and recently have been added to existed. Of Announcements of free illustrated lectures for the homed beast which never these, radio receivers to indicate the point of public, and special lectures for Members of the Museum, two are represented by mounted examples will in News. correct Other miniature neon tubes appear Field Museum tuning. among the zoological exhibits at Field A cafeteria in the Museum serves visitors. Rooms detect the presence of high tension currents Museum—the Tibetan antelope or chiru are provided for those bringing their lunches. defective and are used to indicate spark M. Pullman Hall, Hall 13), and Motor Coach No. 26 buses (in George Chicago Company go plugs in automobiles. One part of neon is of Africa direct to the Museum. the oryx or beisa antelope (in found in 80,000 parts of air. Cari E. Memorial Hall Members are requested to inform the Museum Akeley Hall, 22), promptly of changes of address. Helium provides a yellow light for lamps while specimens of the third, the nilghai of the neon type, but its most important or blue bull of India, are in the Museum's MEMBERSHIP IN FIELD MUSEUM use is for inflating balloons. Next to collections being prepared for exhibition. Field Museum has several classes of Members. hydrogen it is the lightest gas known, and The basis of the imicorn legends is prob- Benefactors give or devise $100,000 or more. Contribu- as it is non-inflammable it tors give or devise $1,000 to $100,000. Life Members absolutely pro- ably an optical illusion on the part of ancient vides for the balloon at a give $500; Non-Resident Life and Associate Members safety only slight peoples, it is asserted by Museum zoologists Non-Resident Associate Members pay $100; pay $50. sacrifice of lifting power. It is present in At a distance, all All the above classes are from dues. and anthropologists. exempt Sustaining air in the of one helium Members contribute $25 annually. After six years they proportion part three of the above mentioned animals, air. commercial become Associate Members. Annual Members con- to 250,000 parts The which have parallel upright horns, may tribute $10 annually. Other memberships are Corpo- supply is obtained from certain natural from a side view to be one-horned. rate, Honorary, Patron, and Correspondmg, additions appear wells. It is also found in a number of to the under these classifications being made by special action gas The other characteristics assigned of the Board of Trustees. radio-active rare minerals. Helium is one unicorn in ancient descriptions—head and Each in all is Member, classes, entitled to free of the few elements of known origin. It is of a horse, hind legs of an antelope, admission to the Museum for his and body himself, family a of the disintegration of the ele- sometimes the house and to two reserved seats for Museum product tail of a lion or a horse, and guests, and and lectures provided for Members. Subscription to Field ments uranium, radium thorium, beard of a goat—were probably the results Museum is included all elements News with memberships. The is constantly being formed as these of active imaginations stimulated by the courtesies of museum of note in the United every are destroyed. It might be supposed, since a distance of swift States and Canada are extended to all Members of fleeting sight from has been ever since the Field Museum. A Member may give his personal card new helium forming animals about which little or nothing was to non-residents of Chicago, upon presentation of beginning of the earth, that by this time so known. which will be admitted to the Museum without they much would have accumulated it would no the of Africa charge. Further information about memberships will On zoological grounds oryx be sent on request. longer be rare. There are two reasons why would appear the most likely to have this has not happened. The parent elements originated the unicorn myth. But on his- BEQUESTS AND ENDOWMENTS are rare, and helium constantly escapes into torical grounds, because of its being an Bequests to Field Museum of Natural History may space from the upper atmosphere. The inhabitant of the parts of Asia whence the be made in books or collections. securities, money, gas is so light that the earth's attraction legends sprang, the blue bull would seem They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to is unable to hold helium that has diffused the most zoologically it is a person or cause, named by the giver. likely, although unicorns. Cash contributions made within the taxable year upward to the limits of the atmosphere. of the three the least like pictures of not exceeding 15 per cent of the taxpayer's net income a dull blue color for are allowable as deductions in computing net income Argon provides under Article 251 of Regulation 69 relating to the luminous signs. More important, when A large collection of pseudomorphic income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. incandescent lamp bulbs are filled with it minerals—i.e., minerals which by substitu- Endowments may be made to the Museum with the the quality of the light is improved, and tion or alteration assume the forms of provision that an annuity be paid to the patron for life. These annuities are tax-free and are guaranteed against the life of the lamp and economy of its other species—is shown in the Department fluctuation in amount. operation are increased. It is the most of Geology. April, 19S3 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS Pages

THE AGE OF THE EARTH that such a process was present in the HOPI DOLLS atomic of various radio-active By Sharat K. Roy disintegration By Paitl S. Martin elements contained in certain rocks and Assistant Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology Assistant Curator of North American Archaeology minerals. This opportune and valuable A case of dolls or katcinas has been How old is the earth and how may one discovery has become the present accepted Hopi on exhibition in Hall 7. These dolls know its age? This question has perplexed basis for measuring the age of the earth, placed are made so as to show in miniature humanity for centuries. James Hutton, one and has given excellent results. carefully the orna- of the founders of geological science, despair- The radio-active minerals are commonly headdresses, symbolic masks, "No of a — ments, and clothing worn the masked ingly declared, vestige beginning found in igneous rocks. The parents of by dancers who be- no prospect of an end." Since his time, the whole series of radio-active minerals are impersonate supernatural ings or katcinas. Such are never however, geology has progressed rapidly, uranium and thorium. Each of these figures and various methods have been advanced worshiped and are not idols in sense. parental elements transforms through a any At the conclusion of one of the to estimate the earth's age. succession of The final great changes. products the masked dancers The oldest method was based on the of uranium are helium and an rain-making ceremonies, isotope run the rate at which land was eroded and deposited of lead. The rate of this transformation through village streets, dis- in the seas, estimates being made by taking is known, and data for calculating the age tributing dolls like the observed thickness of the entire geologic of the mineral and with it the rock formation the rate at which these and other column and dividing by of which it is a part, can be obtained by presents to the sediments are now being laid down. Early measuring the quantities of helium and children. in this century several such estimates were lead in the rock and comparing them with young The reason for made, and the earth's age, since solidification a quantity of uranium in the same volume at the from its molten stage, was computed of material. Helium, however, is a gas, impersonating 100,000,000 years. However, this figure and probably a portion of it leaks out. supernatural beings is in the was challenged because, to begin with, Consequently, estimates of age on the basis explained there is no trustworthy starting point for of helium ratios should be regarded as following Hopi reckoning the total thickness of the sedi- minimum. But estimates based on the legend: rate of ments. Secondly, the sedimentation, lead ratios, when the mineral is fresh and Long ago, the the eleva- due to changes in climate and in primary, offer results that carry great gods or katcinas the live with tion of land, has varied through ages. weight as reliable indicators of age. used to there is no record of the vast the and Finally, length Up to the present time, the highest people of time that has between the teach them how to elapsed periods reliable lead ratio indicates the passage of of sedimentation. This has been com- hunt, plant seeds, 1,460,000,000 years. make and Another method once used by geologists puted from the Keystone uraninite of the pottery and based on the rate at and build geo-chemists was Black Hills, South Dakota, the most baskets, from the lands houses of stone. which salts were dissolved ancient uraninite yet discovered. Its age, total After a time and accumulated in the oceans. The however, does not represent the maximum they of salts in the oceans was divided became amount age of the earth, as the mineral occurs in displeased annual This with the and by the present rate of supply. a pegmatite dike which is intrusive into a people an estimate about the withdrew from the method gives age still older rock. What the age of the older same as that based on the rate of sedimenta- villages to the high rock is, cannot be estimated from the Neither mountains. Then tion. But again difficulties appear. available geological data. All that can be the area of the continents nor their relief no rain fell, the stated definitely now is that the age of the in the the as fields became past was same today. Hence, earth far exceeds 1,460,000,000 years. dry the stream gradient and its power of dis- Hopi Doll and thirsty, and solving salts from the land surfaces have On the headdress are rep- desolation and resentations of ears of maize. not been the same. Also, it is not known Material from Utah Cliff-Houses misery spread over After the how much salt the ocean derived from An unusual and excellent collection of the land. other such as the shore ocean had suffered a time, the sources, line, archaeological material from clifl-houses of people long gods is it told them that beds, and volcanic actions. Nor known Utah has been installed in Hall 7. It comes relented somewhat and they to if the oceans were essentially uniform in from clifl-houses built about a.d. 900-1300. might wear masks and costumes repre- the or if sent the who had dwelt with volume throughout ages they The exhibit includes crutches, a cane, bas- gods formerly to their volume from a small and that might dance the grew present kets, beans, squash seeds, raw cotton and them, they katcina dances which the rain. If all beginning. cotton products, yucca sandals, cordage, bring Still another method of was instructions were carried out, the computation cradles, agricultural implements, a bow-drill, honorably of the dancers and based on the rate at which one species and a wooden head rest. The remarkable katcina would "possess" life to another in successive rain would fall. changed geo- preservation of these perishable articles is surely The of So with faith- logical periods. physical history due to the extreme and permanent aridity now, every year, great the earth was divided into twelve the Indians wear costumes and periods, of the large caves in which they were buried. fulness, and it was assumed that 20,000,000 years masks to represent the gods and dance were required for an entire change in the their dances so that rain will fall and the species of each period, or 240,000,000 years "Three Kingdoms of Indo-China" harvest will be bountiful. in all. This, however, did not include the An excellent account of the journeys into time before life existed on the earth. Further- Rare Book Presented to Library remote and the adventures experienced more, while our conception of the passage places by members of the William V. Kelley- A monumental work of the greatest rarity of one species to another is well founded, Roosevelts Expedition to Eastern Asia for has just been presented to the Museum the rate of change has varied according to Field Museum is to be found in a book. Library from the estate of John B. Lord species. On the one hand we have records Three Kingdoms of Indo-China, recently by Mrs. Robert E. Ross, Mrs. Joseph H. of species which have withstood all possible published. The authors are Harold J. King, and Mrs. William E. Pratt. It is environmental changes, and, on the contrary, Coolidge, Jr., leader of the Indo-Chinese the catalogue of the famous collection of we know of of life which have yielded types division of the expedition, and Colonel Oriental porcelains of William T. Walters so to that their evolution rapidly change Theodore Roosevelt, who was one of the in Baltimore, and was published in 1897. is almost With these explosive. conflicting leaders of the expedition as a whole. The It consists of ten superbly bound volumes it is to use this evidences, hardly possible book is written in popular style, giving to (17 X 23 inches), arranged in five portfolios, record as a basis for a paleontological the lay reader a clear idea of how a large and containing 116 exquisite plates in colors time. concrete expression of geologic scientific expedition conducts its work, and and more than 400 reproductions in black Other methods likewise have been used the many difficulties and problems that and white. The text, written by S. W. but were unable to withstand critical beset it. The book is copiously illustrated Bushell, has been reprinted in a handy analyses, because the uniformity of the with photographs taken by the explorers. octavo volume. The edition was limited to rate of action which is the criterion for The "Thomas Y. Crowell Company is the 500 copies, most of which were distributed computing geological time could not be publisher. among the subscribers. The work has been relied upon. Nevertheless, the search for out of print for more than twenty years. a process in nature that takes place in For purposes of comparison, an exhibit direction only, and does not change its of specimens of fossil and modern forms of Fishes of Florida and other Gulf Coast rate of action, eventually was discovered. life of similar species is on view in Stanley waters are represented in an exhibit in Not long ago, it was experimentally proved Field Hall. Albert W. Harris Hall. Page i FIELD MUSEUM NEWS April, 19SS

FIVE ILLUSTRATED LECTURES Remarkable Slate Cleavage Shown APRIL GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS IN APRIL TO BE GIVEN Columns of Welsh slate exhibited in Conducted tours of exhibits, under the Clarence Hall illus- Of the spring course of lectures on science Buckingham (Hall 35) guidance of staff lecturers, are made every trate the sometimes attained in and travel, five remain to be given on perfection afternoon at 3 p.m., except Saturdays, the of which was so Saturday afternoons during April. The cleavage slate, important Sundays, and certain holidays. Following when slate roofs were in more use. lectures are illustrated with motion pictures general is the schedule of subjects and dates for One column six feet and six and stereopticon slides. They begin at long nearly April: inches wide has been cleaved by Welsh 3 P.M., and are given in the James Simpson Week beginning April 3: Monday—Birds at Home; into uniform sheets Theatre of the Museum. Admission is free. quarrymen one-eighth Tuesday —Chinese Halls; Wednesday —Looms and of an inch another six-foot column Textiles; Thursday—General Tour; Friday—Mexico. Following are the dates, subjects, and thick; has been di^'ided into one- Week beginning April 10: Monday — Indians of speakers scheduled: plates only — sixteenth of an inch thick. These columns the Southwest; Tuesday Plants and .\nimals of the Past; Wednesday—Roman Exhibits; Thursday— 1—Land o' Peaks and Blue April Sky also show a flexibility and strength not to General Tour; Friday —Primitive Clothing. Waters in be expected a common rock. The lower Week beginning April 17: Monday—Eskimo Life; Fred PajTic Clatworthy, Estes Park, Colorado half of each column is compressed between Tuesday—Eg>'pt; Wednesday—Fibers and Their Uses; Thursday—General Tour; Friday—Gems and Jewelr>-. 8—-The Canadian Arctic and Its iron clamps so firmly that in one instance April 24: —Moon and no trace of the can be seen, Week beginning .\pril Monday People cleavage yet Meteorites; Tuesday—Animal Life of North America; it has been the of Richard Finnie, F.R.G.S., Ottawa, Canada possible to spread tops Wednesday—Woodland Indians; Thursday—General the sheets fanwise to show their thinness. Tour; Friday —Peoples of the South Seas. April 15—Hunting Whales Chester Scott Howland, New Bedford, Massa- Persons wishing to participate should chusetts SPECIAL NOTICE apply at North Entrance. Tours are free 22—The Utah Fairyland of Bryce and no gratuities are to be proffered. A new April Members of the Museum who have Canyon National Park schedule will appear each month in FIELD changed residences or plan to do so services Dr. C. O. Schneider, Chicago Museum News. Guide-lecturers' are urged to notify the Museum of for special tours by parties of ten or more 29—Jungle Gods April their new addresses, so that FIELD are available free of charge by arrangement von New York Captain Cari Hoffman, City MUSEUM NEWS and other com- with the Director a week in advance. No tickets are necessary for admission munications may reach them to these lectures. A section of the Theatre promptly. Gifts to the Museum Members the is reserved for Members of the Museum, going away during is a list of some of the principal each of whom is entitled to two reserved summer, who desire Museum matter Following sent to their gifts received during the last month: seats on request. Requests for these seats temporary addresses, have this — be made by telephone or in writing may service by notifying From Northwestern L^niversity skeleton of Indian may from Miss Louise —2 gypsum to the in advance of the lecture, the Museum. elephant; Christopher Museum, rosettes. South Dakota; from Park Richmond and in the Member's — and seats will then be held Company a mahogany board, Santo Domingo,— West name until 3 o'clock on the day of the Indies; from Professor Lorenio R. Parodi 21 her- baritun from Garfield Park Con- lecture. Members may obtain seats in the Pomegranates specimens,— .\rgentina; servator>' a trunk otLirtstona palm; from Agricultural— reser%'e-. .Kndersen, George J. Avery, Mrs. A. M. Barrett, William A. the films to be shown on each: is to be seen in the Hall of pomegranate Bond, T. M. Coen, Paul W. Cook, Miss Margaret Plant Life (HaU 29). Frank, Mrs. G. H. Griffith, Mrs. El\-in W. Howland, 1 —The Tortoise and His Cousins; April Mrs. E. A. Kauroeyer, A. L. Mj-rland, John K. Platner, The Frontier Woman O. Jay Smith, Charles F. Thomas, George W. Travcr, China's Bronze Frank V. Zintak. April 8—The Rhino Meets an Auto- Age mobile; A Dyak Wedding; A Trip Through The bronze age of China (about 1500 B.C. Mrs. Roosevelt Sr. Visits Museum Yellowstone Park to A.D. 220) is the subject of exhibits in Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., widow of 15—The Realm of the George T. and Frances Gaylord Smith Hall April Honeybee; the late President Theodore Roosevelt, the Seals (Hall 24). Among imusual objects in the Among Elephant visited Field Museum recently to see the collection is a caltrop or four-spiked military 22—A Trip to Penguin-land; Peter habitat of Asiatic animals in William April instrument so designed that however it groups V. Kelley Hall composed of specimens Stuyvesant fell one spike would point upward. On collected her sons. Colonel Theodore April 29—From Egg to Butterfly; Flower roads where enemy cavalry was to pass by Roosevelt and Kermit Roosevelt. She had Friends of Brook and Roadside; Wild caltrops were scattered to wound the in Chicago on her way home from Wings horses' feet. stopped a trip to the Philippines where she had Of interest also is a water-clock or Each program is given twice, at 10 am. been visiting Colonel Roosevelt, Governor- clepsydra. A steady dripping of water into and at 11, in the James Simpson Theatre General of the islands. James Simpson, a vessel was permitted and time was of the Museum. Children from all parts of sponsor of one of the Roosevelt expeditions, measured the rise of the water to notches Chicago and suburbs are invited to attend. by accompanied her to the Museum. the hours on a wooden rod. Large No tickets are required for admission. marking bronze drums in times are produced early Wood Exhibits Aid Builders another feature. Manufacture of such "Dragon's Blood" Resin drums ceased centuries ago, states Dr. Persons interested in the construction of of or the manufactiu* of products "Dragon's blood" is the name given to Berthold Laufer, Curator Anthropology, buildings, were the use of woods, find much a bright red resin exuding from the fruit and by the twelfth century they involving in the woods best suited of rattan palm, native of southeastern Asia. esteemed by the Chinese themselves as assistance selecting from to their by consulting It is used for gi\"ing a deep red color to antiquities. They were a development particular purposes of tribes exhibits of American and foreign woods spirit varnish (see exhibit in Hall 28, and drums aboriginal conquered by two halls at Field Museum. the rattan palm ease in Hall 25). the Chinese. occupying FMINTCO ay FICLO MUSEUM PRESS Field? mlNews Published Monthly by Field MtLseum of Natural History, Chicago

Vol. 4 MAY, 1933 No. 5

GREAT GAUR OX OF ASIA ease which has excited much comment. So MIGRATION OF LIMESTONE SHOWN IN NEW GROUP far as known it has never been domesticated, TO TROPICAL REGIONS and attempts to rear captured young calves By Wilfred H. Osgood By Henry W. Nichols have always resulted in failure. Under Curator, Department of Zoology Associate Curator of Geology exceptional circumstances it may form fairly An important addition to the habitat large herds, but it is commonly found in A strange consequence of changes in the groups of Asiatic mammals in William V. small parties of five or six to ten or fifteen. world's climate since Paleozoic time is the Kelley Hall (Hall 17) is a group of the great The specimens in the Museum's group slow migration of the limestones of tem- bovine known as the gaur or seladang (also are from three sources, having been carefully perate and arctic zones to the tropics. This spelled sladang). This group makes the selected from the results of several expedi- phenomenon, pointed out years ago by Sir fourth in the Museum representing the tions. The large bull fell to the rifle of John Murray, results from a curious chain principal wild oxen of present times, the Colonel Theodore Roosevelt while a member of circumstances. Although millions of tons others being the African or Cape buffalo, of the William V. Kelley-Roosevelts Expedi- of limestone are transported by natural the Indian or water buffalo and the American tion to Eastern Asia for Meld Museum. forces to the tropics annually, this quantity bison. Although less is so small in com- generally known, the parison with the entire gaur is perhaps the body of limestone that finest of all, since it is a geological age must the equal of any in elapse before the size and strength, change in distribution while its rich colora- becomes apparent. tion and striking Limestone is slightly markings give it a high soluble in surface and degree of distinction. circulating under- The gaur is mainly ground waters. This a forest animal and is the reason for the prefers hilly or moun- hardness of the water tainous country. of streams and ponds Formerly it was to be in limestone regions, found in practically and for the existence all the wooded hills of of great caverns such India south of the as the Mammoth Cave Himalayas and thence of Kentucky. Much it extended into water loaded thus with Burma, Siam and dissolved limestone Indo-China. Like eventually finds its most forest-dwellers, way to the sea where however, it is shy and currents distribute it wary, and in recent through the ocean. years it has retired Gaur Ox or Seladang The dissolved lime- before man until now stone is then extracted ^ew group placed on exhibition in William V. Kelley Hall. These animals rank among the largest, strongest it IS found only in the and handsomest members of the bovine family. from the water by more remote and less corals, shellfish, and frequented parts of its original range. The The cow was presented by Charles Rydell other marine animals, which make their establishment of large reserves has con- of San Francisco, and the young calf was skeletons or shells of it. From accumula- tributed to its preservation and, although especially collected and presented for the tions of these skeletons and shells most it is reduced in numbers, it is probably in group by George F. Ryan and George G. limestones are formed. As these animals no immediate danger of extinction. Carey, Jr., of Baltimore. are more numerous and active in the warm As an object of the chase, the gaur stands The taxidermy is by Julius Friesser and air and water of the equatorial regions than high in the regard of sportsmen. The Arthur G. Rueckert of the Museum staff. in the cooler water of the temperate zones, magnificent head with its massive, polished The background, representing a scene in the greater part of the dissolved limestone horns furnishes a trophy of unusual quality southern Indo-China, is by Staff Artist is thus withdrawn from the sea water in and one which cannot be obtained easily. Charles A. Corwin. the tropics. Opinions diflfer in regard to the dangers of This redistribution of the limestone is this animal. Some so far as of the tem- hunting go Rare Flowers Received due to the present cool climate to consider it the most dangerous of all wild perate zones. In Paleozoic time when game, but the evidence is not convincing. A recent shipment of plants and woods climates were more equable it did not occur. Under sufficient provocation it will undoubt- received at the Museum from the plantation Limestones dissolved from the land were as edly charge furiously and carry through with of the Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil likely to be deposited in one part of the extreme vindictiveness. On the other hand, includes specimens of—flowers seldom seen in sea as another. it is known to be exceedingly alert and botanical collections those of the Brazil nut The exhibits of Paleozoic fossils in Ernest inclined to flee at the tree. While the fruits of this tree are precipitately slightest readily R. Graham Hall (Hall 38) show large It feeds about since fall when alarm. morning and evening enough obtained, they ripe, numbers of corals, crinoids, and other lime- the the flowers are inaccessible on account of the edges of grassy openings and spends absorbing forms which lived in the Chicago in It the of the which often have day quietly the forest depths. requires height trees, climatic zone about 400,000,000 years ago. careful attention their lowest branches to feet very stalking with much sixty seventy In the zoological exhibits which illustrate to the for it is keen of and above the It is said that the famous wind, very scent, ground. present life, however, such forms occur its does not naturalists Humboldt and on heavy body succumb readily Bonpland, only as specimens from the tropics and to a bullet In thick their historic South American inaccurately placed. expedition semi-tropics. cover, therefore, hunting it may well be which began in 1799, offered without success difficult and hazardous. an ounce of gold for a specimen of these cluster of the betel In spite of its size and weight this ox has flowers. In general appearance the flowers A fruit Malayan palm, the betel chewed extraordinary speed and agility in traversing resemble those of the cannon-ball tree source of nut habitually rough country, leaping over fallen timber exhibited in the Hall of Plant Life (Hall 29), by many peoples of the Oriental tropics, is and scaling rocky ascents with an apparent but are much smaller. on exhibition in the Hall of Plant Life. 2 Page FIELD MUSEUM NEWS May, 1933

Field Museum of Natural History THE VAMPIRE BAT are followed; for example, throwing bones Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 By Cous C. Sanbobn and noting their arrangement when they Rooserelt Road and Lake Mlchi^n, Chicago Assistant Curator of Mammals fall; writing in the sand; examining the entrails of and Ever animals; shaking a divination THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES since the discovery of the vampire basket. bat by the Spanish invaders of the New Seweix L. Avery William H. Mitchell In Case 22, Hall D, is such a basket used World there have been incredulous stories John Borden Frederick H. Rawson by the Ovimbundu of Angola. This kind of William J. Chalmers George A. Richardson told about its habits. of these tales Many divinatory apparatus is still employed, and Marshall Field Fred W. Sargent persist to the present day. It is only Stanley Field Stephen C. two of the baskets from Angola are among Snois of that should Ernest R. Graham James Simpson natural, course, they grow the material collected by the Frederick H. Albert W. Harris Solomon A. Smith up around an animal which lives by sucking Rawson-Field Museum Ethnological Ex- Samuel Insull. Jr. Albert A. Spragub blood from animals and men. Cyrus H. McCormick Silas H. Strawn — pedition in 1929. John P. WlI^ON Belief in human vampires the spirits To the accompaniment of a friction drum of dead and who were said OFFICERS living persons the diviner shakes his basket, then pauses to suck the blood of at —was Stanley Field Praidenl people night to observe what trinkets have come to the in Russia and Albert A. SpRAGira First Vice-PreaideiU very strong and Poland, top. Two little wooden figures with their James Simpson Second Vice-Presideni among the Slavonic races of Austria from mouths close Albert W. Harris Third Vice-Prendeni together may appear promi- 1730 to 1735. It was undoubtedly this once the diviner that Stephen C. Simms Director and Secretary nently. At says two superstition which caused Buffon, Solomon A. Smith. . . Treaturer and Assistant Secretary widespread people are whispering, plotting to kill by about to the bat 1750, name bloodsucking poison. A round piece of wood comes to the FIELD MUSEUM NEWS vampire. the top. This is an open human mouth; As Buffon named the bat from descrip- Stephen C. Simms, Director of the Museum EdUor someone, probably a woman, has been tions and stories other men it was some by gossiping too freely. A little wooden snake CONTRIBUTING EDITORS time before it bat was known exactly which appears at the top—the limbs of some Berthold ItAUFER CurotoT of Anthropoloffy had the bloodsucking habits, and B. E. Dahlgren. Curator many imfortunate person will be twisted with Acting of Botany of the were Oliver C. Farrington Curator of Geology fruit-eating species suspected, pain. So the forecast proceeds with remedies of their size. The Wilfred H. Osgood Curator of Zoology probably on accoimt suggested by the diviner.—W.D.H. H. 6. Harte Managing Editor true culprit was discovered by Charles Darwin while on the voyage of the Beagle Report of Director Printed Field Museum is open every day of the year during in 1832. For some time previously the the hours indicated below: tales about bloodsucking bats had been The Annual Report of the Director of November, December, January 9 am. to 4:30 fm. regarded with skepticism in England. Since Field Museimi to the Board of Trustees October 9 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. February, March, April, Darwin's two other much for 1932 has been printed by Field Museum May, June, July. August. September 9 A.M. to 6:00 p.m. discovery, bats, rarer than the common have been Press, and copies will be distributed to all Admis&don is free to Members on all days. Other vampire, adults are admitted free on Thtirsdays, Saturdays and identified with bloodsucking habits. Members of the Museum at an early date. Sundays; non-members 25 cents on other days. which contains 141 and pay The vampires are small, being about In the book, pages Children are admitted free on all days. Students and nine photogravxire plates. Director Stephen faculty members of educational institutions are admit- three inches long, and have but twenty C. reviews in detail all activities ted free any day upon presentation of credentials. teeth, the fewest found in any bat. They Simms carried the the institution. The Museum's natural history Library is open for have very sharp incisors which make a on during year by afternoon and reference daily except Saturday Sunday. small wound in the skin of their victim. exhibits are circulated in the schools of Traveling Their bite is not the blood Chicago by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension deep, being Traces of Glacial Period Iceberg of Museum. taken from the vessels of the Department the capillary A large specimen of glaciated sandstone skin. The bats have a narrow Lectures for schools, and special entertainments very gullet in Clarence Buckingham Hall (Hall 35) and tours for children at the Museum, are provided and a digestive system otherwise especially the James Nelson and Anna Louise shows on its surface, besides the usual by Raymond adapted for a diet of blood. Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. glacial striations, other markings made by victims of the are seldom Announcements of free illustrated lectures for the Human vampires a nearly stranded iceberg of the glacial and lectures for Members of the awakened the attacks in of public, special Museum, by and, spite period. These are scratches and gouges will appear in Field Museum News. what has been written to the contrary, which cross the surface as interrupted lines. A cafeteria in the Museum serves visitors. Rooms animals do not appear conscious of the were made the action of are for those bringing their lunches. They by cutting provided bites. suffer from attacks made Motor Coach No. 26 buses Poultry boulders imbedded in the bottom of the Chicago Company go on their combs. direct to the Mtiseum. berg. When the slowly moving berg fell of the effects of the attacks on Members are requested to inform the Museum Reports in the trough of a wave these boulders of of address. and one is forced to promptly changes humans vary greatly, dragged across the rock and cut a line which the conclusion that much depends on the whenever the lifted MEMBERSHIP IN FIELD MUSEUM was interrupted berg individual bitten. In extreme cases a great to the crest of a wave. Field Museum has several classes of Members. deal of blood may be lost and the victim Benefactors give or devise $100,000 or more. Contribu- feel weakened. The to tors give or devise $1,000 to $100,000. Life Members may great danger Textiles give $500; Non-Resident Life and Associate Members animals is in the continued attacks and Hopi Non-Resident Associate Members of the pay $100; pay $50. from flies that deposit their eggs in the The P*ueblo Indians Southwest All the above classes are exempt from dues. Sustaining wounds and cause infection. have cultivated cotton for more than fifteen Members contribute $25 annually. After six years they the of become Associate Members. Annual Members con- Protection against bats is much easier hundred years. At present, Hopi tribute $10 Other are Arizona are the American annually. memberships Corpo- than against mosquitoes, and in some places northeastern only rate, Honorary, Patron, and Correspondmg, additions are in barns to domestic Indians who still grow it. Cotton was and under these classiii cations being made by special action lights placed protect is for ceremonial of the Board of Trustees. animals. A few years ago, while in Brazil used robes, kilts, scarfs, Each Member, in all classes, is entitled to free as a member of the Marshall Field South sashes, and belts. After the white colonists admission to the Museum for himself, his family and introduced sheep into the country, the house and American Expedition, I found that by tying guests, to two reserved seats for Museum to weave blankets from wool lectures provided for Members. Subscription to Fib:ld my horses to a picket line and hanging a Hopi began obtained their own flocks. Museum News is included with all memberships. The powerful gasoline lantern over them, they from courtesies of museum of in the every note United were safe from the bats. In Hall 7, examples of Hopi textiles, both States and Canada are extended to all Members of cotton and wool, are on exhibition. Field Museum. A Member may give his personal card The true vampire bats are found from to non-residents of Chicago, upon presentation of Mexico south to central South America. which they will be admitted to the Museum without There are bats in other parts of the world charge. Further information about memberships wUi Persimmons be sent on called vampires but they do not have request. The persimmons form a small family of bloodsucking habits. tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs, BEQUESTS AND ENDOWMENTS At present the only bats exhibited at especially numerous in Indo-Malaya, but to Field Museum of Natural the Miiseum are the harmless ones of the Bequests History may also found elsewhere in both hemispheres. be made in securities, money, books or collections. Chicago area, but an exhibit of other They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to Several are cultivated for their edible species, including the vampire, is planned. a person or cause, named by the giver. fruits and some are esteemed for their Cash contributions made within the taxable year black heart wood, ebony. not exceeding 15 per cent of the taxpayer's net income African Clalrvoyancy are allowable as deductions in computing net income A fruiting branch of the wild persimmon under Article 251 of Regulation 69 relating to the When one considers that even some of the southern United States, also various income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. educated people are unable to resist fortune products of the persimmon family, are Endowments may be made to the Museum with the tellers and similar it is not sur- shown in the Hall of Plant Life 29), provision that an annuity be paid to the patron for life. charlatans, (Hall These annuities are tax-free and are guaranteed against prising that primitive man strives to peer and the principal kinds of ebony may be fluctuation in amount. into the future. In Africa many methods seen in the Hall of Foreign Woods (Hall 27). May, 19SS FIELD MUSEUM NEWS Pages

AMERICAN SONG BIRDS economic aspect of the trade in tobacco WOOD CARVING WITHOUT METAL in and has con- A new exhibit of North American song grew importance steadily By Albert B. Lewis tinued to grow. Tobacco now forms an birds has been installed in Hall 21. About Assistant Curator of MeUnesian Ethnology important part of the agricultural production one hundred species of flycatchers, wrens, of lands, especially the United States. Metal has become so necessary to our thrashers, jays, swallows, etc., are shown, many The tobacco plant is a member of the modern civilization that we find difficulty including all the species belonging to these which includes such food in imagining that mankind could ever have families that occur on this continent north nightshade family plants as tomatoes and accomplished much without it. With the of Mexico. One of the most interesting is potatoes, pimentoes, as well as various plants, such as prehistoric stone ages we associate the cave the vermilion flycatcher from the deserts of poisonous man, and seldom think of him as possibly the southwest, which makes its living as living, during the later periods, in well- other flycatchers do while clothed in the constructed wooden houses, and making brilliant of a tanager. Also shown plumage and using numerous wooden utensils of are the violet swallow which has the green various kinds. same iridescent colors in its plumage as oil Yet that is able to film on water; Leconte's thrasher from the proof man accomplish much without metals is found not desert, which is one of the birds most only in remains of neolithic but also in perfectly adapted to living on dazzling sand times, the achievements of the natives of New under a bright sun; and many species of Guinea and other South Pacific islands. jays and magpies whose blue, green, black Their carved houses and well- and white feathers make a pleasing contrast large, finely constructed canoes have been to their more somberly colored cousins, the seagoing crows and titmice. Birds in the exhibit described by many early voyagers. Not which are seen in the state of Illinois are only was the woodwork well done, but the decorative was often especially marked with a red star. carving very elaborate, The birds were mounted by Taxidermist as, for example, in New Zealand and many Melanesian islands. Ashley Hine, of the Museum staff. The superiority for woodworking of iron TOBACCO PLANT EXHIBITED over stone, bone, tooth or shell, was speedily recognized by these peoples, and at the By B. E. Dahlgren present time not much of the early work Acting Curator, Department of Botany remains except from regions where the iron Tobacco is of American origin. The natives have acquired only recently. earliest mention of it was made by Columbus In Joseph N. Field Hall (Hall A) there and the first description of the plant and are many examples of such work, especially its use was that of Romano Pane, a monk from the Admiralty Islands and New Guinea. who accompanied Columbus on his second The workmanship is equal, if not superior, voyage. He described how the Indians made to that done by the same people after they a roll of the dry leaf, lighted it at one end, began to use iron, so that it is often difficult and, holding the other in the mouth, puflfed to tell from the specimens themselves what clouds of smoke which, he supposed, were tools were used. AH too frequently, however, intended to drive away mosquitoes. Such the natives ceased their wooden manufac- cigar-like rolls, enveloped in corn husk, the tures after contact with Europeans, and the inhabitants called tabaco and this Carib ancient art degenerated or disappeared in word has passed practically unaltered into spite of better tools. The old artisans the vocabularies of all western peoples. and artists died, and there were no younger Seeds of tobacco were carried to Spain ones to take their places. where the was as a Tobacco Plant plant grown curiosity Before the advent of metal tools, stone and as a remedy of great repute. It was Reproduction exhibited in Hall 28, prepared by Field Laboratories of the Museum. and shell axes and adzes of different sizes called "herba and Stanley "herba santa," panacea," were common, and many examples can be "divine tobacco." afterwards it Soon was datura, belladonna and hyoscyamus. The seen in the Museum's exhibit. Stone or introduced into France Jean the by Nicot, genus Nicotiana, typically and almost exclu- shell blades were fastened to straight French ambassador to whose name Lisbon, sively American, includes some forty-five handles and used as chisels. For smaller has been to the to given genus, Nicotiana, species, many of which are attractive garden chisels bones were sometimes used. Many which tobacco and thence to belongs, plants. carving tools were made of teeth, either by nicotine. By far the greater part of the world's using a portion of the jaw as a handle, or It did not take for and long mariners, tobacco crop is derived from one species, by setting them in a handle of wood. Boars' settlers in the New to the use World, adopt Nicotiana tabacum, and its varieties such tusks were very commonly used in this way. of its cultivation was under- tobacco, and as Virginia and Turkish tobacco. Another The finer carvings were smoothed and taken in in by Spaniards Haiti, Portuguese species, known as Hungarian peasant polished with some rough substance such and in Brazil, Englishmen Virginia. tobacco, Nicotiana rustica, furnishes a part as a piece of shark's skin. Some of the was introduced into Smoking Spain by of the tobacco of Asia and South America. best examples of the old work may be seen sailors in and into from 1570, England The Levantine cigar tobacco is said to be in the large circular wooden bowls from soon afterwards. It did not become Virginia Nicotiana crispa. the Admiralty Islands, the wooden figures until the of the seven- prevalent beginning A reproduction of a typical plant of the and masks from the Sepik River and the teenth cultivation of tobacco century. The species Nicotiana tabacum in flower has been north coast of New Guinea, and the bowls was in Holland in 1615 and after- begun added to the Museum's exhibit of tobacco and pillows from Huon Gulf. wards in other European and in Asiatic in Hall 28. It is the work of Emil Sella of countries. the Stanley Field Plant Reproduction Use of the herb for narcotic purposes Laboratories. Exhibit of Cork encountered great opposition, especially from the church, and in several places severe Lacquer Ware from China Cork is obtained from the soft, spongy, penalties were imposed. In Russia it was An exhibit of Chinese lacquer ware, and elastic bark of a stout, medium-sized forbidden on pain of slitting the nostrils of including rare pieces hundreds of years old, oak tree {Quercus suber), native of southern offenders, and later even of death. The some artistically carved, has been installed Europe and northern Africa. As the tree herb was officially and ecclesiastically cursed in George T. and Frances Gaylord Smith grows the bark thickens and becomes firmer in various countries as being unclean and Hall (Hall 24). Among curiosities in the and denser. At certain periods of growth an invention of the devil. collection are sets of lacquer trays with it falls naturally from the trees. For com- The denunciations and prohibitions, how- pictures which serve as illustrations of mercial purposes, however, it is removed, ever, were ineffective, and the popularity of ancient Chinese novels, and an elaborate care being taken not to wound the inner the "detestable" smoke of the North Ameri- picnic set of lacquer bowls and plates which bark or cambium layer. The outer matured can Indians and the snuff of the South fit into each other and into a small globe. bark is taken off in large sheets, soaked in American tribes rapidly became almost water and then flattened by pressure. An universal. Asiatic smokers began to mix Field Museum's ethnological collection exhibit in Hall 28 shows the entire bark of tobacco with their hemp. The Chinese from Madagascar, in Hall E, is one of the a cork oak as it appears when stripped from quickly became devotees of the weed. The most complete ever assembled. the tree trunk. Page U FIELD MUSEUM NEWS May, 19SS

FILMS OF MAORI LIFE important kinds of plant material used for MAY GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS paper-making are shown in three cases in TO BE SHOWN MAY 6 Conducted tours of exhibits, under the Hall 28. guidance of staff lecturers, are made every "The Maori as He Was," an official The art of making paper from pulp afternoon at 3 p.m., except Saturdays, motion picture made under the auspices originated in China more than 1,800 years will Sundays, and certain holidays. Following of the Commonwealth of New Zealand, ago, and gradually passed westward through is the schedule of subjects and dates for May: be presented in a special showing in the the Mohammedan world into Europe. — James Simpson Theatre of Field Museum Towards the end of the eleventh Week beginning May 1: Monday Skeletons, Past century and — Musical Wednes- at 3 o'clock, Present: Tuesday Instruments; on Saturday afternoon, May 6, paper-makers of Spain began to use linen day— Habitat —General Tour; Lecture Grou^js; Thursday as a supplement to the Spring rags, and for a long time these were the Friday—China and Tibet. ended 29. These films Course which April principal material used in Europe. The Week beginning May 8: —Peat, Coal and _ — Monday — give an exceptionally fine exposition of the earliest known paper-mill in America was Oil; Tuesday Snakes and Lizards; Wednesday Rare —General —Pewter and life of these people and bear com- in near Birds; Thursday Tour; Friday primitive established 1690 at Roxburgh, Jade. plete explanatory captions to tell their story. Philadelphia, on a stream known as Paper- Week beginning May 15: Monday—Egyptian The customs of the Maori, mill many strange Run, by William Rittinghuysen. He Exhibits; Tuesday—Primitive Pottery: Wednesday— of who are among the most interesting used linen rags as raw material. Animal Life of the Chicago Region; Thursday— are illustrated in General Tour; Friday—Masl^. aboriginal peoples, vividly The French physicist Reaumur (1683- Week 22: —Work of these unique pictures. 1757) is said to have been the first to con- beginning May Monday Heat, Wind and Water; Tuesday—Hall of Prehistoric Life; Admission is free, and Members of the ceive the of possibilities producing paper Wednesday—Wood and Its Uses; Thursday—General Museum are cordially invited to attend. from wood when he realized that the nest Tour; Friday—The Story of Man. tickets are A section of the No necessary. of the paper wasp consists of wood fiber. Week beginning May 29; Monday—Animal Life of of the — Theatre is reserved for Members Today wood is the most commonly employed Eurasia; Tuesday Memorial Day holiday, no tour; Wednesday—Hall of Plant Life. Museum, each of whom is entitled to two material, about 80 per cent of all paper for reserved seats on request. Requests produced in this country being made from Persons wishing to participate should or these seats may be made by telephone it. Basswood was the first wood used in apply at North Entrance. Tours are free in and in writing to the Museum advance, Europe, but eventually spruce became the and no gratuities are to be proffered. A new seats will then be held in the Member's leading pulp wood. schedule will appear each month in Field o'clock on the of the name until 3 day In the early years of the pulpwood Museum News. Guide-lecturers' services obtain seats in the program. Members may industry the wood was simply cut and for special tours by parties of ten or more of their reserved section also by presentation ground into pulp. It was soon discovered, are available free of charge by arrangement to the Theatre attendant membership cards however, that the separation of the wood with the Director a week in advance. before 3 o'clock, even though no advance elements could be aided by chemical means, has been made. All reserved reservation and so-called chemical wood-pulp is now Gifts to the Museum will be seats not claimed by 3 o'clock opened most commonly used. According to the is a list of some of the principal to the general public. chemical agent employed the three principal Following received during the last month: methods are known respectively as the gifts From —a board of Honduras sulphite, sulphate, and soda processes. the Mengel Company PAPER-MAKING MATERIALS mahogany; from Dr. Earl E. SherfT— 160 herbarium H. W. von By Llewelyn Williams specimens, Hawaiian Islands; from Dr. Rozynski—348 herbarium specimens, Mexico; from Aasistant in Wood Technology SPECIAL NOTICE Ichabod T. Williams and Sons —a board of Peruvian mahogany; from Museo Nacional — 165 herbarium The of the from the papyrus Egyptians, Members of the Museum who have specimens,— Costa Rica; from Crystal Fluorspar Com- name of which the word "paper" is derived, residences or to do so pany a specimen of fluorite, Illinois: from James H. changed plan — 13 of Miocene dates from the time of Alexander the Great, Quinn specimens Upper mammals, are urged to notify the Museum of Nebraska; from L. S. Pyle—a specimen of Orthoceras about 350 B.C. It was made from a tall, their new addresses, so that FIELD annulatum in matrix, Illinois;— from Walker Museum, aquatic sedge. The central part of the stem MUSEUM NEWS and other com- University of Chicago 4 lizards, 2 turtles, and 16 skulls and 4 shells of land turtles, Galapagos Islands; was cut into thin slices, spread out, and munications may reach them from Museum of Comparative Zoology—an alligator, this a second was moistened. On layer promptly. Florida; from Dr. Orlando Park—5 insects, Illinois, placed crosswise to form a sheet of con- Members the Louisiana, and New Mexico: from F. J. W. Schmidt— going away during 3 3 3 and 12 Wis- venient size. The Japanese to this day, salamanders, frogs, snakes, lizards. summer, who desire Museum matter consin; from Dr. Wilhelm Filchner— 18 reels of motion the of the stem of an by slicing pith Aralia, sent to their temporary addresses, pictures of Tibetan dancers. produce a similar thin white sheet used as may have this service by notifying a "paper" for special purposes. the Museum. NEW MEMBERS In Hall 28 there is exhibited a primitive The were elected to outfit from Siam used for making paper by following persons in Field Museum the hand from Khoi bark. The equipment con- Chinese Cloisonne Ware membership during period from March 16 to April 17: sists of a mallet for beating the bark into An exhibit of rare Chinese cloisonn^ ware, with pulp, and a wooden frame covered some dating back as far as the thirteenth Associate Members mixture of in cloth. On this frame a pulp century, has been installed in George T. Miss Jessie Colvin, Mrs. Henry K. Friend, Rudolph until a sufficient F. Kelker, Jr., William Reach, Marcus D. Richards. water is carefully spread and Frances Gaylord Smith Hall (Hall 24). layer is deposited to form the thickness Included are some of the most beautiful Annual Members roller is then desired. A wooden passed and intricately designed pieces in existence, Mrs. George Adams, George G. Arnold, H. H. excess F. D. Fred V. Coffin, Robert over the pulp to squeeze out water, in the opinion of Dr. Berthold Laufer, Bryan, Carpenter, Cunningham, William S. Deree, Mrs. Arnold Epstein, and the frame is set in the sun until the of these is Curator Anthropology. Among Mrs. H. B. Erminger, Jr., Mrs. Sol. H. Goldberg, Mrs. paper is sufficiently dry for removal. a remarkable cloisonne enamel statue of T. R. Gowenlock, Mrs. O'Bannon L. HufTaker, George D. Mrs. Herbert Ross Landes, Miss Mary J. The method of making paper by hand the great religious dignitary Pal-dan Ye-she, Ladd, Herman J. Mrs. V. C. does not differ Lawson, Mayer, Jr., Sanborn, in other countries greatly known as the Tashi Lama of the Buddhist Miss H. Gertrude Strain. from this, and, irrespective of raw material church of Tibet. This statue, made in the employed, the general process of modern when cloisonne art was eighteenth century Origin of Henna paper-making, with all its refinements and at its zenith in China, is a gift from Stanley Henna is derived from the leaves of a use of machinery, remains similar in Field, President of the Museum. A large the of Solo- principle. By mechanical or chemical and un\jsual jar of the fifteenth century, shrub, sweet-smelling camphire mon of the loosestrife treatment, or both, the fibers are separated presented by Trustee William J. Chalmers, (Lawsonia alba) It is cultivated exten- from each other and thoroughly beaten up is another outstanding piece. family (Lythraceae). This is sively in the Orient, and the ground leaves with water into a cream-like pulp. Other objects shown were obtained by form an article of commerce for use as a dye run out in a thin, even layer on a screen the Blackstone Expedition to China. Some and cosmetic. In ancient Egypt it was of fine wire cloth. On drying, the solid of the later examples illustrate the aptitude of forms employed for staining the finger nails and matter, consisting interlaced fibers, of Chinese artists in copying designs of of throughout the centuries it has retained its a sheet paper. French origin. as a hair It is one of the Thus, paper is essentially a sort of felt popularity dye. in Hall 28. made from fiber. vegetable dyes shown vegetable Non-vegetable A beautiful model of the Taj Mahal is fillers enter into the and the may pulp, exhibited in Hall E. sheets may be variously treated or calendered Activities of the James Nelson and Anna by pressing between rollers or by sizing, Louise Raymond Foundation of the Museum but the quality of the paper depends mainly Ornamental minerals constitute a special are benefiting more than 250,000 children upon the fibrous material used. The most exhibit in the Department of Geology. annually.

PRINTED BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS News Published Monthly by Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

Vol. 4 JUNE, 1933 No. 6

HALL OF THE RACES OF MANKIND (CHAUNCEY KEEP MEMORIAL) OPENS JUNE 6 By BEStTHOLD LAtJFBB back to the year 1915 when it was first Because of the rapid extinction of primi- Curator, Department of Anthropology mapped out in the Department of Anthro- tive man due to the white man's expansion Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall, which will pology. In the course of years it was fre- over the globe many a vanishing race will modified continue to live be opened to the public on June 6, contains a quently only series of statues, and improved, and in the sculptures dis- busts, and heads of finally brought to played in this hall. bronze (with the fruition with the Both the exception of four cooperation of racial and which are of stone) Henry Field, Assist- the individ- by Malvina Hoff- ant Curator of ual charac- man, sculptor of Physical Anthro- ter is grasped and por- international fame, pology. trayed in the bronzes intended to illus- The hall is with a rare insight trate the principal divided into three into the mind of racial types of the sections, the central primitive man. Pose and action are human species and one being an chosen depict their phys- octagon. The in consonance with ical characteristics. material is dis- the character of each tribe This hall, unique tributed by con- particular and among the mu- Samoan tinents in geo- permit the study of seums of the world, graphical order. the physical functions is named in honor The section on the west side of the hall which are more im- of the late Chauncey contains the races of Africa and Oceania; portant for evalua- Keep, a highly the octagonal section in the center is devoted tion of a race than esteemed member to the races of Europe, Asia, and America, bodily measurements. of the Museum's those of Asia being continued in the section Only a few can be Board of Trustees on the east side. The center of the octagon selected here for illus- Chauncey Keep from 1915 until his is occupied by a tration and some brief death in 1929. A monumental bronze comment. The Black- legacy of $50,000 which he left to the group symbolizing foot Indian shows a Museum has been applied to the hall and the unity of man- perfect development its contents, and the balance of the cost kind. It consists of the body, which is has been met by generous contributions, of a white, a yellow, intense with health Sara Girl totaling more than $150,000, from Marshall and a black man and vigor; he is signal- Dancing Field, Mrs. Stanley Field, and Mrs. Charles of heroic size repre- ing to his friends in H. Schweppe. senting the three the distance that he has hit his quarry. The In the carrying principal racial Samoan is a fine example of Polynesian stock. out of its novel divisions. Each The graceful, idea, Chauncey figure embodies the fifteen-year-old Keep Memorial highest qualities of dancer of the Sara Hall required spe- the race. tribe and the cial treatment, and More bronzes Mangbetu woman new resources of will be added to from the Belgian museum tech- the hall from time Mongol Congo well repre- nique had to be to time; also, sent Negro types developed. A great colored transparencies of racial types will of beauty. The deal of construction be installed, and special exhibits of a portrait bust of a work had to be scientific character will be arranged at the powerful Mongol undertaken, alcoves east end. evokes memories of built to provide a Each sculpture is the result of careful the Mongol empire, suitable setting for selection of subject and long anthropological greatest in history. the bronzes, and study. Malvina One of the most careful studies Hoffman was sent attractive figures is made for the pur- by the Museum on that of a middle- pose of giving them an expedition to aged Ainu, full of the best possible Asia, visiting dignity and poise, and display light- Japan, China, Java, an eloquent spokes- ing. Both in the Bali, Sumatra, the man of the once formulation of the jungles of the glorious past and and in the plan Malay Peninsula, subsequent tragedy solution of the Ceylon, and India, of his vanishing many complex studying racial race. In a prehis- problems connected types and model- toric age the Ainu with the work. ing her subjects were the original President Stanley directly from life inhabitants of the Field has spent in clay; from clay Japanese islands. Blackfoot Indian much of his time they were trans- Clashing for cen- and energy, and Mangbetu Woman formed into plaster turies with the has to a considerable contributed to '^'"" degree and finally cast in Japanese who were the success of the hall. The plan was bronze. As far as possible, the patina of migrating from southeastern Asia, the Ainu carried out after mature long and delibera- the bronze has been finished in conformity finally yielded to forces superior in number, tion; as a matter of fact, its inception goes with the skin color of the race. retreating into the northern island of Yezo.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF BRONZES COPYRIGHT FIELD MUSEUW 2 Page FIELD MUSEUM NEWS June, 1933

Field Museum of Natural History THE MUSEUM HERBARIUM hence the great utility of one placed in so Founded by MarahaU Field. 1893 By Paul C. Standley central a location. Roosevelt Road and Lake Michigan, Chicago Associate Curator of the Herbarium European herbaria possess thousands of type or historic specimens upon which were When the announces that Field THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES press based the earliest descriptions and the Latin Museum has acquired an collec- Sewbll L. Avery William H. Mitchell important names of American plants. Since in classi- tion of interested often John Borden Frederick H. Rawson plants, persons fication and naming of plants it is important WnJOAu J. Chaluers George A. Richardson visit the Museum expecting to see a display to have Marshall access to these specimens for com- Field Fred W. Sargent of living plants. such collec- Stasxey Field Stephen C. Soocs Unfortunately, parison, Field Museum, with the aid of a tions Ernest R. Graham Jambs Simpson usually consist of pressed and dried grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, has Albert W. Harris Solomon A. to Smith specimens, dreary enough the uninitiated, engaged in photographing some thousands Samuel Insull, Jr. Albert A. Spragub but a joy to botanists the relation- Cyrus H. McCormick Silas H. Strawn studying of them. In this work it has had the of the John P. Wilson ships plants of the world. cooperation of the European herbaria. Such While it OFFICERS would be impracticable to collect photographs often serve for study almost individuals of the several hundred Stanley Field President living as well as the specimens. Field Museum Albert A. Spragub Firtt Viee-Pretident thousand different flowering plants that has thus acquired representation of probably Jambs Simpson Second Viee-Prendeni inhabit the earth, it is possible to assemble more South American than Albert W. Harris Third plants any Viee-Presideni in small Stephen C. Snois Diredor and relatively compass dried specimens, other museum of the United States. Since Secretary no . can boast a Solomon A. Smttb . . Tr«aMurer and AniMtanl Secretary although museum repre- South America, with its vast unexplored sentation of all the plants that are known. areas, is the region in which American FIELD MUSEUM NEWS For study, such dried plants are almost as botanists are most intensely interested. useful as ones. Small herbs can be Stephen C. Sdcms, Director of the Muteum Editor living Field Museum has an enviable equipment and even the trees CONTRIBUTING EDITORS preserved entire, largest for current work in systematic botany. As can be adequately represented by leafy a result, it receives large additions to its Berthold Laut^r Curator of Anthropology branches or twigs, flowers, and fruits. B. E. Dahlgren A^ng Curator of Botany tropical American collections, presented by dried OLn-ER C. Farrington Curator of Geology Properly herbarium specimens often collectors to be named by comparison with Wilfred H. Osgood Curator of Zoology exhibit accurately even the colors of delicate the authentic material here available for H. B. Harte Editor Manaffing flowers. To study the internal structure the purpose. of smaller flowers, dried ones may be soaked Field Museum is open every day of the year during in water, whereupon they resume some "MINERAL the hours indicated below: MOONLIGHT" semblance of their original form. November, December, 9 A.U. to 4:30 pji. By Hen-ry W. Nichols January The dried are attached with Februar>-, March, April, October 9 AM. to 5:00 P.M. specimens Associate Curator of Geology May, June, July, August, September 9 A.M. to 6:00 p.h. glue and strips of adhesive plaster to heavy size Admission is free to Members on all da>*s. Other sheets of paper (11x16 inches), and labeled Owing to their exceptional and beauty, adults are admitted free on and Thursdays, Saturdays with their geographic origin, collector, date two selenite crystals have been given a case Sundays; non-members 25 cents on other days. pay of themselves in the mineral collection in Children are admitted free on all days. Students and collection, color of flowers, and other by faculty members of educational institutions are admit- information. Placed in protective covers, Hall 34. These crystals have the form of ted free any day upon presentation of credentials. these sheets are arranged by genera and prismatic columns about twenty inches high. The Museum's natural is for history Library open families, making it possible to locate quickly They are transparent and have a soft luster reference daily except Saturday afternoon and Sunday. any plant represented. which suggests moonlight. This luster is exhibits are circulated in the schools of Traveling like that of the selenite column in the fabled Chicago by the N. W. Harris Public School Elxtension Often it is asked how long such dried of the oracle of the "Dives Bouteille" Department of the Museum. plant specimens will last. If properly temple Rabelais said has "a like that Lectures for schools, and special entertainments protected from dust, insects, and careless which splendor and tours for children at the are Museum, provided last of Hymettian honey." the James Nelson and Anna Louise handling, they should indefinitely. by Raymond The of in the luster Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. Wreaths of flowers and foliage placed in suggestion moonlight of selenite has been from remote Announcements of free illustrated lectures for the Egyptian tombs three or four thousand recognized public, and special lectures for Members of the Museum, years ago are still perfectly preserved, some antiquity. The Chaldean astrologers attrib- will in Field Museum News. appear in as good condition as specimens dried uted selenite to the moon. The Greeks A cafeteria in the Museum serves visitora. Rooms ten Herbaria of named the mineral "selenites," which means are provided for those bringing their lunches. only years ago. Europe three centuries which "belonging to the moon." Chicago Mot«r Coach Company No. 26 buses go possess specimens old, direct to the Museum. still retain their natural colors. Selenite is the pure, transparent form of the common which in its Members are requested to inform the Museum As Field Museum was founded only forty mineral, gypsum, of of address. occurrence is a promptly changes years ago, its Herbarium consists chiefly ordinary common-looking rock used for of So of recent collections, but from older institu- making plaster paris. MEMBERSHIP IN FIELD MUSEUM attractive a mineral should find use as tions it has more an Field Museum has several classes of Members. acquired many specimens ornamental stone, but selenite is far too Benefactors give or devise $100,000 or more. Contribu- than a century old. The Herbarium, con- soft and marred for such lase. It can tors give or devise $1,000 to $100,000. Life Members sisting of 660,000 mounted sheets of plants, easily give $500; Non-Resident Life and Associate Members be scratched the nail. The fills a large hall on the third floor of the easily by finger pay $100; Non-Resident Associate Members pay $50. is lost the is of the is attractive luster when crystal All the above classes are exempt from dues. Sustaining Museum. Every country globe cut in certain directions and it is difficult Members contribute $25 annually. After six years they represented by specimens of its plants. become Associate Members. Annual Members con- to cut without to a is rich in opening cracks, owing tribute Other are The Herbarium particularly $10 annually. memberships Corpo- strongly developed cleavage. Two other rate, Honorary, Patron, and Corresponding, additions plants of the United States, Mexico, the varieties of alabaster and satinspar, imder these classifications being made by special action West Indies, and the Andes of South gypsum, of the Board of Trustees. are used for ornament. America. The floras of Peru and the although equally soft, Each Member, in all classes, is entitled to free These are not transparent, so that marring admission to the Museum for his and Yucatan Peninsula are illustrated here more himself, family on account of their softness is not so readily house guests, and to two reserved seats for Museum completely than in any other museum of seen. lectures provided for Members- Subsoiption to FffiLD the because of MusELTi is world, largely exploration News included with all memberships. The The exhibited crystals grew in a cave in courtesies of every museum of note in the United conducted by Field Museum in those areas. the Braden Copper Mine in Chile, a mine States and Canada are extended to all Members of There is maintained, also, a special her- Field in the crater of a volcano which is Museum. A Member may give his personal card of Illinois their dug to bariimi plants, segregation non-residents of Chicago, upon presentation of probably extinct. They were collected by which will be admitted to tiie \Iu9eum without making them more easily accessible to those they the Marshall Field Brazilian of charge. Further information about memberships will interested primarily in the flora of the Expedition be sent on 1926. request. state and the Chicago area. The Herbarium is used constantly by BEQUESTS .\ND ENDOWME.NTS Completing Stone .\ge Hall the staff of the Department of Botany to Field Museum of Natural Bequests History may and for reference in the determina- PYederick Blaschke of Cold be made in securities, money, books or collections. others, Spring-on- They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to tion of specimens and as a basis for the prep- Hudson, New York, the sculptor com- a person or cause, named by the giver. aration of monographs and floras. missioned to prepare the restorations of Cash contributions made within the taxable year Specimens are often lent for study to prehistoric peoples for the Hall of the Stone not exceeding 15 per cent of the taxpayer's net income are allowable as deductions in computing net income botanists in other parts of the United States Age of the Old Worid (Hall C), arrived at under Article 251 of Regulation 69 relating to the and in Europe, and the Herbarium is visited the Museum in May, bringing with him the income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. frequently by botanists of other cities. various figures for the groups. Mr. Blaschke Endowments may be made to the Museum with the there are several herbaria is now the installation of this provision that an annuity be paid to the patron for life. Although large working upon These annuities are tax-free and are guaranteed against in the United States, there is no other hall which, it is expected, will be completed fiuctuation in amount. within several hundred miles of Chicago, in a few weeks. June, 1933 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS Page 3

NEW LION GROUP: COLLECTED BY The male lion in the Museum's group has HOW PANAMA HATS ARE MADE MR. AND MRS. MARSHALL FIELD a length of nine feet seven inches, which is SHOWN IN EXHIBIT to be of mention in a By Wii.fbed H. Osgood large enough worthy By Llewelyn Williams book of since the maximum Curator, Department of Zoology records, figures Assistant in Wood Technology rarely exceed ten feet. Weights up to 500 It be that a of materials for might expected group pounds are claimed in some cases, but these Popular making hats are lions would be one of the first exhibits typical are exceptional. obtained from the stems of reeds, rushes or to be obtained for the Museum's hall of coarse tree etc. The group was designed and prepared by grasses, palm leaves, basts, African mammals. The fact of the Straw made from very Staff "Taxidermist C. J. Albrecht, who plaits wheat, rye, barley animal's and the and rice straw furnish material for the importance, however, brought to his task a field experience with exacting requirements made as to the quality of the summer hats manu- lions, gained while a member of the Harold greater part of the material to be used have heretofore factured for wear in the zone. White-John Coats African Expedition of temperate operated for postponement. For some years 1929-30. Splints prepared from finely divided leaves the lion has been represented in the Museum of palms and allied forms of vegetation are only by an individual specimen among the A SOUTH SEA HALL OF FAME also widely utilized. In the Orient splints systematic collections in Hall 15, and by a of bamboo are commonly used. Manila group of two maneless males—the famous A peculiar illustration of the general hemp, from the leaf sheaths of a non-edible desire of to at man-eating lions of Tsavo which are reputed mankind keep hand some banana {Musa textilis), is also employed for to have killed and devoured 135 native relic or reminder of the great who have this purpose. Screw pine leaves, cut into laborers during the construction of the departed may be seen in Joseph N. Field strips, also provide material. Within recent Uganda railroad. While the Tsavo lions Hall (Hall A). years manufactured cellulose material has are thus of great interest, they are not In southern Malekula, one of the New come into use as a substitute for natural thoroughly characteristic of Felis leo. Hebrides Islands, the natives model on the straw. It has remained for Mr. and Mrs. Marshall skull of a deceased important man of the An exhibit installed in Hall 28 shows the Field to provide specimens which do justice community his face and features. This is various steps in the manufacture of Panama to the "king of beasts," and these have now done with a plastic mass made of coconut hats, as well as a series of hats made from been prepared in a striking different plant materials in E. ^ group displayed in Carl 1 China, Java, Philippine Akeley Memorial Hall (Hall Islands, India, and Brazil,

I

I 22 ) . They were secured dur- and one made by North ing the trip which Mr. and American Indians of Alaska. i Mrs. Field made by air to The material used for central Africa in 1930. making genuine Panama The group includes an hats is obtained from the exceptionally large male lion young, unopened leaves, shot by Mr. Field, an equally which have not yet developed fine lioness shot by Mrs. green color, of the so-called Field, and four small kittens. Panama hat palm {Carlu- The composition is simple dovica palmata), occurring in but impressive and charac- northwestern South America. teristic. The male stands at The folded leaf lamina is cut attention on the smooth sur- into fine splints or strips of face of a rocky eminence uniform width. These are and the female lies peacefully boiled in water, hung up in below, while the kittens, so an airy place to dry, and then young their eyes are barely bleached in the sun. For open, are gathered between plaiting, the splints are her paws. The rocky setting moistened, but throughout illustrates the well-known the subsequent operations habitat of lions in the they are guarded from the Serengetti Plains of Tan- sun in order to preserve the ganyika, where the animals moisture and to prevent were killed. unequal bleaching. Popular conception of the The manufacture of Pan- lion is based on the lion of ama hats is the principal the zoo, of the moving industry of certain regions picture and also, it must be in Ecuador, Colombia and said, of sculpture and northeastern Peru. Formerly This lion is these hats reached the heraldry. quite Monarchs of the Animal Kingdom different from the wild one, market by way of the which never has such a New group of lions in Carl E. Akeley Memorial Hall, These excellent specimens were collected Isthmus of whence heavy by Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Field. Panama, mane as the captive one, and comes the name that still which is more lithe in general form. There- fiber, clay, and a gummy sap. The aim is erroneously attaches to them. Leghorn fore, this faithful representation of the to make this a real portrait, and often hats are made from the upper and finer monarch and his family as they appear in the man's hair is attached to the top and portions of wheat straw grown for the pur- the natural state may not fulfill general back. The face is painted with designs pose in Tuscany, Italy. They are woven expectations. To the naturalist and the indicating the man's rank. These heads by hand into hat shape and then stiffened hunter, however, the lion is rarely disap- are placed on the tops of carved posts and with gelatin. pointing and it is universally granted that kept in the men's clubhouse. of Dr. W. H. Holmes he deserves his far-flung reputation for If the man is of very high rank, a body Death dignified appearance and commanding dis- is also often made out of bamboo sticks News of the death of Dr. William Henry position. He is conceded to be one of the and leaves, covered with the same plastic Holmes on April 20 was received at Field most dangerous of all animals to hunt and, mass, and painted with the proper designs. Museum with keen regret. Dr. Holmes was although he has learned to avoid man, he The head is attached to this body. One the first Curator of Anthropology at this such and several of the heads is bold and aggressive in attacking him figure portrait— institution, having joined the staff in 1894 when provoked. Many hunters have been are on exhibition at the Museum. A.B.L. and served for several years. Later he killed or seriously mauled by lions. became successively head curator of anthro- of the United States National Mu- There is only one species of lion, although The insect-catching plant known as Venus' pology director of the National Art several minor geographic varieties can be fly trap makes an interesting exhibit in the seum, and in He was distinguished. Within historic times lions Hall of Plant Life. Gallery Washington. eighty-six old at the time of his death. inhabited eastern Europe, Persia and India, years but now they are practically confined to Products from forty different plants go Africa. A few remain in the Gir Forest into the making of Indian curry powder. Suits of armor, cannon, and other weapons of western India, but their continued exist- The raw ingredients are displayed in the of the Moro tribes of the Philippines are ence there depends upon careful protection. Department of Botany. included among the exhibits in Hall H. Page i. FIELD MUSEUM NEWS June, 19SS

THE EXHIBIT OF FOSSIL SLOTHS No Parking During Exposition JUNE GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS By Elmer S. Riggs Under made the South regulations by Conducted tours of exhibits, under the Associate Curator of Paleontology Park Commissioners to avoid of congestion guidance of staff lecturers, are made every there will be no of auto- In Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38) a traffic, parking afternoon at 3 P.M., except Saturdays, mobiles in the of Field collection of skulls of fossil sloths, repre- permitted vicinity Sundays, and certain holidays. Following Museum or other institutions in Grant senting almost every branch of the family, Park is the schedule of subjects and dates for was recently installed. Some are only a during the period of A Century of Progress June: few thousand years old; others are from exposition. Thursday, June 1 —General Tour; Friday—Pewter, animals that lived thirty million years ago. Jade and Gems. Most of these were collected — specimens by THE WOLF HERRING Week beginning June 5: Monday Peat, Coal and two Marshall Field Paleontological Expedi- Iron; Tuesday—General Tour; Wednesday—Egyptian By Au'red C. Hall; —General tions to South America. Weed Thursday Tour; Friday—Plant Life. Assistant Curator of Fishes Week June 12: —Birds of The sloths are one of the oldest families beginning Monday Many Lands; Tuesday—General Tour; Wednesday—Chinese all of of of South American mammals. Some lived Nearly members the great group Exhibits; Thursday—General Tour; Friday—Pre- historic in trees, as do modern sloths which still herring-like fishes are small, delicate crea- Life. survive in the Amazon forests. The greater tures, whose mission in life seems to be to Week beginning June 19: Monday—Indians and Eskimos; Tuesday—General Tour; —Trees lived the provide other inhabitants of the sea, and Wednesday number, however, upon ground, and Wood Products; Thursday—General Tour; Fri- and all of the ground sloths are extinct. mankind, with food. Man, mammals, birds day—American Archaeology. and fish all take toll of the The earliest sloth represented in this heavy immense Week beginning June 26: Monday—Moon, Meteor- ites and — as as the schools of herring, sprats, anchovies and Minerals; Tuesday General Tour; Wednes- collection was about large common —Animal — whitebait. Fishermen spend fortunes in day Groups; Thursday General Tour; Fri- badger. It lived during the Oligocene period day—Reptiles, Past and Present. to catch fish so small that in swamp lands in the region which is now preparing gear it takes dozens of them to fill an Persons wishing to should southern Argentina. Six of the smaller ordinary participate at North Entrance. Tours are specimens are skulls of sloths that lived in teacup. However, there are larger forms, apply free and the in size between a whitebait and no gratuities are to be proffered. A new the next later period, the Miocene. They range an inch or so in and a that schedule will each month in Field were found along the Atlantic coast of length tarpon appear three hundred is Museum News. Guide-lecturers' services Argentina where the sea is steadily cutting weighs pounds very impres- sive. of these for special tours parties of ten or more away the plains and exposing fossils more Many larger species spend by much of their time their smaller are available free of abundantly. Some of these were apparently seeking own charge by arrangement to devour them. with the Director a week in advance. tree-sloths; others were larger and had prob- relatives, ably acquired the habits of ground-sloths. In the warm waters of the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and eastward most of the Gifts to the Museum Specimens from the next later geological through islands of the Pacific we find a period, the Pliocene, were found in northern tropical Following is a list of some of the principal fish called "dorab" the Argentina where hardened ledges of sand- large herring-like by gifts received during the last month: Arabs. Native fishermen it various Mrs. — stone, in steep cliffs, crop out along the give From William H. Moore 15 metal mirrors and other of streams. fossil animals names in their own languages. English- archaeological material, China; from Miss valleys Among Lucy D. Plummer— 13 of and the speaking people usually call it by the native specimens glazed painted of many kinds are found here remains pottery of Chama Indians, Peru; from Companhia name most familiar to them. A few writers of larger and more recent sloths. Three Ford Industrial do Brasil—25 herbarium specimens with wood in the exhibited series to from Australia have called it "wolf herring," accompanying specimens, Brazil; from specimens belong Emilio — of a a name well suited to the fish. Kauffmann trunk rubber tree, lower this period, seven million years ago. The Brazilian Amazon; from William A. Schipp—204 two continents of America had by this time This fish is much like a herring in general herbarium specimens, British Honduras; from Dr. B. E. —210 herbarium joined at the isthmus, and sloths and other appearance, except that it is much longer Dahlgren specimens, Brazil; from Uriiversitetets Botaniske Museum, Norway— to for its width and The head is like land animals had found a way move height. 474 duplicate and fragmentary herbarium specimens, northward by that route to new territory. that of a herring, but tips upward until the Ecuador; from School of Forestry, Yale University— 71 herbariimi specimens, Colombia; from Herbert C. Seven of the larger specimens in this lower jaw is almost vertical. The mouth Walther—4 specimens of rare elements, Kansas and sloths lived is filled with so collection are skulls of which sharp, strong fangs long California; from Ernest E. Halvorsen—a specimen of that during the last geological period extending the mouth can hardly be closed far calcareous tufa and a Yokuta stone mortar, California; from L. H. —402 back one million years. These animals enough to hide them. The mouth is so Phillips insects. Philippine Islands; from Jonathan Williams—2 specimens of Graham's nearly vertical that the chin is of the varied in size from that of a hippopotamus part water snake, Illinois; from J. A. Sanchez Antunano— to that of an elephant. Four of the speci- top of the head. 2 bobwhite skins; from Dr. Charles E. Burt—53 of and from Mrs. mens are from a valley in southern Bolivia The wolf herring, like our bluefish, is a specimens frogs, snakes, lizards; Henry Birkholz—a long-tailed shrew, Indiana. where they had been covered by sediments strong, swift swimmer, living in the open washed down from the mountains. Three sea, mostly not far from shore. Its food is NEW MEMBERS others are from the famous pampa formation found in the schools of small herring-like of central Argentina consisting of low, flat fishes, which it follows as the bluefish follows The following persons were elected to lands, often overflowed by rivers. As these the schools of sardines and menhaden. membership in Field Museum during the streams later cut their channels deeper and Although this fish has been well known period from April 18 to May 15: wider through the accumulated sands and to scientists for years, little has been pub- Associate Members the fossils were laid bare. lished about its habits. writers have •clays, Many Mrs. J. Russell Forgan, Mrs. William A. Nitze, A single specimen in this series represents had something to say about its value as John W. O'Leary, Mrs. R. J. Raney. one of the various species of sloths which food. Some consider it good while others Annual Members northward and found a home in that the lowest classes of migrated say only people Mrs. William Grant .\gar, William L. Ayers, John California. This one is from the famous eat it at all. In most places it seems to be A. Carter, Jr., Samuel A. Ettelson, Joseph R. Gibson, J. M. Mrs. Frank K. J. S. pools" of Rancho la Brea near taken only accidentally in fishing for other Hall, Hoover, Jordan, Joseph "asphaltum P. Thomas B. Mrs. Roswell C. Los There the animal One author that there Langford, Lantry, Angeles. had species. reported was, Mower, Miss Sara A. Randick, Mrs. Helen Schymanski, wandered into a trap set by nature, in his time, a fishery for it in the Red Sea. J. G. Smithwick, William L. Stensgaard, Mrs. Martin Miss Victoria floundered and sunk into the tar-filled pool, Not much is known about the size to Strand, Wamesson, Morton Weiiu^ss, Mrs. H. Gideon Wells. and had been preserved as a fossil by the which this fish grows. The older writers tarry mass. thought it reached a length of twelve feet New Britain Canoe Ornaments The sloths were all plant-eaters. They and that size has been quoted by some recent reared upon their stout hind legs, pulled authors. As we come to more recent writings Interesting examples of the care and skill down branches of bushes and trees, and we find one man who says, "Individuals of exercised in their work by the South Sea fed upon the leaves and fruit. A group six feet in length are at Pinang of rare designers and artisans are the prow and near the serial collection shows an articulated occurrence." Still more recently writers stem ornaments of a ceremonial canoe from ground-sloth skeleton in position for feeding say that they have seldom seen one more New Britain on exhibition in Joseph N. in this way. A second skeleton in the than three feet long. Even one that size Field Hall (Hall A). The two together group is postured to use the great, hooked on light tackle should be as sporting a fish nearly fill one side of a case. Each is claws of the fore foot to dig in the ground as our bluefish. carved from a single piece of wood. The for roots tubers. number of slender rods and and A celluloid reproduction of a wolf herring great points, in all directions from the has been prepared by Staff Taxidermist running grain, show the extreme care necessary. The life and religious practices of the A. G. Rueckert from specimens collected Potawatomi Indians, who formerly inhab- by various expeditions to the Pacific and is ited the Chicago region, are illustrated by now on exhibition in Albert W. Harris Hall Sands of the Arabian desert are included exhibits in the Department of Anthropology. (Hall 18). in the soil collection in Hall 36.

PRINTED ar FIELD MUSEUM PRESS News PvJblished Monthly by Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

Vol.4 JULY, 1933 No. 7

STONE AGE HALL, SOON TO OPEN, WILL SHOW ANCESTORS OF HUMAN RACE By Henry Field Entering the hall from the west, the first In the following scene a Solutrean sculptor Assistant Curator of Physical Anthropotogy diorama presents a scene of the Chellean of Eskimo type is portrayed carving the The Hall of the Stone Age of the Old period in northern France, approximately outline of a horse on a limestone block. World (Hall C) will be opened to the public 250,000 years ago. Because of the meager- In a semicircle behind him is a frieze of this month. Its object is to present, for the ness of data on this period, the scene is pregnant horses and bison cut in relief. first time in any museum, the most complete shown appropriately in the dimness of Fertility rites were performed before this and interesting picture that present scientific silvery moonlight. Two Chellean hunters sanctuary at Le Roc, Charente. knowledge permits, of the lives, cultures, are huddled close to a fire in the shelter of a The Magdalenian period, about 25,000 and physical characters of prehistoric an- large rock. One of them is chipping flakes years ago, is represented by a reproduction cestors of the human race. The prepara- from a crude flint hand ax. In the back- of the bison of clay from the cave of Tuc tions have involved extensive travel and ground, on the opposite bank of a river, d'Audoubert. This also is the symbol of a research, and the acquisition of archaeo- large elephants and other animals are sil- fertility rite, and one can picture the Mag- logical collections from all parts of the houetted against the sky. dalenians dancing around these models, world. praying for increase The general plan of the herd of bison. was worked out by In a small case the writer in coUabo- opposite lies the ration with Dr. original Cap-Blanc Berthold Laufer, skeleton — the only Curator of Anthro- Magdalenian skele- pology, with the ton in the United generous coopera- States. The adjoin- tion of Abbe Henri ing diorama is a re- Breuil, professor at production of the the College de Cap-Blanc rock France and Corre- shelter, where a sponding Member of frieze of horses, the Field Museum. finest sculpture of In order to obtain prehistoric times, data for accurate ex- was carved in high hibits, it was neces- relief by Magdalen- sary to visit many ian artists. prehistoric sites. In The next diorama June, 1927, Freder- illustrates the be- ick Blaschke, the ginning of the sculptor, accompa- domestication of nied the writer to animals. This scene Europe to make shows a wild boar studies in situ for hunt at Mas d'Azil, diorama groups. with hunting dogs Abb6 Breuil accom- holding the savage panied the expedi- male boar at bay. tion as technical ad- Copyright Field Museum of Natural History The Befilnnlng of Art Following this is a viser; a photographer The urge for aesthetic expression seems to have first awakened in Aurignacian man, about 35,000 years ago. In this neolithic scene at and an artist also restoration, a group in the Hall of the Stone Age, a prehistoric artist is picturing his hand on the wall of a cave by blow- Carnac in Brittany, ochre around the a tube. Other hands and crude of animals are seen on the wall. were taken. A scale ing fingers through representations where a priest is model, motion and welcoming the birth still pictures, and paintings of each site were The next diorama shows a Neanderthal of a new day, as the rising sun casts long prepared. No detail was overlooked, and family in a rock shelter at Gibraltar about shadows behind the rows of standing stones. all reconstructions in the hall are based on 50,000 years ago. The azure blue of the The last group of the series is a beautiful data obtained in this careful manner. Mediterranean forms the background. It scene at Lake Neuchatel, Switzerland. In the This expedition and three subsequent trips is believed that family life developed during foreground two fishermen are dragging their were financed by Trustee Marshall FMeld. this period. net to shore. In the background are seen the Other contributors to the cost of the creation The Aurignacian period, approximately snow-capped Alps in the light of early dawn. of this hall were Trustees Frederick H. 35,000 years ago, is represented by a scene in The exhibits in this hall form a permanent Rawson and Silas H. Strawn. the cave of Gargas in southwestern France record of the struggles and advances of pre- Life-size human figures were made by (see accompanying illustration). At that historic man from the earliest times to the Mr. Blaschke, under the direction of Sir period, apparently, man's aesthetic sense dawn of the historical period. Arthur Keith, Professor G. Elliot Smith, first found expression, embodying perhaps Cellulose and Abb6 Breuil. These restorations of the beginnings of art, magic, and religion. Lacquer prehistoric man are the finest ever made. In the group a man, kneeling upon the floor, The term lacquer, formerly applied to In the hall are eight diorama groups con- holds his left hand against the wall, and certain forms of varnish made by dissolving taining these sculptured figures. They are blows powdered red ochre around the fingers shellac and other natural gums, has recently arranged in chronological order, each pre- by means of a bone tube. On the wall are been extended to cover various preparations senting a realistically depicted scene in the many negative impressions of hands, the of so-called artificial resins and to varnishing life of a prehistoric period. The painted fingers of which frequently appear to ha/e solutions obtained by chemical treatment backgrounds are the work of Staff Artist been mutilated. The mutilation probably of cellulose. Cotton fibers furnish the most Charles A. Corwin. was done purposely for some ritual reason, convenient kind of pure cellulose, and are Opposite the dioramas are cases of archae- similar to the practice of certain modern generally used in the cheapest obtainable ological material, including objects of stone primitive peoples. The firelight and the form—linters, useless for spinning. In Hall and bone, reproductions of human remains, sandstone lamp cast eerie shadows among 28 an exhibit shows the various steps in the and fossil specimens of fauna of each period. the stalactites. preparation of this type of varnish. Page 2 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS July, 1 9S3

Field Museum of Natural History SOUTHWEST EXPEDITION RESUMES ation with S. C. Johnson and R. P. Gardiner, Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS of Racine, Wisconsin, on a visit to Cear&, Roosevelt Road and Lake Michigan, Chicago center of the carnauba region of Brazil. The Field Ex- Museum Archaeological Many of these specimens have been added to to the which conducted THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES pedition Southwest, the exhibits of vegetable raw materials in excavations on the ruin in Colorado Lowry Hall 28 and the palm exhibits in Hall 25. Sewell L. Avery William H. Mitchell the summers of 1930 and but John Borden Frederick H. Rawson during 1931, William J. Chaluers George A. Richardson was suspended in 1932, has resumed oper- Marshall Field Fred W. Sargent ations this summer. Dr. Paul S. Martin, NORTH AMERICAN HERONS Stanley Field Stephen C. Simhs Assistant Curator of North American Ernest R. Graham James Simpson EXHIBITED IN HALL 21 Albert W. Harris Solomon A. Smith Archaeology, who was leader during the ex- By Rudyerd Boulton Samuel Insull, Jr. Albert A. Spbague pedition's two previous seasons, again is in Assistant Curator of Birds Cyrus H. McCormick Silas H. Strawn of the left for John F. Wilson charge work, having Chicago the field on June 16. birds of re- OFFICERS Long-legged wading closely The ruin is a site the re- lated forms are found all over the world, Stanley Field President Lowry holding but most in the Of the Albert A. Sprague First Vice-President mains of an interesting offshoot of the commonly tropics. James Simpson Second Vice-President culture known as that of Chaco Canyon. seven families that belong to this order, Albert W. Harris Third Vice-President In the previous seasons the expedition ex- four are found in this country. Examples Stephen C. Simms Director and Secretary two kivas or ceremonial and of these have recently been installed in the Solomon A. Smith . . . Treasurer and Assistant Secretary posed rooms, collected pottery, prayer-sticks, and other systematic series of North American birds in FIELD MUSEUM NEWS artifacts of the ancient inhabitants of the Hall 21 by Taxidermist Ashley Hine. pueblo. It was ascertained that the middle The flamingo, with feet and bill like a Stephen C. Simms, Director of the Museum Editor of the was some- and with neck and like CONTRIBUTING EDITORS period pueblo probably duck, legs, body where between a.d. 800 and 1000, but the a heron or stork, forms a connecting link Bbrthold Laufer Curator of Anthropology time of the earliest occupation remains to between these two important groups of B. E. Dahlgren Curator of Botany Acting be traced. birds. are found Oliver C. Farrington Curator of Geology Nowadays, flamingos only at the southern of but Wilfred H. Osgood Curator of Zoology The expedition is financed from funds rarely tip Florida, Editor are more in the West Indies H. B. Harte Managing provided by the late Julius and Augusta N. they common Rosenwald. and in South America. A habitat group of Field Museum is open every day of the year during flamingos from the Bahama Islands, show- the hours indicated below: CARNAUBA WAX ing their peculiar nesting habits, is to be November, December, January 9 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. found in Hall 20. March, October 9 A.M. to 5:00 p.m. February, April, By B. E. Dahlgren the May, June, July, August, September 9 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. The wood ibis, also from Florida and Acting Curator, Department of Botany Admission is free to Members on all days. Other Gulf states, is a victim of the misapplication adults are admitted free on Thursdays, Saturdays and Mention of wax suggests to most people of names, for it is not an ibis but the only non-members 25 cents on other Sundays; pay days. of the which member of the stork family inhabiting this Children are admitted free on all days. Students and beeswax, product honeybee, faculty members of educational institutions are admit- has long represented the conception of wax country. The true ibises are represented by ted free any day upon presentation of credentials. in general, despite the fact that certain three species, while the roseate spoonbill, The Museum's natural history Library is open for mineral waxes such as paraffin have now rare and colorful relative with a bill curiously reference afternoon and Sunday. daily except Saturday become even more common. Waxes of adapted to specialized feeding habits, forms exhibits are circulated in the schools of Traveling are on the whole less im- the fourth member of this group. These Chicago by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension vegetable origin Department of the Museum. portant today and far less generally known birds are confined to the southern part of Lectures for schools, and special entertainments than the mineral ones, although in parts of the country. and tours for children at the Museum, are provided the United States a historical interest All the twelve species of American herons the James Nelson and Anna Louise by Raymond attaches to made of wax seen the Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. bayberry candles, and bitterns, commonly along obtained from berries of the wax of the northern Announcements of free illustrated lectures for the myrtle. streams, sloughs, and lakes and lectures for Members of the United are shown in the case public, special Museum, Many plants produce wax in small quan- States, just will appear in Field Museum News. installed. of are tity which may or may not be of great use Many them incorrectly A cafeteria in the Museum serves visitors. Rooms to the to the plant, and be of little or no called cranes. Cranes are related are provided for those bringing their lunches. may economic to man. Carnauba rail family and belong to an entirely different Motor Coach No. 26 buses go importance Chicago Company of birds. well-known Ameri- direct to the Museum. wax is a conspicuous exception. This group The two can the and the Members are requested to inform the Museum vegetable product has found numerous appli- cranes, whooping sandhill, in 20. promptly of changes of address. cations in modern life. It has long been are shown in a habitat group Hall known as a material for in which The blue the heron MEMBERSHIP IN FIELD MUSEUM candles, great heron, green its admixture with other waxes and fats and the black-crowned night heron nest in Field Museum has several classes of Members. serves to and to raise the the region, while the little blue Benefactors give or devise $100,000 or more. Contribu- give rigidity Chicago tors give or devise $1,000 to $100,000. Life Members melting point. It enters into the composition heron, snowy egret and American egret, give $500; Non-Resident Life and Associate Members of plastic masses, such as those used for formerly martyrs to the traffic in plumage, Non-Resident Associate Members pay $100; pay $50. dictaphone and records. On occasionally visit us in late summer. All the above classes are exempt from dues. Sustaining phonograph Members contribute $25 annually. After six years they account of its hardness and the fine high become Associate Members. Annual Members con- gloss it acquires on being rubbed, it is one tribute $10 annually. Other memberships are Corpo- Malicious in Africa of the chief of shoe polish and Magic rate, Honorary, Patron, and Corresponding, additions ingredients floor It has found under these classifications being made by special action furniture and wax. In the Hall of African Ethnology (Hall D), of the Board of Trustees. as a filler application in the textile industry is a large wooden figure of a man studded Each in all is entitled to free Member, classes, and to give gloss to certain fabrics. Its of iron driven in so admission to the Museum for his and with nails and pieces himself, family runs into thousands of tons house guests, and to two reserved seats for Museum consumption closely that little of the body woodwork lectures provided for Members. Subscription to Field per year, and its production serves to give can be seen. A tribesman who desired to Museum News is included with all The memberships. occupation to a large part of the population the medicine- courtesies of every museum of note in the United injure an enemy approached of the often States and Canada are extended to all Members of semidry, drought-afflicted region man with a gift, asking that a sharp piece of Field Museum. A Member may give his personal card of northeastern Brazil. iron should be driven into this symbolic to non-residents of Chicago, upon presentation of is of of the foe. which they will be admitted to the Museum without This wax the product the carnafiba, figure By sympathetic magic charge. Further information about memberships wul a handsome fan-palm, being an excretion the enemy against whom these machinations be sent on request. coating the surface of the leaf and serving were directed was supposed to be injured in as a excessive evaporation. a manner corresponding to the mutilation BEQUESTS AND ENDOWMENTS protection against It is obtained by cutting, drying, and sub- of the figure. Hearing that such a rite had to Field Museum of Natural Bequests History may sequently beating the leaves, which causes been performed the victim might go away be made in securities, money, books or collections. the wax to fall off as a fine which is to die, or at least become sick and depressed. They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to powder the 8 person or cause, named by the giver. later melted and poured into dishes or forms But should he be able to find payment, Cash contributions made within the taxable year to cool. There are various commercial medicine-man might be persuaded to remove not 15 cent of the net income exceeding per taxpayer's in on the of the piece of iron which was symbolically are allowable as deductions in computing net income grades depending quality age under Article 251 of Regulation 69 relating to the the leaves and on the care exercised in causing pain. income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. preparation. Endowments may be made to the Museum with the A series of of the car- Exact of the world's most provision that an annuity be paid to the patron for life. specimens typical reproductions These annuities are tax-free and are guaranteed against nauba palm, its wax and other products, was famous diamonds are on exhibition in H. N. fluctuation in amount. obtained last year by the writer in cooper- Higinbotham Hall. a*^ ^ V July, 1933 1 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS Page S ELEPHANT SEALS COLLECTED ing of the animals began immediately upon In recognition of their valuable services FOR MUSEUM GROUP arrival in Guadelupe. The elephant seal to this institution in making the expedition is the largest of all seals. The species is possible. Captain Hancock and Dr. Wege- Five excellent specimens of elephant seals becoming extremely rare and is under the forth have been elected Patrons of Field for a proposed habitat group to be installed protection of the government of Mexico to Museum. in the Hall of Marine Mammals (Hall N), prevent its extermination. These giant seals were collected last month by an expedition are found in two in the world— only places Prof. A. C. No6 on Staff conducted for Field Museum to Guadelupe, the Guadelupe vicinity, and a certain region an island belonging to Mexico and lying oflf in the Antarctic. The Mexican government Professor A. C. No6, paleobotanist of the the coast of Lower California. kindly issued permits for the collection of University of Chicago, has been appointed The expedition, which completed its work specimens for the Museum. Research Associate in Paleobotany on the from start to finish in the unusually short The five seals obtained range in weight staflf of the Department of Botany of Field space of less than two weeks, was made from a small one of about 250 pounds to Museum. Professor Noe, a preeminent aboard the yacht Velero III, owned and one about 5,000 pounds, which is close to authority in his field, gave valuable advice commanded by Captain G. Allan Hancock the maximum size the animals attain. A and cooperation to the Museum during the of San Diego, California, whence the party curious feature of the animals is their in- course of construction of the Carboniferous sailed. All arrangements for carrying out flatable proboscis or trunk from which they Forest exhibit in Ernest R. Graham Hall. the project were made by Captain Hancock get their name, elephant seal. They have and Dr. Harry M. Wegeforth, President of an air sack with which they can blow this Collecting Colorado Fossils the Zoological Society of San Diego. A part proboscis up like a balloon. of the expense of the Museum's participation It is very difficult to preserve and prepare Bryan Patterson, Assistant in Paleon- in the expedition was met with funds sup- the skins of these large marine mammals, tology in the Museum's Department of plied by Mrs. Emily Crane Chadbourne. and the Museum men sent on the expedition Geology, has been granted leave of absence Two members of Field Museum's taxidermy are experts especially qualified for the work. to spend most of the summer in Colorado in staff, Julius Friesser and Frank C. Wonder, While the expedition was at Guadelupe continuance of the work he did in 1932 in accompanied the party. the island was shaken by an earthquake the collection of fossil mammals and other The Velero III, a 1,000-ton ship about but no harm was done to members of the geological specimens. He left for the field 200 feet long, sailed May 28, and the hunt- party, the ship, or the collection. on June 15.

PAINTING SHOWS BRONTOSAURUS, THE GREAT FOUR-FOOTED DINOSAUR OF NORTH AMERICA

By Elmer S. Riggs details of their habits and relationships. year 1877; other specimens were found at Associate Curator of Paleontology Not only was Brontosaurus a native of Canyon City, Colorado, and at Como, in the same Famous A large mural painting by Charles R. North America, but his fossil remains have Wyoming, year. quar- ries where these and other related dinosaurs Knight of the great four-footed dinosaur, been found on this continent exclusively. were later unearthed are known as the Bone Brontosaurus, shows this animal at home Ledges of sandstone or layers of hardened Cabin near Medicine beside a lagoon. A shore fringed with palm joint clays of Jurassic age, which crop out Quarry Bow, Wyoming, trees and crocodiles basking on a sunlit sand- of the hills on both sides of the Rocky and the Dinosaur Monument at Jensen, Utah. Other have been found at bar, fill out a tropic scene. Among such Mountains, have yielded the fossil remains specimens surroundings these great saurians lived in of these great dinosaurs. Varying from various localities. North America one hundred million years brown to black in color, always petrified, The specimen mounted in this Museum ago. Buried and preserved in those same sometimes of the hardness and the lasting was found near Grand Junction, Colorado, sandbars, which are now turned to sand- qualities of limestone but often filled with in 1901 by an expedition under the direction stone ledges, their fossil remains are found silica of a flint-like hardness, these bones of the writer. Lacking the head and part of are of hills today. washed out the and broken up. the tail, the Museum specimen is thirty- remain on the surface This painting is one of twenty-eight ex- Their fragments long two feet long, indicating a probable total hibited on the walls of Ernest R. Graham after the rocks about them are worn away. length for the animal in life of sixty-five to Hall (Hall 38) of Field Museum. As surety These enduring qualities have made it pos- seventy feet. The largest individual bron- of its accuracy, a mounted skeleton fifteen sible for the fossil bones of these animals to tosaurs were about eighty feet in length, feet in height stands at the center of the be preserved in the earth by nature through and weighed probably about forty tons. hall. Skulls and gigantic bones of other the ages, and thus for some of them to be Despite their terrifying appearance, they dinosaurs surround it. Photographs show reconstructed in museums. were undoubtedly unaggressive animals liv- where the fossil remains of these giant Fossil remains of Brontosaurus were first ing rather placid lives, feeding upon leaves reptiles were unearthed, and labels furnish discovered at Morrison, Colorado, in the and water plants.

Copyri^t Field HuBCum of Natural History Restoration of Brontosaurus

Mural painting in Ernest R. Graham Hall depicting one of the largest of all dinosaurs, as fossil specimens indicate it must have appeared when living. Only in North America have remains of brontosaurs been found. Page i FIELD MUSEUM NEWS July, 19SS

NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY dasyures are flesh-eaters, and closely resem- GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS EXHIBITS ARE REOPENED ble civets or weasels, even in the modified July and the conducted structure of their teeth; the wombat is like During August The Museum's North American archaeo- tours of the exhibits under the of an unusually clumsy woodchuck; while guidance which have not been on staff lecturers will be on a logical collections, other Australian animals are remarkably given special exhibition for the several months due schedule, as follows: past like rats, shrews and moles. This is one of to the work of transferring them from Hall 3 the most striking examples ever observed of Mondays: 10 a.m., General Tour; 11 A.M., Halls and them in Hall B on the Plant reinstaUing parallel development or "convergence" Showing Life; 3 p.m.. General Tour. now be seen in their ground floor, may again between animals in one part of the world Tuesdays: 10 A.M., General Tour; 11 A.M., Halls of new location. Primitive and Civilized Peoples; 3 P.M., General Tour. and others entirely separated from them. in hall Wednesdays: 10 a.m.. General Tour; 11 Animal The exhibits the represent the Of interest in the exhibit A.M., special Museum Groups; 3 P.M., General Tour. twelve archaeological culture areas of North is a skeleton of the rare shrew-like caeno- 10 and are as far as Thursdays: aji., 11 a.m., and 3 p.m.. General America, arranged possible lestes obtained in Venezuela by a Museum Tours. in geographical order. They include pot- expedition. The exhibit was prepared by Fridays: 10 A.M., General Tour; 11 a.m.. Minerals stone and tery, weaving, copper artifacts, Edmond N. Gueret, Assistant Curator of and Prehistoric Exhibits; 3 P.M., General Tour. north south burials and houses from the and assisted the writer. Osteology, by There are no tours on Saturdays, Sundays, Atlantic regions, eastern Canada, and the or on the July Fourth holiday. Iroquoian and Mississippi regions. There is a good collection of material from the SCIENCE CONVENTION AT MUSEUM Persons wishing to participate should famous Mounds of Ohio. Another apply at North Entrance. Tours are free Hopewell Field Museum was one of the various feature is a reproduction of an Illinois burial and no gratuities are to be proffered. A new Chicago institutions acting as hosts last mound. schedule will each month in Field month to the convention of the American appear The exhibits relating to the archaeology Museum News. Guide-lecturers' services Association for the Advancement of Science, of the southwestern United States remain in for special tours by parties of ten or more which was attended by scientists from all their separate location in Hall 7. are available free of charge by arrangement parts of the United States, and by many with the Director a week in advance. from foreign countries as well. PRIMITIVE MAMMALS OF TODAY Various sections of the association, among Gifts to the Museum By D. Dwight Davis them the botanists, zoologists, geologists, held meet- Assistant in Osteology anthropologists, and geographers, Following is a list of some of the principal ings in the James Simpson Theatre and also received the last month: Skeletons of the most primitive extant gifts during in the small lecture hall of the Museum on mammals have been on exhibition From Mrs. Charles H. Schweppe—a bronze group placed June 20, 21, 22 and 23. On the evening in Hall 19. The cunous monotremes, or of three figures beneath a terrestrial globe symbolizing of June 23, after the pubUc visiting hours, the unity of mankind, and a stone bead of a Rajput egg-laying mammals, are represented by the a a special "open house" was held for the woman, Jaipur, black marble head of an .\byssinian duckbill and echidna, only surviving repre- woman, Africa, and a stone bust of a Chinese woman; members of the association. Several thousand — sentatives of this ancient group. The from Miss Malvina Hoffman sculptured stone head delegates to the convention on that evening of a Chinese youth, Shanghai; from William Becker skeletons of these animals have retained —a Bali from made a private inspection of the Museum. clay tobacco-pipe, tribe, Africa; The many reptile-Uke features which, in con- American Museum of Natural History —7 reels of the Earlier in the month the American Associ- Martin Johnson junction with abundant fossil evidence, feature film "Simba"; from Arthur ation of Museums likewise held its con- S. Vemay—2 com[)lete reels of the film "India" and indicate the derivation of mammals from 3 cans of small of from Ford vention at various institutions, the June 15 strips film; Companhia extinct reptilian forms known as therapsids. Industrial do Brasil—58 herbarium specimens and 8 meeting taking place at Field Museum. wood The marsupials, or pouched mammals, specimens, Brazil; from Sr. Ing. J^sus G. Ortega More than one hundred museum officials — 190 herbarium specimens, Mexico; from Robert while not so primitive in structure as the — from all over the country had luncheon at Runyon 44 herbarium specimens, Texas; from Palm monotremes, differ, nevertheless, from the Oil Company— 14 samples of palm nuts and oil, and the cafeteria, and then held a panel dis- 3 higher mammals in many respects. One photographs. Central and South America; from cussion in the small lecture hall on the sub- Standard Oil Company (Indiana) —61 specimens of their most characteristic features is a ject of adult education. petroleum products, Indiana; from Crystal Fluorspar pair of bones which projects forward from Company—a specimen of fluorite, Illinois; from James —a lower of Aelurodon and a lower the pelvis. These epipubic or "marsupial" Quinn jaw sp. jaw of Hemicyon sp., Nebraska; from Robert R. Lipman — bones, in all other mammals, support Trophy Heads lacking a specimen— of native lead, Colorado; from Dr. Emil the pouch in which the young are carried. In southern New Guinea, in the neighbor- Witschi —a salamander and 4 toads; from Thomas The best-known marsupials are the Ameri- hood of the Dutch-British the Quantock a domestic horse, Illinois; from Stewart boundary, —47 fish of can and the The Springer specimens. Gulf Mexico; from opossum kangaroo. natives are not satisfied with merely killing Watson Bartlett—an adult albino ovenbird, Illinois; opossum and the rare caenolestes are the an enemy, but preserve his head as a trophy. from Dwight Davis and Walter Necker—22 sala- manders, 22 frogs, 4 lizards, 13 snakes, and 21 only marsupials found outside the Australian The skin is carefully removed from the head turtles, southern Illinois; from A. A. Dunbar Brander—4 game region. and neck, the skull is taken off and cleaned, birds; from John G. Shedd Aquarium—61 fish speci- Australia became separated from the leaves and fiber are substituted for the flesh, mens from various parts of the Pacific; from University of California—137 herbarium Mexico. mainland of Asia at a very early geologic and the skin is put back over this and specimens, date. Marsupials seem to have been the laced in place. The whole is then carefully only mammal forms then inhabiting the smoked and dried. Three such trophies, one NEW MEMBERS Indo-Australian region. Thus they were cut open to show its preparation, may be The following persons were elected to isolated in a vast natural laboratory where seen in the exhibit of material from the Fly membership in Field Museum during the they could develop unhampered by the River region in Joseph N. Field Hall (Hall A). period from 16 to June 15: later, more active and intelligent animals, May which in other of the world soon Patrons parts Dendrites replaced their slower-witted cousins. G. Allan Hancock, Dr. Harry M. W^geforth. remarkable took in Australia. Dendrites are figures which A thing place branching Aasociate Members The early, generalized marsupials developed look as if they were painted in some dark Mrs. Nathaniel Allison, Mrs. George I. Keefe, Rev, on the surface of the rock in to fill the available "ecologic niches"; that pigment which Thaddeus Ligman, Rev. Stanley Radniecki, Paul G. is, they took to life in the trees, to various they form. They are caused by water Warren. environments on the ground, and to others with minerals in solution penetrating narrow Annual Members beneath the surface of the ground. In each seams in rock. There the minerals carried Mrs. H. G. B. Alexander, Mrs. C. B. Carter, Eari M. case they acquired specialized feeding habits. by the water crystallize in forms resembling Converse, Charles S. Davis, Edgar C. Fowler, C. Duff Henry, Mrs. Marvin Hughitt, Mrs. Samuel I. Karger, A of animals is elastic. in appearance the frost crystals which occur group anatomically Joseph J. Kelly, Grant S. Meara, Mrs. Frank G. Changes in environment or habits result in on windows in cold weather. Some of the Nicholson, W. M. Scudder, Charles Herbert Smith, modification of the structure of the animal dendrites exhibited in Clarence Buckingham Dr. C. E. Stanbury, C. F. M. Tinling, C. M. Varde, Lawrence Williams. to adapt it to the new conditions. Hall (Hall 35) resemble pictures of wooded and others are often mistaken Considering the infinite types of variation landscapes, "Monkey Puzzle" possible, the resulting animals in Australia for fos.sil plants. might be expected to be quite different from A curious dendrite was obtained from A branch of an Araucaria, a conifer known those in other parts of the world, as in some the Chilean Desert by the Marshall Field as the "monkey puzzle" or Chilean pine, is cases they are. However, while a kangaroo Brazilian Expedition. It formed on a on exhibition in the Department of Botany. and a buffalo bear little resemblance to one rubber gasket in a large water pip* in the Its branches are covered with hundreds of another, the kangaroo is the Australian mill of a copper mine at Chuquicamata. small stiff leaves growing at very regular counterpart of the grazing animals found Little imagination is required to see it as intervals and giving an effect of scaly armor. elsewhere. The phalangers are surprisingly a picture of a landscape with the peculiar Its seeds are used as food by Indians of the squirrel-like in structure and habits; the desert vegetation of that region. western Andes region. News Published Monthly by Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

Vol. 4 AUGUST, 1933 No. 8

GROUP SHOWS ORANGS ones are to be found in regions where the EXHIBITS STRESS IMPORTANCE IN NATURAL HABITAT animals are numerous. OF ILLINOIS MINERALS The orang or orang utan does not equal By Wilfred H. Osoood By Henry W. Nichols the size of the gorilla, but may be as large Curator, Department of Zoology Associate Curator of Geology or larger than the chimpanzee. The old In the early days of Field Museum, in male in the Museum's group is exceptionally The importance of Illinois as a producer fact during the nineties not long after the large, the spread of its outstretched arms of minerals is vividly brought out among establishment of the institution, a group of being more than eight feet. It weighed the exhibits at Field Museum of the mineral orangs was prepared and installed by Carl 150 pounds when killed, and had a height products of the world. These demonstrate E. Akeley. It was the first large mammal of four feet six inches. When placed in that its mineral resources are large, and group of modern type to be exhibited in erect position the arms extend to the ankles, their mining an industry greater than the the Museum. The specimens had been being relatively longer than in the other similar industries of most states. collected in Borneo by C. F. Adams and man-like apes. While the mineral products of Illinois are were purchased and presented to the Mu- Although there are numerous characters not spectacular ones like the gold and silver seum by Trustee Martin A. Ryerson. distinguishing the orang from the other of Colorado, or the diamonds of South For that time the Africa, they are real group was an excellent money-makers like one and the workman- coal, silica, shale, clay, ship was of the quality sand, gravel, and which brought to petroleum, on down Akeley the recogni- to less known products tion and support such as fluorspar, which led to his later magnesia from dolo- and better-known mite, peat, and marl. productions. How- Incidentally some ever, the group silver is mined in Illi- occupied a square nois, in conjunction floor-case suitable for with lead. Possibly its original purpose, even diamonds and but not in conformity gold could be found. with the arrangement No doubt a few of subjects in the Mu- diamonds exist in the seum's present build- terminal moraine of ing. Therefore, it was the glaciers which decided recently to swept Illinois thou- rearrange and adapt sands of years ago, for the group to a new a few have been found setting in a built-in in the moraines of case with a semi-ellip- Wisconsin, Michigan tical painted back- and Indiana. It is not ground. likely that Illinois was The task of carry- entirely passed over ing out the plan was during the distribu- undertaken by Staff tion by the glaciers of Taxidermist Leon L. these floats from in William V. Hall Pray, whose skill and Orang Group Kelley undiscovered diamond ingenuity combined The huge ape in the center is an unusually large one. Its arm spread measures eight feet four and one-half fields of the far north. inches from the of the fingers on one hand to the of those on the other. with much patient tips tips Likewise, small quan- detailed labor have tities of float gold have brought it to a very successful conclusion. great apes, the simplest and most convenient been washed from the moraine in Indiana, Although more than thirty years old, the one is its uniform reddish brown color. and probably a man armed with a pan and mounted specimens were found to be in The melancholy expression of its face is most unusual persistence could wash a few good condition, requiring no change except also characteristic. It is much more fre- flakes of gold from our gravels. However, in their relative positions to each other. quently seen in captivity than the gorilla the maximum possible earnings of such a The new setting, however, involved the or the chimpanzee, and it can be taught man in Indiana amount to about one complete construction of a tree-top scene to perform many tricks. In motion pictures, dollar a day, and it is doubtful if one in in a tropical forest. Tree-trunks, branches, where it is now seen frequently, it often thousands would attain even that. and twigs were faithfully reproduced and passes for the gorilla. It is still numerous An industry awaiting development in a wealth of leaves and fruit was added to in its sole habitat in the islands of Borneo Illinois is marble quarrying. Deposits have them. In all, nearly nine thousand artificial and Sumatra, and with any reasonable been found which appear to have as desirable leaves were necessary. A painted back- degree of protection should be in no danger qualities as the better known ones in other ground, also done by Mr. Pray, served to of early extinction. states. perfect the desired representation. The most important fluorite mines of No visitor who sees this is ever group Museum Is Cool in Midsummer the country are in Illinois, and the highest to think of the as likely orang anything quality sands are quarried on a very large Field Museum has been but a forest-dweller and this, of course, is repeatedly proved scale at Ottawa. These have been adopted of the of such to be one of the coolest places in one objects complete repre- Chicago as the nation's standard for testing and com- It does the heat waves that strike sentation of the animal's habitat. during sweltering parison purposes. Lead and zinc are the the is the from time to time. The white come to ground to some extent, and city great only metallic ores in the state the mining of to amble in semi-erect largest in the world constructed of able about position, building, which has reached important proportions. but its real home is in the tree-tops. At marble, seems to resist the sun's attacks night it sleeps in a rudely formed nest of almost completely, and with the aid of the boughs and leaves in aerial seclusion. A ventilation system with which it is equipped A large cut aquamarine, weighing 341 single nest apparently is not continuously a temperature of 68 degrees is maintained carats, is on exhibition in H. N. Higinbotham occupied for long, and many freshly made at all times. Hall of the Museum. 2 Page FIELD MUSEUM NEWS August, 19SS

Field Museum of Natural History ATTENDANCE SHOWS LARGE GAIN for skirts. The midribs and splints are Founded Marshall 1893 woven into by Field. With a total of 1,471,016 visitors checked baskets, fire fans and other RooaeTelt Road and L4ike useful Coconut shells make M Ichiftan, Chicago through its doors from January 1 to July 23 objects. good and are sometimes into orna- inclusive, Field Museum has had a gain in dishes, made mental Some Melanesians THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES attendance of 585,057 persons thus far in objects. cut, and the shells to make beautiful Sewbll L. Avery William H. Mitchell 1933, or more than 66 per cent as compared carve, polish and baskets. in the South John Borobn Frederick H. Rawson with 1932, when, up to the same date the cups One group WiLLIAU J. CHAUIBRS George A. Richardson Seas enlists the aid of shrimps to make Marshall Field Fred W. Sargent total attendance was 885,959. bottles of -shells. Stanley Field Stephen C. Sihhs While a certain amount of this increase coconut The nuts, with Ernest R. their are in water Graham Jambs Simpson may be attributed to the Museum's prox- eyes punched open, placed Albert W. Harris Solomon A. Smith where a small variety of shrimp lives. The Samuel Jr. Albert A. Spragub imity to the grounds of A Century of Pro- Insull, swim the into the center Cyrus H. McCokmick Silas H. Stbawn gress exposition, there is a large normal shrimps through eye of the nut and eat all the thus the John P. Wilson increase also. The attendance from January meat; unbroken shell becomes a bottle. Some OFFICERS 1 to May 26, 1933, inclusive (the period tribes rub coconut oil all over their bodies Stanley Field Praident prior to the opening of the exposition), as a cosmetic. Albert A. Spragub Finl Vice-Praidmt totaled 707,245, which compares with the James Simpson Second Viee-Prendent total Aside from its local uses in the tropics, Albert W. Harris Third Vict-Praidmt of 549,407 attendance registered be- the coconut is of in the Stephen C. Simms Director and Secretary tween the same two dates of 1932. Thus great importance world's the . . . commerce as a source of Solomon A. Smith Treaturer and Attitianl Secretary the pre-exposition period of 1933 shows an copra, dried coconut meat from which coconut oil increase of 157,838 or more than 28 per cent FIELD MUSEUM NEWS over 1932. is obtained for edible fat and for use in soap-making. Stephen C. Sihus, Director of the Museum Editor An exhibit illustrating how coconuts grow CONTRIBUTING EDITORS NEW PUBLICATIONS ON SALE is to be found in the Hall of Plant Life Berthold LAin^TK Curator the recent of Anthropology Among most publications from (Hall 29). Coconut palm material is B. E. Dahlgren Acting Curator of Botany JMeld Museum Press are a special guidebook, there is also Oliver C. Farrington Curator Geology exhibited in Hall 25, where of new edition Wilfred H. Osgood Curator of Zoology Archaeology of North America, a a specimen of the so-called double coconut of H. B. Harte Managing Editor the General Guide to the exhibits in the of the Seychelles islands, which has the Museum, and a new edition of the Hand- largest seed in the plant kingdom. book Field Field Museum is open every day of the year during of Museum. the hours indicated below: Archaeology of North America covers the November, December, January 9 A.M. to 4:30 p.m. exhibits in Hall B, griving much supplemental AN UNUSUAL FLUORITE CRYSTAL October 9 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. February, March, April, and detailed information. It is of value as May, June, July, August, September 9 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. A purple fluorite crystal of unusually a reference book either by itself or in con- Admission is free to Members on all days. Other large size was recently presented to the nection with a \asit to the exhibits. Dr. adults are admitted free on Thursdays, Saturdays and Museum. On account of the excellence of Sundays; non-members pay 25 cents on other days. Paul S. Assistant Curator of North Martin, the it is from the Children are admitted free on all Students and specimen displayed apart days. American Archaeology, is the author. faculty members of educational institutions are admit- regular fluorite collection in Hall 34. It is covered in the 122 ted free any day upon presentation of credentials. Among subjects pages installed in an individual case, adding one of text are the and of the The Museum's natural history Library is open for origin antiquity more to the small group of exceptional reference daily except Saturday afternoon and Sunday. Indians, the various culture areas of North minerals so displayed. The specimen is a exhibits are circulated in the schools of Traveling America, Indian mounds and methods of fluorite the N. W. Harris Public School Extension nine-inch cube of purple growing Chicago by burial, the manufacture of stone artifacts, Department of the Museum. out of a mass of the mineral, with edges the mining of copper and manufacture of Lectures for schools, and special entertainments and corners of other cubes projecting from bone and shell and tours for children at the Museum, are provided copper implements, work, its faces. the James Nelson and Anna Louise by Raymond pottery, and popular fallacies regarding Fluorites have been favorites with Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. long North American Indians. The book is collectors of their Announcements of free illustrated lectures for the on account frequently illustrated with eight photogravure plates, and the brilliant public, and special lectures for Members of the Museum, perfect crystal forms purple ten of and a It is will appear in Field Museum News. pages drawings, map. and green color of many of the specimens. sold at A cafeteria in the Museum serves visitors. Rooms the Museum for 50 cents; postage In the mineral collection in Hall 34 near are for those their lunches. extra on mail orders. provided bringing the case containing this specimen there is Motor Coach No. 26 buses been Chicago Company go The General Guide has brought up collection of other fluorites direct to the Museum. a large containing to date to include the new halls opened in many colorless, purple and green crystals Members are requested to inform the Museum the Museum, and the various additions to promptly of changes of address. as well as some of less common color. In etc. It sells for exhibits, reinstallations, Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37) there MEMBERSHIP IN FIELD 15 cents. The Handbook has likewise been MUSEUM is another collection of less showy but more revised to include the of the Museum Field Museum has several classes of Members. history useful fluorite containing examples of kinds Benefactors or devise or Contribu- give $100,000 more. since the last edition, and other additional in tors or mined for industrial purposes many parts give devise $1,000 to $100,000. Life Members material. It contains illustrations and give $500; Non-Resident Life and Associate Members eight of the world. is at 25 cents. pay $100; Non-Resident Associate Members pay $50. priced The new specimen is from Hardin County All the above classes are exempt from dues. Sustaining in southern Illinois where the largest fluorite Members contribute $25 annually. After six years they become Associate Members. Annual Members con- COCONUTS mines of the country are found. The speci- tribute $10 annually. Other memberships are Corpo- men was presented by the Crystal Fluorspar rate, Honorary, Patron, and Corresponding, additions To the American a coconut average Company of Elizabethtown, Illinois. under these classifications being made by special action an occasional of the Board of Trustees. represents merely delicacy, to be eaten either in the raw or in a Each Member, in all classes, is entitled to free state, admission to the Museum for himself, his family and cake, pie, or candy. There are parts of Basketry Materials Exhibited house guests, and to two reserved seats for Museum the world, however, where the coconut tree lectures provided for Members. Subscription to Field While there are only a few commercial is the most of Museum News is included with all memberships. The important producer nearly basket materials, chiefly willow, rattan, and courtesies of of in all the necessities of life— every museum note the United staple food, drinks, certain kinds of wood the basket States and Canada are extended to aU Members of splints, utensils, clothing, and shelter. In some are Field Museum. A Member may give his personal card fibers used by primitive peoples numer- places in the South Seas coconuts form one to non-residents of Chicago, upon presentation of ous, including reeds, sedges, culms of grasses, which they will be admitted to the Museum without of the main dishes for breakfast, lunch, and bamboos, palm leaves, stems and twigs of charge. Further information about memberships will dinner. The fruit is usually eaten before be sent on request. shrubs, and splints from wood or from woody it or "milk" in ripens. The watery liquid roots. In an exhibit in Hall 28 there are the fruit is used as a and the of BEQUESTS AND ENDOWMENTS drink, sap shown some Mexican baskets of different the tree, obtained by cutting unopened Bequests to Field Museum of Natural History may patterns made from the culms of a grass. flower clusters, is boiled down to sugar, be made in securities, money, books or collections. Also displayed are several baskets, a tray, They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to and fermented to produce palm wine. and a tobacco case with attractive or named the designs, a person cause, by giver. Children of the tropics eat a strange coconut Cash contributions made within the taxable manufactured in Japan and the Philippine year —the part of the sprouted coconut not exceeding 15 per cent of the taxpayer's net income candy Islands from rattan and other materials. are allowable as deductions in computing net income which bulges into the center and absorbs under Article 251 of Regulation 69 relating to the the meat and milk. It is very tender and income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. sweet. The famous "Outlook Pagoda," in China, Endowments may be made to the Museum with the Coconut leaves are used as roof tallest that has survived in provision that an annuity be paid to the patron for life. palm good condition, These annuities are tax-free and are guaranteed against thatch in constructing huts for shelter. is represented by a miniature model at Field in amount. fluctuation Split coconut palm leaves provide fringe Museum. August, 19SS FIELD MUSEUM NEWS Page S

STONE AGE HALL EXHIBIT SHOWS MEN OF 250,000 YEARS AGO TURTLES OF THE CHICAGO AREA By Karl P. Schmidt The Hall of the Stone Age of the Old flint hand ax for hunting. In the distance Assistant Curator of Reptiles World (Hall C) was completed last month, is a meandering river on the banks of which as announced in the July issue of Field are a number of animals. Research has Nine easily recognized kinds of turtles Museum News. revealed only fragmentary facts about this are found within a radius of fifty miles from There is presented herewith an illustration era, and the dim moonlit scene of the Chicago. Some of these are common through- showing another of the diorama groups in Museum exhibit appropriately symbolizes out the area, while others are local in their the hall—a scene of the Chellean period, the scantiness of our knowledge. distribution, and at least two kinds are found only in the Indiana dune region. Nearly all may be seen among the exhibits in Albert W. Harris Hal! (Hall 18). The best-known locally is probably the snapping turtle, well named for its aggres- sive temperament. The "snapper" repre- sents a distinct family confined to the Americas. It has a relatively small shell on the under side. Snappers are regularly on the market in the eastern states, but are not commonly eaten in Chicago The common turtles which live in fresh waters in North America are usually known as "terrapins" or "sliders." The Cumber- land terrapin, abundant in the Mississippi drainage, reaches the Chicago area only in the Kankakee and Fox Rivers. It has an elongate red marking on the temple. The geographic turtle is rare in this region, but has been recorded from northern Indiana. Both of these species attain a shell length of about ten inches. The small turtles with bright yellow spots on the shell, best known as spotted turtles, are abundant in the swampy areas just south of the Indiana dunes. Also related to the terrapin group is the common painted turtle, easily recognized by the bright red markings along the edges of the shell, light Men of the ('hellean Period borders to the shields on the back, and a Life in the period identified with the earliest human remains ever found in Europe, as represented in the dark pattern on the lower shell. Indiana Hall of the Stone of the Old World. Age specimens of the painted turtle have this dark narrow, while to the west- approximately 250,000 years ago. Last The group is the work of Frederick marking ward it becomes a broader and more com- month an exhibit representing the beginning Blaschke, and the background was painted Most Chicago specimens of art in the Aurignacian period, 35,000 by Staff Artist Charles A. Corwin. Plans plicated pattern. of it are intermediate between the Indiana years ago, was reproduced in the News. for this group, as for the seven others in and the western forms. The Chellean period is identified with the the series, were worked out by Henry Field, are found One earliest human remains ever found in Europe. Assistant Curator of Physical Anthro- Two land turtles locally. which has a rather It gets its name from the site at Chelles in pology. is Standing's turtle, high lower shell northern Prance which is the type station In a case supplementing this group are shell and an imperfectly hinged closed. It on for the period. The climate at this time casts of the most famous prehistoric remains that can be partly forages but was mild, and elephants, rhinoceroses and discovered—those which scientists have land during the summer, apparently in the box turtle hippopotami wandered over Europe. labeled Sinanlhropus (the Peking man). hibernates ponds. The shell and a In the Museum group two Chellean Pithecanthropus erectus (Java ape-man), has a still higher dome-shaped lower which closes hunters are seen squatting in the foreground Eoanthropus (Piltdown man), and Homo perfectly hinged shell, front and back. It is beside a fire. One of them is making a Heidelbergensis (the Heidelberg man). tightly at both exclusively a land turtle, hibernating in sheltered hollows in leaf mold. In this New Petroleum Exhibit Bark Cloth region it is found only in the Indiana dunes. The former exhibit of liquid petroleum The fibrous bast of the paper mulberry The musk turtle is a small species with a products in Hall 36 has been replaced, tree is employed by natives of South Sea disagreeable odor. It is abundant through- through the courtesy of the Standard Oil islands in making a fabric resembling a fine out the eastern United States. Rarely more Company (Indiana), by a synoptic collec- white cloth, known as "tapa" or "kapa." than four inches in length of shell, it is tion intended to indicate the wide ramifica- The sheets of bast are peeled from the tree, recognizable by its dull, uniform coloration tion of petroleum products and the many soaked in water, and beaten with a wooden and small-sized lower shell, whose plates ways in which they affect our daily life. mallet until they spread out and remain are widely separated by soft skin. It The new collection is installed in a tall flat. They are then matted together in represents another exclusively American case, six feet long and five feet wide. In large pieces as fine as muslin. Some varieties family of turtles, related to the snapping this case there are fifty-eight specimens of tapa cloth are made rather thick and turtles. covering, in a synoptic way, the wide range resemble tough wash leather. The material The soft-shelled turtle, often called the of uses of the more than four hundred direct may be dyed and printed, and is easily "leatherback" by fishermen, is the strangest and many thousands of indirect petroleum bleached. The bast of the same tree is in appearance of the local turtles. Its products. also extensively used in Japan and China bony shell is covered with cartilage and for making paper of a tenacious quality. leathery skin, and, partly for this reason, Spectacled Bear Received African bark cloth is prepared by beating it is the best of our turtles for soup. Its the bark of a fig tree until the material is shell is extremely flat, and its broadly A fine male specimen of the rare spectacled rendered webbed hind feet are a bear of northern South America has been supple. striking adaptation An installed in Hall shows a to life in the lakes and streams. presented to the Museum by W. A. Olen exhibit, 28, of bark after it is rich in and F. D. Hurley of Clintonville, Wisconsin. specimen paper mulberry North America turtles, especially has been beaten into a thin and the marine Spectacled bears are related in type to sheet, fresh-water varieties. Including of ornamented with certain Asiatic bears. They inhabit the samples tapa cloth, species of the coasts, some sixty-two species crude as worn South Sea are to be found in the United Andes region from Peru to Colombia. The designs, by of turtles islanders.—L.W. species makes a striking appearance because States. of its characteristic white markings, which include rings around the eyes resembling Fine examples of native African wood- The ethnology of primitive Siberian tribes spectacles. craft are on exhibition in Hall D. is illustrated in Hall E. Page i FIELD MUSEUM NEWS August, 1933

THE STORY OF AN EXPEDITION The animals had to be skinned immedi- AUGUST GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS SEALS ately after shooting in order to preserve the TO COLLECT ELEPHANT During August the conducted tours of the skins from decomposition, which sets in By Julius Friesser exhibits under the guidance of staff lecturers with extreme rapidity. During our stay Staff Taxidermist, Department of Zoology will be on a as of several we took five given special schedule, days specimens, follows: The Hancock expedition to collect speci- ranging in weight from a large bull of about mens of elephant seal for a habitat group 5,000 pounds to a young seal of 250 pounds. Mondays: 10 a.m.. General Tour; 11 a.m.. Halls Plant to be installed at Field Museum sailed from Skinning, and beaming the skin, required Showing Life; 3 P.M., General Tour. 10 General San Diego, California, on May 28, aboard about eighteen hours' continuous work on Tuesdays: a.m.. Tour; U A.M., Halls of Primitive and Civilized Peoples; 3 P.M., General Tour. the yacht Velero III, owned and com- each full-grown specimen. In the midst Wednesdays: 10 A.M., General Tour; 11 A.M., Animal manded G. Allan Hancock of of this by Captain work an earthquake shook the island, Groups; 3 P.M., General Tour. Los Included in the were boulders from the Angeles. party tumbling down huge Thursdays: 10 A.M., 11 A.M., and 3 P.M., General Dr. Harry M. Wegeforth, President of the 3,000-foot cliff which rises behind the beach, Tours. Zoological Society of San Diego, who with but fortunately none fell close enough to Fridays: 10 a.m., General Tour; 11 A.M., Minerals and Prehistoric 3 General Tour. Captain Hancock arranged for the expedi- injure members of our party. Exhibits; P.M., and two members of the Museum's tion, — The skin alone of the largest specimen There are no tours on Saturdays and taxidermy staff Frank C. Wonder and the weighs about 1,000 pounds, making a Sundays. writer. difficult load to handle with the limited Persons wishing to participate should The Velero III, a vessel about 200 feet equipment we could take to the beach. apply at North Entrance. Tours are free long with a displacement of 1,000 tons, The problem of transporting the heavy and no gratuities are to be proffered. A new arrived opposite the Mexican island of and awkward cargoes to the ship was solved schedule will appear each month in Field Guadalupe, which lies off the coast of with a large raft constructed by members Museum News. Guide-lecturers' services Lower California, on the morning of May 29, of the crew of the Velero III. The skins for special tours by parties of ten or more and preparations for the hunting of the were towed on this raft, pitching and are available free of charge by arrangement elephant seals began immediately. Because tossing in the heavy surf, to the side of with the Director a week in advance. of the extremely heavy surf running up to the yacht by a power tender. Frequently the shore of the island it was necessary to it seemed that raft and power boat must anchor the ship more than a mile out, and inevitably overturn, but they got through Gifts to the Museum Following is a list of some of the principal gifts received during the last month:

From Mrs. Ynes Mexia—210 herbarium specimens, Brazil; from Professor H. E. Stork—225 herbarium specimens, Costa Rica; from School of Forestry, Yale University —a board oi Eucalyptus marginata (Jarrah), .Australia; from Dr. E. E. SherfT —78 herbarium speci- mens, Hawaii and Argentina; from William A. Schipp —42 herbarium specimens, British Honduras; from Stephen Varni —5 specimens illustrating stages of cutting a star from crystal; from James Manning—a specimen of placer gold ore and a specimen of tin ore, Alaska; from Johan Eriksen —a specimen of rhomben- porphyry, Norway; from H. B. Conover—2 sun grebes, Brazil, and 3 birds for skeletons, Illinois; from Mrs. W. W. Lietzow —a mounted snowy owl. North Dakota; from Mrs. Grace Wiley—2 tree frogs; from John G. Shedd Aquarium —65 fish specimens, Pacific Ocean; from Edward Brundage, Jr. — 74 insects. North Carolina, and a deformed woodchuck skull, Illinois; from P. M. Miles —a Komodo lizard skeleton, East Indies; from W. A. Olen and F. D. Hurley—a spectacled bear, Peru; from P. F. Fullmer—a brown thrasher, Illinois; from Lieutenant Ralph V. Strau-ss —a mounted toucan. Canal Zone; from Mrs. Lillian Tilske—a mounted least bittern; from James Simpson —2 mounted capercaillie; from Mr. and Mrs. John P. Kellogg— 117 birdskins, .\frica; from Colonel Lewis S. Thompson —3 specimens of batfish, near Marathon, Florida; from I)r. Florentino Felippone —a red bat, Uruguay; from Dan Clark—a starling skeleton, Illinois; from Walter A. Weber—3 bird skeletons. NEW MEMBERS Elephant Seals The following persons were elected to Scene on the "elephant beach," island of Guadalupe, showing part of herds numbering hundreds of world's membership in Field Museum during the of seals. Inset: A view of one of the animals showing the from which the species largest species close-up proboscis from June 16 to 16: gets its name, "elephant seal." Photographs made on the Hancock Expedition to Guadalupe for Field Museum. period July Associate Members go ashore in the small boats. These trips, safely. HoLsting the skins to the deck of Mrs. Carl Buehler, Miss Kate E. Chislett, Brode B. Mrs. B. A. Mrs. E. participated in by Wonder, myse'.f, and the yacht likewise presented difficulties, and Davis, Eckhart, George Frazer, Mrs. John M. Stockton, Mrs. Milton the of the bull lost Roberts, Eugene some of the excellent sailors from the crew pelt large was almost W. Wilker. of the yacht, proved perilous. At times, as overboard. Sustaining Members the surf boats stood on their beam ends, Within less than two weeks of intensive Daniel H. Bender and then down from crest to work our had been plunged objective accomplished, Annual Memljers trough of huge waves, it seemed that the we arrived back in the harbor of San Diego, Miss Lillian D. Bargquist, L. R. Barton. Jay Bow- small craft could not weather the seas. to and shipped our specimens Chicago. The man, Mrs. Giovanni Cardelii, John O. Carr, C. D. On the so-called "elephant beach" of work of mounting them will soon begin. DeBarry, Dr. C. J. DeBere. Dr. R. J. Hyslop, R. W. John H. J. Howard and in other localities near-by, Until the Jackson, Kraft, George Lutz. Guadalupe, comparatively recently elephant Mann, Peter F. McNamee, Mrs. F. S. North, William of we encountered great herds elephant seal seemed to be in danger of extermination. F. Quarrie, Lester Roth, Theodore Rubovits, Mrs. seal, about 1,200 in number. These placid In 1892, according to zoological records, J. C. Ruettinger, Wayne Saggars, W. H. Shoemaker, E. L. Wilson. animals seemed totally undisturbed by our only two elephant seals remained alive on arrival, paying little or no attention as we Guadalupe, due to the demand up to that reconnoitred to select the most suitable time for seal oil. Thus it appears that after Myrrh is an exudate from small trees specimens for the Museum's purpose. They being on the verge of virtually certain extinc- (Bahamodendron and Commophora) of the showed no excitement even when, having tion, the herds have almost miraculously torchwood (Bursera) family found in Nubia, selected a specimen, we shot it and began recuperated to the present large numbers. Somaliland, and Arabia (see exhibit in the work of skinning. One seal, in fact, A curious feature of this species of seal is Hall 28). came up so close to us that it was in the its expandable proboscis or trunk from which way, interfering with our work. The cows it derives the name "elephant seal." A Batik fabrics, and the process of making and the bulls were found segregated in related species, the southern elephant seal, them, are illustrated in the Javanese colonies on different beaches, as they do which lacks the proboscis, is found in certain exhibits in Hall G (Arthur B. Jones Collec- not mingle except in the breeding season. Antarctic regions. tion).

PRtNTElS BV FICkO MUSEUM PRESS News Published Monthly by Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

Vol. 4 SEPTEMBER, 1933 No. 9 HABITAT GROUP OF MANATEES OR SEA-COWS ADDED TO MARINE MAMMAL HALL By Wilfred H. Osgood inhabits the shores dugong, of the Indian inoffensive animal living in fresh, brackish, Curator, Department of Zoology Ocean. Within historic times a very large or salt water at moderate depths where it Through the cooperation of the John G. species called Steller's sea-cow was found in finds an abundance of water plants which Shedd Aquarium, Field Museum has been northern waters about small islands in Bering form its entire subsistence. One of these Sea. enabled to obtain specimens of the Florida This was at once exterminated by its has come to be known as "manatee grass." manatee in perfectly fresh, natural condition. discoverers. The animal feeds under water, coming to This has facilitated their preparation in an Owing to their fish-like form and their the surface only to breathe and never unusually life-like manner and provided aquatic habits, in conjunction with some appearing on land. It has no external ears material for an important addition to the anatomical characters, the sirenians were and its eyes are very small. Its lips are Hall of Marine Mammals (Hall N). Two long regarded as somewhat related to whales, very deeply cleft and furnished with heavy animals of this peculiar and little-known but recent information obtained through bristles which assist in cropping its food. species have served to form the subject of study of extinct forms points rather unex- It reaches a length of about thirteen feet, an under-water scene and a weight of as which takes an appro- much as 1 ,200 pounds. priate place in the Manatees are cap- development of this tured by spearing with hall. heavy harpoons or by The manatee almost the use of strong rope defies popular defini- nets. At times they tion. It is a sirenian, have been sought but sirenians as a especially for their group have no other flesh, which is reputed vernacular name un- to be excellent. It is less it be "sea-cow," light-colored, and both which conveys no in appearance and suggestion of their flavor is said to resem- relationships and ble lean fresh pork. certainly none of their The extinction of the appearance. Sirenians American manatee was are herbivorous, and, threatened some years since they are mam- .J ago, but some protec- mals, they give milk; ~% tion is now afforded it but, beyond this, and possibly it will be reasons for calling able to maintain itself, them sea-cows are at least in certain hard to find. They restricted localities. do not even live in the >»*iiiSB The specimens in sea exclusively, but the Museum's group frequent fresh water were prepared by Staff most of the time. Taxidermist Leon L. They are among those Walters, assisted by relics of bygone ages Edgar G. Florida Manatees Laybourne. which have continued „, The background is by known as s these animals are the most curious mammals water. aownrinwn to nrpqpnt iimestimpu Commonly ?a-cows, among mhab.tmg They j^eon L. The preseni ^^^ ^^ ^^^ j„ ^^j. jj^n g, Marine Mammals. Pray. long after their near method used with the kindred have disappeared. Extant sirenians pectedly to elephants as their nearest animals is that so successfully employed else- include, besides the manatee of Florida and relatives among modern mammals. They where in the Museum for reptiles and hairless the Gulf coast, a very similar if not identical are, like whales and seals, descended from or nearly hairless mammals. By this method species in the West Indies, another in the land mammals and in their adaptation to the skin is reproduced in a celluloid-like large rivers of South America, and still aquatic life have lost all superficial resem- material in such a way as to preserve the another in Africa. In addition, a very blance to their ancestors. finest details of texture and exact shades of distinct but quite related animal, the The Florida manatee is a slow-moving. color.

RAYMOND FOUNDATION PRESENTS of the Indian chiefs is to be featured on the Dr. Hochreutiner is Director of the Con- PROGRAM BY INDIANS program in imitations of birds' songs. servatoire et Jardin Botaniques at Geneva, Admission is free, and children from Switzerland. Through his cooperation the Through the courtesy of The American all parts of Chicago and suburbs are invited important collections of type specimens of Indian Villages at A Century of Progress, to attend. No tickets are required. plants in that institution were made available Field Museum is enabled to present for chil- for photographing for the Rockefeller dren a special program of songs, dances, and Foundation-Field Museum project. games, participated in by men, women, and Museum Honors Geneva Scientist children of several the In of the assistance tribes, including recognition important Rare from Navaho and the Hopi. This program, which he has rendered to Field Museum in carrying Porphyry Norway will be given in the James Simpson Theatre out its botanical work in its joint project A rare kind of porphyry called rhom- of the Museum, on Saturday morning, with the Rockefeller Foundation, the Board benporphyry is found in Oslo, Norway, and September 30, has been arranged under the of Trustees of the Museum has elected seldom if ever elsewhere. Johan Eriksen, provisions of the James Nelson and Anna Dr. B. P. Georges Hochreutiner a Corre- a citizen of Oslo, recently collected, without Louise Raymond Foundation for Public sponding Member of this institution. This solicitation from the Museum, a specimen School and Children's Lectures. There will is a class of membership, bestowal of which of the porphyry, shaped it to standard size be two performances, one at 10 a.m., and is restricted to scientists or patrons of and shape for exhibition, and sent it as a one at 11, so as to make it possible for science residing in foreign countries who have gift to the Museum. It now appears in the several thousand children to attend. One rendered eminent service to the Museum. rock collection in Hall 35. Page 2 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS September, 19SS

Field Museum of Natural History RAGWEED AND HAY FEVER Greenland and "sea trout" along the Founded by MarshaU Field, 1S93 By Paul C. Standley Labrador coast. fine male sea collected the Rooserelt Road and Lake Michigan, Chicago Associate Curator of the Herbarium A trout, by Second Rawson- MacMillan Subarctic Ex- Every year many articles in newspapers pedition to Labrador and Baffin Land TEffi BOARD OF TRUSTEES and scientific publications are devoted to (1927-28), has been reproduced in celluloid Sewell L. Avery William H. MrrcHBU. poison ivy, but the persons affected by that by Staff Taxidermist Arthur G. Rueckert John Borden Frederick H. Rawson plant are relatively few, and are only those WnjjAU J. Chalmers George A. Richardson and is now on exhibition in Albert W. who actually come into contact with the Marshall Field Fred W. Sargent Harris Hall (Hall 18). Stanley Field Stephen G. SncMS plant as it grows in the fields and woods. The salmon family, as understood at Ernest R. Grahah James Simpson A greater cause of discomfort to the human Albert W. Harris Solomon A. Smith present, is divided into three great groups: race is found in the plants that cause hay Samuel Insull, Jr. Albert A. Spragub the Pacific salmon; the Atlantic salmon Cyrus H. McCorhice Silas H. Strawn fever, for these pursue their victims to the and its relatives, including brown, rainbow, John P. Wilson cities, and cause there, among a denser steelhead, and cut-throat trouts; and the OFFICERS population, a still greater amount of suffering charrs, including the European charr and Stanley Field Praidmt than in the thinly inhabited regions where the Varden, eastern brook, and lake Albert A. Spragub Fini Viee-PrttUent they grow. DoUy Jambs Simpson Second Vict-Praident trouts. The charrs are generally supposed As is well known, hay fever, an affection Albert W. Harris Third Vue-Pretident to confine themselves strictly to fresh water. Stephen C. Simms Director and Secretary that causes such acute distress to its many With the exception of the lake trout, they Solomon A. Smith . . . Treaturer and Aaistant Secretary victims and arouses so little sympathy live mainly in the smaller streams, frequently among onlookers, is caused by the inhalation at high altitudes. FIELD MUSEUM NEWS of wind-blown of various plants. In pollen European varieties of charr range from Stephen C. Director the Museum Editor Illinois there are three well-marked hay Simhs, o/ small residents of Alpine brooks to fish fever seasons: in April and May, when CONTRIBUTING EDITORS almost as large as salmon found in Sweden cottonwoods, elms, and oaks are in flower; Berthold Laufer Curator of Anthropology and Norway. Varieties of the same species in when timothy, and other B. E. Dahlgrbn Acting Curator of Botany June, bluegrass, are found in North America and Greenland. Oliver C^Farrington Curator of Geology grasses are blooming; and, of prime impor- Curator In streams of Baffin Land and Greenland Wilfred H. Osgood of Zoology tance, a period from the middle of August Editor they often reach a length of more than H. B. Harte Managing to mid-September, when ragweeds are in three feet, and weigh more than twenty full bloom. Field Museum is of the year during pounds. open every day Many other plants besides those men- the hours indicated below: In Labrador, these sea trout spawn in tioned are responsible for hay fever, but November, December, January 9 AJI. to 4:30 p.m. the streams and probably spend their 9 am. to 6:00 p.m. they are of minor importance. In northern February, March, April, October winters in lakes and deep pools. As soon June, September 9 ajj. to 6:00 pjj. Illinois include such varied weeds as May, July, August, they as the ice opens up enough so they can Admission is free to Members on all days. Other Russian lamb's quarters, cocklebur, thistle, travel in the down to the adults are admitted free on Thursdays, Saturdays and and many others. rivers, they go non-members cents on other days. pigweed, English plantain, where until the of Sundays; pay 35 far the sea, they stay approach on all Students and The ragweeds, however, are by Children are admitted free days. freezing weather starts them toward the members of educational institutions are admit- most cause of fever. Two faculty important hay The young trout go to ted free any day upon presentation of credentials. kinds grow almost everywhere about breeding grounds. for salt water when they are about a year old, The Museum's natural history Library is open Chicago: the common ragweed, that abounds reference daily except Saturday afternoon and Sunday. and sometimes stay there through their on dusty roadsides, in harvested grain fields, Traveling exhibits are circulated in the schools of second winter. Public School Extension and in vacant city lots; and the giant rag- Chicago by the N. W. Harris While living in the sea, these trout are Department of the Museum. weed, that prefers low moist ground, colored similarly to the whitefish or lake Lectures for schools, and special entertainments especially in stream valleys, but thrives all herring. Their sides are silvery and their and tours for children at the Museum, are provided too well in the waste land in Chicago. by the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond backs pearly green or blue. When they go Both these are illustrated by lifelike Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. plants up the streams to the spawning beds, their illustrated lectures for the reproductions in the Hall of Plant Life Annoimcements of free colors change. The back becomes a deep public, and special lectures for Members of the Museum, (Hall 29) in Field Museum. News. greenish or brownish black in which the will appear in Field Museum Of all the annual weeds native in northern brilliant red characteristic of charrs A cafeteria in the Museum serves visitors. Rooms spots Illinois, none grows so rapidly and vigor- are provided for those bringing their lunches. gleam like fiery coals. The silvery color ously as giant ragweed. Large tracts of Chicago Motor Coach Company No. 26 buses go of the sides of the males changes to a brilliant lowland in the Calumet oft«n are direct to the Museum. region vermilion. The lower fins are vermilion, with the six to ten feet Members are requested to inform the Museum overgrown plants, with borders of white. The sides of the of changes of address. and so dense that it is almost impossible promptly high females are even more brilliant, shining to force a them. Not even MEMBERSHIP IN FIELD MUSEUM way through with an intense pure blood-red. in the most favored sections of the tropics, Field Museum has several classes of Members. probably, is it possible to find more luxuriant Benefactors give or devise $100,000 or more. Contribu- HOPI POTTERY tors give or devise $1,000 to $100,000. Life Members plant covering. give $500; Non-Resident Life and Associate Members Each year about the middle of August The Indians were manufacturing Non-Resident Associate Members $50. Hopi pay $100; pay some effort is made to destroy the ragweed All the above classes are exempt from dues. Sustaining excellent pottery when first encountered by that the waste land in Members contribute $25 annually. After six years they patches occupy Spanish explorers in 1540. They or their become Associate Annual Members con- fever Members. Chicago, in order to lessen hay ancestors had likewise turned out fine wares tribute $10 annually. Other memberships are Corpo- suffering. While these local weeds are a before the arrival of the rate, Honorary, Patron, and Corresponding, additions for centuries menace to near them, under these classifications being made by special action people living ragweed Spaniards. of the Board of Trustees, it is carried pollen is so light that long After the Spanish conquest, a marked Each in all is entitled to free Member, dasses, distances by the wind, and there is an of the set in. admission to the Musetim for himself, his family and degeneration industry Many of it throughout house guests, and to two reserved seats for Museum ample supply everywhere pueblos abandoned entirely the art of lectures for to Field the the provided Members. Subscription farming regions. Cutting ragweed pottery-making, while others continued it is included with all The Museum News memberships. in the city, therefore, is of little value in courtesies of museum of note in the United but with a very poor technique. every fever and there is States and Canada are extended to all Members of relieving hay patients, In 1897, however, some archaeological ever be obtained Field Museum. A Member may give his personal card no hope that relief may work was being done by the late Dr. J. W. to non-residents of of Chicago, upon presentation for them by suppression of the source of at one of the ancient towns. which they will be admitted to the Museum without Fewkes Hopi the aflSiction. charge. Further information about memberships will One of the potters of a near-by village saw be sent on request. was SEA the beautiful pottery which being LABRADOR TROUT excavated from She was so inspired AND ENIKJWMENTS graves. BEQUESTS By Alfred C. Weed by the sight of the ancient wares that she Bequests to Field Museum of Natural History may Assistant Curator of Fishes began to copy their designs. As a result be made in securities, money, books or collections. fishermen are to learn the at present are turning out They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to Many surprised Hopi potters imitation of a person or cause, named by the giver. that eastern brook trout or speckled trout fine work which is a skillful contributions made within the taxable Cash year frequently go to the sea in summer and the lost style. not 15 cent of the net income exceeding per taxpayer's several months fat on the A collection of Hopi pottery has just are allowable as deductions in computing net income spend growing Hall 7. Here be under Article 251 of Regulation 69 relating to the abundant food in bays and inlets. It is been installed in may income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. even more astonishing to find that a close seen pottery that was made about 1540, Endowments be made to the Museum with the may relative of the European charr is found in 1850, and 1910, together with an exhibit that an annuity be paid to the patron for life. provision illustrates the of These annuities are tax-free and are guaranteed against North America and spends most of its life which Hopi process pottery fluctuation in amount. in the sea. This fish is called "trout" in manufacture step by step. September, 1933 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS Pages

THE NEANDERTHAL GROUP IN THE HALL OF THE STONE AGE A CRYSTAL STAR By Henry W. Nichols Neanderthal in the direction. beside the embers of man, represented Squatting Associate Curator of Geology second of the groups in the recently opened the fire, the father of the family is watching Five specimens which illustrate the Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World mussels open as the heat penetrates the method of cutting a "varnistar" from rock (Hall C), was probably the first to seize shells. His small five-year-old son, anxious crystal have been presented to the Museum a woman and protect her from animals and to help, is bringing a small twig to replenish Stephen Varni of New York. are other men. Thus the beginnings of family the fire. In a cleft in the rock the mother by They now exhibited in Hall 34. Although the life may be placed at the time of his existence, can be seen carrying her youngest baby on object of the exhibit is to show or about 50,000 years ago. her hip. primary the successive stages of shaping and polish- ing which intervene between the rough crystal and the finished star or, for that matter, between the rough and the finished state of any fine gem, most people will be more interested in the demonstration of the remarkable increase of brilliancy and fire imparted to gemstones by the skill of the modem lapidary. Gems in the rough never display their maximum brilliancy. This can be developed only by skillful cutting. The surface of most fine gems is formed of many small polished planes called facets. Much of the brilliancy depends on the form, position, and angles of these facets, although much also depends upon the general shape and intrinsic brilliancy of the stone. This star is far more brilliant than the piece of rock crystal shown near-by from which it was cut. This is due in part to the general form of the star and in part to the position and angles of the facets which are so designed as to cause a maximum amount of the light which enters the stone to be caught and thrown back through the front face. Slight of either star or The Dawn of Family Life changes in the shape facets the Life-size restoration of a Neanderthal family of 50,000 years ago in their rock-shelter at Gibraltar. Hall of would seriously impair brilliancy. Any the Stone Age of the Old World. light passing into the stone and reaching the lower face strikes a facet at such an The Museum's the The was group, prepared by group planned by Henry Field, angle that it cannot penetrate but is reflected Frederick shows a Nean- Assistant Curator of sculptor Blaschke, Physical Anthropology. back and forth inside the gem until it leaves Artist A. the derthal family on the sandy platform outside Staff Charles Corwin painted from the upper surface. In other words, the entrance to the Devil's Tower rock- background. light penetrating the gem is trapped there shelter at the exhibit is a collection Gibraltar. Silhouetted against Supplementing and cannot leave except by the front door. the blue of the stands of cultural of the deep Mediterranean representative objects The skillful cutting which increases the a man with a wooden club in his some Neanderthal skeletal young period, original brilliancy of a gem also enhances its fire. hand. He is some move- and a series of casts of the more watching intently fragments, "This is a sparkle of flashes of colored ment on the beach since he and his Neanderthal skeletons excavated below, complete light which seems to emanate from the gem. are to attack from this in various localities of family open only Europe. Rays of white light passing through a facet are not only bent but are separated colors of which white CHARMS USED BY THE PAPUANS size, purity, and perfection of form. These into the rainbow were brought from Utah. Some of them are light is a mixture and flashes of these colors A few shavings of wood scraped from the thrown out shown projecting from the floor of the cave, are mixed with the white light back of a wooden image and mixed in the facets on a well-cut others from the sides, and others hang from by the gem. The gem food of a person whose love is desired, will the roof. This is the manner of their occur- are placed at such angles that this effect exert a charm that will make that person rence in the Utah caves, where they were is at a maximum. This brilliancy and fire reciprocate one's affections, in the belief of times. discovered in comparatively recent years characterize gems cut in modern certain natives of New Guinea. Similarly, by cowboys. Compared with these, gems of ancient they believe that shavings from another formations from workmanship seem dull and lifeless. the food of one's Other cave many parts carved figure, mixed with Gems are not always cut for maximum better of the world, representing caves in Kentucky, dog, will make him a and braver brilliance. Various factors such as color Missouri, Cuba, Italy, and other countries, hunter, in attacking wild boars. are shown in an case. This exhibit and the shape of the rough stone often These are but two of the weird adjoining many influence the cutting, and sometimes, as in wild natives includes also a collection of cave specimens charms in which the Papuan the cabochon form is to presented to the Museum shortly before cut, preferred place their faith—superstitions similar to his death the Kentuckian brightness. those of other by Floyd Collins, many primitive peoples. Brilliance and fire cannot be imparted to Various whose tragic fate, when he became im- grotesque wooden figures they carve, a stone in which these are lacking. prisoned in a cave collapse, engaged the qualities a fine collection of which is on exhibition in in attention of the whole some They are inherent in differing degrees Field Hall are invested country years Joseph N. (Hall A), each kind of stone. The lapidary can only with other of different ago. specific powers making develop what is already there. A bit of kinds of wishes come true. Some figures are cannot be cut to rival a Visitors Present glass or a topaz believed to be "the abode of good spirits." Specimens diamond. Small ones are attached to bags, baskets, Visitors to Chicago from distant places and ornaments, hidden in houses, and carried frequently take advantage of the oppor- Frankincense about on one's person. tunity to have their fossils and geological Frankincense is a resin furnished by specimens identified at Field Museum. trees (Boswellia sps.) of the torchwood A Cave Others bring specimens to present to the Gypsum Reproduction family growing in tropical Africa and Arabia. Museum. While many of these duplicate A peek into subterranean depths, into a It is used as a drug and in incense. material already in the Museum collections, crystal cave, is made possible by an exhibit Frankincense is displayed among the resins some unique and valuable specimens from in Clarence Buckingham Hall (Hall 35). in Hall 28. this source are being added to the exhibits. The exhibit is a reproduction of a gypsum cave, the original of which is located in A simple method that anyone can use to Wayne County in southeastern Utah. The Department of Botany has an exhibit distinguish between true and imitation The Museum's cave is constructed with illustrating the standard used in grading amber is demonstrated in the collection of large gypsum crystals, remarkable for their coffee. amber in Hall 34. Page J, FIELD MUSEUM NEWS SepUmber, 19SS

ANCIENT PERUVIAN GOLD for BEAKER the soft particles of gold are decidedly SEPTEMBERGUIDE-LECTURETOURS By J. Eric Thompson inefficient grinding agents for use in a bird's Conducted tours of Assistant Curator of crop. Mr. Blaschke found the gold in the exhibits, under the guidance of staff Central and South American Archaeology crop of the duck. lecturers, are made every afternoon at 3 p.m., except of the late Richard T. The ice of the continental glacier that Saturdays, In memory Crane, Sundays, and certain Benefactor and for Trustee covered the north of the continent during holidays. Following Jr., many years is the schedule of and the glacial period in the north subjects dates for of Field Museum, Mrs. Richard T. Crane originated September: and traveled south. its has presented a very fine gold beaker to On way, when over a it 1 — Field Museum. This weighs just under passing deposit of gold ore, some- Friday, September Prehistoric Hall. times a few of and five and one-half ounces troy and is of picked up grains gold Week beginning September 4: Monday—Labor Day carried no — It is undecorated save them south mixed with the clay, holiday, tour; Tuesday General Tour; Wednesday twenty-karat gold. —Animal — sand, and rock with which the Groups; Thursday General Tour; Friday— for a narrow band in fragments Story of Man. near the rim. ice was loaded. When the ice melted and repousse Week II: — dropped its load to form the mantle of beginning September Monday Plant This decoration and Halls: Tuesday—General Tour; Wednesday—Moon, drift which covers the northern the beaker shape glacial Meteorites, and Minerals; Thursday^General Tour; United States it also the Friday—Pewter. Jade, and Gems. clearly indicate that dropped gold. the vessel was manu- No worth while concentrations of gold of Week beginning September 18: Monday—Marine Life; —General — factured the this origin have ever been found nor are Tuesday Tour; Wednesday Unusual by Plants; Thursday—General Tolu-; Friday —Chinese ancient inhabitants of any likely to be, but a few flakes have been Exhibits. Peru. vessel found in numerous places in the moraines. A gold Week beginning September 2.'): Monday—Reptiles, almost a duplicate of —H.W.N. Past and Present; Tuesday—General Tour; Wednes- the Crane beaker was day—Story of Coal and Oil; Thursday—General Tour; Friday—Birds of Many Lands. found at Pachacamac BIRTHSTONES on the Peruvian coast, Persons wishing to participate should but this beaker shape The origin of the custom of designating apply at North Entrance. Tours are free Gold Beaker birthstones is of the according to the month in which and no gratuities are to be proffered. A new typical high- From ancient Peru. a person was born has been traced back schedule will each land region from Presented by Mrs. R. appear month in Field Cuzco to Tiahuanaco. T. Crane. some 6,000 years. It had its beginnings in MusEtTM News. Guide-lecturers' services ancient It is very probable beliefs in magic, according to for special tours by parties of ten or more that both vessels were manufactured in the historians. The story goes that about 4,000 are available free of charge by arrangement B.C. the of wore a latter region. high priest Memphis with the Director a week in advance. The Crane beaker is an important addition breastplate made up of twelve small objects Priests to Field Museum's collections, for, despite representing Egyptian hieroglyphics. Gifts to the continued to wear Museum excellent gold collections from Colombia similar breastplates. is a list of some of the and Panama, the gold work of Peru has Later, ancient Hebrews, who had been Following principal in received the last month: been little represented in the Museum. prisoners Egypt, made a similar breast- gifts during for their It Much of the enormous gold treasure of the plate Aaron, own high priest. From Mrs. Richard T. Crane—a pre-Columbian gold from M. — melted down Pizarro and his was composed of twelve large gems, on each beaker, Peru; Philip Chancellor 49 ethno- Incas was by of the of which was the name of one of logical specimens Yaqui tribe, Mexico; from followers, while an immense quantity of engraved Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil —28 herbarium the tribes gold and silver objects was hidden by the of Israel. It was handed down specimens and 9 wood specimens, Brazil; from Mrs. Ynes Mexia—55 herbarium Peruvians to avoid its seizure the from one priest to the next, and as it grew specimens, Brazil; from by School of Yale —84 older its were believed to Forestry, University herbarium Spaniards. The secret of the location of magic powers specimens, Colombia and British Honduras; from increase. As time the twelve — this treasure is lost. Consequently Peruvian went on, Darsie A. Green 2 geodes, Oklahoma; from Paul R. Hedbum—7 fossil from gold ornaments are rare in all museum stones, originally associated with the twelve leaves, Illinois: George Nelson —7 specimens native copper, Michigan; from Stewart tribes of Israel, became associated with the collections. Springer—a rare shark, Mississippi; from Professor twelve of the twelve founda- — The Crane beaker may have been used angels Paradise, H. W. Norris 5 shark heads. Mississippi; from tions of Museum of Natural — for drinking chicha, a beverage resembling Heaven, the twelve apostles, and Metropolitan History, Nanking 22 small mammal skins with 15 skulls, China: from maize. Its finally with the twelve months of the year. beer, but made from original John H. Robinson—5 snakes and 2 lizards, Missouri; From the la.st the birthstone idea. — owner was undoubtedly a person of con- developed from G. C. .\llen skull and horns of white-tailed deer, The .\labama; from J. J. —2 mouse siderable importance, who probably lived wearing of one's birthstone originated Mooney skeletons, Illinois: from The Charleston Museum—7 1500. in Poland some time during the seventeenth grass some time between a.d. 1200 and pickerels. South Carolina: from John G. Sbedd or — The beaker will be placed on exhibition eighteenth century. .\quarium 105 fish specimens, various localities; from Martin Petersen— a fish; from Dillman S. very shortly. Examples of the birthstones for each Bullock —57 frogs, 87 lizards, and 14 snakes, Chile. month of the year are on exhibition in Dogs and Wolves Exhibited H. N. Higinbotham Hall (Hall 31). The All the more important species of larger recognized list, according to Dr. Oliver C. NEW MEMBERS domestic and Curator of is as follows: dogs (exclusive of varieties) Farrington, Geology, The following persons were elected to wolves of the world are included in a case January, garnet; February, amethyst; membership in Field Museum during the the mammal bloodstone or just installed among systematic March, aquamarine; April, period from July 17 to August 15: exhibits in Hall 15. The collection covers diamond; May, emerald; June, pearl; July, Corresponding Members the main divisions of the whole family ruby; August, sardonyx or peridot; Sep- Dr. B. P. Canidae with the exception of the foxes, tember, sapphire; October, opal; November, Georges Hochreutiner which are to be shown in a separate case. topaz; and December, turquois. Associate Members Among the more interesting species shown In the middle ages it was thought that Mrs. W. Woodbridge Dickinson, Mrs. Abraham are the northern gray wolf and the coyote each gem had a certain power over its Harris, Joseph J. Homung, Herman C. Nebel. of North America, the long-legged red- wearer. A diamond was supposed to give Annual .Members wolf and the of an amber necklace to cure a sore maned crab-eating dog courage; Miss Minnie Abel, Mrs. George W. Billig, James Brazil, the spotted hunting dog, red Abys- throat; a cat's-eye to protect from witch- H. Buell, Mrs. Stanley Clague, Sr., Sigmund W. David, Charies C. Holter, Mrs. Peart Ecker S. C. sinian wolf and two species of jackals from craft; an to make its owner shrewd Hubbell, amethyst F. W. Jr.. Charles S. wolf called the Jennings, Kaempfer, McCoy, Africa, and the small reddish in business. Granville Rice, Otto Sauermann, Mrs. Thomas G. dohle, which inhabits Asia. Sexton, Harry W. Solomon, Mrs. .\lfred Stem, Mrs. Huge Bison Bull Shown Abner J. Stilwell, E. A. Webber. MINED A DUCK GOLD BY The uniLsually large and magnificent Distinguished Visitors An interesting example of placer gold specimen of American bison bull presented mined by a duck at Cold Spring-on-Hudson, to the Museum a few months ago by Colonel Sir John Flett, K.B.E., of the Geological New York, has been presented to the Wallis Huidekoper, owner of the American Survey of Great Britain, visited Field Museum by Frederick Blaschke and is now Ranch at Twodot, Montana, has been Museum August 9 to study the methods exhibited with the placer gold in Frederick mounted and placed on exhibition in the of the Department of Geology and of the J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37). The specimen collection of horned and hoofed mammals N. W. Harris Public School Extension, for consists of particles of gravel mixed with in George M. Pullman Hall (Hall 13). comparison with the work of the Survey's flakes of gold. The gold occurred in a deposit The specimen is from a large herd kept London Museum. W. Campbell-Smith of of glacial gravel and was appropriated by a on Colonel Huidekoper's ranch. It weighed the Mineral Division of the British Museum, duck as a part of the gravel he needed to about 2,300 pounds when living. It was who is studying exhibition methods of assist his digestion. The duck demonstrated prepared for exhibition by Staff Taxidermist American museums, is another distinguished more keenness of vision than of intellect Julius Friesser. visitor of the month.

PRINTED BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS FieldJ News Published Monthly by Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

Vol. 4 OCTOBER, 1933 No. 10

SOLUTREAN EPOCH DEPICTED and an animal with elongated muzzle and LIMBLESS LIZARDS AND IN HALL OF STONE AGE raised tail; (3) a musk-ox charging a man SNAKES WITH LEGS who is more horses and an By Henry Field fleeing; (4) ox; By Karl P. Schmidt and (5) a small horse following a fantastic Assistant Curator of Physical Anthropology Assistant Curator of Reptiles animal with a head like that of a boar or The fourth in the recently Lizards have a familiar form — group' opened carnivore, an elliptical eye, elongated muz- typical that Hall of the Stone of the Old World of a with a tail. It is Age zle, pointed ears, and no horns. scaly quadruped long (Hall C) represents a scene of the Solutrean accordingly remarkable to find that many In a case opposite the group are exhibited epoch. In this period, estimated at about lizards whose four-footed relatives are easily Solutrean artifacts from Le Roc and other 22,000 years ago, the climate was growing recognizable have wholly lost their limbs sites, including the type series from Solutr6. colder, and the horse and reindeer were the and, with elongation of body and tail, have chief sources of food. Along the banks of The group is the work of sculptor Frederick become snake-like in body form. Every the Danube, then swinging westward into Blaschke, executed on plans made by the continent exhibits this type of lizard evolu- southwestern France and northern Spain, writer, who visited Le Roc to obtain data tion, which has evidently taken place inde- came a race of invaders pendently from a who, in appearance, great variety of four- were almost identical limbed ancestors. with the modern Every stage in the loss Eskimo and may have of limbs and elonga- been the Eskimo's tion of body is ancestors. Anthro- exhibited in the skink pologists have named family, which includes these people Solu- species with five, four, treans after the type three, and two toes, station containing and with limbs their artifacts in the reduced to mere commune of Solutre, stumps or entirely

Saone-e t-Loire , absent. France. They were This mode of evolu- probably inferior in tion is frequent physique to their among lizards with predecessors, the Au- burrowing habits and rignacians. They left is, in such species, fre- for posterity some quently accompanied sculptures of an im- by loss of eyes and posing character, and ear openings. Such they developed a lizards, except to the peculiar technique for technically trained fashioning flint spear- students, may be heads and lances indistinguishable from which gave their prod- similarly blind uct a degree of per- burrowing snakes. fection not found Others, however, re- until advanced the again •i^ tain active senses neolithic times, thou- of their ancestors and sands of years later. Copyright Field Museum of Natural Higtory \ Solutrean SculptOr are readily distin- In the Museum Group in the Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World showing a man of about 22.i,000 years ago. The famous guishable from snakes Solutrean frieze of Le Roc in of is in this exh:ibit. group there is repro- the Charente region France reproduced by their movable eye- duced the famous lids and ear-openings, Solutrean frieze of Le Roc in the Charente for the group. Staff Artist Charles A. Corwin structures which are absent in snakes. The district of France. This reproduction was prepared the painted background. common "glass snake" of North America, made possible by the courtesy of Dr. Henri which reaches the vicinity of Chicago, is a Martin, discoverer of the frieze, who limbless lizard of this class. furnished the Museum with casts of the Gaekwar of Baroda Visits Museum These creatures exhibit plainly enough the original sculptures. The five blocks have mode of derivation of snakes from a lizard His Highness the Maharaja Gaekwar Sir been arranged in the position in which ancestry. The relation of the snake tribe to Savaji Rao III, ruling monarch of Baroda, they were placed by the Solutrean artists. lizards is made evident by the presence of was a visitor at Field Museum on August 29, On the left is a path leading to a cave, vestiges of hind limbs in the pythons and boa and made a tour of some of the principal and on the right, sheltered behind large constrictors, which include a series of bones exhibits, accompanied by Director Stephen trees, can be seen the entrance to another within the body, at each side of the vent, C. Simms. cave. The vegetation of the time is repre- with a large external claw. None of our other visitors re- sented in the background of the group. Among distinguished Chicago snakes belong to this primitive ceived at the the month In the foreground a Solutrean sculptor of Museum during past group, whose only representatives in North were Sir Arthur former the Mongoloid type is shown at work, carving Smith-Woodward, America are two small snakes, rosy boa the outline of a horse on a block of stone. curator of paleontology of the British and the rubber boa, found in California. Dr. Victor Director Flint chips and flakes collected at Le Roc Museum; Van Straelen, Limbless lizards are more abundant and are scattered on the ground. of the Musee Royale d'Histoire Naturelle varied in Africa than in any other region. de Belgique, Brussels; Dr. A. W. Grabau, A small collection of and amphibians The five sculptures of Le Roc, reproduced reptiles professor of paleontology at the National recently received by Field Museum from in this group, represent: (1) a masked University of China and chief paleontologist Port Nolloth, South Africa, includes four human being, dancing; (2) two small horses, of the Chinese Geological Survey, Peiping; species of these remarkable forms. One of The first three groups, Chellean, Neanderthal, and and Professor Richard Willestatter of these has vestiges of hind limbs, while three have been and described in the Aurignacian, pictured Munich, winner of the 1918 Nobel prize in are entirely without external sign of limbs July, August, and September issues of Field Museum News. chemistry. or eyes. Page 2 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS October, 193S

Field Museum of Natural History METEORITE SOCIETY ORGANIZED caoutchouc of the Indian an indispensable raw material of the industrial world. Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 The for Research on Meteorites Society There are many kinds of rubber. All of Rooserelt Road and L4ike Michigan, Chicago was organized at meetings held on August 21 them consist of the dried latex or sticky and 22 in the small lecture hall of Field of certain plants. The list of rubber- THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES Museum. This institution was chosen as juice yielding plants known is now very extensive, Sbwbll L. Avery William H. Mitchell the meeting place because of its important Frederick H. Rawson including hundreds of species scattered over John Borden meteorite collection, largest in the world W1U.IAM J. Chalmers George A. Richardson all continents. The latest to be announced in number of falls represented. Marshall Field Fred W. Sargent is from Russia, a dandelion-like plant of Stanley Field Stephen C. Siums Dr. Oliver C. Curator of Farrington, western Asia with a rubbery root, that may Ernest R. Graham James Simpson was elected of Albert W, Harris Solomon A. Smith Geology, honorary president be grown far to the north in the temperate the and Associate Curator Samuel Insull, Jr. Albert A. Spragub society, Henry zone. Of the large number of plants from Cyrus H. McCormick Silas H. Strawn W. Nichols was elected a member of the which rubber may be obtained only a few John P. Wilson council of the Scientists from organization. have actually been found to yield a product OFFICERS all over the attended. Dr. Frederick country of great commercial importance, and of Stanley Fieo-d President C. Leonard, chairman of the department a rubber of A. Sprague First Viee-PresiderU these only one yields really Albert of at the of Cali- James Simpson Second Vice-President astronomy University prime quality for most purposes, viz., the fornia at Los was elected Albert W. Harris Third Vice-President Angeles, president; Brazilian rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, of C. Simms DivKtor and Stephen Secretary Dr. C. C. Wylie of the University of Iowa the Amazon. This furnishes the Brazilian . . and Assistant Solomon A. Smith. Treasurer Secretary and Dr. W. F. of the United States Foshag product known as Par4 rubber, so named National were elected vice- Museum, from its chief port of exportation. It is FIELD MUSEUM NEWS and Professor H. H. Nininger presidents; this species which, transplanted to the moist Stephen C. Simms, Director of the Mmevm Editor of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, tropics of the East Indies on a large scale, was chosen Councilors CONTRIBUTING EDITORS secretary-treasurer. now furnishes practically all of the so-called include L. F. of the Museum of Berthold Laufer Curator of Anthropology Brady plantation rubber. Curator Northern Dean G. M. Butler of B. E. Dahlgren Acting of Botany Arizona, Formerly the Amazon was the only source Oliver C. Farrington Curator of Geology the University of Arizona, Professor Ray- rubber is still Wilfred H. Osgood Curator of Zoology of supply. The industry mond E. Crilley of Iowa Wesleyan College, virtual absence H. B. Harte Managing Editor important there, but in the Dr. W. T. of Pomona Whitney College, of producing plantations, is confined to and Dr. F. R. Moulton of the University the wild trees of the forest. These Field Museum is every of the year during tapping open day of the hours indicated below: Chicago. yield a superior product but at a cost of November, December, January 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. time and effort much greater than that p.m. February, March, April, October 9 a.m. to 5:00 expended on plantation rubber. The rubber May, June, July, August, September 9 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. MUSEUM CLOSING HOUR trees in the forest are scattered. The gatherer Admission is free to Members on all days. Other CHANGES OCTOBER 1 live far his establish adults are admitted free on Thursdays, Saturdays and of rubber must from kind, Sundays; non-members pay 25 cents on other days. Beginning October 1, visiting and maintain himself in the forest, often all and Children are admitted free on days. Students hours at Field Museum of Natural under difficult conditions, far from members of educational institutions are admit- very faculty will be from 9 a.m. to 5:30 sources of He must find a sufficient ted free any day upon presentation of credentials. History supply. until 31. Since trees or less convenient The Museum's natural history Library is open for p.m. daily October number of more reference daily except Saturday afternoon and Sunday. June 1 the Museum has been open of access within a reasonable range of his Traveling exhibits are circulated in the schools of every day from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. for camp and cut a path for himself from tree Chicago by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension the convenience of visitors to A to tree before he can begin his daily round Department of the Museum. Century of Progress. of collecting. Lectures for schools, and special entertainments and tours for children at the Museum, are provided On Novemiber 1 the Museum will Most of the Amazon rubber thus obtained by the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond resume its regular schedule of visit- comes to market in large balls, formed Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. ing hours, which varies slightly at gradually by pouring the collected rubber Announcements of free illustrated lectures for the different as follows: latex on a stick revolved over the smoke and lectures for Members of the Museum, seasons, public, special the will appear in Field Museum News. November, December, and January of a palm nut fire, which causes milky A cafeteria in the Museum serves visitors. Rooms —9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.; February, juice to coagulate. This is continued daily are provided for those bringing their lunches. March, April, and October—9 a.m. until the ball of rubber grows to such Chicago Motor Coach Company No. 26 buses go to 5 p.m.; May, June, July, August, dimensions that it becomes unmanageable or direct to the Museum. and September—9 a.m. to 6 p.m. inconvenient for one man to handle, the Members are to inform the Museum requested average weight of the balls being about promptly of changes of address. sixty pounds when fresh. MEMBERSHIP IN FIELD MUSEUM PARA RUBBER A plantation rubber tree showing the Field Museum has several classes of Members. By B. E. Dahlgrbn now usual manner in which the bark is Benefactors or devise $100,000 or more. Contribu- give of cut in shallow V-shaped incisions, and a tors or devise to Life Members Acting Curator, Department Botany give $1,000 $100,000. effects of Non-Resident Life and Associate Members wild rubber tree showing the give $500; Rubber is essentially an American prod- pay $100; Non-Resident Associate Members pay $50. tapping in the crude manner formerly in uct. At the time of the early Spaniards All the above classes are exempt from dues. Sustaining use on the lower Amazon, have been placed Members contribute $25 annually. After six years they in tropical America the Indians in Mexico become Associate Members. Annual Members con- on exhibition among the raw plant materials used rubber playing balls, and in South tribute $10 annually. Other memberships are Corpo- in Hall 28 of the Museum. Shown with America were acquainted with the rate, Honorary, Patron, and Corresponding, additions they these are the tools used for making the under these classifications being made by special action latex of the rubber tree and its use as incisions, and specimens of Pari rubber in of the Board of Trustees. for rain capes. The Amazon- waterproofing it into the market. Each Member, in all classes, is entitled to free the form in which comes ian Indians made syringes of rubber with a admission to the Museum for himself, his family and This exhibit was made possible by gifts house and to two reserved seats for Museum stick of wood for a nozzle. The guests, perforated of material received from Van Cleef Brothers lectures provided for Members. Subscription to Field first scientific report on rubber was made Museum News is included with all The and the Wilkinson Process Rubber Company memberships. Condamine and Bouguer in 1736 to the courtesies of every museum of note in the United by of Chicago, and by collections obtained by and Canada are extended to all Members of Paris of Sciences. States Academy the Marshall Field Botanical Expedition to Field Museum. A Member may give his personal card Nevertheless, in Europe and North to non-residents of of the Amazon in 1929. Chicago, upon presentation America rubber was almost unknown until which they will be admitted to the Museum without To illustrate the botanical characters of charge. Further information about memberships wul about a hundred years ago. The English on the Hevea rubber tree a fruiting branch of be sent request. chemist is said to have discovered Priestley this tree obtained by the Amazon expedition its usefulness as a eraser. A practical pencil has been in the Stanley Field BEQUESTS AND ENDOWMENTS cloth with a rubber reproduced process for impregnating of the to Field Museum of Natural Plant Reproduction Laboratories Bequests History may solution was patented in Great Britain in be made in securities, money, books or collections. Department of Botany. The whole forms to 1823 Mackintosh, whose name has since They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial by an instructive and important nucleus for a or cause, named by the giver. become a for raincoats. With person synonym an exhibit which will include the principal Cash contributions made within the taxable year the discovery of the process known as net income kinds of rubber from various other sources. not exceeding 15 per cent of the taxpayer's of the treatment are allowable as deductions in computing net income vulcanization, consisting under Article 251 of Regulation 69 relating to the of rubber with sulphur, the usefulness of screen income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. the new material was greatly increased. An unusually fine carved lacquer be made to the Museum with the Endowments may Its enormous importance dates, of from China, eighteenth century, deposited that an annuity be paid to the patron for life. present provision of the Mrs. Marshall Field, Sr., occupies the These annuities are tax-free and are guaranteed against course, from the invention pneumatic by above Field Hall. fluctuation in amount. tire, which has made the crude "coucho" or North Gallery Stanley October, 19SS FIELD MUSEUM NEWS Page S

ESSENTIAL OILS the hands of a monkey. The "wrist" joint, PRINCE M. U. M. SALIE PRESENTS By Llewelyn Williams which is very short in an ordinary fish, is GEMS FROM CEYLON Assistant in Wood Technology long and slender like an arm, and the fins A valuable collection of precious stones Essential, ethereal, or volatile oils are wave around like the fans used by a dancer. in of many varieties, brought from the island odoriferous substances of an oily character, The gill openings, instead of being the of Ceylon, which is known as the home of occurring normally in plant tissues or pro- usual place, are carried back under the skin fine gems, has been presented to Field duced incident to the life processes of plants. behind the "arm." swims when Museum by Prince M. U. M. Salie, well- They give these plants their characteristic The sargassum-fish only cross where known Ceylonese gem merchant. There aromas. The oils are present, as a rule, in necessary to some open space are stones in the includ- small amounts, and may be confined to it cannot go around. Most of the time it fifty-five collection, climbs around the its ing a number of rare specimens. They will special cells, glands, or ducts of the plant. through weeds, using be distributed according to their classifica- In some instances they are limited to one fins like hands. It grasps the stems and tions among the exhibits in H. N. Higin- structural element, while in others leaves as firmly as a man would a rope. particular botham Hall at an date. are the various It is constantly looking for something to (Hall 31) early they dispersed throughout interest in when it sees a move- Outstanding in beauty and the parts, such as the bark, roots, leaves, flowers, eat, and suspicious collection are sapphires, star sapphires, or fruit. ment in the weeds it is ready to take the into its mouth. rubies, a star ruby, aquamarines of remark- In scented flowers, such as the rose, the crab or other animal great All the creatures that live in the able fire and color, moonstones, and an oil is chiefly concentrated in the petals, sargassum cannot be Oriental amethyst sapphire. The collection whereas in spice-producing plants the con- are colored like the plant and covers the range of all the more important centration may occur in the leaves and bark, seen unless a false movement or the shine stones found in Ceylon, and embraces every as in the case of cinnamon, or in the fruit, hue from colorless through the whole as in nutmeg. In some species of conifers spectrum from red to violet. In a number the oil be confined to the needles and may of cases there are several stones of one twigs. The function of the oil in the life basic kind but differing in color, showing of the plant is uncertain. It may be merely the variety of tints possible in high class an excretory by-product or it may be a gems of a single species. secretion serving a specific purpose, such as Most fascinating and most sought after, attracting insects to the flower. in the experience of Prince Salie, are the Most essential oils are insoluble in water, star sapphires, for which Ceylon is partic- but they are freely soluble in alcohol and ularly noted. These occur in various colors ether. They have an extensive range of from light gray to deep blue and lavender. uses, and have been employed since ancient When found in deep red, which is rare, times for cosmetic and ritual purposes, for they are called star rubies and are of higher incense, and for embalming. The invention value. The star sapphire or ruby, when of distillation, perhaps in ancient Egypt or placed in the light, shows a luminous six- in India, made possible the extraction of pointed star at every angle of vision. Among essential oils in the pure state. They are the star sapphires Prince Salie has presented now commonly employed in the manufac- to the Museum are a large one of sixty ture of perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and carats, and one of the rare star rubies. drugs, and as flavoring agents. Sargassum-fish Another unusual ruby included in the Most of these essential oils may be liber- Reproduction of strange denizen of the sea, on gift is one which combines the perfection ated from plants without undergoing decom- exhibition in Albert W. Harris Hall. of color of the Burmese type with the position. The principal methods of extrac- of an betrays them. The sargassum- sparkling fire of the Ceylonese. The moon- tion are by distillation; by extraction with eye fish has a mouth and can stones in the collection are remarkable for volatile solvents, such as alcohol; by expres- very large readily swallow a crab or another fish as as possessing a more pronounced moonlight sion, either by hand or by machine; and by large itself. sheen than is usually seen, and in the case absorption in fat, known as the "enfleurage" When the of the are of some upon which faces have been carved process. eggs sargassum-fish on the surface of the water this a striking effect. In Hall 28 of the Department of Botany laid, they float produces particularly for a few until hatch. Then Besides the gems mentioned above. Prince there has recently been installed an extensive days they the tiny fish swim around until they Salie's gift includes a "cat's-eye" (treasured exhibit of essential oils, representing material young reach a mass of the weed where can by Indian rulers as a legendary jewel and obtained from plants growing in the United they find food and shelter. In their homes often mounted in the crowns of princes and States, Central and South America, Europe, bushy are travelers. In the Atlantic rajahs), pink star sapphires, brown, white, India, Ceylon, and other countries. The they great have been seen on the shores of and blue zircons, spinel ruby, carved sap- material for this collection was in large part they Norway, and southern carved cinnamon stones, water contributed by Fritzsche Brothers of New central Africa, Massachusetts, phire, ruby, Brazil. In the Pacific and Indian Oceans sapphires, fancy sapphire, parparagum, York, American representatives of Schimmel are found on the shores of Africa, jargoon, peridot, pink topaz, golden sap- and Company of Miltitz, Germany. they Australia, and Japan. The cold currents phires, and other stones. seem to keep them away from the west Prince Salie's family for generations has THE SARGASSUM-FISH coast of America. been engaged in the mining, cutting, and By Alfred C. Weed A celluloid model of the sargassum-fish merchandising of precious stones. He began Assistant Curator of Fishes has been prepared by Staff Taxidermist his work in this field some forty years ago Many travelers have seen and wondered A. G. Rueckert from a specimen collected at the age of fourteen. He has a large and at the masses of sargassum or gulf weed at Key West, Florida, by the John G. unusual exhibition of gems on view at A floating in the ocean currents, but few of Shedd Aquarium and presented to Field Century of Progress, in the General Exhibits them have any idea of the multitude of Museum. It is now on exhibition in Albert Building, Pavilion 4, Second Floor. Many small creatures that live in these masses W. Harris Hall (Hall 18). of the stones he has on display there have and drift with them to all parts of the sea. been awarded highest honors at other in Fish, crabs, snails, squids, and many New Books Library international fairs, including those of Christ other creatures climb through the weed or The Library of Field Museum calls atten- Church, New Zealand, in 1906, Panama rest on the branches, while barnacles, sea tion to the following publications, recently Pacific International Exposition in San plumes, and various other forms of life are added to its collections, which contain Francisco in 1915, Panama California Inter- attached to the stems or leaves and spend material of interest to general readers: national Exposition in San Diego in 1916, their lives traveling at the will of the winds Bolton, Anza's California Expeditions (five and the Sesquicentennial Exposition in and ocean currents. volumes); Bailey, Phases in the Religion Philadelphia in 1926. Prince Salie's home One of the strangest of the creatures of Ancient Rome; Russell, Plant Nutrition is at Galle, Ceylon. He maintains per- that live in these water plants is a small and Crop Production; and Nilsson, Myce- manent American headquarters at Miami fish that is called sargassum-fish, mouse- naean Origin of Greek Mythology. These, and Beach, Florida. In recognition of his gift. fish or fishing frog. It belongs to the great other scientific works in the Library's Prince Salie has been elected to the class group of angler-fishes, which have the side collection of some 95,000 volumes, may of Museum membership designated as fins developed like and used as feet. Its be consulted by Members of the Museum Contributors. ventral (leg) fins are under its throat, and by the general public. The reading while its pectoral (arm) fins are back near room is open from 9 A.M. to 4:30 p.m. from A group of Alaska water birds from the its tail. These fins look almost like the feet Monday to Friday, and from 9 A.M. to Pribilof Islands forms an attractive exhibit of a frog and are as flexible and useful as noon Saturday. It is closed on Sunday. in the Department of Zoology. Page i FIELD MUSEUM NEWS October, 19S3

AUTUMN LECTURE COURSE November 18—Musk Ox and Polar Bear; OCTOBER GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS The Sky Splitter; Comets and Eclipses TO OPEN OCTOBER 7 Conducted tours of exhibits, under the Field Museum's Sixtieth Free Lecture November 25—A Furry Tale; The Puritans guidance of staff lecturers, are made every afternoon Course will begin on Saturday, October 7, December 2—Through the Year with at 3 p.m., except Saturdays, and continue on Saturday afternoons Animal Friends: Spring; Summer; Sundays, and certain holidays. Following is the schedule of through October and November. In all, Autumn; Winter subjects and dates for eight travel lectures, illustrated with motion October: and will be — pictures stereopticon slides, CHINESE GATEWAY FOR SALE Week—beginning October 2: Monday— Eskimo Life; given. All the lectures will be presented Tuesday General Tour; Wednesday African Ani- Due to lack of a suitable in Field mals; —General —Seeds and in the James Simpson Theatre of the place Thursday Tour; Friday in which to exhibit the famous Fruits. and all will at 3 p.m. Follow- Museum it, Museum, begin Week 9: — Chinese gateway in the possession of this beginning October Monday Animals ing is the complete schedule of dates, and Plants of Long Ago; Tuesday—General Tour; institution is offered for sale. The — subjects and speakers: being Wednesday Egyptian Exhibits; Thursday—General attention of other museums, societies, and Tour; Friday—Costumes of Primitive Peoples. October 7—The Desert Road to — individual art collectors is called to this Week beginning October 16: —Monday Fishes, Turkistan remarkable opportunity to acquire a rare Amphibians and Reptiles; Tuesday General Tour; Wednesday—Hall of Plant Life; —General Owen Lattimore, Washington, D.C. and valuable addition to their Thursday collections, Tour; Friday —Man Through the Ages. — Islands of the South for its artistic and its October 14 Jungle outstanding beauty Week beginning October 23: Monday—South Seas impressive size. The gateway at present American Plants and Animals; Tuesday—General —Chinese and Tibetan Thurs- Sidney Shurcliff, Boston, Massachusetts is to be seen standing in front of the Chinese Tour; Wednesday Art; day—General Tour; Friday—Crystals, Gems and October 21 —Gorillas Jewelry. Harry C. Raven, American Museum of Natural Monday, October 30—Habitat Groups; Tuesday— History, New York General Tour. — Life as Indian Chief October 28 My an Persons wishing to participate should Walter McClintock, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania apply at North Entrance. Tours are free November 4—The Spell of Egypt and no gratuities are to be proffered. A new H. C. Ostrander, Jersey City, New Jersey schedule will appear each month in Field News. Guide-lecturers' services November 11 —RepubUcs in the Clouds— Museum for tours of ten or more Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia special by parties are available free of Major James C. Sawders, Nutley, New Jersey charge by arrangement with the Director a week in advance. November 18—By Way of Cape Horn Alan J. Villiers, Melbourne, Australia 25—Amazon November Twilight Gifts to the Museum Earl Hanson, Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C. Following is a list of some of the principal gifts received during the last month: No tickets are necessary for admission — to these lectures. A section of the Theatre From Dr. Florentine Felippone a red bat, Uruguay: from Homer Forbis—5 hair-worms, Missouri; from is reserved for Members of the Museum, Frederick H. Test—2 rodent skins with skulls, and each of whom is entitled to two reserved A. Elliott —a 12 bats, Honduras; from Dr. John — hog- seats on request. Requests for these seats nosed snake, Illinois; from F. J. W. Schmidt 4 snakes Chinese and a from Russell T. Neville—a or in Gateway turtle, Wisconsin: may be made by telephone writing 3 4 and 4 This remarkable example of Chinese art, carved lizard, frogs, bats, salamanders, Missouri; to the Museum, in advance of the lecture, from Thomas K. Birka —a tiger salamander, Wiscon- from teakwood, is 19 feet high and 16 feet 9 inches — and seats will then be held in the Member's in breadth. sin; from C. C. Liu 22 toads, China; from Wesley Lee —a northern water Illinois; 3 o'clock on the of the Laybourne snake, name until day from Treville Lawrence —a black vulture on the of A skeleton, lecture. Members may obtain seats in the Exposition grounds Century Georgia: from F. D. Flanders—a molar tooth of it — reserved section also by presentation of of Progress, where has attracted much Elephas imperator, Texas; from A. C. Jones 2 cerus- site and 2 wulfenite from Dr. their cards to the Theatre attention from world's fair visitors all specimens, Ontario; membership T. F. —4 specimens of free gold in matrix, summer. It is carved from and Seymour attendant before 3 o'clock on the lecture teakwood, Arizona: from John W. Jennings —specimens of jasper is 19 feet in and 16 feet 9 inches in — day, even though no advance reservation height and chalcedony, Arkansas; from William B. Pitts a and 14 been made. All reserved seats not width. It was first brought to this country mineral specimen polished agate specimens, has from C. N. Ackerman—a skull and one- from China for exhibition in the Palace of California; claimed by 3 o'clock will be opened to the half skeleton of Bison americanus, Illinois: from Prince Education at the Panama Pacific Inter- — general public. M. U. M. Salie 55 precious stones,— Ceylon; from national Exposition of San Francisco in School of Forestry, Yale University 75 herbarium British from Alexander E. 1915. A of the specimens, Honduras: MOTION PICTURES FOR CHILDREN complete description gate- Lawrance —200 herbarium specimens, Colombia: from and an of the — —RAYMOND FOUNDATION way, interpretation many Museo Nacional 23 herbarium specimens,— Costa remarkable carved figures which decorate Rica; from Professor A. O. Garrett 78 herbarium Nine free motion picture programs for be obtained from Field Museum specimens, Utah; from Companhia Ford Industrial do it, may Brasil — 52 wood and herbarium children will be on Saturday specimens, Brazil; presented Anthropology Leaflet No. 1 entitled "The from Mrs. E. A. Talcott —a lignum vitae ruler; from 7 to December — mornings from October 2, Chinese Gateway," written by Dr. Berthold H. G. Moore 6 musical instruments, Africa, Jeru- and from Karl P. Schmidt— inclusive, in the autumn series of entertain- Laufer, Curator of Anthropology. Copies salem, Constantinople; the James Nelson and 3 pre-Columbian clay heads, Santo Domingov ments provided by of this leaflet will be sent free, upon request, Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for to any institution or individual interested and Children's Lectures. Public School in the possibility of purchasing the gateway. NEW MEMBERS These will be given in the James Simpson The were elected to Theatre of the Museum, and each will following persons membership in Field Museum during the be presented twice, at 10 A.M. and 11 a.m. SPECIAL NOTICE period from August 16 to September 15: Children from all parts of Chicago and All Members of Field Museum suburbs are invited. who Annual Members have their residences or are Following is the schedule showing the changed Miss Madelyn M. Bader, Mrs. Alfred S. Burdick, John W. G. Mrs. Charles E. titles of the films to be shown on each date: planning to do so are earnestly urged Denison, George Goldie, Goodell, William A. Gray, Frank J. Hurley, Arthur to notify the Museum at once of William P. Clarence E. October 7—Hawaii, the Beautiful; Ki- J. G. Illian, Kelly, Kohl, T. J. Mrs. Bertram M. White- their new addresses, so that copies of Mrs. O. T. Kreusser, Reed, lauea, the Volcano; Earthquakes; FIELDMUSEUMNEWSandallother Winston. tail, the Deer communications from the Museum October 14—Heroes of the Sea; Columbus An unusually large specimen of sagebrush, may reach them promptly. October 21 —Animals in Motion; about six feet high and six feet around, is on exhibition in the Hall of Plant Life. This Glimpses of Tibetan Life; Strange Tibetan found in the was an im- Dances; Moose—King of the Forest Fossils Collected in New Jersey bush, widely west, item in the life of the who Sharat K. Roy, Assistant Curator of portant pioneers, October 28—Simba used it for fuel. Invertebrate Paleontology, spent the month November 4— Dinosaurs; The Hunting of September on a field trip in the region Romance of Glass near Dover, New Jersey, where he collected The origin and uses of jet or "black November 11 —The Frog; The Ants' Cow; fossils of Cambrian age for addition to the amber" are explained by an exhibit in the The Mystery Box; From Dog to Airplane Museum's collections. Department of Geology.

NTE3 BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS liitiilNews PvMished Monthly by Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago

Vol.4 NOVEMBER, 1933 No. 11

MAGDALENIAN SCULPTURE AND CAP-BLANC SKELETON IN THE STONE AGE HALL

By Hbnby Field times. The advanced flint-flaking technique Charles A. Corwin shows the location of Assistant Curator of Physical Anthropology of their Solutrean predecessors disappeared, this rock-shelter above the valley of the but the working of bone became a highly meandering Beune River. The fifth* group in the Hall of the Stone developed art and a strong influence in the In the of the a modern Age of the Old World (Hall C) shows a foreground group life of the people. Their weapons included skeleton has been in the in reproduction of the most important sculp- placed position and of various the bones of a ture of the Magdalenian period—the frieze spear-throwers harpoons which young Magdalenian while bone needles and awls were of horses in the rock-shelter of Cap-Blanc types, girl were found during excavations in 1911. articles of domestic in the Dordogne region of France. important equipment. The original Cap-Blanc skeleton, purchased In order to the caves in In 1865 Lartet and Christy excavated light which they in 1926 from M. Grimaud, is on exhibition lived and their animal fat the great rock-shelter of La Madeleine, practiced art, in an adjoining case. The skull and pelvis, Dordogne, where they found evidence of a was burned in crude stone lamps. which had been crushed by overlying rocks, prehistoric culture, subsequently called the In the Museum group an accurate have been restored by T. Ito under the direc- Magdalenian. During tion of Dr. Gerhardt the period in which von Bonin and the that culture flourished writer. The bones in Europe, some showed no signs of 20,000 years ago, the disease. From the climate was cold. The condition of the teeth mammoth, woolly and long bones, as rhinoceros, reindeer, revealed by X-ray musk-ox, bison, wild photographs, it is horse and many other estimated that this animals wandered girl was about eighteen across the meadows. years of age. An ivory Cave-bears struggled point, found over the with the ancient abdominal cavity, hunters for possession may have been the of the caves. cause of death. The Magdalenians, The reproduction who were members of of the rock-shelter is the Cro-Magnon race, the work of Frederick had long, narrow Blaschke, who visited heads with high cheek- Cap-Blanc in 1927 in bones, a combination order to make an which is known as the accurate scale model "disharmonic" type. of the frieze. Henri The brow-ridges were Barreyre took motion well developed above and still pictures of the site, and colored large, rectangular eye Copyright Field Museum uf N;itural History sockets. Medium in Magdalenian Achievements in Sculpture sketches and paintings stature, with well- The Cap-Blanc rock-shelter, with its famous frieze of horses carved in the limestone wall by prehistoric men were made by Charles shaped heads and some 20,000 years ago, as reproduced in the Hall of the Stone Age. In the foreground is a; human skeleton placed R. Knight and Pierre exactly in the position in which the original prehistoric one, shown in adjoining case, was found on this site. pleasing features, they Gatier. must have been im- The group was posing. The Magdalenian artists produced reproduction of the Cap-Blanc rock-shelter planned and directed by the writer with the finest naturalistic art of prehistoric shows part of the magnificent frieze of the generous cooperation of Abbe Henri Celtic horses cut in high relief on the wall. Breuil, the leading authority on prehistoric The first four groups, Chellean, Neanderthal, This illustrates the remarkable sculptural art, who is a professor at the College de Aurignacian and Solutrean, have been and pictured attainments of the artists. France and a Corresponding Member of described in the July, August, September and October Magdalenian issues of Field Museum News. The landscape painted by Staff Artist Field Museum.

Hall 24 Reinstallation Completed New York, recently completed by Sharat Flora of Barro Colorado K. Assistant Curator of Invertebrate With the reinstallation recently of the Roy, Based primarily upon collections in the Mr. was collection of rhinoceros horn cups, the Paleontology. Roy accompanied Herbarium of Field Museum, The Flora of Markham of who Chinese archaeological collections in George by Floyd Chicago, Barro Colorado Island, Panama has been rendered valuable assistance in T. and Frances Gaylord Smith Hall (Hall assembling published as No. 5 of the Contributions from the collection. Of interest are com- 24), which have been undergoing thorough special the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Uni- from Cam- revision and improvement for more than a plete specimens, particularly versity. Paul C. Standley, Associate brian where hitherto year, are now completely reinstalled. The localities, only frag- Curator of the Herbarium of Field Museum, fossils had been known to occur. new method of lighting the cases with con- mentary is the author. The pamphlet contains 178 cealed illumination, and the new buff- pages, a map, and twenty-one heliotype colored screens and labels, greatly enhance New Bronzes Added to Keep Hall plates, and it enumerates 1,259 species of the of the exhibits and is beauty make them Three more bronzes of racial types, by plants. This a surprisingly large total, easier much to study. the sculptor Malvina Hoffman, have been even in the tropics, for an area as small as added recently to the seventy-four which Barro Colorado, an island of only some six Invertebrate is in Fossils Collected occupied Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall square miles. The island Gatun Lake is the site of a An important collection of invertebrate (Hall 3) when it opened in June, bringing in the Panama Canal, and for fossils, ranging from the Cambrian to the the series a step nearer to completion. The laboratory maintained by the Institute Cretaceous period, has been received at the new types are a Yucatecan Maya of Mexico, Tropical Research of the National Research Museum as the result of a field collecting a Tehuelche of Patagonia, and a Georgian Council. Mr. Standley has made several trip in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and of the Caucasus. visits to Barro Colorado. Page 2 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS November, 1933

Field Museum of Natural History EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHWEST by some prudent Indian, who probably them there for Three Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 RETURNS WITH COLLECTIONS placed safe-keeping. dog skeletons interred within the walls of Rooserelt Road and Lake Michigan, Chicago By Paul S. Martin the pueblo were likewise uncovered and Assistant Curator of North American Archaeology THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES brought back to the Museum for examina- The Field Museum Archaeological Expedi- tion. A gn"eat deal of excellent pottery was Sbwell L. Avery WnxiAM H. Mitchell to the has returned from its is to the John Borden Frederick H. Rawson tion Southwest found. Pottery very important WiLLIAlf J. Chauiers George A. Richardson third and most successful season at the archaeologist, because by studying its Marshau. Field Fred W. Sargent Lowry ruin in southwestern Colorado. texture, color, and design he can generally Stephen C. Siuhs Stanley Field determine and of Ernest R. Graham JAUGS SiursoN This site was formerly inhabited by Pueblo changes sequences culture, Albert W. Harris Solomon A. Smith Indians. The structure, containing many and can also work out the relation of one A. Samuel Insull, Jr. Albert Spragub was Isuilt on of a to another. the season, Strawn contiguous rooms, top pueblo During past Cyrus H. McCormick Silas H. the John P, Wilson mesa situated between two canyons. It Museum expedition dug up thirty pieces its an of and hundred OFFICERS stands today, even in ruined state, pottery approximately eight mound about feet potsherds, which are valuable for study, as Stanley Field Praidml imposing twenty-five well as bone and stone tools. Albert A. Spragub Pint Viet-Pretiienl above the level of the surrounding country. many ikMES Simpson Second Vice-President The known length of the ruin is 175 feet, A system of determining by the rings of Albert W. Harris Third Vice-Pretident but there are rooms at both ends and a section of trunk the dates of cutting of Stephen C. Simms Director and Secretary many on each side to be excavated. certain of trees used the Indians Solomon A. Smith . . . Treaturer artd Auittant Secretary yet Twenty- species by eight ground-floor rooms have been entirely as roof beams and door lintels, has recently FIELD MUSEUM NEWS dug out. It seems certain that most of the been developed by Dr. A. E. Douglass of pueblo was three stories high, hence it may the University of Arizona. The earliest Stephen C. Simms, Director of the Museum Editor be assumed that there were at least known date of Lowry ruin is a.d. 894, EDITORS safely CONTRIBUTING from seventy-five to eighty rooms in the but an earlier one may be obtained, as more Berthold Laufer Curator of Anthropology portion which has been investigated. than twenty log specimens from various B, E. Dahlgren Acting Curator of Botany is condition similar rooms were secured this summer. Oliver C. Farrington Curator of Geology On Lowry Mesa there a Wilfred H. Osgood Curator of Zoology to that found at Troy, namely, a village The Southwest Expedition is financed H. B. Hartb Managing Editor built on the remains of others. The Museum from funds provided by the late Julius and expedition has found evidence of five Augusta N. Rosenwald. Field Museum is open every day of the year during separate occupations of this mesa. During the hours indicated below: the last one the large stone-walled pueblo Colored Agate November, December, January 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. was commenced. The evidence indicates March, October 9 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. FVequent inquiries are received from February, April, that even the final there May, June, July, August, September 9 a.m. to 6:00 P.M. during occupation Museum visitors about methods of coloring on all Other were an ebb and flow of peoples, and that Admission is free to Members days. agate. The natural colors of most agate admitted free on and least five distinct adults are Thursdays, Saturdays there were at building so that the of the stone is non-members 25 cents on other days. are pale, beauty Sundays; pay periods in what we now call Lowry pueblo. Children are admitted free on all days. Students and enhanced by artificial coloring. This is admit- It be of interest to for those faculty members of educational institutions are_ might explain accomplished by soaking the stone for days of credentials. ted free any day upon presentation who have not visited such a site how these or even weeks in a suitable solution. Agate The Museum's natural history Library is open for reached. The first in conclusions are steps is of layers of differing degrees reference daily except Saturday afternoon and Sunday. composed the work consist of careful trenching on all of which absorb different exhibits are circulated in the schools of porosity quantities Traveling sides of the and outside of what Chicago by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension pueblo of the solution and so are stained in contrast- to exterior walls. This work Department of the Museum. seem be the ing shades. The solutions commonly used Lectures for schools, and special entertainments may bring to Ught many puzzling features, are honey or sugar in water. After treatment and tours for children at the Museum, are provided which at the moment cannot be understood, with the solution the is treated the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond sugar agate by but be later in the Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. perhaps may interpreted with strong sulphuric acid which chars the shed as more information is obtained. Announcements of free illustrated lectures for the light sugar, producing various shades of brown lectures for Members of the three in the public, and special Museum, For example, years ago pre- and dull red. There are other solutions will in Field Museum News. dis- appear liminary trenching several apparently which deposit pigments in the pores of the A cafeteria in the Museum serves visitors. Rooms walls two kivas connected and (underground, agate. Of late years many agates are colored are provided for those bringing their lunches. circular ceremonial chambers), were en- with aniline but these are not highly Motor Coach Company No. 26 buses go dye Chicago countered. At that those features, direct to the Museum. time, esteemed. the meant nothing, because Members are requested to inform the Museum especially walls, A large selection of colored and uncolored address. were walls promptly of changes of they apparently just orphan agate appears in a case at the entrance to without any near relatives or ancestors. FIELD Hall 34. MEMBERSmp IN MUSEUM It has now been determined that those very Field Museum has several classes of Members. walls formed part of the one-story terrace Exhibit of Shore Birds Benefactors give or devise $100,000 or more. Contribu- with or devise to Life Members of the pueblo and are still connected tors give $1,000 $100,000. The principal species of American shore Non-Resident Life and Associate Members writer once was the main five $500; what the thought case Non-Resident Associate Members birds are on exhibition in a recently pay $100; pay_$50. section of the village. All the above classes are exempt from dues. Sustaining installed in Hall 21, containing the system- The conclusion that there were at least Members contribute $25 annually. After six years they atic collection of birds. Included in this become Associate Members. Annual Members con- five building periods during the last occupa- Other are exhibit are the rails, sandpipers, snipe, tribute $10 annually. memberships Corpo- tion of Lowry ruin was reached by a close rate, Honorary, Patron, and Correspondmg, additions woodcock, oystercatchers, plovers, stilts, these classifications action of the masonry and by noting whether under being made by special study avocets, jacanas, tumstones, and phalaropes. of the Board of Trustees. of the walls are tied or abutted. the corners characteristic of the is to free A curious phalaropes Each Member, in all classes, is entitled A tied comer is one in which the stones of admission to the Museum for his and that, unlike most birds, the female is more himself, family the two walls are interlaced so as to bind house guests, and to two reserved seats for Museum beautiful than the male. Also, a matriarchal lectures provided for Members. Subscription to Field them together securely. An abutted corner plan of living prevails among them, the Museum News is included with all memberships. The is one in which a later wall touches an earlier courtesies of museum of note in the United males attending to the duties of incubating every one. Careful study of these factors indicates States and Canada are extended to all Members of the eggs and caring for the young when Field Museum. A Member his card that with perhaps may give personal Lowry pueblo began hatched. The plovers are of special interest to non-residents of Chicago, upon presentation of it was abandoned eight or ten rooms; that size of their as which they will be admitted to the Museum without because of the large eggs and reoccupied several times; and that at charge. Further information about memberships will compared with the size of the birds. The be sent on least five additions and alterations were request. snipe and woodcock are among the favorite so that the maximum number of made, birds of sportsmen. The birds were AND ENDOWMENTS rooms was about two hundred. game BEQUESTS probably mounted by Ashley Hine, Staff Taxidermist. Bequests to Field Museum of Natural History may On and under the floors of the rooms many be made in securities, money, books or collections. interesting specimens came to light. Under They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to Museum Hours Now 9 to 4:30 named the one room, for example, were found eight a person or cause, by giver. and Cash contributions made within the taxable year well-made bone tools, a beautiful green Effective November 1, continuing net income Field resumes not exceeding 1 5 per cent of the taxpayer's stone implement, which was probably until February 28, Museum are allowable as deductions in computing net income in and two wooden its regular winter visiting hours, opening under Article 251 of Regulation 69 relating to the ceremonial nature, at 9 and closing at 4:30 P.M. income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. artifacts, the use of which is problematical. daily a.m., to the Museum with the Endowments may be made These objects had been wrapped in a cedar- an be to the for life. provision that annuity paid patron rotted when discovered A topaz crystal is on exhibi- These annuities are tax-free and are guaranteed against bark matting, badly ninety-pound Hall 31). fluctuation in amoimt. this year. They were buried under the floor tion in H. N. Higinbotham (Hall November, 19S3 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS Page 3

COLORADO EXPEDITION UNEARTHS While crows and jays have become LARGE AUSTRALIAN COLLECTION RARE FOSSIL SPECIMENS adapted to living under all sorts of conditions PLACED ON EXHIBITION and in all parts of the world, the same A valuable collection of fossil mammals By Wilfrid D. Hahbly tendency towards specialization has caused and has been to Field Aasistant Curator of African Ethnology reptiles brought paradise birds to develop fantastic court- Museum Patterson, Assistant in What is the and most by Bryan ship dances and complicated ornamental probably largest in the of collection in this Paleontology Department Geology, plumes. Prince Rudolph's blue bird-of- complete country repre- who has returned from an expedition con- the of the paradise is shown in courtship display, the senting ethnology aboriginal ducted under his in western tribes of Australia has been on leadership delicate form of its nuptial plumes bearing just placed Colorado during the past summer. Mr. for the first in Hall Al. marvelous pastel shades of blue, mauve, exhibition, time, Patterson was accompanied by James H. The Australian aborigines, lilac, and maroon. During the display, numbering Quinn and A. about scattered over a conti- Clayton Quinn. which lasts for several minutes, it swings 50,000 people the obtained are skulls nent as as the United are of Among specimens upside down from a branch, quivering its large States, and parts of the skeleton of an animal that interest because are still plumes in an ecstasy of sheer abandon {see special they living has hitherto been one of the rarest of fossil in a stone state of all accompanying illustration). Other resplend- age culture, lacking mammals. This known as Tita- of the use of metals. creature, ently beautiful specimens are the gorgetted, knowledge is a of the The Australian tribes make no noides, representative Amblypoda, the king, the superb, the magnificent and pottery, an extinct order of hoofed mam- have no musical wear no cloth- primitive the great bird-of-paradise. instruments, mals. The of the of the and have no houses history discovery Many of Field Museum's expeditions of ing, dwelling except animal is an of the slow of shelters. show a example growth recent years have contributed specimens to temporary However, they our of fossil accord- in knowledge vertebrates, this exhibit. Among them are the Crane remarkable ingenuity manufacturing ing to Elmer S. Riggs, Associate Curator tools, weapons and ornaments from stone, of Paleontology. bone, wood, sinew and gum. In 1917 Titanoides was named on the As illustrated in the Museum collection, basis of a fragment of lower jaw from North stone, and even bottle glass when available, Dakota. In 1930 other fragments of lower are chipped and flaked into spearheads of jaw were described from Wyoming. In narrow leaf shape, with small serrations. 1931 there was presented to the Museum, The flaking of these regular notches, which by E. B. Faber of Grand Junction, Colorado, look like the fine teeth of a saw, calls for another broken lower jaw which he had the highest skill. For carving wooden found in his vicinity. spears, some of which are elaborately barbed, As a result of the interest aroused by stone implements are used, and tools of these specimens, a party from the Museum the same kind are employed for shaping visited this region in the summer of 1932. boomerangs, clubs and spear-throwers—• The collections obtained, consisting of lower wooden devices used to extend the length jaws, a distorted skull, and leg and foot of the arm and give greater power to the bones, added to the knowledge of the thrust of a spear. animal's structure, but were insufficient to Boomerangs in the exhibit demonstrate permit an adequate conception of the : that, contrary to popular belief, the well- entire skeleton. With the specimens just known returning boomerang, which is made secured it is hoped that it will now be with a twist, is only a plaything, rather possible to add a mounted skeleton of « than a weapon, whereas the form used In Titanoides to the Museum's exhibition series. hunting and warfare is of the non-returning variety, which is flat. Personal ornament is of a simple kind. BIRDS-OF-PARADISE Blue Bird-of-Paradise It consists of opossum and kangaroo sinew, By Rudyehd Boulton Tliis, tile most ornate species of all, siiown in full along with shredded bark and human hair, Assistant Curator of Birds nuptial display, hanging upside down on a branch, its habitual position during courtship. all of which are plaited into objects for wear It is a far cry from a somberly hued upon the neck, arms and forehead. Usually raven to an exotic king bird-of-paradise, Pacific Expedition, the Kelley-Roosevelts these ornaments, and in fact most other the yet these two birds are really first cousins. Asiatic Expedition, Suydam Cutting objects as well, are rubbed with red ocher. The family of ravens, crows, and jays Sikkim Expedition and the Chicago Daily Shells and brightly colored seeds are popular has a world-wide range, while birds-of- News Abyssinian Expedition. for decoration. Several handsome strings paradise are found only in New Guinea John W. Moyer of the Museum's taxi- of small blue shells such as were worn by and near-by islands. They are well named, dermy staff prepared the exhibit. the extinct Tasmanians, are on exhibition. for in many respects they are not exceeded MUSEUM READY TO DISPOSE Magic plays an important part in the lives by any other group of birds for sheer of Australian aborigines, as is illustrated in beauty and intricate ornamentation. The OF SURPLUS TOTEMS the Museum exhibit by a number of "point- first specimens of these birds to reach Its own exhibited collection complete ing sticks" and "pointing bones" which, Europe lacked the wings and feet. Legends with some thirty totems displayed in Hall 10, when secretly jabbed in the direction of an arose that the beautiful plumes of the flanks Field Museum is able to offer at this time a enemy who is meanwhile cursed, are believed supported them in the air, and that they rare opportunity to other institutions or actually to enter his body. Also shown are needed no feet for they spent their lives in private collectors to obtain original totem shoes made of emu feathers, which are flight, continually turning their breasts to poles, potlatch figures, and houseposts of believed to be magically potent in leading the sun. the Northwest Coast Indians. The Museum the wearer on the track of his enemy. Field Museum has recently placed on has about a dozen extra examples which, Ghosts are greatly feared, and because the exhibition in the systematic series of exotic on account of lack of space, cannot be belief prevails that disembodied spirits birds in Hall 21 a screen showing paradise exhibited. As the Canadian government haunt the living to observe whether the birds together with some of their nearest now has an export ban on these objects, mourning ceremonies are carefully carried relatives. Crows and jays, because of their the Museum's surplus collection comprises out, widows are required to sit for days close relationship, are well represented by probably all the specimens now obtainable beside the grave of a deceased husband. specimens from every part of their world- in this country. As the people are polygamous, several wide range. Chickadees, creepers, and These totems have been on exhibition this widows may be found at one man's grave. nuthatches are families of more distant summer at the American Indian Village at They shave their heads and cover their kinship that fit into the complicated scheme A Century of Progress Exposition. They bodies with white clay. Daily they give of the evolution of this group of birds. At are all excellent specimens, well preserved, a covering of lime to their heads, which in the other end of the series, orioles from the and most of them are probably more than the course of weeks accumulates into a heavy Old World, drongos from India and cuckoo- one hundred years old. They range from widow's cap, an excellent example of which shrikes from Malaysia complete the picture six and one-half feet to forty-eight feet in is shown in the exhibit. of the relationships of these birds. All of height. Among the tribes whose work Other features of the exhibit include them are true song birds, and while they is represented are the Kwakiutl and Haida. message sticks carried by messengers to compose the most highly specialized major Negotiations are solicited regarding the serve as passports when traveling in the group^ they are relatively low down in the disposal of these objects. Any institution territory restricted to tribes other than scale of evolution. The most primitive or individual desiring further information their own, a totem pole wound around with members of the group, larks and swallows, is invited to communicate with the Director down and human hair, shields, spears, are shown near-by. of Field Museum. implements, and other artifacts. Page i. FIELD MUSEUM NEWS November, 19SS

FOUR MORE LECTURES ing petals and sepals. This lack is com- NOVEMBER GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS pensated for by the presence of a large IN AUTUMN COURSE Conducted tours of under the sheathing spathe at the base of the entire exhibits, Four more lectures in Field Museum's guidance of staff lecturers, are made spadix. In the calla lily this spathe is white, every Sixtieth Free Lecture Course remain to be afternoon at 3 in other aroids it is green or spotted, in still p.m., except Saturdays, afternoons No- and certain given on Saturday during others brilliant scarlet in color. Sundays, holidays. Following vember. These lectures, illustrated with is the schedule of subjects and dates for The aroid family is very large. Among motion and stereopticon slides, are November: pictures its many genera and their numerous species in the James Simpson Theatre of presented there are found many variations on this Wednesday, November 1 —Egyptian and Etruscan the Museum, and all begin at 3 p.m. Follow- Burials; Thursday—General Toiu-; Races of characteristic floral structure, just as there Friday— are the dates, and speakers: Mankind. ing subjects are a large range and variation in the shape Week beginning November 6; Monday—Animal —The of and size of the leaves of these In Life in Cold — November 4 Spell Egypt plants. Lands; Tuesday— Lacquer, Rubber and H. C. Ostrander, Jersey City, New Jersey some aroids the flowering spike is so small Turpentine;— Wednesday Peoples —of the South Seas; and that a careful search Thursday General Tour; Friday Primitive Musical November 11—Republics in the Clouds— inconspicuous only Instruments. will reveal its presence; in some others the Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia Week beginning November 13: Monday—Prehistoric is It be Major James C. Sawders, Nutley, New Jersey spadix astonishingly large. may Plants and Animals; Tuesday—Looms and Textiles; as tall as a man, thicker than a man's arm. Wednesday— Halls of Plants and Their Uses; Thurs- 18— of Horn —General — November By Way Cape What is most remarkable about these day Tour; Friday North American Archae- Alan J. Villiers, Melbourne, Australia ology. plants is their diversity of habit. They Week beginning November 20: —Indians November 25—Amazon Twilight include at least one Monday floating aquatic, Pistia, of Plains and Deserts; Tuesday— Skeletons, Past and Earl Hanson, Carnegie Institution, Washington, the water cabbage, many swamp plants Present; Wednesday—Crystals of Economic and D.C. Decorative — — like the calamus, and numerous climbers Value; Thursday General Tour; Friday Trees and Wood Products. No tickets are necessary for admission and epiphytes. The latter sometimes begin Week beginning November 27: Monday—Asiatic lectures. section of the Theatre life as then lose all connection to these A climbers, Animal Life; Tuesday—Men of the Stone Age; Wednes- is reserved for Members of the Museum, with the ground and continue to grow as day—Winter Birds of the Chicago Region; Thursday— each of whom is entitled to two reserved Thanksgiving holiday, no tour. seats on request. Requests for these seats Persons wishing to participate should may be made by telephone or in writing apply at North Entrance. Tours are free to the Museum, in advance of the lecture, and no gratuities are to be proffered. A new and seats will then be held in the Member's schedule will appear each month in Field name until 3 o'clock on the day of the Museum News. Guide-lecturers' services lecture. Members may obtain seats in the for special tours by parties of ten or more reserved section also by presentation of are available free of charge by arrangement their membership cards to the Theatre with the Director a week in advance. attendant before 3 o'clock on the lecture Gifts to the Museum day, even though no advance reservation has been made. All reserved seats not Following is a list of some of the principal claimed by 3 o'clock will be opened to the gifts received during the last month: general public. From Museo Nacional—183 herbarium specimens, Costa Rica; from Van Cleef Brothers— 12 specimens of rubber—material, Sumatra; from Professor Martin CHILDREN'S MOTION PICTURES C&rdenas 50 specimens of plants, Bolivia; from Ford Motor Company—8 planks of Tapajos woods, Brazil; —RAYMOND FOUNDATION from Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil—45 herbarium specimens and 34 wood specimens, Brazil; Of the autumn series of entertainments from Rev. Brother Elias—97 herbarium specimens, for children provided by the James Nelson Colombia; from Desert —Laboratory of Carnegie Insti- and Anna Louise Foundation for tution of Washington 185 herbarium specimens, Raymond Plant Arizona and Sonora; from C. H. Mueller—460 her- live Aninga Public School and Children's Lectures, barium Nuevo Le6n; from John W. Jennings An aquatic calla lily which grows in profusion specimens, more remain to be on morn- —a specimen of jasper, Arkansas; from Arthur J. given Saturday along the banks of the Amazon. This exhibit in the Lay—2 fluorspar specimens, Illinois; from Charles ings from November 4 to December 2 Hall of Plant Life was prepared by the Stanley Field Maricott—14 specimens claystones, Michigan; from in Plant Reproduction Laboratories. inclusive. The programs are presented B. E. and Frances C. Axe—a gold nugget, Yukon the James Simpson 'Theatre of the Museum, Territory, Canada; from O. J. Dowling—^ specimens air or forth roots that New Mexico; from James H. —2 and each is given twice, at 10 a.m. and plants, put may sylvite, Quinn speci- reestablish contact with the soil. Others mens of fossil mammals, and shell and skull of a fossil 11 A.M. Admission is free. The films to be from Thomas K. Birks—a their existence as in the turtle, Nebraska; tiger shown on each date are listed below: begin epiphytes salamander and a lamprey, Wisconsin; from the tree and much later reach the Charleston Museum—6 chain and 16 — The tops only pike grass pike.— November 4 Hunting Dinosaurs; ground with their pendent roots. South Carolina; from Edward Brundage, Jr. 45 a and a North Romance of Glass Several of the aroids on the order of the salamanders, frog, snake. Carolina; from United States Department of Agriculture—3 — furnish edible of November 11 The Frog; The Ants' Cow; elephant ears tubers large bundles of bamboo culms and—a box of leaves, Georgia; The Mystery Box; From Dog to Airplane size. The most important of these, the from Dr. Alfred E. Emerson a western wood frog, Wyoming; from Klauss Abegg—2 toads, a snake, taro, is the chief starch plant of the entire November 18—Musk Ox and Polar Bear; 2 white-tooted mice, and 2 red squirrels, Michigan; region. The eddo of the West from Mr. and Mrs. William Haskell —a silk The Sky Splitter; Comets and Eclipses Polynesian Simpson Indies is one of several American relatives embroidery and a painting in colors on silk, China, and New from Claud M. November 25—A Furry Tale; The Puritans that similar edible tubers. 2 painted pottery jars, Mexico; yield Longenecker—2 prehistoric stone axes and 60 projectile of December 2—Through the Year with One of the best known ornamental points, Indiana: from Homer E. Sargent— 13 rugs, Animal Friends: Spring; Summer; greenhouse plants is a large climber with blankets, and a garment, Algeria and Tripoli, and an old scrape, Mexico. Autumn; Winter perforated leaves and edible fruit, Monstera deliciosa, which is represented in the Hall NEW MEMBERS of Plant Life (Hall 29). A recent addition AN AQUATIC AROID were elected to this hall is a large aquatic aroid, a kind The following persons to By B. E. Dahlgren in Field Museum the of aquatic calla lily, Monlrichardia, of membership during Acting Curator, Department of Botany 16 to October 15: tropical America. It is known in British period from September The well-known Indian turnip and the Guiana as mucca-mucca; in the Amazon Contributors skunk cabbage figure in our woods as rather region it is called aninga. This aquatic is Prince M. U. M. Salie isolated representatives in the temperate a common sight in northern South America, Non-Resident Life Members zone of a large group of plants that reaches where it forms large patches or solid stands Knox Hearne in the moist the river in five its highest development tropics. fringing muddy margins Associate Members The cultivated calla lily, the caladiums, and or six feet of water. Its tapering stem, which John L. Cochran, Austin Guthrie Curtis, Jr., W. E. the elephant ears are other familiar, though may grow to ten feet or more in height, is Denkewalter, Dewey A. Ericsson, Mrs. William members of the plant family, Araceae, only a few inches thick in its upper part Sherman Hay. exotic, Annual Members which in common botanical and horti- but enlarges rapidly toward the base where Edward A. Berger, Herman Black, John G. Curtis, cultural is known as the "aroids," it be from eight inches to a foot in parlance may William C. Flanagan, David F. Gladish, Mrs. Harry aroid meaning arum-like. diameter. Its young shoots and large com- Hart, Mrs. Virginia W. Haskins, Miss Ray Hilliker, The chief features which the aroids have pound fruits appear to be the favorite food Scott A. Holman, Ralph H. Honecker, Mrs. Charles S. Dr. Joseph M. Leonard, Robert D. in are well illustrated the calla of the hoatzin, the primitive claw-winged, Kiessling, common by Mowry, Willis D. Nance, Dr. Harry A. Olin, Peter called in lily with its showy spike or spadix set with crested bird canje pheasant Guiana, P. Person, Mrs. Arno P. Rayner, Reynold S. Smith, minute, inconspicuous flowers, usually lack- and cigana in the lower Amazon. L. Parsons Warren. PRINTED BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS News Pvhlished Monthly by Field Museum of Natural HisUrry, Chicago

Vol.4 DECEMBER, 1933 No. 12

AZILIAN BOAR-HUNT SHOWN It was during the Azilian period that the GIVE A MUSEUM MEMBERSHIP IN HALL OF STONE AGE dog was domesticated. The assistance of AS A CHRISTMAS GIFT By Henry Field this companion in the hunt may well have To those Members of Field Museum who Assistant Curator of Physical Anthropology compensated for the inferior quality of the are for some or a which consisted of seeking friend, friends, sixth* in hunting weapons, long, The group the Hall of the Stone Christmas gift that is especially distinctive, wooden spears with flint blades attached. Age of the Old World (Hall C) is a dramatic and who would at the same time appreciate In the Museum a wild boar hunt scene in which dogs are assisting two group an opportunity to simplify their Christmas is at the entrance to Mas Azilian men to hunt wild boar. The group taking place shopping problems, the Museum extends its d'Azil. The scene shows two Azilian hunters represents the beginning of the domestica- cooperation as in the past several years. A tion of animals, which was a great advance armed with wooden spears with flint points, convenient plan for presenting Field Mu- civilization. at close with a wild toward quarters boar defending seum memberships as Christmas gifts is The transition or mesolithic period which its mate and two young ones. One of the offered. separated the old and new stone ages began hunters holds three dogs, who strain at the This plan reduces the task of selecting in western Europe some 12,000 years ago. rawhide leashes. One young dog is lying gifts to the easiest possible proportions, and The climate was eliminates the time similar to that of the and effort devoted to present day. The shopping and to pre- arctic flora was paring and sending replaced by the birch packages. To give a and the pine, and the Museum membership barren tundras and all you have to do is wind-swept steppes send to the Museum were superseded by the name and address forest. A modern of the proposed Mem- fauna, characterized ber, your own name by the red deer, had and address, and the taken the place of the check for the member- mammoth and rein- ship fee. All other deer. details will be taken The last of the care of for you. An hunting races roamed attractive Christmas Europe at that time. card will be sent by These people have the Museum to any been called Azilians friends whom you may after the type station thus favor, notifying located in the cavern them that, through of Mas d'Azil, about your generosity, they forty miles from Tou- have become Mem- louse, France. The bers of this institution, most remarkable of and informing them as Azilian burials was to what their member- found at Ofnet in ship privileges are. A southern Germany, Copyrigfht Field Museum of Natursl History wide choice is offered where twenty-seven Early Hunters Using Dogs to Attack Wild Boar in the cost of gift human skulls, buried Group in Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World showing men of the Azilian period, about 12,000 years ago. memberships, begin- The exhibit illustrates the first use of domesticated animals. in red ochre, were dis- ning with the $10 covered in one grave. annual membership. The skulls, with a few neck vertebrae, were dead on the bank—the result of coming To assure delivery of notification cards to orientated toward the setting sun. Evi- into range of the sharp tusks of the male the recipients of your gifts by Christmas dently the heads were buried, after decapi- boar, which is at bay. Day, it is advisable to send in applications tation, with necklaces of perforated shells The background and roof of the cave, as before December 18. and deer's teeth. One of the vertebrae well as the of the were figures hunters, When you present a Museum membership reveals the marks left the flint knife modeled Frederick who visited by by Blaschke, you indicate to the recipient a high estimate which was used for severing the head from Mas d'Azil to make the necessary studies. of his intellectual qualities —a belief that he the body. the skulls there were The painted section of the background is Among is the type of person to whom association examples of both round- and long-headed the work of StafI Artist Charles A. Corwin. with a cultural institution would appeal. It types, indicating that two races inhabited The group was planned and directed by is a that will not be forgotten—instead, Europe in Azilian times. the writer with the generous assistance of gift it will remind the of The art of the Azilians was inferior to the Abbe Henri Breuil. recipient you many times a year, for he will receive monthly that of their predecessors, the Cro-Magnons, his of Field Museum and will whose beautiful realistic work they replaced copy News, CHANGES IN VISITING HOURS be able to obtain reserved seats for the by conventional designs. No Azilian en- Museum lectures. gravings or sculptures have been preserved. Attention is called to certain other in which he will Painting was limited to simple designs in red changes in the schedule of visiting Among privileges ochre on flat pebbles from streams. Har- hours to be observed at Field Mu- participate as a Member may be mentioned poons of a flat, broad type with one or two seum in the future. Henceforth the free admission to the Museum for himself, rows of barbs were developed for fishing. hours during the various seasons his family and house guests at all times; Poorly made flint and bone tools were also will be as follows: November, De- the right to have out-of-town friends ad- used. Cattle, horses and pigs, although cember, January, February, March mitted free of charge on presentation of the still untamed, formed the chief food supply. —9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.; April, Sep- Member's personal card; the opportunity to * — The first five groups, Chellean, Neanderthal, tember, October 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.; obtain certain Museum publications on Aurignacian, Solutrean and Magdalenian, have been May, June, July, August—9 a.m. request; and, when traveling, the extension and described in the pictured July, August, September, to 6 of the courtesies of museum of note in October and November numbers of Field Museum p.m. every News. the United States and Canada. Page 2 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS December, 1933

Field Museum of Natural History DEATH TAKES DR. FARRINGTON, read layman. He was, thus, a great educator, to the millions of Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 CURATOR OF GEOLOGY spreading knowledge Roosevelt Road and Lake people visiting the exhibits for which he Michigan, Chicago Dr. Oliver Curator Cummings Farrington, was responsible. of the Department of Geology at Field THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES "Dr. Farrington frequently went out into Museum for the and past thirty-nine years, the field to collect material for the Museum, Sewell L. Avery William H. Mitchell internationally recognized as a leading John Borden Frederick H. Rawson his most important undertaking of this kind authority on gems, minerals, and William J. Chalmers George A. Richardson gem having been as leader of the Marshall Field Marshall Field Fred W. Sargent died November 2. He was 69 meteorites, to Brazil in 1922-23. Stanley Field Stephen C. Simms Geological Expedition years old, and had been seriously ill for Ernest R. Graham James Simpson He was the author of important scientific several months. Albert W. Harris Solomon A. Smith publications issued by Field Museum and Samuel Insull, Jr. Albert A. Sprague Dr. Farrington received his bachelor's other He had achieved note as Cyrus H. McCormick Silas H. Strawn publishers. and master's degrees in science at the John P. Wilson a teacher of science in academies and of and his doctorate at University Maine, universities, and was an officer and fellow OFFICERS Yale. Previous to his he curatorship here, of prominent scientific societies. Great Stanley Field President was a teacher of science in various eastern and received his advice Albert A. Pint Vice-President expositions sought Sprague academies, and was James Simpson Second Vice-President and assistance in their scientific divisions. connected for a Albert W. Harris Third Vice-President Some years ago the Trustees of Field Mu- Stephen C. Simms Director and Secretary time with Yale seum elected him a Life Member of this Solomon A. Smith . . . Treasurer and Assistant Secretary University, and institution. with the United "In his the Trustees the FIELD MUSEUM NEWS States National passing recognize loss of a man of broad intellect and high Stephen C. Simms, Director of the Museum Editor Museum. From character, whose devotion to science resulted 1894 to 1904, in CONTRIBUTING EDITORS in a career of splendid achievements. Berthold Laufer Curator addition to his of Anthropology "Therefore, be it resolved, that this B. E. Dahlgren Acting Curator of Botany duties at the Mu- of the Trustees' appreciation of Henry W. Nichols Acting Curator of Geology seum, he served as expression Wilfred H. Osgood Curator of Zoology Dr. of and a lecturer on miner- Farrington's many years loyal H. B. Habte Managing Editor valuable service to the Museum and to alogy at the Uni- science, be permanently preserved on the versity of Chicago. Field Museum is open every day of the year during records of the Board; the hours indicated below: He was the author "And be it further resolved that our deep Mar. 9 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. of a number of Nov., Dec, Jan., Feb., be to his bereaved April, September, October 9 A.M. to 5:00 p.m. books, and a fre- sympathy conveyed and that a of this resolution May, June, July, August 9 A.M. to 6:00 p.m. quent contributor family, copy Admission is free to Members on all Other be transmitted to his widow." days. to scientific jour- adults are admitted free on Thursdays, Saturdays and Oliver C. Farrlngton A memorial resolution was adopted also Sundays: non-members pay 25 cents on other days. nals. Honors had the scientific entire Children are admitted free on all days. Students and been bestowed by Director, staff, and faculty members of educational institutions are admit- of the Museum. upon him the Geological Society of personnel ted free any day upon presentation of credentials. by America, the American Association for the The Museum's natural history Library is open for of the American reference daily except Saturday afternoon and Sunday. Advancement Science, RAYMOND FOUNDATION PRESENTS Traveling exhibits are circulated in the schools of Association of Museums, the Society for FINAL AUTUMN PROGRAM Chicago by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension Research on Meteorites, Sigma Xi, and Phi Department of the Museum. Beta Kappa. He did important special The last of the autumn series of enter- Lectures for and entertainments schools, special work for the Paris Exposition of 1900 and the and tours for children at the Museum, are provided tainments for children, provided by by the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond the St. Louis Exposition in 1904. James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for Public School and Children's Lectures. After funeral services in Chicago, Dr. Foundation for Public School and Children's Announcements of free illustrated lectures for the Farrington was buried at Brewer, Maine, Lectures, will be given Saturday morning, public, and lectures for Members of the Museum, special where he was born in 1864. He is survived will appear in Field Museum News. December 2, in the James Simpson Theatre his the former Clara A. A cafeteria in the Museum serves visitors. Rooms by widow, Bradley of the Museum. The motion pictures, are provided for those bringing their lunches. of New Haven, Connecticut.. "Through the Year with Animal Friends: Chicago Motor Coach Company No. 26 buses go At its meeting on November 20, the Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter," direct to the Museum. Board of Trustees of the Museum adopted will be presented. There will be two show- Members are to inform the Museum requested resolution in honor of Dr. one at 10 A.M. and one at 11. promptly of changes of address. the following ings, beginning Farrington: Children from all parts of Chicago and free. MEMBERSHIP IN FIELD MUSEUM "In the death on November 2, 1933, of suburbs are invited. Admission is Field Museum has several classes of Members. Dr. Oliver Cummings Farrington, Curator Benefactors give or devise $100,000 or more. Contribu- of Geology at Field Museum of Natural tors give or devise to Life Members Four New Contributors Elected $1,000 $100,000. since 1894, the Board of Trustees give $500; Non-Resident Life and Associate Members History loss of of In of recent valuable gifts to pay $100; Non-Resident Associate Members pay $50. is sorrowfully aware of the one the recognition of institution All the above classes are exempt from due.'^. Sustaining oldest, and one of the ablest, members of the Museum, four friends the Members contribute $25 annually. After six years they the Museum Staff. Dr. had have been elected to the class of Museum become Associate Members. Annual Members con- Farrington as Contributors, tributo $10 annually. Other memberships are Corpo- been associated with this institution, as membership designated rate, Honorary, Patron, and Corresponding, additions head of its Department of Geology, from which embraces those whose contributions under these classifications made being by special action the of its active in or materials range between $1,000 of the Board of Trustees. very beginnings functioning money a scientific and $100,000. Each Member, in all classes, is entitled to free as organization. admission to the Museum for himself, his family and "In scientific circles Dr. Farrington was Leon Mandel and Fred L. Mandel, Jr., house guests, and to two reserved seats for Museum with extreme respect and admira- of Chicago, were elected Contributors for lectures provided for Members. Subscription to Field regarded for their contributions of funds which Mu.SEUM News is included with all memberships. The tion not only the very successful work generous courtesies of every museum of note in the United he did in building up Field Museum's made possible the Mandel-Field Museum States and Canada are extended to all Members of to in 1932. geological collections and activities, but Zoological Expedition Venezuela Field Mu.seum. A Member may give his personal card of Field Blaschke of Cold to non-residents of Chicago, upon presentation of also as a great scholar, and one the Master Stanley which they will be admitted to the Museum without world's foremost authorities on gems and Spring-on-Hudson, New York, has been Further information about charge. memberships will and on meteorites. elected a Contributor in recognition of a be sent on request. gem minerals, "The tremendous breadth of his knowl- gift of $1,000 in cash made in his name by the BEQUESTS AND ENDOWMENTS eage of all divisions of the science of geology, his father, Frederick Blaschke, sculptor in who the in the Hall of the Bequests to Field Museum of Natural History may and his outstanding skill museum work, prepared groups be made in securities, money, books or collections. have their permanent monument in the Stone Age of the Old World, and several They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to exhibits occupying the various halls of his groups in Ernest R. Graham Hall of His- a person or cause, named by the giver. which bear the torical Geology. Cash contributions made within the taxable year Department, throughout not exceeding 15 per cent of the taxpayer's net income evidences of his mastery of the subjects Miss Malvina Hoffman of New York and are allowable as deductions in computing net income illustrate. Learned to the Paris, who made the sculptures repre- under Article 251 of 69 they highest Regulation relating to the exhibited in income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. degree, he was supremely possessed of that senting the races of mankind Endowments may be made to the Museum with the faculty which makes the ideal museum Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall, was elected provision that an annuity be paid to the for life. patron man—the ability to translate his erudition a Contributor in recognition of the gift of a These annuities are tax-free and are guaranteed against fluctuation in amount. into forms easily intelligible to the least- limestone bust of a Chinese boy. December, 1933 FIELD MUSEUM NEWS Page 3

MANDEL ZOOLOGICAL EXPEDITION in the mountain rain forests of the Mount Additions to Library SAILS FOR GUATEMALA Turumiquiri region. The Museum Library, which had several F. J. W. Schmidt has for several years volumes of the Memoirs of the A zoological expedition, sponsored by Egyptian experimented with special methods of col- received three Leon Mandel of Chicago, to make extensive Exploration Fund, recently lecting mammals, and will apply his experi- more volumes. Also the latest volume of collections of birds, mammals, reptiles and ence on the rich mammalian the volume 1 amphibians of Guatemala for Field Museum, exceptionally Palaeontographical Society, fauna of Guatemala in the of of and another volume of Obras sailed from New Orleans November 21, hope collecting Mizraim, new and little-known forms. de have been received. aboard the steamship Tivives, for Puerto Completas Ameghino, Barrios. The official name of the expedition is the Leon Mandel Guatemala Expedition EXHIBIT AS IN of Field Museum. SHOWS FOSSIL SKELETON FOUND THE EARTH A few weeks hence, after the party of By Elmbk S. Riggs adjacent grasslands. Year after year this Associate Curator of scientists has completed preliminary recon- Paleontology work of wind and stream is repeated and noitering and established camps, Mr. Mandel A new exhibit in Ernest R. Graham Hall layer after layer is built up, covering plants is expected to join the expedition for a short (Hall 38) shows a fossil skeleton in the earth and bodies of animals. vacation. This is the second expedition just as it was discovered by the Marshall The skeletons of the great sloths were in which Mr. Mandel has participated as a Field Paleontological Expedition to Argen- left among the reeds or by the shores of collector. His deep interest in zoology, and tina and Bolivia. The animal is one of the streams. The sediments, gathering through enthusiasm as a collector of museum speci- great sloths abundant in South America thousands of years, covered and preserved mens, was previously shown in 1932 when ten thousand years ago. The exhibit shows many of them. Ages later, when these he organized and led the Mandel-Field how such fossils are preserved through long lands had been raised higher than the shore Museum Zoological Expedition to Venezuela periods, and how they are sometimes to southward, streams cut their channels which sailed aboard his yacht Buccaneer, revealed when erosion by rain and stream through the older sediments underlying the making a long sea voyage and penetrating attacks their burial places. plain. When men came to graze their the innermost navigable reaches of the These sloths, great beasts which originated cattle and horses over these lands and to Orinoco River. many millions of years ago, played an im- grow wheat and other grains, they found, Karl P. Schmidt, Assistant Curator of portant part in the animal history of South from time to time, the bones of strange Reptiles at the Museum, is leader of the present expedition. He is accompanied by F. J. W. Schmidt, biologist, Emmet R. Blake, ornithologist, and Daniel Clark, general assistant. The expedition will remain in Guatemala for about six months, surveying various regions of the country, which is remarkable for its diversification of climate and altitude. This diversity of habitat, which results in a wealth of species of animal life, reaches its maximum for Central America in Guatemala. The country is of special interest zoologically also because it is the meeting ground of North and South American types of life. Field Museum has for years carried on investigations of the fauna of the American tropics, and the present expedition is for the purpose of furthering these important studies. While the expedition's primary aim will be to collect specimens for addition to the Museum's vast scientific reference collections, it will also seek material for the exhibits, including strikingly interesting Fossil Sloth Skeleton as Paleont<>l>>t>is[s Kiiuiul It species of tropical reptiles, and a wide variety of Central American birds to be used in a New exhibit in Ernest R. Graham Hall shows how the remains of an extinct animal were preserved in the pampas formation of Argentina and there discovered by members of a Museum expedition. series of groups reproducing the natural habitats of the birds. One of the groups America. They had long narrow heads, animals washed out on the banks of streams. for which specimens will be sought is that clumsy bodies, short stout hind legs, long Reports of these became subjects of scientific of the giant oriole with its peculiar long forelegs, and massive tails. They are dis- study in many countries. bag-like nests which hang in crowded tantly related to the little tree sloths which Such reports led the Marshall Field colonies on the trees. Various notable still live along the Amazon. They lumbered Paleontological Expedition to the region game birds, and macaws, toucans, and other about the low, wet pampas lands overgrown where this skeleton was discovered. One exotic species, will also be hunted. with reedy grasses and tall, plumed pampas of the members followed up a dry wash Leader Karl Schmidt will concentrate his grass. With the great claws of their forefeet near the River Quequen Grande. The efforts on his specialty, the reptiles, while they tore up the ground in search of roots banks of this wash, cut through wheat and his brother, F. J. W. Schmidt, will specialize and tubers upon which they fed. In autumn pasture lands, were steep and bare of vegeta- on mammals, and Mr. Blake will have they wandered northward to sparsely wooded tion. Winter rains and summer winds were charge of bird collecting. Karl Schmidt's lands. Rearing upon their hind legs, they steadily wearing them away. Thus it share in this expedition will be a continuation pulled down the branches of the abundant happened that the skeleton of this great of his work on the Central American fauna algaroba trees and, with long slender sloth, buried some ten thousand years ago, for which he was awarded a fellowship in tongue, gathered in and fed upon the was being laid bare. On the face of the 1932 by the John Simon Guggenheim sweet seed pods. bank, four or five feet below the soil, an Memorial far Foundation. As back as 1923 Laymen often ask, "How do you know irregular line of dark brown spots caught Mr. Schmidt made extensive collections in where to dig to find fossil skeletons?" This the attention of the collector. Hasty the adjacent countries of Honduras and skeleton, half revealed in the earth, answers examination showed that these were the British Honduras. Among the most interest- that question. The scene represents a broken ends of fossil bones. ing creatures to be collected on the present stretch of pampas land, as level and as At the left the point of the nose was just Guatemalan trip are arboreal salamanders fertile as the plains of Illinois. In winter appearing. To the right, were the bones of and frogs, many of which have extraordinary rains are frequent on the pampas. Shallow the foreleg. Farther to the right, the point breeding habits. streams often overflow their banks. The of the hip appeared and beyond that the Mr. Blake was one of the principal col- fiood waters are heavy with mud and fine extended hind leg. With pick and shovel lectors on the Mandel-Field Museum Zoo- sand. Flowing out upon the reedy meadows workmen removed the soil and underlying logical Expedition to Venezuela in 1932, the current of the stream is checked and sandy clay until the skeleton was revealed on which he made a remarkable record by the sediment settles in layers over the as now shown in the Museum group, the collecting and preparing more than 800 ground. In the dry weather of late summer, preparation of which is the work of Phil C. birdskins within a period of only five weeks sands are scattered by winds over the Orr of the staff of the Department of Geology. Page i FIELD MUSEUM NEWS December, 193S

3,200,000 ATTENDANCE BREAKS which it has been so successfully conducted DECEMBER GUIDE-LECTURE TOURS in the past. RECORDS OF ALL MUSEUMS Conducted tours of exhibits, under the Mr. Nichols joined the Museum staff in of staff are made More than three million two hundred and the of the guidance lecturers, every 1894, during early years afternoon at 3 thousand persons visited Field Museum institution served as Curator of Economic p.m., except Saturdays, 12 Sundays, and certain holidays. Following during 1933 from January 1 to November Geology. Later, when the various divisions is the schedule of and dates for date of A Century of Progress), were consolidated into a subjects (closing single Department December: making an attendance record which exceeds of Geology, Mr. Nichols remained as in the any ever attained by any museum Assistant Curator, and with the expansion Friday, December 1 —Eskimos. the — United States, and probably exceeding of the Department in more recent years Week beginning—December 4: Monday Fish and highest figure ever reached by such an was made Associate Curator. He has Reptiles; Tuesday Primitive African Art; Wednes- — —General —Plant institution in the world. The best available day Egypt; Thursday Tour; Friday participated in a number of the Museum]s Life of South America. statistics indicate that the pre- in leader. In his comparative expeditions, some cases as Week beginning December 11: Monday—Chinese for similar vious highest attendance any most important field work he covered the Exhibits; Tuesday—Prehistoric Life; Wednesday— over million Man the —General institution was something two greater part of South America, collecting Through Ages; Thursday Tour; Friday—Hall of Races of Mankind. during an entire year, and not more than geological material. He has specialized in Week beginning December 18: Monday—Jade and two American museums have reached that the of mineralogy and economic aspects Gems; Tuesday— Mexico, Past and Present; Wednes- mark. geology, but has a thorough background in day—Marine Life; Thursday—General Tour; Friday —Indian Art. The exact number of visitors received at all divisions of this science. Previous to Week December 25: —Christmas Field Museum during the period above 1894 he taught geology at Massachusetts beginning Monday holiday, no tour; Tuesday—African Animal Life; indicated was This Institute of 3,208,414. represents 'Technology. Wednesday—Peat, Coal and Oil; Thursday—General an increase of 76 per cent over the attend- Tour; Friday—Men of the Stone Age. ance for the entire twelve months of 1932, GREEK, ROMAN BRONZE REPLICAS Persons to participate should which was 1,824,202, and with 49 more days wishing OFFERED FOR SALE apply at North Entrance. Tours are free of 1933 still to be added, the record will and no gratuities are to be proffered. A new be even greater by the end of the year. In the of Edward process reorganizing schedule will appear each month in Field much of the increase E. and B. devoted to While, naturally, Emma Ayer Hall, Museum News. Guide-lecturers' services resulted from the fact that the grounds of Mediterranean archaeology, it was found for special tours by parties of ten or more A Century of Progress were adjacent to that for lack of space a large portion of are available free of charge by arrangement the there was, nevertheless, a of Greek and Roman bronzes Museum, reproductions with the Director a week in advance. large normal increase which must be attrib- could not be used for exhibition. The Mu- uted to the continuance of the steady seum therefore desires to dispose of this upward trend which has been noted year surplus material which may be of interest Gifts to the Museum after rather than to the influence of to art of universities year especially departments Following is a list of some of the principal the This is shown by the fact and for of instruction. exposition. colleges purposes gifts received during the last month: that from January 1 to May 26, 1933, These reproductions in copper or bronze, From Miss Izzedin—a and 18 inclusive (the period prior to the opening made as to and Nejla pottery lamp very exactly shape, design, of silver and other jewelry of Druze women, at the pieces of the exposition) attendance Museum patina, were executed in 1895 by the firm Syria; from Henry Field—22 pieces of Arabian house- totaled 707,245, as compared with the total Sabatino de Angelis and Son, after originals hold equipment, 25 painted pottery sherds, and a glass Irak and and 21 chert of 549,407 visitors received at the Museum in the National Museum of Naples, and vessel, Transjordania, projectile Illinois and Indiana; from George H. Taber— dates in 1932. Thus even points, between the same convey a very exact idea of the originals. incense box of reticulated porcelain, China; from Mrs. during the pre-exposition period of 1933 the The collection consists of more than 250 Wills B. Lane—embroidered costume of Quiche Indians, Guatemala; from William J. Chalmers—2 baskets of increase over 1932 was 157,838 or more objects large and small, including a chest, Hopi and Apache, Arizona; from School of Forestry, than 28 per cent. The attendance during couches, tables and stands, stools and chairs, Yale University — 115 herbarium specimens, Colombia the exposition (May 27 to November 12 lamps, candelabra, lamp-rests, lanterns, and Ecuador; from Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil—10 herbarium and 8 wood inclusive) was 2,501,169. braziers, water-heaters, stoves, amphoras, specimens specimens, Brazil; from William A. Schipp—68 herbarium the balances and A com- speci- Of the 3,208,414 persons visiting Mu- pitchers, steelyards. mens. British Honduras; from The Polish— Institute seum up to November 12 this year, 209,624 plete description of this collection, accom- for Collaboration with Foreign Countries 40 speci- mens of economic materials of botanical and or about cent the 25-cent panied by 82 plates, was prepared by F. B. origin, only 6}/2 per paid 62 specimens of ores and economic minerals, Poland; admission fee charged on Mondays, Tues- Tarbell, professor of classical archaeology at from The Northwest Mining Association—24 speci- Museum of days, Wednesdays and Fridays; all the rest, the University of Chicago, and was published mens of ores, Washington; from Houston Natural —a of calcite, Texas; or either Field Museum in 1909 (Publication 130). History specimen pink numbering 2,998,790 933^2 per cent, by from Julius Friesser—a specimen of stigmaria, West came on and Sun- A of this of Bronzes will be — of a Thursdays, Saturdays copy Catalogue Virginia; from Leslie K. Quinn partial skeleton— days when admission is free, or belonged placed at the disposal of institutions which fossil rodent, Nebraska; from Vergil DeardorfT lower fossil from G. be interested in the of the jaw of a mammal. Colorado; W. Sprang to classifications such as children, teachers, may purchase — —a 2 prairie chickens, Michigan; from Warren Buck students, and Museum Members and their reproductions, upon request to the Director monitor lizard, West Africa; from Norman E. Hickin— from Lincoln guests, who are admitted free on all days. of Field Museum. 125 butterflies and 56 moths. England; Park Zoo—a from Emil Krauth—23 demonstrate the extent to Malayan tapir; These figures butterflies. South Dakota and Montana; from John which the Museum has subordinated possi- A Gift from Homer E. Sargent Daily—105 marine fishes, near Biloxi, Mississippi. bilities revenue to the of increa.sed greater A fine old Mexican serape and thirteen service to the objective of providing public rare textiles from Algeria were recently pre- NEW MEMBERS on the widest scale. show possible They sented to the Museum by Homer E. Sargent, that the is its mission The were elected to Museum fulfilling an old and loyal friend of the institution, following persons as a educational and that in Field Museum during the great institution, which is indebted to him for many other membership and visitors to the from October 16 to November 15: Chicagoans city appre- valuable gifts. period full of the institu- ciate and take advantage This material was placed on exhibition at Contributors tion's tremendous resources for the dissemi- once. The serape has been added to the Master Stanley Field Blaschke, Miss Malvina nation of scientific knowledge. Sargent-Ryerson collection of Mexican Hoffman, Fred L. Mandel, Jr., Leon Mandel. Some high attendance records for in- serapes in Case 19 of Hall 8. The north Associate Members dividual days have also been made during African fabrics are shown in a case placed Dr. Clark W. Finnerud, Huntington B. Henry, 1933. There were two days upon each of in the center of Hall E, and make a very Lloyd C. Partridge, Franklin Raber, Mrs. Charles H. E. W. which attendance exceeded sixty-five thou- colorful exhibit. These come from the Handle, Gerald A. Rolfes, Teaglc. sand persons, and seven days upon which Kabyles, the natives of Algeria, and were Annual Members attendance exceeded fifty thousand persons. collected by Mr. Sargent years ago during Dr. John M. Berger, Mrs. John S. Bums, Mrs. Anna C. Gustav Egloff, R. W. Emerson, a through the country. It would Deutsch, journey Mrs. Frank Ferry, Harry Hall, J. B. Hamblen, H. M. be to this collection at Acting Curator Appointed impossible duplicate Henriksen, Mrs. Perry R. Johnson, Max M. Kann, present. It comprises woolen rugs such as John Payne Kellogg, David S. Malkov, Henry C. Mrs. Pina Henry W. Nichols has been appointed are used in and Murphy, Mrs. Fay E. Rickard, Rocca, mosques family homes, E. Mrs. Belle Ziff. of George L. Stilwell, Edgar Wheeler, Acting Curator of the Department draperies hung on the walls of mosques on Geology. Mr. Nichols' long association festive occasions, and examples of the cape with the late Dr. Oliver C. Farrington, worn by Kabyle women. The workmanship A specimen of the cacao or chocolate tree Curator, and his thorough acquaintance is of the best, and this collection is the more of Central and South America, showing the with Dr. Farrington's methods, assure that appreciated as heretofore there were no pods containing the seeds from which the work of the Department will continue specimens of north African weaving in the chocolate is obtained, is a feature of the uninterruptedly along the same lines upon Museum. Hall of Plant Life (Hall 29). PRINTED BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS