On-Farm Cropping Trials Northwest & West Central Minnesota and 2019 Minnesota Wheat Research Review
Page 1 2019 On-Farm Trials | UMN Extension On-Farm Cropping Trials
The mission of the UMN Extension and NWROC is to contribute, within the framework of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station (MAES) and the College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences to the acquisition, interpretation and dissemination of research results to the people of Minnesota, with application to the knowledge base of the United States and World. Within this framework, major emphasis is placed on research and education that is relevant to the needs of northwest Minnesota, and which includes projects initiated by Center scientists, other MAES scientists and state or federal agencies.
Contributors to the On-Farm Trials include: Dr. Angie Peltier, Extension Educator, Extension Regional Office, Crookston, [email protected]; Dr. Jared Goplen, Extension Educator, Extension Regional Office, Morris, [email protected]; Dr. Seth Naeve, Associate Professor and Extension Agronomist, St. Paul, [email protected].
These projects were made possible thanks to the hard work of many people. This includes farmers, County and Regional Extension Educators, and specialists who conducted or cooperated with these trials.
Previous On-Farm Cropping Trials booklets can be found at: http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/crops-research/ and http://mnwheat.org/wheat-research-reports/
2019 Wheat Research Review
In 2019 the Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council allocated about $804,151 of the total $1,676,764 check-off income to wheat research projects. The 2019 reports from these projects are printed in this book.
Wheat Research Project Funding Process: Each year in September, the Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council requests wheat research pre- proposals from researchers in Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota. Researchers are given an opportunity to meet with a small group of wheat growers to get feedback on project ideas. About 12 project pre-proposals are reviewed at the Prairie Grains Conference by the Research Committee of the Minnesota Wheat Council. This Committee listens to presentations from each researcher and then the Committee determines which ones should be asked to submit full proposals.
The proposals are evaluated on the following criteria: 1) Is it a priority for growers? 2) Impact on Profitability? 3) Probability of Success? 4) Cost v.s. Benefit?
At the end of January the committee meets once again to review the full proposals and make funding recommendations to the Minnesota Wheat Research and Promotion Council.
In addition to the projects reports being printed and distributed through this booklet, some of the project researchers give oral presentations at the Prairie Grains Conference, Best of the Best Workshops and Small Grains Updates - Wheat, Soybean and Corn. Also, some of the projects are reported in the Prairie Grains Magazine. The Minnesota Wheat Research Committee is made up of wheat growers, agronomists, unbias researchers and industry representatives.
Information about the committee and previously funded research can be found online at www.mnwheat.org. Click on the Research Committee tab.
Page 2 Table of Contents
On-Farm Cropping Trials For Northwest & West Central Minnesota
4 2019 Statewide Soybean Crop & Pest Survey 12 PPO Inhibitor Effects on Soybean Canopy - NW MN 10 2018 Soybean Cyst Nematode Survey - MN 15 Pre + Post Herbicide Demonstration - NW MN
Wheat Research Reports - Funded in part by the Minnesota Wheat check-off
18 Prairie Talk - For the RRV and Surrounding Areas 38 Accelerated Breeding for Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight ~ Karl Glover, Plant Science Dept., 20 Identifying Causes of Within-Field Protein Variability SDSU, Brookings in Spring Wheat Using Precision Field Mapping and Aerial Imagery ~ Joel Ransom, Dept. of Plant 41 Research on Bacterial Leaf Streak and the Root Sciences, NDSU, Fargo and Crown Rots of Wheat ~ Ruth Dill-Macky, Dept. of Plant Pathology, 22 University of Minnesota Wheat Breeding Program U of M, St. Paul ~ Jim Anderson, Dept. of Agronomy & Plant Genetics, U of M, St. Paul 45 Southern Minnesota Small Grains Research and Outreach Project ~ Jared Goplen, Morris Regional 24 Maximizing Canopy Conductance to Enhance Extension Office, Morris Spring Wheat Yield Potential in the Upper Midwest ~ M. Walid Sadok, Dept. of Agronomy & Plant 49 Minnesota Small Grains Pest Survey and Wheat Genetics, U of M, St. Paul Stem Sawfly Surveillance ~ Jochum Wiersma, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant 27 Providing Rapid End-use Quality Characterization Genetics, NWROC, Crookston Services to the University of Minnesota Breeding Program ~ George A. Annor, Dept. of Food 57 2019 Minnesota Wheat, Barley and Oat Variety Science & Nutrition, U of M, St. Paul Performance – Preliminary Report
28 Combining Key Resistance and Agrotype Genes 78 North Dakota Hard Red Spring Wheat Variety Trial for the Improvement of Hard Red Winter Wheat Results for 2019 & Selection Guide - Preliminary Germplasm ~ G. Francois Marais, Dept. of Plant Report Services, NDSU, Fargo 87 North Dakota Barley, Oat and Rye Variety Trial 31 Nitrogen Losses Under Spring Wheat Production Results for 2019 & Selection Guide - Preliminary System in Minesota ~ Amitava Chatterjee, Report Dept. of Soil Science, NDSU, Fargo 96 North Dakota Durum Wheat Variety Trial Results 32 Cover Crop Management in a Wheat-Soybean for 2019 & Selection Guide - Preliminary Report System in Northwest Minnesota ~ Joel Ransom, Dept. of Plant Sciences, NDSU, Fargo
34 Breeding Wheat for Intensive Management in Western Minnesota & Eastern North Dakota ~ Andrew Green, Dept. of Plant Sciences, NDSU, Fargo
Page 3 O n F a r m C r o p p I n g T r I a l s 2019 Statewide Soybean Crop & Pest Survey
Cooperators: Minnesota Soybean Research & Promotion Council, NDSU IPM Survey
Purpose of Study: Scouts also surveyed for both grasshopper and two The soybean crop and pest survey was designed to spotted spider mite infestations on the edge and provide in season data about regional pest pressure inside of fields, periodically finding edge of field to assist farmers and crop consultants in making spider mite infestations (Fig 3). pest management decisions. 2019 growing season was the fifth that UMN Extension undertook this MSR&PC sponsored survey. The survey provided data about regional pest pressure. This data was shared with farmers to assist them in making pest management decisions. This project was coordinated with a similar survey undertaken by the
Results: Field surveys of randomly selected Minnesota soybean fields were initiated on July 5. A total of 762 fields were surveyed from May 31 through Jul 12—26, 2019 August 5 in MN and ND (Fig 1).
Jul 19—Aug 2, 2019 Fig 1. 2019 field sites.
While MN scouts informally visited random soybean fields starting in early June, later than typical planting and delayed crop development was common throughout the southern four fifths of Minnesota (Fig 2).
Jul 26 Aug 9, 2019
Fig 2. Growth stages, Jun 28 Jul 12, 2019. Formal soybean field surveys in Minnesota were Aug 2 16, 2019 initiated after Independence Day, lasting until mid August. A total of 267 formal field visits occurred in Minnesota in 2019. Fig 3. Spider mites on edge of field.
For Additional Information: Funding Provided by: Angie Peltier, Jared Goplen Minnesota Soybean Research & Promotion Council Page 4 Soybean Crop Survey [continued] statewide
A primary focus of the survey was documenting soybean aphid population dynamics. Surveys used a protocol based on the “Speed Scouting” procedure which bases treatment decisions for soybean aphid on the treatment threshold of 250 aphids per plant. Scouts inspected a minimum of 31 plants at random from randomly selected soybean fields; plants with aphids were noted and used to determine the percentage of plants with at least one aphid. Aphid population densities on individual plants were visually estimated and tallied on field cards (Figure 4) by the numerical range estimated.
Jun 28 Jul 12, 2019
Jul 5 19, 2019
Figure 4. Pocket sized card used to scout soybean fields for crop growth stage and spider mites and 31 plants within each field for soybean aphid population Jul 12—26, 2019 estimates. Although incidence and severity remained low, detectable aphid infestations were found in SE & S central (C) North Dakota beginning between June 28 and July 12 and in NW and SE Minnesota between July 19 and 26 (Figures 5 and 6). By August 9, individual fields with as high as 100% infested plants were found in WC and SE MN but densities averaged less than 20 aphids per plant. Aphid densities reached as high as 100 aphids per plant in a field in SE Minnesota by August 16 (Figure 5). Jul 19 Aug 2, 2019
Figure 5. Percentage of surveyed soybean plants with at least one soybean aphid. For Additional Information: Funding Provided by: Angie Peltier, Jared Goplen Minnesota Soybean Research & Promotion Council
Page 5 Soybean Crop Survey [continued] statewide
Jul 5 19, 2019 Jul 26 Aug 9, 2019
Jul 12 26, 2019 Aug 2 Aug 16, 2019 Figure 5. Percentage of surveyed soybean plants with at least one soybean aphid.
Jul 19 Aug 2, 2019
Jun 28 Jul 12, 2019 Figure 6. Average number of soybean aphids estimated per surveyed plant.
Jul 26 Aug 9, 2019
Figure 6. Average number of soybean aphids estimated per surveyed plant.
For Additional Information: Funding Provided by: Angie Peltier, Jared Goplen Minnesota Soybean Research & Promotion Council
Page 6 Soybean Crop Survey [continued] statewide
Insecticide costs can vary widely (Table 1). For emergence herbicide or fungicide applications. example, per acre chemical costs for Warrior II (group 3A) costs between $2.37 and $4.74, while Soybean aphid populations resistant to insecticides Sivanto Prime (group 4D) retails between $17.99 in the pyrethroid class (3A) have rendered and $26.99. The economic benefit of scouting insecticides in this class largely ineffective. Others therefore cannot be overstated. Scouting can lead insecticides such as Transform, Sivanto and Sefina, one to understand if aphid population densities in a in the 4C, 4D and 9D classes, respectively, have field have reached all three aspects of the treatment been labeled relatively recently. These three threshold: insecticides have a narrower control spectrum in that they only control insects with piercing/sucking More than 80% of plants are infested with mouthparts (hemipteran). This narrow spectrum can aphids help preserve beneficial insects in treated fields but There is an average of 250 aphids per plant growers need to understand that they may also The aphid population is growing. leave caterpillars, beetles and other defoliating insect pests untouched. If plants have not yet reached the full seed or R6 growth stage and have met these three criteria, Additional information treatment prompt treatment with an insecticide can For additional information about biology, scouting and management of soybean aphid prevent economic injury. Conversely, understanding search “soybean aphid” on the University of that aphids have not reached treatment thresholds Minnesota Extension website: can help to avoid unnecessary insecticide https://extension.umn.edu/soybean pest applications and preserve insecticide efficacy. management/soybean aphid Scouting and the use of economic thresholds can save a farmer between $9.12 and $35.49 per acre in To download a paper speed scouting worksheet insecticide and application costs. to print visit: https://www.ent.iastate.edu/soybeanresearch/ The list of insecticides labeled for soybean aphid content/extension management have changed over time (Table 2). Insecticides have been widely used in soybean Alternatively, a smart phone app developed by production, often without consideration of treatment University of Nebraska Extension is available free of thresholds, as ‘cheap and easy insurance’ when charge on the Apple or Android app stores, by added to the spray tank when making post searching for “Aphid Speed Scout”.
Table 1. Insecticide products, groups, active ingredients, and per acre rates and prices at high and low application rates (Source: Robert Koch, UMN Extension entomologist)*
Product Group(s) Active ingredient(s) Low rate (per acre) High rate (per acre) Rate Price Rate Price
Chlorpyrofos 4E AG 1B chlorpyrifos 8.0 oz $2.48 32.0 oz $9.92
Lorsban Advanced 1B chlorpyrifos 8.0 oz $2.88 32.0 oz $11.52 Tundra EC 3A bifenthrin 2.10 oz $1.30 6.40 oz $3.97
Warrior II 3A lambda cyhalothrin 0.96 oz $2.37 1.92 oz $4.74
Transform 4C sulfoxaflor 0.75 oz $5.53 1.0 oz $7.37
Sivanto Prime 4D flupyradifurone 7.0 oz $17.99 10.5 oz $26.99 Sefina 9D pyropene 3.0 oz $6.60 3.0 oz $6.60
Endigo ZC 3A + 4A lambda cy + thiamethoxam 3.5 oz $5.88 4.5 oz $7.56
Cobalt Advanced 1B + 3A chlorpyrifos + lambda cy 6 oz $2.34 38 oz $14.82
* Products are mentioned for illustrative purposes only. Their inclusion does not mean endorsement and their absence does not imply disapproval. For Additional Information: Funding Provided by: Angie Peltier, Jared Goplen Minnesota Soybean Research & Promotion Council
Page 7 Soybean Crop Survey [continued] statewide
Table 2. Insecticide groups, active ingredients and example products for management of soybean aphid (Source: Robert Koch, UMN Extension entomologist and Bruce Potter, Extension IPM specialist)* Group Common name Individual a.i. Formulated mixtures 1A=carbamate Methomyl Lannate 1B=organophosphate Acephate Acephate 1B=organophosphate Chlorpyrofos, Govern, Hatchet, Lorsban Cobalt, Cobalt Advanced, Stallion, Match Chlorpyrofos Advanced, Nufos, Vulcan, Warhawk, Up, Tundra Supreme Whirlwind, Yuma 1B=organophosphate Dimethoate Dimethoate 3A=pyrethroid Alpha cypermethrin Fastac 3A=pyrethroid Beta cyflufthrin Baythroid Leverage Justice, Match Up, Tundra Supreme, Bifenture, Brigade, Discipline, Fanfare, 3A=pyrethroid Bifentrin Brigadier, Swagger, Skyraider, Hero, Tundra, Sniper Steed, Triple Crown 3A=pyrethroid Cyflutrin Tombstone 3A=pyrethroid Deltamethrin Batallion, Delta Gold 3A=pyrethroid Esfenvalerate Adjourn, Asana XL 3A=pyrethroid Gamma cyhalothrin Declare, Proaxis Cobalt Grizzly Z, Lambda Cy, LambdaStar, Lamcap, Besiege, Cobalt Advanced, Double Take, 3A=pyrethroid Lambda cyhalothrin Province, Silencer VC, Taiga Z, Warrior II Endigo, Seeker 3A=pyrethroid Permethrin Arctic 3A=pyrethroid Zeta cypermethrin Mustang Maxx, Respect Hero, Stallion, Steed, Triple Crown 4A=neonicotinoid Acetamiprid Justice 4A=neonicotinoid Chlothianidin Belay Admire Pro, Alias, Nuprid, Sherpa, Prey, Brigadier, Leverage, Skyraider, Swagger, 4A=neonicotinoid Imidocloprid Wrangler Triple Crown 4A=neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam Endigo 4C=sulfoxamine Sulfloxaflor Closer, Transform 4D=butenoloide Flupyradifurone Sivanto Prime 9D=pyropene afidopyropen Sefina * Products are mentioned for illustrative purposes only. Their inclusion does not mean endorsement and their absence does not imply disapproval.
For Additional Information: Funding Provided by: Angie Peltier, Jared Goplen Minnesota Soybean Research & Promotion Council
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Page 9 O n F a r m C r o p p I n g T r I a l s 2018 Soybean Cyst Nematode Survey — Minnesota
Cooperator: Multiple Minnesota farmers, crop advisors and land owners Experimental Design: Fields were selected and samples were collected and submitted by participating farmers, crop advisors and land owners. Purpose of Study: Soybean cyst nematode Results: A total of 1,807 people were reached (SCN) is the most yield limiting pathogen in with 32 educational SCN programs (27 of which Minnesota and the U.S. SCN is responsible for an were in NW MN) during the duration of this project. estimated 95.9 million bushel yield loss in the north Information about SCN and this sampling program central region (Bradley et al., 2017). Despite only were shared in eighteen newspapers and fifteen recent infestations in NW MN counties, the northern radio programs. Red River Valley is at risk for yield damaging SCN populations for multiple reasons, including: Samples submitted through this program originated SCN can complete several generations per year from 28 Minnesota counties, with the majority of the without causing overt above ground symptoms. 363 samples coming from the most newly infested There were 3,564 more soybean fields and northwest region (Figure 1). One sample submitted 328,964 more soybean acres in NW MN through this survey included the first infestation counties in 2016 than in 2012 (USDA FSA, documented in Beltrami County. Fewer than half of 2017). the samples, concentrated in the northwest Growing soybean after soybean is has come counties, had SCN population densities lower than into practice. the limit of detection of 50 eggs per 100 cubic centimeters of soil (small black circle, Figure 1). Alkaline soils can support 3.8 fold higher SCN populations than more acidic soils (Pedersen et al., 2010).
Monitoring SCN population densities through periodic soil sampling is the best way to determine both whether a field is infested and how well SCN is being managed (Chen, 2011).
This project aimed to: educate regarding the importance of soil sampling for SCN detection and monitoring, encourage sampling by providing sample bags and complimentary sample analysis, create a geo referenced map of sample results to better understand incidence and severity of SCN infestations and provide farmers with management recommendations based on SCN egg counts.
References Bradley, C. et al. 2015. Crop Protection Network. CPN 1018 15 W. Chen, S. (ed.) 2011. Soybean cyst nematode management guide. Regents of the University of Minnesota. Online. Pedersen, P. et al. 2010. Crop Science. 50: Figure 1. SCN population densities at locations 1458 1464. sampled as part of the 2018 MSR&PC sponsored SCN sampling program. USDA FSA. 2017. FOIA request regarding soybean parcels and acreage in Clearwater, Kittson, Mahnomen, Marshall, Norman, Pennington, Polk, Red Lake and Roseau Counties enrolled in federal programs in 2012 and 2016.
For Additional Information: Project Funding Provided by: Angie Peltier, Jared Goplen, Seth Naeve Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council Page 10 2018 Minnesota Soybean Cyst Nematode Survey (continued)
Among samples testing positive, 43% had population densities high enough to cause yield loss on SCN susceptible soybean varieties (diamond), 38% had densities high enough to cause yield loss on SCN resistant soybean varieties (outlined square), and 7% had densities so high that yields would be impacted enough that soybeans would not be recommended (square with shadow, Chen, 2011).
What program participants are saying: In a follow up survey of those who submitted soil samples, only 8% of respondents had previously routinely submitted soil samples for SCN analysis and 44% had never done so. Twenty six percent of respondents were not previously aware that their field(s) were infested with SCN and for 21% the SCN population density was much higher than anticipated. As a result of this SCN sampling program, 91% indicated that they were likely or extremely likely to continue to periodically collect SCN soil samples. As a result of learning their sample's SCN egg counts respondents plan to actively manage SCN, with 47% planning to plant an SCN resistant soybean variety and 29% planning to plant a crop that is not a host of SCN. To see a larger, more detailed, color version of the sample results, visit: https://blog nwcrops.extension.umn.edu/2019/04/farmers sampling for soybean cyst.html
For additional information about soybean cyst nematode, visit University of Minnesota Extension’s Soybean cyst nematode management guide online: https://extension.umn.edu/soybean pest management/soybean cyst nematode management guide
For Additional Information: Project Funding Provided by: Angie Peltier, Jared Goplen, Seth Naeve Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council
Page 11 O n F a r m C r o p p I n g T r I a l s PPO Inhibitor Effects on Soybean Canopy — NW MN
Cooperator: David Swanson; Bill Zurn; Corey Hanson; UMN Soybean Breeding Project (Lorenz) Nearest Town: Kragnes, MN; Callaway, MN; Gary, MN Soil Type: Wahpeton Silty Clay Tillage: Conventional Previous Crop: Corn (Kragnes and Gary), Soybean (Callaway) Planting Date: May 18, 2019 (Callaway), May 31, 2019 (Gary), June 1 (Kragnes) Spray Dates: June 26 (POST); July 18 (POST) Row Width: 30 inch Experimental Design: RCB, 10 treatments, 3 replications
Purpose of Study: The use of PPO inhibitor herbicides (Cobra, Flexstar, etc.) has increased in recent years as herbicide resistant weeds have become more problematic in NW Minnesota. One of the issues associated with the use of PPO inhibitor herbicides is the level of soybean injury that can result from herbicide applications. University of Minnesota research in southern Minnesota has shown that soybean yields are not typically affected by PPO inhibitor herbicides, especially with early season applications. There has not been research determining the effect that PPO inhibitor herbicides have when applied to plants suffering from the iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) symptoms prevalent in NW Minnesota.
We established three sites to evaluate the effect that PPO inhibitor herbicides have on soybean yield and injury at sites where soybeans may be stressed by IDC and SCN pressure. Early POST applications were made on June 26 and late POST applications on July 18 (Table 1). Table 1. Herbicide treatment, groups, rate and application timing for 2019 PPO inhibitor herbicide trials in farm fields near Callaway, Gary and Moorhead Application rate # Herbicide treatment Herbicide Group Application timing (per acre) 1 Roundup PowerMaxvx 9 32 fl oz Early POST Roundup PowerMaxvx 9 32 fl oz Late POST 2 Cobravy 14 12.5 fl oz Early POST Roundup PowerMax 9 32 fl oz Early POST 3 Flexstar GT 3.5vz 14, 9 2.68 pt Early POST 4 Cobravy 14 12.5 fl oz Late POST Roundup PowerMax 9 32 fl oz Late POST 5 Flexstar GT 3.5vz 14, 9 2.68 pt Late POST 6 Cobravy 14 12.5 fl oz Early POST Roundup PowerMax 9 32 fl oz Early POST Cobravy 14 12.5 fl oz Late POST Roundup PowerMax 9 32 fl oz Late POST 7 Flexstar GT 3.5vz 14, 9 2.68 pt Early POST Cobravy 14 12.5 fl oz Late POST Roundup PowerMax 9 32 fl oz Late POST v 3 qt/A N Pak AMS added as adjuvant. x 6.4 oz/A Preference added as adjuvant. y 1 pt/A Crop oil concentrate added as adjuvant. z 1.6 pt/A MSO added as adjuvant.
For Additional Information: Project Funding Provided by: Jared Goplen and Angie Peltier Minnesota Soybean Research & Promotion Council Page 12 PPO Inhibitor Effects on Soybean (continued) — NW MN
Results: Plots were visually rated for percent crop injury on July 18 and July 25. Data among different locations are combined in Table 2. On July 18, following the early PPO inhibitor application, crop injury ratings were not different among treatments. However, on July 25, one week following the late applications, plots that received late Cobra treatments had significantly higher levels of crop injury compared to those receiving only early PPO inhibitor treatments, or the Roundup only treatment (Figure 1). Injury ratings from plots receiving the late POST Flexstar GT treatment were statistically indistinguishable from all other treatments. Although plots were unable to be harvested for yield, the crop injury observed in this study is comparable to results found previously, where crop injury is minimized with early season applications.
For Additional Information: Jared Goplen and Angie Peltier
Page 13 PPO Inhibitor Effects on Soybean (continued) — NW MN
Table 2. Herbicide treatments, rates, application timing, percent crop injury, and crop yield. Rate Crop injury Crop injury Herbicide treatment (per acre) Application timing on 7/18 on 7/25 (%) (%) vx Roundup PowerMax 32 fl oz Early POST * Roundup PowerMaxvx 32 fl oz Late POST 0 a 6.6 b vy Cobra 12.5 fl oz Early POST 3.3 a 2.5 b Roundup PowerMax 32 fl oz Early POST vz Flexstar GT 3.5 2.68 pt Early POST 0.8 a 1.3 b Cobravy 12.5 fl oz Late POST Roundup PowerMax 32 fl oz Late POST 0 a 28.3 a vz Flexstar GT 3.5 2.68 pt Late POST 0.8 a 18.3 ab Cobravy 12.5 fl oz Early POST Roundup PowerMax 32 fl oz Early POST Cobravy 12.5 fl oz Late POST 2.5 a 33.3 a Roundup PowerMax 32 fl oz Late POST Flexstar GT 3.5vz 2.68 pt Early POST vy Cobra 12.5 fl oz Late POST 0.8 a 30.0 a Roundup PowerMax 32 fl oz Late POST
* Percent crop injury ratings followed by the same letter are not statistically different at P = 0.05. v 3 qt/A N Pak AMS added as adjuvant. x 6.4 oz/A Preference added as adjuvant. y 1 pt/A Crop oil concentrate added as adjuvant. z 1.6 pt/A MSO added as adjuvant.
For Additional Information: Jared Goplen and Angie Peltier
Page 14 O n F a r m C r o p p I n g T r I a l s Pre + Post Herbicide Demonstration — NW MN
Cooperator: David Swanson; Bill Zurn; Corey Hanson; UMN Soybean Breeding Project (Lorenz) Nearest Town: Kragnes, MN; Callaway, MN; Gary, MN Soil Type: Wahpeton Silty Clay Tillage: Conventional Previous Crop: Corn (Kragnes and Gary), Soybean (Callaway) Planting Date: May 18, 2019 (Callaway), May 31, 2019 (Gary), June 1 (Kragnes) Spray Dates: May 20 (PRE, Callaway), June 3 (PRE, Gary, Kragnes), June 26 (POST) Row Width: 30 inch Experimental Design: RCB, 10 treatments, 3 replications
Purpose of Study: As herbicide resistant weeds have become more problematic in NW Minnesota, more robust weed management programs are needed. In an effort to demonstrate efficacy of weed control programs, several POST emergence or combination PRE/POST programs were evaluated on farm near Moorhead, Callaway and Gary in Clay, Becker and Norman Counties, respectively.
Treatments included: 1) Weedy Control 6) Flexstar GT (fomesafen + glyphosate) 2) Dual + Valor 7) Roundup only 3) Authority First 8) Authority First + Flexstar GT 4) Authority MTZ 9) Authority First + (Flexstar GT + Warrant) 5) Outlook 10) Dual + Valor + Flexstar GT
For Additional Information: Project Funding Provided by: Jared Goplen and Angie Peltier Minnesota Soybean Research & Promotion Council » Page 15 Pre + Post Herbicide Demonstration (continued) — NW MN
Results: Plots were visually rated for percent weed control on July 18. Since weed pressure at Kragnes and Callaway was low, data is presented in Table 1 combined across locations as well as with Gary present- ed separately. When data was combined across locations, all PRE, POST and PRE+POST treatments had significantly better weed control than the weedy check except Outlook applied pre-emergence. Oth- er treatment differences were not detected. The lack of treatment separation was largely influenced by the low weed pressure at trial locations, as well as the late planting dates which provided weed control via preplant tillage.
At Gary, where weed pressure was greater, all herbicide treatments provided significantly greater weed control than the weedy check. In general, the PRE + POST herbicide programs provided the greatest
Table 1. Herbicide treatment, application rate and timing and percent weed control at the Gary location or the Gary, Callaway and Moorhead trial locations combined
Herbicide treatment Application rate Application timing All locations Gary (Herbicide group #) (per acre) Percent control Weedy check NA NA 64.4 b* 41.6 c
Valor SX (14) 3 fl oz PRE 89.5 a 89.3 ab Dual II Magnum (15) 1.67 pt POST Authority First (14, 2) 6 oz PRE 95.6 a 95.3 a Authority MTZ (14, 5) 15 oz PRE 91.1 a 88.0 ab Outlook (15) 18 fl oz PRE 80.6 ab 71.6 b xy Flexstar GT 3.5 (14, 9) 2.68 pt POST 93.5 a 91.3 ab xz Roundup PowerMax (9) POST 32 fl oz 89.2 a 83.3 ab Authority First (14, 2) 6 oz PRE xy 96.7 a 98.0 a Flexstar GT 3.5 (14, 9) 2.68 pt POST Authority First (14, 2) 6 oz PRE Warrant (15) 1.5 qt POST 96.4 a 94.3 a xy Flexstar GT 3.5 (14, 9) 2.68 pt POST Valor SX (14) 3 fl oz PRE Dual II Magnum (15) 1.67 pt POST 95.7 a 97.0 a xy Flexstar GT 3.5 (14, 9) 2.68 pt POST x 3 qt/A N-Pak AMS added as adjuvant. y 1.6 pt/A MSO added as adjuvant. z 6.4 oz/A Preference added as adjuvant. * Values within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05.
For Additional Information: Jared Goplen and Angie Peltier
Page 16 Pre + Post Herbicide Demonstration (continued) — NW MN
level of weed control. These treatments included Authority First + Flexstar GT, Authority First + Flexstar GT + Warrant, and Valor SX + Flexstar GT + Dual II Magnum. There were no differences among PRE products used aside from all other PRE products outperforming Outlook.
While the pre-emergence only treatments (Authority First, Authority MTZ), as well as post-emergence only treatments (Roundup, Flexstar GT) provided acceptable weed control in this trial, these programs are not recommended as full-season weed control programs. It is likely that if herbicide-resistant common rag- weed and waterhemp were present at these locations, weed control would have been much poorer with these programs. A combination of cultural weed management strategies (pre-plant tillage, cultivation, a plant population and row-spacing that promotes canopy closure and crop rotation) and diverse pre and post-emergence herbicide treatments are needed to maintain soybean yield potential and reduce weed seed additions to the soil seed bank.
For Additional Information: Jared Goplen and Angie Peltier
Page 17 2019 ON-FARM RESEARCH NETWORK
Prairie Talk For the Red River Valley and Surrounding Areas The 2019 On-Farm Research Network reports are available online at mnwheat.org Tough Times Don't Last but Tough People Do
By Lauren Proulx THANK YOU MN Wheat, Agronomist, CCA and On-Farm Research Thank you, Minnesota Wheat Producers, for your con- Coordinator tinued support. Thank you, On-Farm Research Advisory Committee and the Minnesota Wheat Council and Grower 2019 has been a year to remember for all the wrong boards for your dedication to the OFRN. Thank you, reasons. Even in the some of the worst conditions, we Minnesota Department of Agriculture, the Agriculture were blown away by the support we received from Fertilizer Research and Education Council, and the producers. Together, our determination and downright Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council stubbornness resulted in another successful year for additional funding for the OFRN. Thank you, BASF of on-farm research! and CHS Ag Services for donating Priaxor. Thank you, Koch Agronomic Services for donating Centuro. Thank BACKGROUND you, Encirca-Granular for donating access to their online Minnesota Wheat’s On-Farm Research Network (OFRN) services for each of the trials. Thank you, West Central Ag is producer focused. Wheat producers choose trials that Services, Gary Purath and the University of Minnesota interest them and work with research coordinators to for letting us use your weigh wagons. Thank you, CHS conduct replicated, randomized, multi-year strip trials. Northland Grain in St. Hilaire for helping us calibrate Producers can see how the crop responds to a new prac- weigh wagons this fall. Lastly, thank you to the many tice on their own farm, across the region and over time. unnamed contributors who help make our work possible!
Funding for the OFRN is provided by Minnesota Wheat through the Wheat Check-off and also through grants awarded by the Minnesota Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Growth, Research, and Innovation Program (MDA-AGRI), the Agriculture Fertilizer Research and Education Council (AFREC) and the Minnesota Soy- bean Research and Promotion Council (MSR&PC).
LOOKING AHEAD We all know how daunting this spring will be but just as with the difficult obstacles that 2019 brought we will push forward. The 2020 season will see a few more staffing changes but the OFRN will continue conducting impactful research for wheat producers to find answers to your crop production questions. Feel free to give Melissa Geiszler a call at (952) 738-2000 or send her an email at [email protected] to learn more.
Page 18 MINNESOTA WHEAT 2019 ON-FARM RESEARCH NETWORK TRIALS
35 Wheat Production Research Trials
• Variable Rate Nitrogen, comparing variable rate to flat rate N application • Seeding Rate, comparing rates of 1, 1.5, and 2 million plants per acre on 6 varieties • Flag-leaf Fungicide, testing a 3rd fungicide application during flag leaf emergence in addition to applications at the 4-5 leaf and flowering stages • N-stabilizer, first year results of fall and spring anhydrous ammonia applied with and without a new nitrification inhibitor formulation (CENTUROTM) • Sulfur, testing the addition of 100 lbs/acre AMS to increase yield and protein content • Elevated P and K Fertility, first year results of increasing P and K fertility over four years in a wheat-soybean rotation • Within-Field Protein Variability, using on-combine analyzers to map spatial variability of protein on farms in Roseau and Thief River Falls, MN
3 Soybean Production Research Trials • Soybean Seeding Rate, comparing yield of soybean populations ranging from 50-180k plants per acre
5 Cover Crops & Tillage Trials • Vertical vs Conventional Tillage, three years of data for one field in a wheat-soybean rotation • Green seeding soybean into rye, first year observations planting rye after wheat • Oats to Reduce IDC, preliminary results from one year of data
MINNESOTA WHEAT 2020 ON-FARM RESEARCH NETWORK TRIALS
• Within-Field Protein Variability • N-stabilizer • Seeding Rate • Flag-leaf Fungicide • Elevated P and K Fertility • Oats to Reduce IDC • ‘Green seeding’ soybean into rye
Page 19 2019 RESEARCH REPORT Identifying Causes of Within-Field Protein Variability in Spring Wheat using Precision Field Mapping and Aerial Imagery Joel Ransom, Dept. of Plant Sciences, NDSU, Fargo Melissia Geisler, MN Wheat, On-Farm Research, Red Lake Falls
Research Questions Materials and Methods
Spring wheat profitability is influenced by grain protein Two CropScan 3300H protein analyzers manufactured by content premiums or discounts when sold at the elevator. Next Instruments are currently in operation near Roseau Wheat protein content can vary greatly across a field, and and Thief River Falls, MN. The CropScan analyzes and is influenced by many environmental factors, most impor- records protein data every 7-11 seconds to create a tantly N and water availability. Protein maps created using georeferenced map of wheat protein while harvesting. combine-mounted protein analyzers can guide efforts to identify the underlying causes of protein variability within As we move forward, protein data will continue to be a field. Understanding these relationships could improve mapped on each of the cooperating producer’s wheat protein management practices, such as using a pre-plant fields, however intensive data collection will be limited to or in-season variable rate N application to allocate fertilizer 2-4 fields to minimize cost and keep the volume of data where it is most likely to increase grain protein content and to be analyzed at a manageable level. Nitrogen-rich and profitability. N-deficient strips will be established in these fields to aid yield and protein prediction using in-season NDVI/NDRE The objectives of this research are i) identify the most imagery obtained via satellite and a Matrice M-100 UAV influential factors affecting within-field protein variability, equipped with a MicaSense RedEdge-M sensor. Fields ii) develop a model to predict protein content during the will be flown with the UAV at the 4-5 leaf, boot, flag-leaf, growing season using the identified influential factors and and flowering stages. Satellite images nearest to these in-season UAV and satellite vegetation indices, and iii) timings will be used for analysis. After harvest, fields will identify a cost-effective approach to site-specific N man- be zone soil sampled for texture, OM, and N. ArcGIS and agement that maximizes both wheat yield and protein R mapping and statistical software will be used to spatially content to increase the overall profitability of wheat in MN, analyze the relationships between these data to identify while also reducing fertilizer inputs and environmental which factors are the most influential on protein content loss. within a field, and if these factors can be used to predict protein content during the growing season. Results Economic Benefit to a Typical Wheat yield and protein maps, and UAV imagery were 500 Acre Wheat Enterprise collected during the 2019 season. Protein appears to be inversely related to yield, and also appears to vary along Potential economic benefits are unknown at this time but with yield according to soil type within the field. Preliminary will hopefully become clear as we continue to collect and analysis showed a moderate correlation between yield explore the data. and soil organic matter (r=0.47). Contrary to the original hypothesis, protein content was not correlated to yield Related Research (r=0.08), and very weakly correlated to percent sand in the soil (r=0.21), and soil organic matter (-0.19). Further Mapping protein variability in a field has been researched spatial analysis in 2020 and beyond will help to elucidate previously in Montana and Washington to map the the relationships between protein content and the environ- variability of spring wheat protein within fields using ment. hand-sampling approaches.
Application and Use A related project conducted at NDSU is collecting in- season imagery with drone-mounted sensors from fields Identifying the underlying factors affecting the spatial of wheat and corn that have a nitrogen rich strip in order to variability of protein within a field may help guide decisions determine if these data can be used in developing pre- related to managing protein content. In the future, we hope scription fertilizer maps. Though there will be limited data this research can be used to direct variable rate in-season collected on protein in this project, some of the procedures N applications. used may apply to the MN-funded project to monitor N sufficiency. Page 20 This research is also being conducted in partnership with the Minnesota Wheat Research & Promotion Council’s On-Farm Research Network.
Page 21 2019 RESEARCH REPORT University of Minnesota Wheat Breeding Program Jim Anderson, Dept. of Agronomy & Plant Genetics, U of M, St Paul
Research Questions ration with agronomists and pathologists at Crookston and with personnel from the Plant Pathology Department and This is a continuation of the U of MN spring wheat breed- the USDA-ARS. DNA sequence information was obtained ing program with the objectives: 1) Develop improved from 2,533 pre-yield trial lines and their FHB resistance varieties and germplasm combining high grain yield, and dough mixing properties were predicted based on a disease resistance, and end-use quality; and 2) Provide training set of 499 lines. Data from the yield and disease performance data on wheat varieties adapted to the state nurseries are summarized and published in Prairie Grains of Minnesota. and the MAES’s 2019 Minnesota Field Crop Trials bulletin.
Results MN-Washburn spring wheat was released January 2019. Tested as MN10201-4-A (MN97695-BYDV/Sabin), MN- Washburn has shown stable yields over 6 years of state- During the 2018/2019 crossing cycle, 250 crosses were wide testing. It has good straw strength (3 on 1-9 scale), made. The 2019 State Variety Trial, which contained 36 and overall good disease resistance. MN-Washburn has released varieties, 16 University of Minnesota experimen- better straw strength than our recent releases Bolles (4), tal lines, 5 experimental lines from other programs, and 3 Shelly (5), and Lang-MN (5) and the high yielding SY long term checks was grown at 15 locations. Another 187 Valda (5). Importantly, MN-Washburn contains the bdv2 advanced experimental lines were evaluated in advanced gene for resistance to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) yield trials at 10-11 locations and 363 lines were evaluated – to our knowledge, it is the only variety in the region con- in preliminary yield trials at 3 locations. A total of 6,978 taining this gene. The grain protein of MN-Washburn is yield plots were harvested in 2019. Fusarium-inoculated, lower than average, but its overall baking quality is accept- misted nurseries were established at Crookston and St. able and better than other lower protein varieties. Data is Paul. An inoculated leaf and stem rust nursery was con- summarized in Table 1. ducted at St. Paul. The disease nurseries involve collabo-
Table 1. Comparison of MN-Washburn and experimental line MN1405-7 with recent MN releases and other popular spring wheat cultivars, based on 2019 MN acreage. Entries are sorted by 3 Yr grain yield from 43 environments.
Grain Yield Straw Test Wt. Protein Baking Leaf Stripe Bact Leaf Release % M % of mean Heading Height Str. (lbs/bu) % Quality PHS Rust Rust Scab Str. Variety ¹ Yr. Acreage 2019 2 Yr 3 Yr d in. 1-9 2 yr 2 yr 1-9 1-9 1-9 1-9 1-9 1-9 SY-Valda 2015 15.5 109 109 111 54.6 31.3 5 60.0 14.0 6 2 1 2 3 4 Prosper 2011 1.9 104 107 108 56.5 33.1 6 59.7 13.7 5 1 6 5 4 4 Shelly 2016 7.1 106 106 107 57.4 29.5 5 59.4 14.1 5 1 3 1 6 4 TCG-Spitfire 2016 3.9 107 106 107 57.9 31.3 3 58.7 13.9 2 3 5 - 3 5 MN14105-7 - - 106 105 105 56.2 31.3 4 59.9 14.8 5 2 3 - 3 4 MN-Washburn 2019 0.3 101 100 103 56.8 30.0 3 59.8 14.0 3 1 1 2 3 4 Lang-MN 2018 1.9 102 102 101 57.3 32.7 5 60.6 14.8 3 1 1 1 3 3 SY Ingmar 2014 2.8 99 100 99 55.8 29.2 4 60.1 15.1 2 2 2 2 3 4 WB-Mayville 2011 5.4 97 96 98 52.7 28.0 3 59.8 15.4 2 3 3 3 7 8 Bolles 2015 4.4 96 94 95 57.8 32.3 4 59.2 16.1 1 1 2 1 5 4 Linkert 2013 22.3 93 92 95 55.2 28.5 2 59.9 15.4 1 1 3 1 5 5 ¹ WB9590 (13.8% of MN acreage) and WB9479 (9.2%) are not included in this table because they were not tested in 2019.
Page 22 MN14105-7 (Sabin/01S0377-6//Linkert) was increased mately 400 new lines are evaluated in preliminary yield at two MN locations in 2019. MN14105-7 has grain yield trials annually at 2 or 3 locations. Advanced yield trials - between Shelly and MN-Washburn but has higher grain containing 180-200 experimental lines – are evaluated at protein than both and also better straw strength and 10-11 locations. All yield nurseries are grown as 50-80 sq. bacterial leaf streak resistance compared with Shelly. In ft. plots. Misted, inoculated Fusarium head blight nurser- both 2017 and 2018 Uniform Regional Nurseries that are ies are grown in Crookston and St. Paul and an inoculated grown in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and one leaf and stem rust nursery is grown at St. Paul. We are location each in Montana, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, implementing genomic selection in the breeding program. MN14105-7 ranked no. 3 for yield out of >30 test entries This involves predicting the performance of experimental (data not shown). Of the 3 entries with the highest grain lines based on DNA sequence information of related lines. yield in those nurseries, MN14105-7 had the highest pro- This allows us to screen a larger number of potential tein. MN14105-7 has acceptable baking quality (5) and varieties that we can’t accommodate in our field trials, and good disease resistance, among the best for bacterial leaf can help us find the rare genotypes that combine all the streak (3) and moderately resistant to scab (4). necessary traits in a high yielding line.
Application and Use Economic Benefit to a Typical 500 Acre Wheat Enterprise Experimental lines that show improvement over currently available varieties are recommended for release. Improved Choice of variety is one of the most important decisions germplasm is shared with other breeding programs in the growers make each year. The development of high-yielding region. Scientific information related to efficiency of varieties that are resistant to the prevalent diseases and breeding for particular criteria is presented at local, regional, have good end-use quality are necessary to increase national, and international meetings and published. grower. As an example, a new variety that yields 4% higher will produce 3 extra bushels in a field that averages Materials and Methods 75 bu/A. At current market prices that equates to approxi- mately an additional $7,500 in gross revenue for a 500 Approximately 300 crosses are made per year. A winter acre wheat enterprise. nursery is used to advance early generation material when appropriate, saving 1-2 years during the process from Related Research crossing to variety release. Early generation selection for plant height and leaf rust and stem rust resistance is These funds provide general support for our breeding/ practiced in nurseries in St. Paul and Crookston. Approxi- genetics program. Additional monetary support for breeding activities in 2019 came from the MN Small Grains Initiative via the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Grain Yield Straw Test Wt. Protein Baking Leaf Stripe Bact U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative via USDA-ARS. Leaf Release % M % of mean Heading Height Str. (lbs/bu) % Quality PHS Rust Rust Scab Str. Publications
Variety ¹ Yr. Acreage 2019 2 Yr 3 Yr d in. 1-9 2 yr 2 yr 1-9 1-9 1-9 1-9 1-9 1-9 1. Anderson, J.A., J.J. Wiersma, S.K. Reynolds, G.L. SY-Valda 2015 15.5 109 109 111 54.6 31.3 5 60.0 14.0 6 2 1 2 3 4 Linkert, R. Caspers, J.A. Kolmer, Y. Jin, M.N. Rouse, R. Dill-Macky, M.J. Smith, L. Dykes, and J.-B. Ohm. 2019. Prosper 2011 1.9 104 107 108 56.5 33.1 6 59.7 13.7 5 1 6 5 4 4 Registration of 'Shelly' hard red spring wheat. J. Plant Shelly 2016 7.1 106 106 107 57.4 29.5 5 59.4 14.1 5 1 3 1 6 4 Registrations, doi:10.3198/jpr2018.07.0049crc TCG-Spitfire 2016 3.9 107 106 107 57.9 31.3 3 58.7 13.9 2 3 5 - 3 5 2. Anderson J.A, J.J. Wiersma, S. Reynolds, N. Stuart, H. Lindell, R. Dill-Macky, J. Kolmer, M. Rouse, Y. Jin, and L. - - 106 105 105 56.2 31.3 4 59.9 14.8 5 2 3 - 3 4 MN14105-7 Dykes. 2019. 2019 Hard Red Spring Wheat Field Crop Tri- MN-Washburn 2019 0.3 101 100 103 56.8 30.0 3 59.8 14.0 3 1 1 2 3 4 als Results. In: 2019 Minnesota Field Crop Trials. Minne- sota Agricultural Experiment Station Publication. Univer- Lang-MN 2018 1.9 102 102 101 57.3 32.7 5 60.6 14.8 3 1 1 1 3 3 sity of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. (available at https://www. SY Ingmar 2014 2.8 99 100 99 55.8 29.2 4 60.1 15.1 2 2 2 2 3 4 maes.umn.edu/publications/field-crop-trials by Dec. 2019) WB-Mayville 2011 5.4 97 96 98 52.7 28.0 3 59.8 15.4 2 3 3 3 7 8 Bolles 2015 4.4 96 94 95 57.8 32.3 4 59.2 16.1 1 1 2 1 5 4 Linkert 2013 22.3 93 92 95 55.2 28.5 2 59.9 15.4 1 1 3 1 5 5 ¹ WB9590 (13.8% of MN acreage) and WB9479 (9.2%) are not included in this table because they were not tested in 2019.
Page 23 2019 RESEARCH REPORT Maximizing Canopy Conductance to Enhance Spring Wheat Yield Potential in the Upper Midwest M. Walid Sadok, Dept. of Agronomy & Plant Genetics, U of M, St. Paul
Research Questions Results
During the day, wheat canopy continuously ‘transpires’, This third year, we have successfully conducted a third releasing water vapor into the atmosphere through micro- replication of the phenotyping effort on the MNAMP scopic pores on the leaves, called stomates. This process families developed by Brian Steffenson and a second is critical to crop production as it allows for bringing water replication of the phenotyping of the bi-parental map- and nutrients -particularly nitrogen- from the soil into the ping population developed by Jim Anderson. In addition, plant. When these stomates open to release water vapor, we undertook a multi-population QTL analysis of canopy they also allow for carbon dioxide (CO2) to diffuse from the conductance on the MNAMP families and the breeding atmosphere into the plant to be used in photosynthesis. population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Both processes (transpiration & CO2 fixation) are critical for time that such a large number of genotypes is screened productivity as they enable entrance into the plants of car- for canopy conductance in a single year. While the bon and nitrogen that enable filling the seed with carbohy- analysis of this large dataset is on-going, it is clear that we drates and protein. In crop physiology, this ability to keep have identified a number of large-effect QTL for canopy stomata open is called canopy conductance. Previously, conductance, which -when confirmed across populations we have shown in three different production environments and experimental replications (see recommended future (Australia, North Africa and Minnesota) that increasing research), will be prime candidates to design MN wheat canopy conductance is a promising breeding target to cultivars with enhanced canopy conductance. Analysis is increase yields (Schoppach et al. 2017; Sadok et al. 2019; already underway to not only identify the most robust and Tamang et al. 2019). stable QTL across all the populations but also to identify How to maximize canopy conductance in MN wheat? genotypes to be deployed in the field for multi-location The medium-term objective of this research is to identify confirmation of QTL effects in the field, a key step for a major genetic loci associated with this complex trait and breeding program (see recommendations for future re- pyramid them in the pipeline of the University of Minnesota search). Our research methodology presents the unique wheat breeding program to deliver MN growers varieties advantage of substantially speeding up the phenotyping with higher yield potential. Thanks to a ‘precision-phenotyp- pipeline, as standard approaches would require double the ing’ system (the GraPh platform, Tamang and Sadok, 2018) time needed (i.e., 7-8 years) to assemble such datasets. enabling ‘high-fidelity’ screening of whole-plant canopy As a result, this physiological phenotyping methodology conductance, we are the first group in the U.S. and one of developed through the support of the MWR&PC has at- the very few worldwide who have the capacity to achieve tracted global, international attention as attested by invita- this goal, potentially giving MN growers a major competitive tions to present research findings as talks in international advantage. Using our system, and in the first 3 years of conferences, including the largest wheat conference ever this research, we were able to: 1) Adapt the GraPh platform organized (attended by 900+ wheat researchers from the to enable high throughput phenotyping of wheat mapping all over the world, see publications). populations, 2) Screen (twice) the parents of the Minne- sota Nested Association Mapping Population (MNAMP) to Application and Use identify parents with contrasted canopy conductance, 3) Phenotype (twice) families from the MNAMP which parents Increasing canopy conductance can lead to numerous exhibited the greatest contrast in canopy conductance from yield-related benefits for Minnesota-grown wheat. Higher the recurrent parent RB07, 4) Identify several quantitative canopy conductance is associated with higher yield, likely trait loci (QTL) controlling canopy conductance in those due to an increased ability of the plant for water and nitro- families, and 5) Initiate an effort to confirm those QTL in a gen uptake from the soil. This in turn may decrease risks breeding population developed by wheat breeder Jim An- of nitrogen leaching and waterlogging. In addition, higher derson (145 recombinant inbred lines from a cross between canopy conductance is linked to increased fixation of CO2 MN-adapted parental lines MN99394-1-2 and MN99550-5- and other mobile nutrients needed for filling the grain and 2). Goals: In this year, our goals were to replicate phe- to protecting the canopy from heat stress during the sum- notyping experiments to 1) capture and confirm all of the mer, via evaporative cooling. However, until very recently, large- effect QTL available in the MNAMP population and breeders were unable to select for higher canopy conduc- 2) initiate validation of the detected QTL in the independent tance, because of the lack of technologies available. With genetic background of the breeding population. the new physiological phenotyping approach we have Page 24 developed, we have an untapped opportunity to breed for that genotypes that decrease their canopy conductance next-generation, MN-adapted wheat, equipped with genes at midday would increase yields through a water-saving maximizing yield potential by enhancing canopy conduc- strategy. This research has been leveraged as USDA tance. NIFA proposal (still pending as of this writing).
Materials and Methods Recommended Future Research
For this research, the plants were grown under naturally Our goals for the next year are to: i) phenotype one last rd fluctuating conditions in a well-maintained greenhouse (3 ) time the bi-parental breeding population ii) finalize the at the University of Minnesota. Plants were grown in a genetic analysis to confirm robust, large-effect QTL con- setting that mimic field conditions (large pots, fertilized trolling canopy conductance, iii) recommend, based on ii) top soil, high density) where key environmental condi- genotypes harboring contrasting alleles at those major loci tions were carefully monitored (light, temperature, rela- to be deployed in field yield trials and iv) initiate confirma- tive humidity, watering regime). After 4-5 weeks, plants tion of the effects of such QTL in multi-location yield trials were transferred inside the GraPh precision-phenotyping where yields and yield component traits will be measured platform. This platform tracks canopy conductance as a to validate the beneficial effects of canopy conductance. function of whole-plant transpiration response –measured using weighing lysimeters– to increasing atmospheric References vapor pressure deficit. This allows for a very precise esti- mation of whole-plant canopy conductance which is very Sadok, W. and R. Schoppach. 2020. Potential involvement difficult to accurately measure in the field because of the of root auxins in drought tolerance by modulating nocturnal confounding influence of uncontrollable variations in light, and daytime water use in wheat. Annals of Botany (in temperature and wind speed. press). Sadok, W., R. Schoppach, M.E. Ghanem, C. Zucca, and Economic Benefit to a Typical T.R. Sinclair. 2019. Wheat drought-tolerance to enhance food security in Tunisia, birthplace of the Arab Spring. 500 Acre Wheat Enterprise European Journal of Agronomy, 107: 1–9. Tamang, B.G., R. Schoppach, D. Monnens, B.J. Based on computer-based simulation modelling taking into Steffenson, J.A. Anderson, and W. Sadok. 2019. Variability account weather data, soil type and crop management, in temperature-independent transpiration responses to our work on a similar context in north Africa projected a evaporative demand correlate with nighttime water use yield increase by 15-20% in well-watered environments as and its circadian control across diverse wheat populations. a result of increasing canopy conductance to values that Planta, 250: 115–127. are within the range observed in our MN experiments Tamang, B.G., and W. Sadok. 2018. Nightly business: (Sadok et al. 2019). Therefore, such numbers could links between daytime canopy conductance, nocturnal be used as a baseline for estimating the expected yield transpiration and its circadian control illuminate physiological benefits that would result from this trait modification in the trade-offs in maize. Environmental and Experimental more favorable environments of Minnesota. Other ben- Botany, 148: 192–202. efits could add to such baseline number, such as reducing Schoppach R, Fleury D, Sinclair TR, Sadok W. 2017. risks of N leaching enabled by high-conductance geno- Transpiration sensitivity to evaporative demand across types which have a higher ability to remove water from the 120 years of breeding of Australian wheat cultivars. soil, therefore enhancing N-use efficiency, while reducing Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 203: 219-226. environmental footprint. Publications Related Research [Support of MWR&PC acknowledged in the paper/oral Dr. Sadok is currently participating in an international, presentation] collaborative effort to help breeders develop wheat cultivars equipped with canopy conductance traits that Peer-reviewed publication in international scientific maximize yield gains under different water availability journal: regimes in collaboration with colleagues in the Middle- East and Australia (Schoppach et al. 2017; Sadok et al. 1. Tamang, B.G., R. Schoppach, D. Monnens, B.J. 2019; Tamang et al. 2019; Sadok and Schoppach 2020). Steffenson, J.A. Anderson, and W. Sadok. 2019. Variability For instance, in well-watered environments with deep, in temperature-independent transpiration responses to moisture-holding soils such as most of Minnesota, breeders evaporative demand correlate with nighttime water use should favor genotypes with high canopy conductance. and its circadian control across diverse wheat populations. However, in MN environments with sandy soils with low Planta, 250: 115–127. moisture holding capacity or more broadly the western » part of the U.S. spring wheat region, our research showed
Page 25 » Oral presentation in international conference: (speaker name underlined)
2. Sadok W., R. Schoppach, M.E. Ghanem, C. Zucca, T.R. Sinclair. 2019. Crop simulation modeling informed by physiological phenotyping illuminate context-dependen- cies for enhancing wheat drought tolerance in Tunisia. Talk presented at the ASA-CSSA Meeting, San Antonio, TX, USA, 11 November 2019.
3. Sadok W., B.G. Tamang, R. Schoppach, B.J. Stef- fenson, J.A. Anderson. 2019. Out of darkness: nocturnal transpiration and its circadian control as contributors of drought tolerance in crops. Talk presented at the ASA-CS- SA Meeting, San Antonio, TX, USA, 12 November 2019.
4. Sadok W., R. Schoppach, U. Baumann, D. Fleury, M.E. Ghanem, J.D. Taylor, T.R. Sinclair, C. Zucca. 2019. Root- shoot hydraulic and hormonal traits shape a whole-plant water use strategy enabling drought tolerance in wheat under a Mediterranean environment. International Confer- ence on Integrative Plant Physiology 2019, Melia Sitges, Spain, 27 October 2019.
5. Sadok W., J.A. Anderson, U. Baumann, D. Fleury, M.E. Ghanem, D. Monnens, R. Schoppach, T.R. Sinclair, B.J. Steffenson, B.G. Tamang, J.D. Taylor, C. Zucca. 2019. Combining eco-physiology, genetics and crop modeling to enhance wheat yields under variable water availability regimes. Talk presented at the main session of the 1st International Wheat Congress, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, 26 July 2019. [**According to organizers, this was the largest wheat conference ever organized, with an attendance of over 900 from 51 countries]
Page 26 2019 RESEARCH REPORT Providing Rapid End-use Quality Characterization Services to the University of Minnesota Breeding Program George A. Annor, Dept. of Food Science & Nutrition, U of M, St Paul
Research Questions use quality data the breeding program will have to help decide which of these entries (about 140 of the 363) will How do breeding activities by the University of Minnesota be advanced for Advanced yield trials in 2020. These Breeding Program affect end-use Quality of Wheat? results are also being used by the breeding program to develop models that will be used to improve selection for Results end-use quality parameters of future breeding lines.
About 400 wheat samples consisting of lines to be en- Materials and Methods tered in Preliminary yield trials and the repeated checks Lang-MN and Linkert were screened for their protein Grain from 363 2019 Preliminary yield trial lines harvested aggregation kinetics. Samples were first milled and their in New Zealand and 14 replications of the checks Lang-MN protein aggregation kinetics determined using the Braben- and Linkert were milled into flour and their protein aggre- der gluten peak tester. The parameters determined were gation kinetics determined using the Brabender Gluten peak maximum time, torque maximum, Torque before Peak tester. maximum, torque after maximum, startup energy, plateau energy and aggregation energy. These parameters were Economic Benefit to a Typical used in an earlier study to develop models to rapidly pre- 500 Acre Wheat Enterprise dict water absorption and other dough parameters. Based on regression equations developed earlier, the water Results from this study enables the University of Minnesota absorption of the samples was calculated and presented Wheat breeding program to incorporate selection for good in Figure 1. The water absorption of the samples ranged end-use quality earlier in the breeding efforts, thus avoiding from about 45% to 78%. The mean water absorption was the continued testing poor quality lines. The results of this 64%. The calculated water absorption for the check variet- research will be used to develop models that can be used ies Linkert was 69% and Lang -MN was 65%. Based on to select for varieties with end-use quality parameters that these results, samples with water absorptions between 57 are valued by our hard-red spring wheat customers. Such to 72% should be advanced for further testing. varieties will help to maintain the price premium of hard red spring wheat. Application and Use
This data, along with grain protein and test weight data from three 2019 Preliminary yield trials, is the only end- Figure 2 shows the aggregation energy of the samples. Aggregation energy indicates how much energy is needed to aggregate the gluten proteins in the samples. High aggregation energies are required for the aggregation of
Water absorption (%) strong gluten proteins. Water absorption (%)
Sample water absorption ranges (%) Aggregation energy absorption ranges (%) Figure 1: Calculated water absorption wheat samples Figure 2: Aggregation energy of wheat samples
Page 27 2019 RESEARCH REPORT Combining Key Resistance and Agrotype Genes for the Improvement of Hard Red Winter Wheat Germplasm G. Francois Marais, Dept. of Plant Services, NDSU, Fargo
Research Questions Application and Use
Recently, NDSU introduced many FHB and rust resistance The introduction of FHB resistance from spring wheat genes from hard red spring wheat (HRSW) into our newly produced promising resistance phenotypes in winter developed hard red winter wheat (HRWW) breeding wheat; however, the newly selected, FHB resistant inbred program. This project facilitates further integration of this lines appeared to be lower yielding than their susceptible valuable resistance into the broader breeding population. counterparts were. This raised the possibility that yield- Presently, the newly transferred genes occur (mostly detrimental genetic effects were co-introduced.This project singly) in highly related, lower yielding winter wheat aims to develop FHB resistant lines that are simultane- backgrounds and need to be systematically combined ously high yielding, and possibly also resistant to other into more diverse, higher yielding combinations that will major diseases. Such material will greatly aid the breeding improve multi-pathogen resistance. The purpose of this program. The accumulation of multiple favorable genes for project is to: disease resistance, yield, adaptation and processing qual- • Hasten the dissipation of FHB resistance genes within ity in a breeding population is a formidable task achieved the breeding population and integrate it with improved through numerous cycles of un-interrupted, meticulous yield plus resistance to other prevailing diseases such as crosses; strict phenotypic and statistical evaluation and leaf, stem and stripe rust, bacterial leaf streak (BLS), tan selection. This will be easier to achieve through targeted spot and Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). pre-breeding projects utilizing accelerated pure line • Simultaneously develop sub-populations of hard white development and marker-facilitated selection. The genetic wheat germplasm with the same attributes. material and gene pyramids developed in the course of this project will however, not only ensure that the breeding Results program reach maximum productivity sooner; it also has commercial potential and we will continue to evaluate it in In January 2019, eight crosses outlined in Table 1 were yield trials. made and the F1 planted for seed increase. Approximately
150-200 F2 seedlings per cross were re-planted in Sep- Materials and Methods tember 2019. Following vernalization, these will be in- fected with mixed leaf rust (six races) and stem rust (four The project utilizes crosses among eight winter wheat races) spores in November 2019. The most severely in- parents (Table 1). Each parent contributes either a good fected seedlings will be removed and the remaining plants plant type or resistance. Inbreeding and selection within raised to maturity when plants that are too tall will also these crosses will attempt to develop new high yielding be discarded. The most productive plants of semi-dwarf inbred lines with notable winter hardiness, FHB and rust height (approximately 90% of the height of cultivar Jerry) resistance utilizing the selection scheme outlined in Fig. 1. will be harvested for continued pre-selection and inbreed- ing according to the scheme in Fig. 1. Economic Benefit to a Typical 500 Acre Wheat Enterprise In parallel to the crosses, DNA extraction and genotyp- ing by sequencing utilized 380 advanced breeding lines The disease-causing pathogens targeted in the project an- from the routine breeding program. Study of the genotypic nually cause significant wheat yield losses in the Northern data will aim to find single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Great Plains and even modest changes in the average markers that map close to significant rust resistance level of resistance in new cultivars will be of considerable (particularly stripe rust) genes within the population. Rust benefit to producers. The targeted diseases include some resistance data gathered in 2019 will be analyzed in the that are notoriously difficult to breed resistance for (for ex- attempt to identify chromosome regions that harbor rust ample tan spot, bacterial leaf streak, SNB and FHB) since resistance genes. These will be evaluated to determine resistance/insensitivity is based on numerous quantitative whether it could provide additional markers that might trait loci each making only a small contribution to the total improve marker-aided selection for rust resistance in the resistance phenotype. segregating progenies.
Page 28 Related Research References
The project supports the NDSU hard red winter wheat Bakhsh A., N. Mengistu, P.S. Baenziger et. al. 2013. Effect pedigree-breeding program. Many of the known genes for of Fusarium head blight resistance gene Fhb1 on agronomic resistance to the rusts, FHB, tan spot, SNB and BLS are and end-use quality traits of hard red winter wheat. Crop not available in winter-hardy genetic backgrounds that are Sci. 53:793-801. adapted to North Dakota and that are useful as breeding Bai G., Z. Su, and J. Cai. 2018. Wheat resistance to Fu- parents. Furthermore, the resistance genes often occur sarium head blight. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, singly in very diverse and poorly adapted backgrounds 40:3, 336-346, DOI: 10.1080/07060661.2018.1476411. making it even more difficult to combine multiple genes in Gupta P.K., R.K. Varshney, P.C. Sharma, and B. Ramesh. a single line. This pre-breeding program aims to directly 1999. Molecular markers and their applications in wheat supplement and facilitate the main pedigree breeding breeding. Plant Breeding. 118: 369-390. effort. Poehlman J.M. and D.A. Sleper 1995. Breeding Field Crops. Iowa State University Press. Recommended Future Research Steiner B., M. Buerstmayr, S. Michel, et al. 2017. Breed- ing strategies and advances in line selection for Fusarium a. Acquire and establish additional FHB resistance genes head blight resistance in wheat. Trop. Plant pathol. 42: that supplement the Fhb1 and Qfhs.ifa-5A resistance in 165-174. the main breeding program. USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab. 2017. Resistance b. Develop genetically diverse, high yielding inbred lines Genes. St. Paul, MN. https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest- with significant FHB resistance and employ these as area/stpaul/cereal-disease-lab/docs/resistance-genes/ breeding parents. resistance-genes/.
Table 1. Hard red winter wheat parents and cross combinations used for initiating the study. Parent/ Cross number Traits¹,² Pedigree Resistance genes³ 1 T; CH CM82036/Jerry//Jerry-Lr56 Lr34; Lr56; 1B1R Fhb1; Qfhs.ifa-5A; 2 SD; CH; W Broadview/SD07W083-4 Lr34; Lr46; Yr17; tsn1 Sr24; unknown FHB 3 TSD; NH Radiant/RCATL33//Ideal resistance Fhb1; Lr46; 1B1R; 4 T; CH Norstar-Fhb1/Jerry//TX09D1119/Buteo Yr17 Fhb1; Sr39/Lr35; Lr34; 5 T; CH Norstar-Fhb1, Sr39 Lr46; Lr68; 1BL.1RS 6 SD; MH Monument Lr34; Sr24;Yr17 7 SSD; MH Keldin CM82036/Jerry/3/Lr50//Jerry//Falcon/3/ Fhb1; Qfhs.ifa-5A; 8 TSD; NH Moats Lr46; Yr17 19K331 1 X 2 19K438 2 X 3 19K89 4 X 2 19K365 5 X 6 19K94 4 X 6 19K368 5 X 7 19K97 4 X 7 19K132 4 X 8
¹ T = tall, SD= semi-dwarf; TSD = tall semi-dwarf; SSD = short semi-dwarf; CH = cold-hardy, MH = moderately cold-hardy, NH = non cold-hardy; W = white seed. ² Parents 3, 6 and 7 have inadequate bacterial leaf streak resistance. ³ Lr = leaf rust resistance locus, Sr = stem rust resistance locus; Yr = stripe rust resistance locus; Fhb = FHB resistance QTL; Qfhs.ifa-5A = FHB resistance QTL; 1BL.1RS = wheat rye translocation; tsn1 = tan spot insensitivity allele. » Page 29 » F1: Produce and plant 8 crosses by Feb 2019 % Hetero- > zygosity
50.0 F2: Plant in Sept 2019. Vernalize about 150-200 F2 of each cross in planting trays. Screen with mixed LR and SR inoculum. Remove plants that are too tall. Keep about 50% (75-100) of the seedlings per cross for SSD.
> 25.0 F3: Re-plant in Feb 2020 (greenhouse pots - 3 lineages per pot; 200-266 total pots) and select for vigor, seed set and semi-dwarf plant height (include a height control). > > 12.5 F4: Select the best 50% of the F₃-derived F₄ families and plant (in an un-replicated field nursery; 300-400 single plots plus controls, Casselton) to allow winter-kill of sensitive plants/families. Evaluate plots for winter survival, FHB resistance, agrotype and yield in summer 2021 and also identify lines that breed true for white kernel color (based on F₅ seed). Identify the best families (approximately 8 per cross).
6.25 F5: Select single F₅ plants from within the best yielding F₃-derived F₅ families. > Identify the 8 very best F₃-derived F₅ families within each cross based on the 2021 agronomic data. Plant 10 F₅ seeds per selected family and do a marker screen to identify families segregating for either or both of Fhb1 and Qfhs.ifa-5A, and to characterize these for the presence/absence of Lr34, Lr46, Lr67, Lr56, Sr24, Lr35/Sr39, Yr17 and the 1RS translocation. Increase seeds of the best single plants for continued testing in replicated trials.
Fig. 1. Outline of the proposed selection scheme.
Page 30 2019 RESEARCH REPORT Nitrogen Losses Under Spring Wheat Production System in Minnesota Amitava Chatterjee, Dept. of Soil Science, NDSU, Fargo Research Questions Materials and Methods
The overarching research question of the project is ‘what During spring of 2019, eight spring wheat field located are the ranges of nitrogen losses, soil nitrogen availability, across the Red River Valley of MN were selected for this and grain yield and protein content under spring wheat study (Table 1). Soon after planting, four collar for head- production systems across the Red River Valley of space air sampling to determine nitrous oxide flux, four Minnesota? suction cup lysimeter to collect soil solution at 2 ft depth for below-root-zone-nitrate concentration, and four open Results static chamber with ammonia trap to determine volatil- ization loss, were installed at 10 ft interval at each field Grain yield, protein content and nitrogen use efficiency (%) (Figure 1). On a weekly basis, four soil samples from 0-6” of eight sites are presented in Figure 1. The highest aver- soil depth were collected from each field and analyzed for age yield was observed at Dorothy site (97.9 Bu/ac) and inorganic nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate) concentration the lowest yield was observed at the Red Lake Falls site using 2M KCl extraction and TL2800 Timberline Ammonia (61.5 Bu/ac). The highest protein content was observed Analyzer. Soil N2O-N efflux will be measured every week at Rustad (15.8%) and the lowest protein content was interval using static chamber installed at each plot after at Mahnomen (10.3%). Dorothy site received anhydrous planting. Headspace air samples of chamber was collect- ammonia at the rate of 135 lb nitrogen per acre in fall, ed using a syringe at 0, 15, 30 min interval at each obser- and the Linkert was the cultivar. At Rustad, high protein vation and air samples was analyzed using a Shimadzu cultivar, ‘Bolles’ was planted and received 110 lb nitrogen gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture de- per acre in fall. Nitrogen use efficiency was calculated tector. For volatilization, foam strips and the acid solution by dividing the nitrogen removal by grain with nitrogen was collected. The sampled traps was transferred to the applied through fertilizer. The highest nitrogen use ef- laboratory, where they was immediately extracted with 250 ficiency was found at the Thief River Falls site and the mL of 2 M KCl solution. The extracts were analyzed for lowest was observed at Gentilly. Initial (24th June) growing NH3 concentration using the ammonia analyzer. Soil water season and post-harvest deep soil (2 ft) nitrate content samples below the rooting zone was collected at a depth were presented in Figure 2. Initial deep soil nitrate content of 2’ using a suction cup lysimeter consisting a sealed ranged between 5.66 (Thief River Falls) to 9.99 (Argyle) plastic tube that was equipped with a 100-kPa high flow lb nitrogen per acre. Post-harvest deep soil nitrate content porous ceramic cup. A slight vacuum in the tube draws soil ranged between 17.4 (Thief River Falls) to 30.1 (Argyle) lb water through porous ceramic tip and water sample was nitrogen per acre. Low soil nitrogen content at Thief River collected by a syringe to the suction line extending past Falls might be due to fast water movement through profile the top seal and a clamp to seal it off. Sample water from under sandy loam textured soils. On the other hand, high lysimeters was be analyzed for NO3-N using an automated soil nitrogen content at Argyle might be resulted from slow Timberline TL2800 Ammonia Analyzer. For harvesting, water movement (sandy clay loam soils) and high nitrogen five-feet long four-rows were harvested to determine grain mineralization (5.2% organic matter). Cumulative ammonia yield and protein content. volatilization losses observed at eight sites during the growing season are presented in Figure 3. The lowest Economic Benefit to a Typical ammonia volatilization was observed at Gentilly and the 500 Acre Wheat Enterprise highest value was observed at Mahnomen site. Information about nitrogen use efficiency can facilitate Application and Use growers to save the cost of fertilizers. Growers can compare the potentials of different practices to improve This study provides growers information about the their yield. nitrogen use efficiency of their practices. Interactions of soil types, cultivar and fertilizer management practices on grain yield, protein content and nitrogen losses were evaluated for eight sites.
Page 31 2019 RESEARCH REPORT Cover Crop Management in a Wheat-Soybean System in Northwest Minnesota Joel Ransom, Dept. of Plant Sciences, NDSU, Fargo
Research Questions Application and Use
There is increasing interest in the use of cover crops, The data collected so far are from a single year, one which primarily for their benefits in protecting the soil from erosion was abnormally wet in the spring. Therefore, the results and improving soil health. Given the limited time between should be viewed in the context of a wet spring. They do the harvest of a crop and the end of the growing season suggest that when rye is planted as a cover crop after in northern Minnesota, the establishment of cover crops wheat that delaying its termination beyond the planting of into most farming systems can be challenging. Within the soybean crop, will not have a detrimental impact on the rotation sequences in northwestern Minnesota, cover soybean establishment and yield, and will provide very crops will most likely establish best and provide the great- good cover while the soybean crop is developing. This can est environmental benefits when planted after harvesting reduce weed pressure, in addition to reducing the potential wheat in fields where soybeans will be grown the following for erosion during the time that soybean is still developing. spring. When incorporated into the current wheat-soybean cropping system in NW Minnesota, cover crops have the Materials and Methods potential of protecting the soil for several weeks, grow sufficiently to scavenge much of the residual soil nitrate, We established the rye termination trial in fields of rye that thereby reducing its loss through leaching and runoff and had been planted the fall before, one in east of RLF in Red establish enough biomass to reduce soil blowing in the Lake County Minnesota and the other in Steele County in winter. This project will seek to answer questions related North Dakota. We superimpose the following treatments to how to manage cover crops after wheat to maximize in a uniform area of the field (time of termination of rye in their environmental benefits while minimizing any the spring): a) early spring (2 weeks before planting), b) 1 detrimental impacts on the productivity of the cash crops week prior to planting; c) at planting, d) 1 week after plant- grown. Specifically, we hope to answer the questions ing; and e) 2 weeks after planting. Rye was terminated of what cover crops are the most effective to plant after by applying glyphosate at the recommended rate. Soy- wheat if soybean is planted the following spring, and if beans were planted with a no-till drill about May 20th. Rye planting rye after wheat, when is the best time to biomass at the time of termination, stand establishment of terminate it, relative to when soybean is planted the soybeans; observations on early weed suppression, vigor following spring and iron chlorosis scores on soybeans, and yield were obtained from these plots. This experiment will be Results repeated in 2019/20. A second experiment was established in two location We are still early the research process, with cover crops in September. In this experiment, a range of commonly in one of the experiments planted only a few weeks ago recommended cover crops were planted in September because of late spring wheat harvest. In the rye termi- (largely due to the wet fall, which precluded earlier planting). nation timing experiments, we found that delaying the Cover crop biomass, in both the fall and winter will be termination of rye (with glyphosate) until 2 weeks after measured and the effect of cover crops on the yield of planting (the latest termination date in the experiment) did soybeans in 2020 will be quantified. There are no data not significantly reduce soybean emergence or soybean from this experiment yet as it was just established. yield at harvest when compared to earlier termination Measurements that will be taken include: cover and timings (the earliest timing was two weeks before planting biomass in the fall (after freeze-up and at the time of which was about as early as one could enter the field this termination in the spring); nitrogen content of cover crops; year due to the late spring. The later termination dates stand establishment of soybeans; observations on early resulted in greater rye biomass at the time of termination, weed suppression, yield of the soybeans, vigor and iron greater weed suppression, and more ground cover during chlorosis scores on soybeans as well as soil moisture the early stages of soybean development. Rye terminated and observations on soil tilth. Check plots where no cover before planting soybeans had developed little biomass crops will be planted will be included. and this biomass was largely gone with a week or two of planting soybeans.
Page 32 Economic Benefit to a Typical Research and Promotion Council and the MN Soybean 500 Acre Wheat Enterprise Research and Promotion Council. The goal of this project is to improve the sustainability of the wheat-soybean rota- Potential economic benefits are unknown at this time but tion as a whole by evaluating cover crops from a systems will hopefully become clear as we explore and analyze the perspective, rather than focusing on a single year or crop. data moving forward. Preliminary data suggests that there will be weed suppression when rye is terminated after Recommended Future Research planting soybeans. This could potentially translate into an economic benefit for farmers, particularly if there are None yet. weeds in the field that are difficult to control due to herbi- cide resistance. Publications
Related Research None. The plots from the first year of the research were just harvested. Funding for this project is provided by the MN Wheat
Figure 1. Photo of plots showing the differing levels of rye biomass in mid-June.
Page 33 2019 RESEARCH REPORT Breeding Wheat for Intensive Management in Western Minnesota and Eastern North Dakota-II Andrew Green, Dept. of Plant Sciences, NDSU, Fargo
Research Questions trials. Despite this, notable improvements were still found for yield across years with addition of fungicide. As noted Continue to identify and select genotypes which perform from Table 2, results of quality data were inconsistent. well for producers in eastern North Dakota and western This suggests that an integrated management approach of Minnesota. varietal resistance and chemical protection offers the best yield protection. Gather agronomic, grain quality, and end-use data regard- ing genotypic response to intensive management for aid in Application and Use breeding selection. We hope to use this research in the breeding program Evaluate elite breeding lines in target environments of to identify new varieties that will perform well in these western Minnesota. management practices. If we are able to help quantify how different varieties and their end-use quality perform under Results the two management programs, this information could also be used for making economically sound decisions on the Tables 1 - 4 present results from 2017-2019. Some inter- farm. esting findings are summarized here. Fungicide significantly increased yield at both Wolverton Materials and Methods and Fisher in 2019. The yield protection at Wolverton was notable (11.6 bu/ac), due to the severe Fusarium Head The study was a split-plot trial at Fisher and Wolverton, Blight (FHB) at that location.There was significant Bacterial MN in 2019. There were three replicates per management leaf streak (BLS) at Fisher, which was higher in the treatment, for a total of six plots per genotype at each intensive management block (data not shown). This likely location. In 2019 there were 45 entries in the trial, ten of masked some yield protection from the fungicide since it which were check varieties, with 35 experimental lines. won’t affect bacteria. Over the three years of the project, nine genotypes were tested in each year, which allowed for analysis across Table 2 presents means by management treatment, years. The whole plot factor was management, with stan- analyzed by individual location. Baking data from 2018 is dard (no foliar fungicide, no post-anthesis UAN) and in- included, but samples are still being processed for 2019 tensive (foliar fungicide at flag leaf emergence and 20 gal/ locations. There were no differences for loaf volume in acre of 28-0-0, post-anthesis). All other management was 2018 with addition of UAN, but baking absorption did consistent, and conducted by farmer cooperators. Since increase at East Grand Forks in 2018. Overall, there were real breeding data was used for the experiment, individual inconsistent results for end-use quality differences under years were analyzed separately, as experimental geno- intensive management. At every location from 2017-19, types changed from year to year. We would like to thank grain protein increased with post-anthesis UAN, as ex- Jay Nord, K&D Krueger Farms & Sons, and AgriMAX for pected. their valued cooperation.
Because this experiment involved breeding program lines, Economic Benefit to a Typical the entries changed each year. However, nine genotypes 500 Acre Wheat Enterprise were tested in all six environments. These results (Table 3&4) allow for deeper conclusions, across years. Yield The primary objective of this research was to screen potential and grain protein content were consistently different be- new varieties in productive environments in western Min- tween management treatments. Because quality data are nesota. In addition to conducting elite breeding trials at from unreplicated composite samples, these data cannot these locations, this project addressed two main academic be analyzed in the same manner. The means of the nine questions. genotypes that appeared in every environment are shown 1) Fungicide application in wheat has become a routine in Table 4. Interestingly, all of the varieties on this list are management technique, whether the variety and environ- at least moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight, ment needs it or not. Monitoring yield differences under which was the primary disease we observed in these intensive management from modern genetics can help Page 34 breeders and producers make the best decisions to maxi- This management can also be useful for selection. In the mize economic gains. Our results showed that potential breeding program, we may not want to discard a line yield gains vary a great deal from year to year, and may because the grain protein percentage was low if it had a not even be significant in some years (Wolverton 2017, high yield and could be managed differently. Rather, we East Grand Forks 2018). However, when disease pressure would prefer to test for protein functionality through milling is exceptionally high, yield improved by an average of 11 and baking where protein was not limiting. This should bushels per acre from fungicide application (Wolverton, lead to more productive variety options for farmers that 2019). These gains varied a great deal by genotype, which also possess good end-use quality. is information that needs to be collected, for best manage- ment. Publications 2) Spring wheat is valued for its superior milling and bak- ing qualities. A low grain protein content can compromise We intend to submit this work for publication when the this quality, and subject producers to cash discounts. baking analysis is complete for 2019. MNWRPC will be While available N for grain protein is not always limiting, credited with funding for this study in that manuscript. it may be possible to manage high yielding varieties with post-anthesis UAN to supplement N for protein content.
Table 1. Analysis of Variance for Agronomic Traits, by Location in 2019
Wolverton 2019
df Yield Protein Test Weight Harvest Moisture %
Management Treatment 1 <.0001 0.0002 <.0001 <.0001
Genotype 44 <.0001 <0.0001 <.0001 <.0001
Management Treatment *Genotype 44 0.9947 0.8637 0.2406 0.4688
Effect of Intensive Management +11.6 bu/ac +.27% +.82 lb/bu -.65%
Fisher 2019
df Yield Protein Test Weight Harvest Moisture %
Management Treatment 1 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
Genotype 44 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001
Management Treatment *Genotype 44 0.7435 0.0117 0.2265 0.9928
Effect of Intensive Management +5.7bu/ac +.51% +.90 lb/bu -.91%
Statistically significant data are noted with bold text.
»
Page 35 Table 2. Mean of all genotypes for select traits, by Management Treatment within Environment.
Mixograph Score (1-9)* Loaf Volume (cc) Flour Extraction % Baking Absorption % Test Weight (lb/bu) Grain Protein % Yield (bu/ac)
Standard Intensive Standard Intensive Standard Intensive Standard Intensive Standard Intensive Standard Intensive Standard Intensive
EAST GRAND FORKS 2017 4.4 4.8 202 213 53.2 533 60.1 59.8 62.2 62.9 14.8 15.1 97.1 102.7
WOLVERTON 2017 3.8 4.0 188 206 51.0 50.2 59.8 59.9 60.1 60.6 14.4 15.2 75.5 76.9
EAST GRAND FORKS 2018 4.1 4.3 222 214 51.4 51.2 66 69 61.8 62.2 15.3 16.2 73.7 74.2
BARNESVILLE 2018 4.6 4.6 184 188 48.9 47.9 70 69 60.0 60.1 15.2 15.7 51.1 57.0
FISHER 2019 4.0 3.9 - - 40.1 41.7 - - 58.5 59.0 14.9 15.4 78.1 83.8
WOLVERTON 2019 3.1 2.5 - - 41.6 42.4 - - 58.3 59.0 15.0 15.2 62.64 74.8
# p<0.01
# p<0.05
* Genotype means by Management Treatment were compared across years using a t-test and not found to significantly differ.
Table 3. Analysis of Variance probability values for nine check varieties appearing in all six environments, 2017-2019 df Yield Lodging Protein Test Weight Harvest Moisture Management Treatment 1 <.0001 0.76 <.0001 0.39 0.8583 Genotype 8 <.0001 0.0232 <.0001 0.0005 <.0001 Management Treatment*Genotype 8 0.9864 0.97 0.811 0.36 0.9786
Effect of Intensive Management +5.9 bu/ac NS +.52% NS NS
Statistically significant data are noted with bold text.
Page 36 Table 2. Mean of all genotypes for select traits, by Management Treatment within Environment.
Mixograph Score (1-9)* Loaf Volume (cc) Flour Extraction % Baking Absorption % Test Weight (lb/bu) Grain Protein % Yield (bu/ac)
Standard Intensive Standard Intensive Standard Intensive Standard Intensive Standard Intensive Standard Intensive Standard Intensive
EAST GRAND FORKS 2017 4.4 4.8 202 213 53.2 533 60.1 59.8 62.2 62.9 14.8 15.1 97.1 102.7
WOLVERTON 2017 3.8 4.0 188 206 51.0 50.2 59.8 59.9 60.1 60.6 14.4 15.2 75.5 76.9
EAST GRAND FORKS 2018 4.1 4.3 222 214 51.4 51.2 66 69 61.8 62.2 15.3 16.2 73.7 74.2
BARNESVILLE 2018 4.6 4.6 184 188 48.9 47.9 70 69 60.0 60.1 15.2 15.7 51.1 57.0
FISHER 2019 4.0 3.9 - - 40.1 41.7 - - 58.5 59.0 14.9 15.4 78.1 83.8
WOLVERTON 2019 3.1 2.5 - - 41.6 42.4 - - 58.3 59.0 15.0 15.2 62.64 74.8
# p<0.01
# p<0.05
Table 4. Mean of agronomic and baking traits for nine check varieties tested across all environments, 2017-2019.
Test Flour Baking Loaf Yield Protein Mixograph Variety Management Weight Extraction Absorption Volume (bu/ac) % (1-9) (lb/bu) % % (cc)
Standard 74.7 14.9 60.4 50.3 65.5 202.0 4.0 Barlow Intensive 82.9 15.5 61.1 48.9 63.5 206.0 4.3
Standard 82.0 14.6 59.0 49.4 60.0 206.5 3.8 Elgin- ND Intensive 86.6 15.0 60.0 49.3 60.0 200.0 3.8
Standard 81.0 14.1 60.6 54.1 58.0 203.0 3.1 Faller Intensive 87.3 14.8 61.0 51.1 58.0 206.0 3.1
Standard 73.7 15.2 61.5 47.6 64.0 206.8 4.8 Glenn Intensive 79.5 15.9 62.2 47.5 64.5 205.0 4.7
Standard 72.5 15.4 61.2 47.4 65.0 206.0 3.3 NDExp1 Intensive 75.8 16.0 61.7 48.8 66.0 208.0 3.2
Standard 81.1 14.4 60.5 47.6 64.0 176.3 4.0 NDExp2 Intensive 83.8 14.9 58.1 48.7 64.0 204.8 4.5
Standard 76.4 15.3 61.2 49.8 63.5 195.5 4.3 ND Vitpro Intensive 81.8 15.8 61.8 49.3 64.0 215.8 4.3
Standard 81.7 15.0 60.6 51.2 62.5 194.3 4.2 SY Ingmar Intensive 89.7 15.3 60.9 50.7 63.0 197.3 4.3
Standard 79.8 14.3 60.2 48.9 62.5 184.8 2.8 SY Valda Intensive 87.6 14.6 60.5 48.4 62.5 176.8 2.5
Page 37 2019 RESEARCH REPORT Accelerated Breeding for Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight Karl Glover, Plant Science Dept., SDSU, Brookings
Research Questions hills in the greenhouse (over two winter seasons). We also have 4 acres in the field under mist-irrigation. Both Complete resistance to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is the field and greenhouse nurseries are inoculated with unavailable, yet genetic variability for resistance is well grain spawn (corn that is infested with the causal fungus) documented. Steady progress toward increasing resistance and spore suspensions. Mist-irrigation is used to provide levels has been demonstrated by breeding programs a favorable environment for infection. Approximately 50 through implementation of largely repeatable FHB screening percent of the experimental populations possess Fhb1 as procedures. Breeding programs must sustain efforts to a source of resistance. Most of what remains are crosses simultaneously select resistant materials with desirable with various “field resistant” advanced breeding lines. agronomic characteristics. The objective of this project is Experimental materials are advanced through the program to use traditional plant breeding and selection techniques in the following fashion; to develop hard red spring wheat germplasm and cultivars that possess agronomic characteristics worthy of release Year 1 Field Space planted F2 populations in addition to acceptable levels of FHB resistance. Year 1 Fall greenhouse F2:3 hills
Year 1 Spring greenhouse F3:4 hills
Year 2 Field F4:5 progeny rows Results Year 2 Off-season Nursery F5:6 progeny rows Year 3 Field F5:7 Yield Trials (1 replication, 2 locations)
Entries retained in the advanced yield trial (AYT) are gen- Year 4 Field F5:8 Yield Trials (2 replications, erally at least moderately resistant to FHB. Those that do 5 locations) Year 5 Field Advanced Yield Trials (3 reps, not perform adequately are discarded after the first year 10 locations) of AYT observation. 2019 AYT results are presented in the appendix. Thirty-four experimental breeding lines were F2 populations are planted in the field and individual plants tested along with fourteen check cultivars during the 2019 are selected. These are advanced to the fall greenhouse growing season. Of the thirty-four experimental lines, where seed from each plant is sown as individual F2:3 hills twenty-one had FHB disease index (DIS) values that were and evaluated for FHB resistance. Four plants from each less than the test average. Among these entries, seven- of the top 25% of the hills are advanced to the spring teen produced more grain than average. Among these greenhouse. They are sown as individual F3:4 hills and seventeen, test weight of fourteen entries was higher than evaluated for FHB resistance. Those with FHB resistance average, and protein content of eight (SD4625, SD4848, nearly equal to or better than ‘Brick’ are advanced to the
SD4852, SD4855, SD4873, SD4874, SD4879, and mist-irrigated field nursery as F4:5 progeny rows. They are SD4885) were also greater than average. SD4625 may be evaluated again for resistance and general agronomic released in November 2019 for Certified seed production performance. Plants are selected within the superior rows in 2020. and sent to New Zealand as F5:6 progeny rows for seed increase. A portion of seed from each selected plant is Application and Use also grown in the fall greenhouse to confirm its resistance. If the FHB resistance of an F5:6 line is confirmed, then the With the progression of time, increases in FHB resistance respective progeny row is harvested in New Zealand. In levels should help to prevent devastating loses to growers the following South Dakota field season, the selected lines caused by severe FHB outbreaks. are tested in a two replication, multi-location yield trial. Those that have agronomic performance and yield similar to current cultivars are included in more advanced, multi- Materials and Methods location, replicated yield trials the following year. In year 5, lines advanced through this portion of the program are Focused efforts to increase resistance began within this included in the AYT along with entries from the traditional program after the 1993 FHB epidemic in the spring wheat portion of the program. Performance data with respect to production region. Both mist-irrigated greenhouse and Disease Index, along with agronomic potential from the field screening nurseries were established and disease 2019 AYT are presented in Table 1 of the appendix. evaluation methods were developed. Breeding materials are evaluated for FHB resistance using three generations per year: two in the greenhouse and one in the field. We have the capacity to screen as many as 4,500 individual
Page 38 Economic Benefit to a Typical 500 Acre Wheat Enterprise Immediate economic benefits are therefore difficult to The presence of FHB inoculum within fields and favor- assess. When conditions become favorable for disease able weather conditions are just two factors that heavily development, however, cultivars with elevated FHB influence whether this disease becomes problematic. resistance levels can help to reduce potentially serious grower losses.
Table 1. South Dakota State University advanced yield trial spring wheat entries ranked according to FHB disease index values (lowest to highest – collected at Brookings) presented along with agronomic data obtained from three replication trials conducted at ten test environments in 2019.
ENTRY DIS YIELD TW PROTEIN HEADING HEIGHT INDEX (BU/AC) (LB/BU) (%) (D > 6/1) (INCHES) BRICK 17.3 35.3 58.8 16 32.7 32.1 BOOST 18.2 36.5 57.4 16 39.5 32 SD4870 18.3 40.6 57 16.1 38.3 31.9 SD4848 18.6 38.1 58.6 16.8 38.5 30.3 SD4773 18.7 40.8 56.9 15.7 39.9 31.2 LCS-TRIGGER 18.8 45 57.7 13.9 42.7 31.5 SD4879 18.8 38.2 58.3 16.4 38.7 33.9 SD4873 19.3 48 58.1 16.1 39.3 33 SD4885 19.4 38.5 58.8 15.9 35.1 32 FOCUS 19.6 36 58.5 16.3 33 33.7 SD4775 19.6 38.3 56.5 15.7 41.7 31.9 SD4840 19.6 40.6 57.7 15.5 33.7 30.5 SD4871 19.8 42 59 15.5 37.4 29.1 SD4855 19.9 41.3 58.7 16.1 37.7 31.7 SD4874 19.9 40.5 58 16.3 39.9 31.6 SD4625 20.1 40.9 57.6 15.9 38.2 31.7 SD4852 20.2 41.3 58.4 16.1 35.2 30.4 PREVAIL 20.3 39.7 57.1 15.1 37.1 30.5 SY-VALDA 20.3 39.9 57.2 15.8 37 29.4 SD4849 20.5 37.7 57.5 15.8 36.2 31.1 SD4844 20.6 36.3 57.1 16.1 38 32.1 ADVANCE 20.7 37 57.1 15.3 38 30.4 SD4878 20.7 40.2 58.3 15.7 39.6 32.4 FOREFRONT 21 37.9 58 15.9 34.2 34.2 SD4843 21.3 40.5 58.3 15.2 37.7 31.4 SD4866 21.6 34.9 58.6 16.2 41.4 31.7 SD4708 21.7 39.1 57.9 15.8 36.7 32.5 SD4868 21.9 32.8 57.7 16 38.6 29 SD4719 22 40.1 57.7 15.2 39.1 33.4 SURPASS 22.1 35.4 56.6 16.2 34.3 31.3 »
Page 39 » Table 1 continued. ENTRY DIS YIELD TW PROTEIN HEADING HEIGHT INDEX (BU/AC) (LB/BU) (%) (D > 6/1) (INCHES) SD4816 22.8 35.4 56.8 15.8 41.9 30.4 FALLER 22.8 37.8 57 15.1 38.7 32.5 SD4891 22.9 37.6 58.5 16 36.3 32.1 SD4881 23.3 35.8 56.7 16.4 37.3 33 SD4842 23.6 36.1 58.7 16.4 36.6 32.6 SD4854 23.8 39.8 58.3 16.5 37.7 31.9 SD4765 24.6 36.1 57.1 16.4 34.8 32.3 TRAVERSE 24.7 35.1 54.4 15.7 36.1 34.3 SD4859 24.9 34 56 16.1 35.5 30.4 SD4876 25.3 39.5 56.7 15.5 36.4 29 SD4771 26.2 31.6 54.5 16.2 34.4 26.6 BRIGGS 26.3 33 56.5 16.3 35 31.3 SD4772 26.3 38 56.8 15.8 35.6 30.3 SELECT 27.1 34 57.6 16 33.1 31.7 SD4846 27.3 36 56.9 15.9 33.8 30.3 SD4814 27.7 36.4 55.5 15.9 40.2 31.5 SD4869 28.6 31.6 55.6 15.7 36.5 25.6 OXEN 34.5 32.5 54.4 15.9 36.3 29.2 MEAN 22.16 37.79 57.36 15.88 37.2 31.31 LSD (0.05) 3.17 1.37 0.29 0.14 0.67 0.72 cv 15.34 8.75 2.00 2.98 6.55 5.46
Page 40 2019 RESEARCH REPORT Research on Bacterial Leaf Streak and the Root and Crown Rots of Wheat Ruth Dill-Macky, Dept. of Plant Pathology, U of M, St. Paul
Research Questions established at four locations; St Paul, Crookston, Fargo, ND and Brookings, SD. The data from all four locations This project aimed to seek control measures for two indicate that significant differences were observed in these diseases that are important to wheat production in Min- materials for their reaction to BLS under field conditions nesota; bacterial leaf streak (BLS) and Fusarium root and (Table 1). The information obtained on the response of crown rot. The ultimate goal of the project is to deliver released varieties and elite germplasm has been provided economic disease control measures for these diseases, to the regional wheat breeding programs to the benefit of largely through the development of germplasm with growers. Information on the response of released germ- improved resistance. The work completed in this project plasm to BLS collected in the 2019 BLSCN will be com- is of benefit to wheat production in Minnesota through the bined with previous data sets and the overall evaluations development of adapted wheat varieties with improved will be disseminated to Minnesota growers through the MN resistances to two economically significant diseases. variety trials bulletin and other publications.
Specific Objectives of the project included: In 2019 we continued our work examining the role that Bacterial Leaf Streak wild grasses and other grass hosts play in the epidemi- 1.1. Co-ordinate the BSL cooperative nursery (BLSCN) ology of BLS in Minnesota. We utilized a collection of testing commercial cultivars from all wheat breeding pro- Xanthomonas translucens isolates collected from weed grams in the region - we anticipate that financial support hosts to conduct a molecular analysis of the diversity of of the BLSCN will transfer to our MN Small Grains Initiative the pathogen. project at the start of the next MN-SGI funding cycle. The objectives of this study were to isolate X. translucens 1.2. Identify additional sources of resistance to BLS using from poaceous weeds in Minnesota, determine pathoge- field and greenhouse screens nicity of these strains on wheat and barley, assess phylo- 1.3. Complete studies conducted in the previous project genetic relationships and genetic diversity of strains using examining the host range of the BLS pathogen and exam- multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and typing (MLST) ining variation in pathogen populations of four housekeeping genes (rpoD, dnaK, fyuA, and gyrB), 1.4. Examine the diversity and structure of TAL effectors and evaluate the efficacy of loop-mediated isothermal produced by the Xtu population associated with wheat in amplification (LAMP) assays designed to identify X. trans- Minnesota with the goal of identifying host resistance that lucens pathovars that cause BLS on small grains. Bacteria negates the impact of these pathogen proteins were isolated from 157 plant samples, representing 12 1.5. Disseminate information to wheat growers poaceous hosts collected in and around commercial fields of wheat. Strains exhibiting characteristic colony morphology Fusarium Root and Crown Rot Disease on Wilbrink’s medium were purified and evaluated further. 2.1. Utilize the greenhouse methods we have developed The majority (87/134) of strains were predicted to be X. for determining the reaction to root rot pathogens in the translucens by DNA (16S rDNA) sequencing. A subset greenhouse screenings to screen commercial cultivars (51) of the strains predicted to be X. translucens were and advanced breeding lines for reaction to Fusarium infiltrated into leaves of wheat and barley seedlings and crown rot found to cause disease. Eight of these strains were also 2.2. Screen wheat populations for response to crown rot tested in the field and likewise caused disease on wheat 2.3. Identify sources of resistance to FCR with the goal of and barley. Phylogenies from MLSA show that strains from generating additional wheat populations weedy grasses and wild rice are closely related to known 2.4. Disseminate information in FCR control to wheat X. translucens pathovars, most commonly X. translucens growers pv. undulosa. The findings demonstrate that poaceous weeds serve as reservoirs of inoculum for the bacterial Results pathogen inciting BLS of wheat.
Bacterial Leaf Streak: In 2019 we tested released variet- In a previous project we had demonstrated that strains of ies and advanced lines in a regional cooperative nursery Xtu produce TAL effectors, small proteins that impact the (BLSCN). The 92 entries came from eight wheat breeding host-pathogen interaction. In 2019 we started to examine programs (3 public [UMN, NDSU, SDSU] and 5 private the diversity of these TAL effectors, specifically to examine [BASF, Dyna-Gro, Meridian Seeds, Syngenta, 21st Cen- their diversity using molecular tools. The collection of Xtu tury Genetics) in the Upper Great Plains. The BLSCN was isolates we developed and characterized in the previous projects were utilized in this project. Our results show » Page 41 evidence that multiple TALEs are present in X. translucens methods for working with the root rot pathogens and have and there is diversity among isolates and pathovars. developed greenhouse methods for inoculating the roots This work, though preliminary, may provide avenues or and stem bases of wheat plants with Fusarium spp. These research to provide additional tools and show promise to efforts continued in 2019 and have facilitated our ability to inform future breeding efforts for host resistance. screen germplasm for reaction to the Fusarium root rot.
Root and Crown Diseases: Economic Benefit to a Typical In the 2019 spring greenhouse season we tested a new 500 Acre Wheat Enterprise protocol for inoculating wheat seedlings and tested a num- ber of wheat populations that appear to be segregating for We have demonstrated that bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is reaction to crown rot. We have made progress in refining of economic importance to the wheat industry and data our methods of greenhouse screening and have continued has been generated that a grower can use to select wheat our efforts to identify sources of resistance to Fusarium varieties for production that are less susceptible to BLS. crown rot (FCR). As is the case for Fusarium head blight The data gathered from this project demonstrate that root (FHB or scab), resistance to FCR is partial in nature and rots are prevalent in commercial wheat fields in Minnesota. appears to be conferred by multiple small effect QTL. Two root rot pathogens in particular, Fusarium and Bipo- The ultimate goal of this work is to identify progeny with laris, are abundant and likely contribute significantly to improved resistance that can serve as adapted donors of yield losses, particularly in years when moisture is limiting resistance in the hard red spring wheat breeding programs in the latter part of the growing season. Information on the in the Upper Great Plains. prevalence of these diseases is of immediate benefit to the grower by increasing an awareness of disease prob- Application and Use lems impacting wheat production. The development and introgression of host resistance provides economic and Developing effective and durable resistant germplasm to environmentally sustainable control of wheat diseases. the diseases of economic importance to wheat in Min- The work in this project has contributed to the develop- nesota relies in the development of effective screening ment of wheat varieties with improved resistance to methods to identify sources of resistance and to intro- diseases with economic impact. gress the resistance into adapted germplasm, along with an understanding of the epidemiology and biology of the Related Research pathogens. This is a regional collaborative project involving patholo- In 2019 we have continued our screening efforts in field gists in three states. We have established close relation- nurseries for BLS and greenhouse screening for crown ships with research and extension plant pathologists rot of wheat. We have also made significant progress in and the wheat breeding programs (public and private) understanding the diversity of the pathogen populations in Minnesota and with our neighboring states. Regional that inform future breeding efforts and the development of wheat breeding programs have benefited by our ability to other disease control practices. provide field observations of the distribution of diseases and in evaluating wheat germplasm. The wheat breeding Materials and Methods programs in the region (public and private) have especially benefitted from information on the reaction of released and Bacterial leaf streak: In 2019 we coordinated a cooperative advanced breeding lines to BLS. regional nursery (BLSCN) in which released cultivars and advanced lines from wheat breeding programs (public and Recommended Future Research private) in the Upper Great Plains are screened for resis- tance to BLS. Screening nurseries were also used to identify Bacterial leaf streak: Our collaborative screening efforts additional sources of resistance. Annual field screening have provided robust data on the reaction of commercial nurseries are critical to the ultimate goals of the research - what cultivars to BLS. The majority of our wheat cultivars, host resistance - and this work is being done cooperatively and many advanced lines from the regional breeding with Dr Shaukat Ali (South Dakota State University) and Dr programs, are at least moderately susceptible to BLS Zhaohui Liu (North Dakota State University). thus additional efforts to identify source of resistance are warranted. We plan to continue using screening nurseries Wheat Root and Crown Diseases: We have developed a to test wheat lines for their response to BLS and identify- better understanding of the root and crown rots in wheat ing additional and improved sources of resistance. BLS and identified Fusarium crown rot as a prevalent and resistance appears to be governed by multiple genes and underrecognized pathogen of wheat in Minnesota. Field quantitatively inherited. We have completed our stud- surveys, conducted collaboratively with pathologists and ies examining the pathogen population to determine the breeders have examined the distribution and prevalence host range of the X. translucens pv. undulosa pathovars of root rot pathogens. We have established laboratory associated with BLS of wheat, other crops and grassy
Page 42 weeds and this work is in preparation for publication. We Publications are pursuing a collaboration with researchers at Cornell and The Ohio State University to examine the survival of Curland, R., Gao, L., Bull, C., Vinatzer, B., Dill-Macky, R., BLS from one season to the next on wheat seed and to van Eck, L., and Ishimaru, C. 2018. Genetic diversity and develop a PCR and genomics based pipeline for sensitive, virulence of wheat and barley strains of Xanthomonas specific and affordable BLS diagnostics and surveillance. translucens from the Upper Midwestern United States. Phytopathology 108:443-453. Root Rots: The survey of root diseases we have already conducted have demonstrated that root rot pathogens are Ledman, K. E., Curland R. D., Ishimaru C. A., and Dill- readily found in wheat crops in Minnesota and that they Macky, R. 2019. Weedy grasses as a potential reservoir most likely have a significant negative impact on yield. We of the pathogen causing bacterial leaf streak of wheat. have made good progress in developing testing methods Phytopathology (abstract) In press. suitable for inoculating plants with Fusarium spp. in the field and greenhouse. As was anticipated from the start Winter, M., Samuels, P.L., Dong, Y., and Dill-Macky, R. from this project, the root diseases have proven challeng- (2019). Trichothecene production is detrimental to early ing host-pathogen interactions to understand and manipu- root colonisation by Fusarium culmorum and F. gra- late. We have continued to make steady progress in our minearum in Fusarium crown and root rot of wheat. Plant understanding of the root rots in 2019 having continued Pathology, 68 (https://doi-org.ezp2.lib.umn.edu/10.1111/ our efforts in developing greenhouse protocols that are of ppa.12929). value to breeding efforts. In 2020 we plan to continue our efforts and plan to test additional materials in our efforts to identify additional and adapted spring wheat sources of resistance to FCR.
Table 1: Response to bacterial leaf streak rated on a 1-9 scale (1= no disease and 9 = severe disease) for the forty-four named varieties, of the ninety-two entries, included in the 2019 Bacterial Leaf Streak Cooperative Nursery.
Location 4 Location Variety St Paul - MN Crookston - MN Fargo - ND Brookings - SD Mean Boost 3.0 2.8 4.3 3.7 3.4 TCG-Spitfire 2.5 2.8 5.5 5.7 4.1 Blade 3.3 3.3 6.0 4.3 4.2 Lang-MN 3.5 2.8 6.0 4.7 4.2 Surpass 2.3 3.0 6.5 5.3 4.3 Advance 2.8 3.3 6.0 5.7 4.4 TCG-Wildfire 3.8 3.0 5.8 5.3 4.5 Faller 3.0 3.0 5.8 6.3 4.5 Prevail 3.5 3.3 6.5 5.0 4.6 Rollag 2.8 2.5 6.8 6.3 4.6 Prosper 3.0 3.0 6.3 6.3 4.6 SY Valda 3.3 3.3 6.5 5.7 4.7 Dyna-Gro Ballistic 3.0 3.0 7.0 6.0 4.8 MN-Wasburn 3.0 4.0 5.8 6.3 4.8 Shelly 3.0 3.5 6.0 6.7 4.8 Cromwell 3.5 3.5 5.8 6.7 4.9 ND VitPro 3.5 3.0 7.3 5.7 4.9 SY Rustler 3.3 3.5 7.0 5.7 4.9 »
Page 43 Table 1. continued
Location 4 Location Variety St Paul - MN Crookston - MN Fargo - ND Brookings - SD Mean Focus 3.8 3.0 7.5 5.3 4.9 TCG-Climax 3.0 4.3 5.8 6.7 4.9 MS Chevelle 3.8 3.0 7.0 6.0 4.9 Dyna-Gro Caliber 3.3 3.0 7.3 6.3 5.0 TCG-Cornerstone 4.5 3.3 6.5 5.7 5.0 Knudson 3.3 4.0 6.8 6.0 5.0 Bolles 3.8 4.5 7.3 4.7 5.0 Dyna-Gro Ambush 3.8 4.5 7.3 4.7 5.0 Linkert 4.3 3.5 6.5 6.0 5.1 SY Ingmar 4.0 3.0 6.8 6.7 5.1 RB07 3.5 4.3 7.5 5.7 5.2 SY Longmire 4.0 3.5 7.8 5.7 5.2 Forefront 3.8 3.5 7.5 6.3 5.3 SY Soren 4.3 3.3 7.3 6.3 5.3 SY Rowyn 4.3 3.0 6.8 7.3 5.3 TCG-Glennville 4.0 3.3 7.8 6.3 5.3 MS Camaro 3.8 3.3 7.8 6.7 5.4 SY Rockford 4.3 5.3 6.5 6.3 5.6 TCG-Heartland 4.8 3.3 7.5 7.0 5.6 Dyna-Gro Commander 5.0 3.3 7.8 6.7 5.7 Hattrick 3.5 4.3 7.8 7.3 5.7 Samson 4.5 5.0 8.0 5.7 5.8 SY McCloud 5.0 3.3 7.8 7.3 5.8 Select 5.3 5.0 7.3 6.3 6.0 MS Barracuda 4.5 4.8 8.0 6.7 6.0 TCG-Stalwart 4.8 6.5 7.8 7.7 6.7 The data provided are based on four replicate plots at each location, except Brookings where the data are from three replicates. Varieties are listed in rank order of the four-location mean.
Page 44 2019 RESEARCH REPORT Southern Minnesota Small Grains Research and Outreach Project Jared Goplen, Morris Regional Extension Office
Research Questions maximized production, such as manure applications, straw production, forage/cover-crop establishment, or tiling proj- The objectives of this grant were to: ects. The combination of low commodity crop prices, weed and insect resistance issues, and interest in diversifying 1. Evaluate variety performance for Hard Red Spring crop rotations to improve soil health has inspired more Wheat (HRSW) and Hard Red Winter Wheat (HRWW) farmers in these regions to consider growing small grains. varieties across southern Minnesota with locations at Our research and demonstration plots have documented Benson, Kimball, and Le Center. the ability to grow small grains in central and southern 2. Organize extension programming for small grain Minnesota with high yield and quality that can maximize production and management in southern Minnesota using profitability. Our results have been echoed by reports from summer field days and winter meetings. farmers in these regions who utilize advanced management tools and genetics despite the added production risks of Results heat and disease stressors that are more prevalent in southern Minnesota. The “Southern Wheat Tour” characterized the winter extension programming for small grains production and Materials and Methods management in central and southern Minnesota. Meetings were held in Benson, Cold Spring, Mora, New Prague, The winter wheat and rye variety trials had 24 and 18 Rochester, and Slayton, MN. Attendance has been strong entries, respectively. Plots were seeded on October 1, in recent years, with 157 farmers and crop consultants 2018 at Kimball, MN and on 10/7/2018 at Le Center, MN. attending these six meetings in 2019 despite blizzards The spring wheat, oats, and barley variety trials had 37, affecting attendance at several locations (Figure 1). The 25, and 10 entries, respectively. Trials at Rochester, Le meetings were well received, with 99% of attendees Center, Kimball, and Benson were seeded from 4/23/2019 responding that they would recommend the program – 4/26/2019. New Ulm was not seeded due to unsuitable to others. Over 95% of workshop attendees planned to planting conditions. Trials were all a randomized complete change production practices at least somewhat by attend- block design with 3 replications. Field preparations and ing a workshop, with a 22% increase in attendees plan- fertility management were completed by plot cooperators. ning to increase scouting efforts for small grain insects Planting, weed control, data collection, and harvest were and diseases. Additionally, there was a 27% increase in completed by the research group. attendees who plan to seed some acres to a cover crop following small grain harvest to utilize as forage-capturing Economic Benefit to a Typical additional value from small grain production. 500 Acre Wheat Enterprise
The summer field days were held the last week of June at Variety selection is one of the most critical decisions made Benson, Kimball, Le Center, New Ulm and Rochester to on a wheat enterprise. A well-adapted versus a poorly- showcase variety trials. A summary of the attained grain adapted variety can be the difference in farm profitability. yield and grain quality of the HRSW and HRWW variety In the 2019 on-farm trials, there was a 20 bu/ac difference trial results can be found in tables 1 and 2 (Appendix I). between the highest-yielding 10% of varieties and the low- The average yield across all southern Minnesota locations est-yielding 10% of varieties. This 20 bu/ac difference in was 69 bu/ac for HRWW and 77 bu/ac for HRSW. Plots yield could increase returns by over $100 per acre, or over were also used as sentinel plots for summer scouts to $50,000 in gross returns for a 500 acre wheat enterprise. monitor disease and insect pests during the growing All with only changing variety selection. Even just increasing season (In conjunction with the Minnesota Small Grains yield by 10% can increase gross returns by nearly $40 per Pest Survey) and were also used for pest identification acre. Variety trials are especially valuable in southern and demonstration during summer field days. Minnesota, where variety trial information is otherwise limited. The ability to recommend varieties adapted to Application and Use southern Minnesota as well as for farmers to see varieties firsthand before planting them has an invaluable impact on Central and southern Minnesota have not had large small current and future wheat farmers in southern Minnesota. grain acreages in recent decades. Small grains have » often been grown in this region for reasons other than
Page 45 » These trials also influence the spring wheat, barley, and Crop Trials. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station oat breeding programs at the University of Minnesota, by Publication. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. allowing on-farm assessments of yield, disease, lodging 5. Wiersma, J.J., S. Wells, and A. Garcia y Garcia. 2018. and other agronomic characteristics that are used to 2018 Winter Rye Field Crop Trials Results. In: 2018 influence future varietal releases and agronomic ratings. Minnesota Field Crop Trials. Minnesota Agricultural These factors further add to the long-term impact that this Experiment Station Publication. University of Minnesota, project has on a typical wheat farm in Minnesota. St. Paul, MN.
Related Research Appendix
This research is integrally linked with the small grain Table 2 – Grain yield (% of mean) of Hard Red Winter breeding programs at the University of Minnesota. The Wheat varieties at two on-farm trial locations in southern spring wheat, barley, and oat breeding programs utilize Minnesota in 2019. the data generated in these trials as part of their southern small grain variety performance evaluations, which Kimball LeCenter expands the geographical coverage of small grain variety Variety Grain Yield Grain Yield trials as well as provides on-farm credibility to the variety (% of Mean) (% of Mean) evaluations. The rye variety trials also link with this project AAC Goldrush 100 83 with funding from other sources. AC Emerson 111 86 Recommended Future Research DynaGro 9242W 98 109 FourOSix 107 105 Variety trial data is much more valuable when it is aggre- Freeman 108 129 gated with ongoing variety trials. Just because a variety performed well one year does not mean it will repeat the Ideal 89 96 same trend in the future. Variety selections should be Jerry 127 101 based on multiple years of data from multiple locations. Jupiter 80 103 This is why these variety trials should be continued into Keldin 103 121 the future so that farmers can continue to refine their variety selections as new genetics become available. LCS Chrome 94 88 LCS Link 93 102 Publications LCS Mint 94 92 Results of yield trials for spring and winter wheat, barley, Loma 100 99 oats, and winter rye are part of the variety trial results that Minter 92 60 will be published in the on-line publication '2019 Minnesota Northern 114 91 Field Crop Trials’ (Also available at https://www.maes.umn. Oahe 102 120 edu/publications/field-crop-trials). The 2018 trial results were published in: Redfield 111 107 Ruth 88 96 1. Anderson J.A, J.J. Wiersma, S. Reynolds, N. Stuart, SY Wolf 121 120 H. Lindell, R. Dill-Macky, J. Kolmer, M. Rouse, Y. Jin, M. Thompson 106 110 Smith, and L. Dykes. 2018. 2018 Hard Red Spring Wheat Field Crop Trials Results. In: 2018 Minnesota Field Crop Warhorse 88 73 Trials. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station WB4418 127 123 Publication. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. WB4462 102 102 2. Smith, K., R. Dill-Macky, J.J. Wiersma, M. Smith, B. Steffenson, and E. Schiefelbein. 2018. 2018 Barley Field Whitetail 49 103 Crop Trials Results. In: 2018 Minnesota Field Crop Trials. Mean bu/acre) 65 74 Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Publication. LSD (0.1) 12 NS University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. 3. Heuschele, J., R. Dill-Macky, D. von Ruckert, J.J Wiersma, and K. Smith. 2018. 2018 Oat Field Crop Trials Results. In: 2018 Minnesota Field Crop Trials. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Publication. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. 4. Wiersma, J.J. and J.A. Anderson. 2018. 2018 Winter Wheat Field Crop Trials Results. In: 2018 Minnesota Field
Page 46 Table 1 – Grain yield (% of mean), grain protein (%), and test weight (lbs/bu) of Hard Red Spring Wheat varieties at three on-farm trial locations in southern Minnesota in 2019.
Benson Kimball LeCenter Grain Grain Grain Yield Test Grain Yield Test Grain Yield Test Grain Entry (% of Weight Protein (% of Weight Protein (% of Weight Protein Mean) (lbs/bu) (%) Mean) (lbs/bu) (%) Mean) (lbs/bu) (%)
Bolles 103 61.8 15.9 87 60.6 16.3 91 59.1 14.9 Boost 99 59.6 14.3 94 60.3 14.8 102 58.7 13.2 CP3530 121 61.9 13.8 108 61.1 13.9 124 59.7 12.9 CP3888 101 61.3 13.7 106 60.7 14.8 97 58.3 13.3 Kimball LeCenter CP3910 99 63.1 14.7 106 62.8 14.6 98 59.6 13.1 Grain Yield Grain Yield Variety CP3915 108 62.9 14.4 99 62.1 14.7 96 59.1 13.4 (% of Mean) (% of Mean) AAC Goldrush 100 83 CP3939 96 62.2 14.6 105 62.4 15.0 87 59.8 13.8 AC Emerson 111 86 Dyna-Gro Ambush 93 61.9 15.2 111 62.0 15.8 120 60.9 14.0 DynaGro 9242W 98 109 Dyna-Gro Ballistic 107 60.9 14.5 109 60.9 14.7 103 58.9 12.7 FourOSix 107 105 Dyna-Gro Caliber 85 61.8 15.8 92 61.8 15.3 99 60.6 14.1 Freeman 108 129 Dyna-Gro Commander 97 62.0 15.3 108 62.9 14.7 101 59.5 13.7 Ideal 89 96 Dyna-Gro Velocity 97 62.8 15.3 98 62.8 16.3 106 60.8 13.5 Jerry 127 101 Lang-MN 98 62.4 14.8 103 62.9 15.4 108 61.4 13.3 Jupiter 80 103 Lang-MN (0.7X) 98 62.8 14.7 100 62.7 15.5 104 60.5 14.4 Keldin 103 121 LCS Breakaway 92 63.2 15.4 100 62.8 15.9 110 60.9 14.1 LCS Chrome 94 88 LCS Cannon 91 63.8 15.0 118 63.4 14.4 111 60.6 12.8 LCS Link 93 102 LCS Rebel 101 61.8 15.4 104 63.5 14.9 98 61.2 13.4 LCS Mint 94 92 LCS Trigger 122 61.4 12.2 110 60.0 12.6 121 60.0 11.2 Loma 100 99 Linkert 89 62.5 15.5 102 62.2 16.0 86 60.1 14.4 Minter 92 60 MN-Washburn 96 61.4 14.3 92 61.2 14.9 97 59.9 12.8 Northern 114 91 MS Barracuda 94 62.6 15.2 115 63.0 15.5 106 60.1 14.1 Oahe 102 120 MS Camaro 78 61.8 15.6 100 62.1 15.3 90 59.4 13.7 Redfield 111 107 MS Chevelle 91 61.5 14.2 102 61.2 13.6 98 59.1 12.7 Ruth 88 96 ND-VitPro 96 63.2 15.4 110 63.7 16.0 86 60.8 14.3 SY Wolf 121 120 Prosper 104 61.6 13.2 100 61.5 12.9 105 59.5 12.4 Thompson 106 110 Rollag 95 62.5 15.3 98 62.6 15.5 76 59.6 14.9 Warhorse 88 73 Shelly 100 61.6 14.1 103 62.5 14.4 99 59.2 13.2 WB4418 127 123 Surpass 103 62.2 14.1 97 61.5 15.0 104 58.6 13.4 WB4462 102 102 SY 611 CL2 111 62.8 14.6 107 61.6 14.9 100 60.1 13.7 Whitetail 49 103 SY Ingmar 100 62.1 15.4 100 62.8 15.8 91 60.2 14.9 SY Longmire 103 60.6 14.8 81 60.7 15.1 89 58.8 14.5 Mean bu/acre) 65 74 SY McCloud 91 63.5 15.7 97 63.5 15.6 89 61.5 13.8 LSD (0.1) 12 NS SY Valda 114 60.9 13.6 107 61.4 14.5 125 59.7 12.6 TCG-Climax 97 63.1 15.0 89 62.4 16.5 90 60.4 14.6 TCG-Heartland 101 62.5 15.1 106 63.2 15.9 89 60.2 14.8 TCG-Spitfire 124 59.9 13.8 102 59.6 13.9 113 58.0 13.3 WB-Mayville 92 62.5 16.1 103 62.5 15.5 90 60.6 13.7 Mean (Bu/Acre) 96 62.1 14.8 77 62.0 15.0 58 59.9 13.6 LSD (0.10) 8 9 7 » Page 47 » Figure 1 – Map of Southern Wheat Tour winter workshop attendees by zip code across the 7 locations in southern Minnesota in January - February 2019.
Page 48 2019 RESEARCH REPORT Minnesota Small Grains Pest Survey and Wheat Stem Sawfly Surveillance Jochum Wiersma, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, NWROC, Crookston
Research Question Wheat Stem Sawfly Surveillance Adults of wheat stem sawfly (WSS) and subsequent 1) Provide timely alerts about pest and disease issues stem clipping appears to have spread further from the in small grains for small grains producers so that sound Crookston area where it was first found several years economic control options can be implemented. ago. Stem clipping from WSS was reported in Norman, 2) Gain insight into the prevalence of the wheat stem Polk, Red Lake, Pennington, and Marshall counties in sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton) in northwest Minnesota. 2019. The highest levels of clipping reported were nearly 3) Gain insight in emergence patterns of wheat stem 50% of stems clipped per unit area. The highest levels of sawfly in northwest Minnesota. clipping were present in field borders near fields that had 4) Evaluate current, adapted HRSW varieties for wheat grown in them last year. This leading edge effect is resistance to stem cutting by wheat stem sawfly. generally very noticeable when evaluating WSS damage just prior to harvest. It remains unclear whether WSS is Results increasing in population densities or if stem lodging/cut- ting is being noticed due to increased awareness of WSS. Pest and Disease Survey Survey for adults by sweep net were conducted, but the The 2019 pest and disease survey was conducted differ- survey results suggest that this method does not provide a ently than in previous years, where a call went out to small lot of information on level of activity in NW MN (Figure 2). grain growers in early April to volunteer their fields for the small grains disease and pest survey. Approximately 80 fields were selected from the one hundred individual small grain fields in Minnesota submitted via the call for submis- sions (Figure 1). The three field scouts sampled these fields weekly and the data was shared with the NDSU IPM program to produce the regional IPM maps (https://www. ag.ndsu.edu/ndipm/wheat). The collected data was also used for ten small grains disease and pest updates that were published in in the months of June and July in the Minnesota Crop News blog (https://blog-crop-news.exten- sion.umn.edu/) as well as on the Minnesota Association of Wheat Growers disease-forecasting website (http://mawg. cropdisease.com/) and the national Fusarium Head Blight Prediction Center (http://www.wheatscab.psu.edu/).
The Season Summary maps by disease or insect are pro- vided as a reference in Appendix I at the end of the report Figure 2 – Sweep net catches of adult wheat stem sawfly (Appendix 1) in Minnesota and North Dakota in 2019.
Emergence of WSS adults of monitored using forty-two emergence cages at twenty-one sampling sites in six different fields at the Northwest Research and Outreach Center in 2019. The emergence cages were placed on 6/4/2019 and monitoring started 2 days later. After the ini- tial sampling date on 06/06/19, cages were sampled every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday throughout the month of June and the first week of July (Figure 3). Emergence of the adult males stared prior to first sampling date and like- ly already peaked in two of the six fields sampled. Peak emergence of adults in the other fields was on 06/10/2019. Emergence of female adults peaked approximately 10 af- ter the peak emergence of male adults in individual fields. The highest counts encountered in a single cage on any of » Figure 1 – Locations of wheat fields surveyed during the 2019 field season. Page 49 »
Figure 3 - Number of adult wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cintus Norton) that emerged in 42 emergence cages located across 6 fields at the Northwest Research and Outreach Center between June 6th and July 28th, 2019.
the sampling dates equaled to a density of approximately selected had wheat grown on them at least once in the 25,000 adult WSS flies emerging per acre per day. previous two years.
Little to no stem clipping was observed in the dedicated The number of adult male or female WSS were counted WSS screening nursery. Preliminary results of the stem every Monday, Wednesday and Friday for six weeks start- dissection indicate that, on average, nearly 40% of the ing on June 3, 2019. To aid identification and counting of stems show evidence of wheat stem sawfly feeding and WSS males and female specimens, the collection bottle thus successful oviposition. was removed from individual emergence traps and the contents were emptied on a piece of white cheesecloth Materials and Methods held over a 200 ml glass beaker with a sink strainer. The collected antifreeze solution was recycled and poured The three survey scouts were assigned routes to score back into the sample collection bottle. Additional anti- each selected HRSW field once per week. Scouts also freeze solution was added to the bottles when necessary visited the on-farm small grains yield trials across the before sample collection bottles were placed back in the state. Collected data was collated each Friday and for- emergence trap. The insects caught on the cheesecloth warded to NDSU for processing. A qualitative interpreta- were separated and individual WSS were identified and tion of the data was used for the commentaries posted to counted. the Minnesota Crop News blog, Minnesota Association of Wheat Growers disease forecasting site, and the national A duplicate of the HRSW variety performance evaluation Fusarium Head Blight Prediction Center. trial was seeded on May 15th, 2019 near Crookston, MN in a field that has been continuous wheat for the past three Wheat Stem Sawfly emergence was monitored using years. Stem clipping was scored just prior to the trial being soil emergence traps (BugDorm Model BT2003, BioQuip harvest ripe. All stems from three linear feet of row were Products, CA 90220). The collection bottle was filled with harvested by hand and fifty randomly selected stems from approximately 50 ml of pre-diluted automotive antifreeze/ each hand-harvested sample were dissected longitudinally coolant solution (SuperTech Extended Life Antifreeze/ to determine presence of frass on or near the nodes to Coolant, WalMart, AR). Emergence traps were placed in evaluate whether WSS oviposition was successful. The pairs on bare soil and secured to the soil surface using incidence of parasitism by Bracon cephi (Gahan) and other tent stakes in six fields on the Northwest Research and parasitoids was scored by determining the percent of WSS Outreach Center in Crookston, MN. Each of the fields infected stems that had an emergence hole or a parasitoid cocoon. Page 50 Economic Benefit to a Typical have the potential for large economic benefits, as informed 500 Acre Wheat Enterprise pest management decisions can easily provide impacts of more than $10 per acre. A follow-up survey to the users of the Minnesota Crop News blog and the disease risk assessment websites is Finding WSS across a wider area is concerning. The necessary to fully assess whether the timely disease and absence of any substantial stem clipping in the variety pest updates and commentary altered producer decisions evaluation trial, however, provides some optimism for for their disease and pest management in 2019. Each this situation. Preliminary results of the stem dissections update posted to the Minnesota Crop News Blog had an suggest that WSS were present in large enough numbers average of 434 page visits, indicating a large potential im- to result in 40% of the stems having WSS larvae present. pact with this scouting program as a majority of Minnesota However, substantial parasitism was observed, resulting Crop News blog subscribers are farmers or crop consul- in few WSS larvae that were able to complete their life tants. On an aggregate level, the US Wheat Associates’ cycle. If an increase in parasitoid populations is indeed oc- 2019 US Hard Red Spring Wheat Regional Quality Report curring, then the wheat production ecosystem in the Red reported an average DON content of 0.7 ppm. This DON River Valley may self-correct to the point that WSS is no level is equal to the 2018 average, even while 2019 had longer an economic pest. more cumulative days favorable for Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) infection than in 2018. This indicates that increased management took place in 2019 to manage FHB, which Recommended Future Research may have been a result of a reinstituted scouting program The PIs would like to continue both the general crop pest in 2019. Even small impacts on a typical wheat enterprise survey across the state as well as the surveillance of WSS. In addition, the screening of modern HRSW varieties Appendix 1 : should be continued for the near future until it becomes clear that WSS will not be an economic pest going forward.
Publications
10 Minnesota Crop News submissions ( https://blog-crop- news.extension.umn.edu/ )
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Page 55 Page 56 2019 Wheat, Barley, and Oats Variety Performance in Minnesota - Preliminary Report 24 ‘Worst ever’ and ‘Never ever’ are two adverbs have I 62 bu/acre in their July forecast. This remained unchanged learned not to use when describing (growing) seasons in in their August forecast. In the September Small Grains Minnesota; average is merely a mathematical concept Summary, with still plenty of spring wheat left in the field, when you talk weather or growing conditions in Min- MN average yield was estimated at 57 bu/acre, 2 and nesota. The weather challenges of the 2018 growing 10 bushels less per acre when compared to 2018 and season were, as it turned out, only a prelude to this year; 2017, respectively. As of the first of November there is still spring wheat left unharvested across Minnesota and North Dakota, The lower yields, however, are not what will be remembered. sugar beet harvest in the Red River Valley are barely requent rains throughout August not only delayed harvest past the midpoint, and corn and soybean harvest has repeaαtedly but ultimately led to declines in test weight just started in earnest now that water has started to and eventually breaking of the post-harvest dormancy. recede and ground has frozen hard enough to carry This led elevators to refuse grain due to visible sprout combines across much of the western half of the State. damage and low Hagberg Falling Numbers (HFN) and producers being forced to sell their spring wheat as a It started much the same as 2018, with a late season feed grain at steeply discounted prices.To complicate blizzard and cold snap delaying the start of the season things further, a few cool nights in the first and second by about three weeks. By the end of the month of April week of August may have resulted in a phenomenon only 2% and 10% of the wheat and oats had been called Late Maturity ᾳ-Amylase (LMA) rarely if ever en- seeded, respectively. The pace in the first half of May countered in Minnesota and North Dakota. LMA yields remained well behind the 5-year average and even last low HFN test result even if the dormancy of the grain season progress. It wasn’t until the third week of May has not been broken and the grain has not sprouted. that producers got a break and catching up to the 5-year average with about three quarters of the barley, oat, and The quality of the wheat, barley, and oats was, like last spring wheat getting into the ground. Eventually 70,000 year, much more variable than most years. The US Hard acres of barley, 250,000 acres of oats, and nearly one Red Spring Wheat Regional Quality Report from US and half million acres of spring wheat were seeded. The Wheat Associates indicates that MN’s crop had, on aver- 33% jump in acres seeded to oats is deceiving as only age, about a 2 lbs/bu lower test weight, with a nearly 40% 100,000 acres were harvested. The requirement to seed drop in % vitreous kernels, and doubling of the % damaged a cover crop on prevented plant acres likely explains the kernels, resulting in an overall grade of #1 Northern Spring large discrepancy between seeded and harvested acres. (NS). The average HFN test score of 271 seconds is well below the market’s minimum threshold of 300 seconds The remainder of May and the month of June were largely and nearly a 140 seconds lower than the 2018 crop. favorable for small grains development with the crop advancing as expected and slowly caught up in development INTRODUCTION to the 5-year average. This all changed after the Fourth of Successful small grain production begins with selection of July holiday when temperatures and dew points increased the best varieties for a particular farm or field. For that enough for the crop to be adversely impacted. By the reason, varieties are compared in trial plots on the middle of July small grain crop development had sped Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station (MAES) sites up to the point that it was ahead by nearly a week com- at St. Paul, Rosemount, Waseca, Lamberton, Morris, and pared to both 2018 and the 5-year average. The high Crookston. In addition to the six MAES locations, trials dew points, and with it the higher nighttime temperatures, are also planted with a number of farmer cooperators. also meant that the risk of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) The cooperator plots are handled so factors affecting was high across much of the State during anthesis and yield and performance are as close to uniform for all much of the grain fill period. entries at each location as possible.
Consequently, incidence of FHB was, like the previous The MAES 2019 Wheat, Barley, and Oat Variety season, not limited to the southern half of the state. Like- Performance in Minnesota Preliminary Report 24 is wise, the incidence of Bacterial Leaf Streak (BLS) was presented under authority granted by the Hatch Act of much higher and more widespread across the state when 1887 to the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station compared to recent years. In contrast, stripe rust, leaf rust, to conduct performance trials on farm crops and interpret and stem rust were largely absent. Crown rust, however, data for the public. was rampant in the late seeded oat cover crop acreage. The MAES and the College of Food, Agricultural and USDA-NASS estimated MN’s HRSW crop to average Natural Resource Sciences (CFANS) grants permission to »
Page 57 reproduce, print, and distribute the data in this publication observed difference is indeed a true difference in perfor- - via the tables - only in their entirety, without rearrange- mance. Lowering this confidence level will allow more ment, manipulation, or reinterpretation. Permission is also varieties to appear different from each other, but also granted to reproduce a maturity group sub-table provided increases the chances that false conclusions are drawn. the complete table headings and table notes are included. Use and reproduction of any material from this publication THE AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS must credit the MAES and the CFANS as its source. This report is written, compiled, and edited by Dr. Jochum Wiersma, Small Grains Specialist. VARIETY The contributing authors/principal investigators are: CLASSIFICATIONS Varieties are listed in the tables alphabetically. Seed of Dr. James Anderson, Wheat Breeder, Department of tested varieties can be eligible for certification, and use of Agronomy & Plant Genetics, St. Paul. Dr. Kevin Smith, certified seed is encouraged. However, certification does Barley Breeder, Department of Agronomy & Plant not imply a recommendation. The intellectual property Genetics, St. Paul. Dr. Jo Heuschele, Post-doctoral fellow rights of the breeders or owners of the variety are listed oat breeding, Department of Agronomy & Plant Genetics, as either PVP, PVP(pending), PVP(94), patent, or none. St. Paul. Dr. Ruth Dill-Macky, Plant Pathologist, PVP protection means that the a variety is protected Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul. Dr. James under the Plant Variety Protection Act for a period of 20 Kolmer, USDA-ARS, Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul. years, while PVP(94) means that the variety is protected Dr. Matt Rouse, USDA-ARS, Cereal Disease Laboratory, for 20 years with the additional stipulation that seed of St. Paul. Dr. Brian Steffenson, Plant Pathologist, the variety can only be sold as registered and certified Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul. Dr. Yue Jin, classes of seed. PVP(pending) indicates that the PVP USDA-ARS, Cereal Disease Laboratory,St. Paul. application has been made and that you should consider the variety to have the same intellectual property rights Matt Bickell, Robert Bouvette, Dave Grafstrom, Mark as those provided by PVP(94). The designation of ‘Patent’ Hanson, Tom Hoverstad, Michael Leiseth, Houston means that the variety is protected by a utility patent Lindell, Steve Quiring, Curt Reese, Susan Reynolds, and that farm-saved seed may be prohibited by the Dimitri von Ruckert, Edward Schiefelbein, Nathan patent holder. The designation ‘None’ means that the Stuart, Donn Vellekson, and Joe Wodarek supervised breeder or owner never requested any intellectual fieldwork at the various sites. Special thanks are also property protection or that legal protection has expired. due to all cooperating producers. Registered and certified seed is available from seed dealers or from growers listed in the ‘Minnesota Crop SPRING WHEAT Improvement Association 2019 Directory’, available James Anderson, Jochum Wiersma, Susan Reynolds, through the Minnesota Crop Improvement Association Nathan Stuart,Houston Lindell, Ruth Dill-Macky, office in St. Paul or online at http://www.mncia.org James Kolmer, Matt Rouse, and Yue Jin
INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA For a third year in a row University of Minnesota varieties The presented data are preliminary variety trial information accounted for more than half of the state’s HRSW acre- for single (2019) and multiple year (2017-2019) com- age. Linkert maintained its top ranking with about 28% parisons in Minnesota. The yields are reported as a of the acreage, while Bolles and WB Mayville stayed in percentage of the location mean, with the overall mean second and third place, respectively. Acreage of both (bu/acre) listed below. Two-year and especially one-year Bolles and WB-Mayville have declined a few percentage data are less reliable and should be interpreted with points further in favor of SY Valda, Shelly, and Lang-MN. caution. In contrast, averages across multiple environ- First-time entrants in the 2019 trials were 4 new ments, whether they are different years and/or locations, CROPLAN varieties, 2 entries from Dyna-Gro, SY provide a more reliable estimate of mean performance Longmire, SY 611 CL2, and TCG Heartland. Testing and are more predictive of what you may expect from of CP3419, CP3504, Faller, Forefront, Prevail, SY the variety the next growing season. The least significant Rowyn, and SY Soren was discontinued. WestBred difference or LSD is a statistical method to determine opted to not submit any HRSW varieties for testing. whether the observed yield difference between any two WB Mayville, however, was included in the testing as varieties is due to true, genetic differences between the it occupied more than 5% of the acreage in 2018. varieties or due to experimental error. If the difference in yield between two varieties equals or exceeds the LSD The results of the variety performance evaluations for value, the higher yielding one was indeed superior in spring wheat are summarized in Tables 1 through 7. yield. If the difference is less, the yield difference may The varietal characteristics are presented in Tables 1 have been due to chance rather than genetic differences, through 3. Tables 4, 5, and 6 present the relative grain and we are unable to differentiate the two varieties. The yield of tested varieties in 1, 2, and 3-year comparisons. 10% unit indicates that, with 90% confidence, the Table 7 presents the grain yield when fungal pathogens
Page 58 are controlled to the maximum extent possible com- BARLEY pared to the same trials without the use of fungicides. Kevin Smith, Ruth Dill-Macky, Jochum Wiersma, The average yield across the six southern testing locations Brian Steffenson, Karen Beaubien and Ed Schiefelbein was 63 bu/acre in 2018. This compares to an average of 65 bu/acre in 2018 and a three-year average of 70 bu/ The results of the variety performance evaluations for acre. The eight northern locations averaged 77 bu/acre in spring barley are summarized in Tables 8 through 12. 2019 compared to 88 bu/acre last year and 87 bu/acre for The varietal characteristics are presented in Tables 8 the three-year average. Prosper, Shelly, and SY Valda to- and 9. Tables 10 through 12 present the relative grain gether with LCS Trigger and TCG Spitfire were the highest yield of the tested varieties in 1 and 3-year comparisons. yielding varieties in both the south as well as the northern The average yield across the twelve testing locations half of the state in both single year and multiyear compari- was 83 bu/acre in 2019. The highest yields were sons. Higher yielding cultivars tend to be lower in grain recorded in Crookston (127 bu/A) while the lowest grain protein. Variety selection is one approach to avoid dis- yields were recorded in Fergus Falls (41 bu/A). counts for low protein, but N fertility management remains paramount to maximize grain yield and grain protein. Fewer varieties were tested in 2019 as the malting and brewing industries increasingly favor two-row varieties. Lodging is a serious production risk. Varieties with a ND Genesis was the highest yielding variety based on lodging score of 2 and 3 are considered exceptionally the 2019 state average (Table 12). The six-row varieties good and will only lodge in extreme cases, while varieties were more lodging resistant while Conlon was the most with a rating of 4 or 5 have adequate straw strength prone to lodging. Grain protein content varied between most years. Increasing seeding rates generally increases 11.5% and 13.9%. Brewers in general require low grain the risk of lodging for all but the strongest and shortest protein with all-malt brewers desiring less protein semi-dwarf HRSW varieties. Conversely, lower seeding then adjunct brewers. The two-row varieties ND-Genesis rates will lower the risk of lodging, but commonly will and Pinnacle have the lowest grain protein. results in lower grain yield potential. Producers had observed that a lower seeding rate for Lang-MN didn’t Table 9 describes the reaction of the currently grown cause a substantive yield penalty in both 2017 and 2018. varieties to the five major diseases in the region. Disease This past season, Lang-MN was included at the standard reaction is based on at least two years of data and scored and a 30% below standard seeding rate. The lodging from 1–9 where 1 is most resistant and 9 is most suscep- score, as expected, improved while no yield penalty was tible. Net blotch can be an important disease, however observed across either southern or the northern locations. we have not obtained reliable data in the past few years to score the varieties. The best resistance to Fusarium Varieties that are rated 4 or lower are considered the best head blight, expressed as lower concentrations of vomi- defense against a particular disease. Varieties that are toxin or DON, was Conlon. Bacterial Leaf Streak (BLS) rated 7 or higher are likely to suffer significant economic cannot be controlled by fungicides and there are only losses under even moderate disease pressure. The minor differences in resistance among the current varieties. foliar disease rating represents the total complex of leaf All listed varieties carry stem rust resistance to the pre- diseases other than the rusts, and includes the Septoria dominate Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race (MCCF). complex and tan spot. Although varieties may differ from They do not, however, carry resistance to African stem their response to each of those diseases, the rating does rust races in the Ug99 lineage or the virulent domestic not differentiate among them. Therefore, the rating should race QCCJ. Most varieties possess pre-heading be used as a general indication and only for varietal resistance to stem rust; thus, they will not likely incur selection in areas where these diseases historically have much damage unless the disease epidemic is severe. been a problem or if the previous crop is wheat or barley. Control of leaf diseases with fungicides may be warranted, OATS even for those varieties with an above average rating. Jo Heuschele, Ruth Dill-Macky, Dimitri von Ruckert, Karen Beaubien, Jochum Wiersma, Kevin Smith Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) cannot be controlled with fungicides. Variety selection of more resistant varieties This past growing season was both wet and cool, which is the only recommended practice at this time if you caused delayed oat growth. Uniform replicated trials have a history of problems with this disease. Boost, tested across Minnesota included Lamberton, Le Center, Dyna-Gro Ballistic, Lang-MN, LCS Rebel, LCS Trigger, Kimball, Rochester, Morris and Waseca in Southern ND-VitPro, Surpass, SY Ingmar, SY Valda, and TCG- Minnesota (south of I-94). In Northern Minnesota (north Spitfire provide the best resistance against BLS. Lang-MN, of I-94) trials were conducted in Crookston, Fergus ND-VitPro, and Rollag provide the best resistance Falls, Roseau, and Stephen. In addition, entries were against FHB while another twelve varieties have a rating evaluated for disease resistance to crown rust, barley of 4 for FHB. Combined, this group of varieties includes yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), and smut in specific inoculated some of the top yielders and varieties with higher grain nurseries. Damage from multiple storm events caused protein content such as Bolles and Rollag. yield trials near Fergus Falls to be abandoned. » Page 59 The results of the variety evaluations are summarized in are the same indicating that the pathogen has not over- Tables 13 to 17. The greatest challenges in oat production come current genetics. Other important diseases include and performance evaluation continue to be lodging and BYDV and smut which were evaluated in inoculated crown rust. All yield performance trials were treated with nurseries at the University of Illinois and the University of a propiconazole based fungicide when the flag leaf was Minnesota, respectively. Varieties susceptible to BYDV fully extended (Feekes 9) to evaluate the yield potential (>3) should be selected with caution particularly in the without disease infection. Southern Minnesota, where infected aphids are more common early in the season. A seed treatment and The origin and agronomic characteristics of oat varieties certified seed should be utilized to manage smut. Disease tested are listed in Table 13. The U.S. Plant Variety Protec- resistance may be a driving factor if pesticides are not tion Act (PVP) status is also listed. PVP(94) notation indi- economical or intended production is an organic system. cates that seed of that variety may not be sold by a grower without the permission of the variety’s owner. If the PVP The regional yield performance evaluation in 2019 and is pending consider the variety as having PVP(94) protec- 3-year averages are listed in Table 15. In addition, the tion. Maturity, height and test weight data are presented as statewide averages are listed. Table 16 and 17 contain statewide averages from 2017-2019 except where noted. the year and 3-year averages for each location. To stan- Lodging data is also a statewide average from the same dardize the data across locations the yield is expressed period, but only from locations where lodging was present. as percent of the trial mean. MN-Pearl continues to be Maturity, height, and lodging are important considerations the top yielding line in statewide averages for 2019 and in for variety selection based on the intended location and multi-year comparisons. However, Deon and Horsepower expected end use of the crop. In general, earlier maturing surpassed MN Pearl in yield in some locations this year. varieties perform better in Southern Minnesota so flowering can occur during cooler periods. In these locations, a The newest variety this year is Warrior. Warrior has good variety maturing similar to Sumo or Reins may be a good crown rust resistance, maturity similar to Deon and high choice. In Northern locations varieties that mature later lodging resistance. In general, yield performance from such as Hayden or Deon may be prudent. single years should be viewed cautiously as environmental variability may significantly affect the For grain production, lodging and grain quality traits yields in single locations or years. From this year’s should be considered when choosing a variety (Table 13). trials MN-Pearl, Deon and Horsepower are recommend For the human food market, oat varieties with high protein in northern Minnesota and MN-Pearl, Saddle, Antigo, and low oil may be desirable. High test weight may carry and Deon in southern Minnesota. equal consideration to yield if the crop is intended for food or feed market. Hull color may also need to be taken into account. Contact your local elevator or buyer whether processors have a preferred or (recommended) varieties for milling.
Crown rust and other disease resistance ratings are listed in Table 14. All disease scores were converted to a “0-9” scale. Where “0” is very resistant and “9” is very suscep- tible. Crown rust continues to be a major limiting factor to oat production in Minnesota that must be managed to achieve optimal yield. Buckthorn, the alternate host of crown rust is widespread in Minnesota, allowing the pathogen population to be present annually and particu- larly aggressive. Crown rust resistance was evaluated in the Buckthorn Nursery in St. Paul by the USDA-ARS, and represents an exceptionally aggressive crown rust popula- tion. The most economical way of controlling crown rust is the use of a resistant variety. However, application of fungicide to a variety with rating of “4” or greater is prudent if crown rust is present in the lower canopy at Feekes 9.
Deon continues to be one of the best varieties for crown rust resistance. In addition, the new variety Warrior also shows good resistance, however it has only been tested one year. Crown rust is a rapidly evolving disease; the rust University of Minnesota Tables #1 - 17 ratings taken this year compared to last year’s numbers can be found on pages 61-77.
Page 60 Table 1. Origin and agronomic characteristics of hard red spring wheat varieties in Minnesota in single-year (2019) and multiple-year comparisons.
Desired Stand Days to Height Straw 2 3 3 4 Entry Origin1 Legal Status (Plants/Acre) Heading Inches Strength Bolles 2015 MN PVP (94) 1.3 57.8 32.3 4 Boost 2016 SDSU PVP (94) 1.3 58.0 32.7 5 CP3530 2015 CROPLAN by WinField Patended 1.3 56.7 34.4 5 CP3888 2018 CROPLAN by WinField Patended 1.3 56.0 31.3 3–4 CP3910 2019 CROPLAN by WinField Patend pending 1.3 52.8 30.2 3 CP3915 2019 CROPLAN by WinField Patend pending 1.3 54.9 30.8 4 CP3939 2019 CROPLAN by WinField Patend pending 1.3 54.9 31.0 3–4 Dyna-Gro 2016 Dyna-Gro PVP (94) 1.4 53.8 30.9 4 Ambush Dyna-Gro 2018 Dyna-Gro PVP (94) 1.1 56.1 33.0 5 Ballistic Dyna-Gro 2017 Dyna-Gro PVP (94) (pending) 1.8 55.4 26.4 2 Caliber Dyna-Gro 2019 Dyna-Gro PVP (94) (pending) 1.4 53.1 30.7 4–5 Commander Dyna-Gro 2019 Dyna-Gro PVP (94) (pending) 1.4 55.0 30.2 3 Velocity Lang-MN 2017 MN PVP (94) (pending) 1.3 57.3 32.7 5 Lang-MN 2017 MN PVP (94) (pending) 0.9 56.5 32.0 4 (0.7X)⁵ LCS 2012 Limagrain Cereal Seeds PVP (94) 1.3 52.8 29.5 4 Breakaway LCS Cannon 2018 Limagrain Cereal Seeds PVP (94) (pending) 1.3 52.0 29.3 4 LCS Rebel 2017 Limagrain Cereal Seeds PVP (94) (pending) 1.3 53.4 33.1 6 LCS Trigger 2016 Limagrain Cereal Seeds PVP (94) 1.3 60.0 33.1 5 Linkert 2013 MN PVP (94) 1.3 55.2 28.5 2 MN- 2019 MN PVP (94) (pending) 1.3 56.8 30.0 3 Washburn MS 2018 Meridian Seeds PVP (94) (pending) 1.3 52.3 28.1 3 Barracuda MS Camaro 2017 Meridian Seeds PVP (94) (pending) 1.3 53.4 27.4 5 MS Chevelle 2014 Meridian Seeds PVP (94) 1.3 53.9 30.1 5 ND-VitPro 2017 NDSU PVP (94) (pending) 1.3 54.2 32.2 4 Prosper 2011 NDSU PVP (94) 1.3 56.5 33.1 6 Rollag 2011 MN PVP (94) 1.3 55.2 29.8 3 Shelly 2016 MN PVP (94) 1.3 57.4 29.5 5 Surpass 2016 SDSU PVP (94) 1.3 52.4 32.5 7 SY 611 CL2 2019 AgriPro/Syngenta PVP (94) (pending) 1.3 54.5 29.4 5 SY Ingmar 2014 AgriPro/Syngenta PVP (94) 1.3 55.8 29.2 4 SY Longmire 2019 AgriPro/Syngenta PVP (94) (pending) 1.3 56.1 30.2 3 SY McCloud 2019 AgriPro/Syngenta PVP (94) (pending) 1.3 53.8 30.7 4 SY Valda 2015 AgriPro/Syngenta PVP (94) 1.3 54.6 31.3 5 TCG-Climax 2017 21st Century Genetics PVP (94) 1.5 60.0 31.6 3 PVP (94) (patent TCG-Heartland 2019 21st Century Genetics 1.5 53.8 29.7 3 pending) TCG-Spitfire 2016 21st Century Genetics PVP (94) 1.5 57.9 31.3 3 WB-Mayville 2011 WestBred PVP (94) 1.3 52.7 28.0 3 Mean 55.2 30.7 ¹ Abbreviations: MN = Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station; NDSU = North Dakota State University Research Foundation; SDSU = South Dakota Agricultural Experi- ment Station ² Our standard seeding rate is designed to achieve a desired stand of 1.3 million plants/acre, assuming a 20% stand loss and adjusting for the germination percentage and seed weight of each variety. ³ 2019 data ⁴ 1-9 scale in which 1 is the strongest straw and 9 is the weakest. Based on 2013-2019 data. The rating of newer entries may change by as much as one rating point as more data are collected. ⁵ Lang-MN (0.7X) is a 30% lower seeding rate to achieve a stand of 0.9 millionPage 61 plants per acre vs. 1.3 million plants per acre. Table 2. Grain quality of hard red spring wheat varieties in Minnesota in single-year (2019) and multiple-year comparisons. Test Weight (Lb/Bu) Protein (%)¹ Baking Pre-Harvest Entry 2019 2 yr 2019 2 yr Quality² Sprouting³ Bolles 59.6 59.2 15.5 16.1 1 1 Boost 59.3 59.2 14.1 14.6 2 5 CP3530 60.0 59.5 13.8 14.6 3 2 CP3888 59.0 – 14.1 – – 2 CP3910 60.3 – 13.9 – – 3 CP3915 60.2 – 14.0 – – 1 CP3939 59.9 – 14.5 – – 2* Dyna-Gro Ambush 61.3 60.5 14.4 14.9 2 3* Dyna-Gro Ballistic 59.3 58.9 13.6 13.9 – 3* Dyna-Gro Caliber 60.2 59.6 14.9 15.5 2 3* Dyna-Gro Commander 60.3 – 14.2 – – 1 Dyna-Gro Velocity 61.1 – 14.6 – – 2 Lang-MN 61.0 60.6 14.3 14.8 3 1 Lang-MN 0.7X 61.1 – 14.4 – – – LCS Breakaway 61.4 61.0 14.6 15.0 5 2 LCS Cannon 61.5 61.2 13.7 14.2 – 3 LCS Rebel 61.3 61.0 14.4 14.9 3 5 LCS Trigger 60.0 59.9 11.9 12.4 – 2 Linkert 60.5 59.9 14.9 15.4 1 1 MN-Washburn 60.1 59.8 13.6 14.0 3 1 MS Barracuda 60.4 60.0 14.5 15.0 – 3 MS Camaro 59.6 59.3 14.7 15.1 – 2 MS Chevelle 59.6 59.5 13.2 13.6 5 4 ND-VitPro 61.8 61.4 14.8 15.2 2 1 Prosper 59.9 59.7 13.1 13.7 5 1 Rollag 60.8 60.2 14.9 15.6 6 2 Shelly 59.4 59.4 13.5 14.1 5 1 Surpass 59.4 59.0 14.3 14.7 3 1 SY 611 CL2 60.9 – 14.1 – – 2* SY Ingmar 60.1 60.1 14.8 15.1 2 2 SY Longmire 59.2 – 14.3 – – 2* SY McCloud 61.5 61.1 14.6 15.0 – 2* SY Valda 60.3 60.0 13.6 14.0 6 2 TCG-Climax 61.5 61.4 15.1 15.6 3 3 TCG-Heartland 60.9 – 14.9 – – 2 TCG-Spitfire 58.3 58.7 13.5 13.9 2 3* WB-Mayville 60.4 59.8 14.8 15.4 2 3
Mean 60.2 60.0 14.1 14.6 No. Environments 11 27 12 29 ¹ 12% moisture basis. ² 2014-2018 crop years, where applicable ³ 1-9 scale in which 1 is best and 9 is worst. Values of 1-2 should be considered as resistant. Falling number data was collected from four 2019 locations. Varieties with an * following their pre-harvest sprouting rating had lower than expected falling numbers based on their rating. Page 62 Table 3. Disease reactions¹ of hard red spring wheat varieties in Minnesota in multiple-year comparisons.
Bacterial Other Leaf Fusarium Variety Leaf Rust Stripe Rust² Stem Rust³ Leaf Streak⁴ Diseases⁵ Head Blight ------(1-9) ------Bolles 2 1 2 5 3 4 Boost 2 2 4 2 4 4 CP3530 3 3 1 4 4 4 CP3888 5 – 1–2 5–6 5 5–6 CP3910 3 – 1–2 6–7 5 4–6 CP3915 – – 1–2 2–3 5 4–6 CP3939 – – 1–2 4–5 5 4–5 Dyna-Gro Ambush 2 – 2 5 4 4 Dyna-Gro Ballistic 4 – 1–2 3 5 4–5 Dyna-Gro Caliber 3 – 2 4 3 7 Dyna-Gro Commander – – 1–2 4 6 4–6 Dyna-Gro Velocity – – 1–2 6–7 7 5–6 Lang-MN 1 1 2 3 4 3 LCS Breakaway 3 2 2 6 5 5 LCS Cannon 3 – 2 6 7 4–6 LCS Rebel 6 – 2 3 4 4 LCS Trigger 1 – 1–2 2 3 3–4 Linkert 3 1 1 5 4 5 MN-Washburn 1 2 1 3 3 4 MS Barracuda 5 – 2 7 5 5–6 MS Camaro 2 – 1–2 7 5 7 MS Chevelle 3 1 1 6 6 5 ND-VitPro 3 – 1 3 5 3 Prosper 6 5 2 4 4 4 Rollag 4 1 2 7 5 3 Shelly 3 1 2 6 3 4 Surpass 3 2 5 3 6 4 SY 611 CL2 3 – 4–5 4 3–4 3–4 SY Ingmar 2 2 2 3 5 4 SY Longmire 4 – 1–2 2–4 5 7–8 SY McCloud 3 – 1 5 5 4–5 SY Valda 1 2 1 3 4 4 TCG-Climax 4 – 5 6 4 4 TCG-Heartland 2 – 1–2 5–6 3–4 5–6 TCG-Spitfire 5 – 3 3 4 5 WB-Mayville 3 3 3 7 7 8 ¹ 1-9 scale where 1=most resistant, 9=most susceptible ² Based on natural infections in 2015 at Kimball, Lamberton, and Waseca ³ Stem rust levels have been very low in production fields in recent years, even on susceptible varieties ⁴ Bacterial leaf streak symptoms are highly variable from one environment to the next. The rating of newer entries may change by as much as one rating point as more data is collected ⁵ Combined rating of tan spot and septoria
Page 63 Table 4. Relative grain yield of hard red spring wheat varieties in northern Minnesota locations in single-year (2019) and multiple-year comparisons (2017-2019).
Variety Crookston Fergus Falls Hallock Oklee Perley Roseau Stephen Strasthcona ¹ 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr ------(% of mean)------Bolles 101 99 100 93 93 92 99 94 93 92 91 96 92 91 97 86 91 96 97 91 95 94 93 Boost 96 98 104 99 95 96 88 97 98 100 102 103 101 102 101 103 101 103 95 94 96 97 97 CP3530 101 98 102 104 104 105 103 101 102 95 96 96 111 108 109 101 99 103 99 97 106 98 98 CP3888 95 105 100 106 81 101 99 99 CP3910 108 102 109 112 104 113 101 101 CP3915 107 108 100 106 97 109 111 101 CP3939 98 102 100 92 91 83 97 94 Dyna-Gro Ambush 103 98 99 103 100 99 99 101 102 105 106 106 87 92 97 87 93 94 94 100 100 103 103 Dyna-Gro Ballistic 109 104 114 114 110 108 115 108 104 107 110 109 107 108 105 103 Dyna-Gro Caliber 92 91 96 98 93 94 82 84 88 97 97 95 85 84 86 95 90 90 96 93 94 96 97 Dyna-Gro Commander 101 103 106 101 121 108 101 100 Dyna-Gro Velocity 91 95 97 87 89 101 94 90 Lang-MN 95 97 97 102 101 100 95 97 100 105 98 98 104 99 96 104 106 104 104 100 98 104 98 Lang-MN (0.7X) 97 98 96 100 102 97 98 106 LCS Breakaway 96 97 92 95 98 103 104 105 103 96 94 96 79 86 94 113 104 99 101 101 99 99 95 LCS Cannon 102 102 105 105 106 106 106 104 121 112 104 102 109 108 101 107 LCS Rebel 105 102 104 93 95 97 99 99 102 102 101 103 110 110 104 104 101 101 102 102 102 104 99 LCS Trigger 119 114 112 112 112 106 122 114 117 118 118 115 111 111 118 109 Linkert 92 91 94 90 92 94 100 99 100 93 92 93 88 91 94 88 90 93 94 92 92 91 96 MN-Washburn 100 99 98 105 105 105 101 99 103 104 98 102 105 108 106 97 100 106 100 100 101 101 99 MS Barracuda 101 100 93 97 97 100 107 104 107 97 98 101 100 101 105 109 MS Camaro 91 94 93 96 103 100 88 90 95 88 77 79 104 102 93 98 MS Chevelle 108 105 107 103 102 105 105 109 108 100 103 105 93 99 104 105 103 103 103 107 108 94 101 ND-VitPro 98 96 95 91 94 92 94 97 97 87 94 92 95 100 98 89 91 93 93 92 92 90 91 Prosper 110 104 109 109 108 109 102 106 109 105 108 109 93 104 107 101 106 109 103 107 109 111 105 Rollag 96 89 93 93 89 92 103 99 97 92 91 93 100 95 97 80 83 86 94 94 97 87 91 Shelly 107 106 109 115 113 115 111 107 106 107 105 106 100 98 103 113 109 111 107 108 110 107 104 Surpass 100 102 101 95 94 98 100 105 106 106 100 100 105 112 107 92 97 99 106 105 105 100 97 SY 611 CL2 103 105 106 102 95 98 111 108 SY Ingmar 95 98 95 95 98 99 96 99 98 97 98 101 111 102 100 100 95 94 99 98 98 96 100 SY Longmire 103 106 101 106 78 94 107 100 SY McCloud 94 97 95 99 94 97 94 96 98 93 96 96 103 100 98 102 SY Valda 106 110 114 96 101 106 111 113 112 106 111 114 99 103 106 120 111 110 117 115 115 110 105 TCG-Climax 93 97 103 96 100 100 80 84 85 88 93 99 95 98 95 92 91 94 94 92 94 88 89 TCG-Heartland 97 93 91 94 110 88 96 93 TCG-Spitfire 104 109 107 104 105 108 98 99 99 103 104 109 115 108 106 113 106 106 101 103 104 100 100 WB-Mayville 92 90 89 90 95 97 91 93 95 92 95 95 114 106 102 100 96 95 86 92 96 90 96 Mean (bu/acre) 78.8 72.1 83.2 82.8 90.8 89.6 84.8 91.0 92.2 64.4 80.7 79.7 66.3 70.6 84.8 86.4 88.0 91.2 81.9 89.8 94.5 72.1 82.7 LSD (0.10) 7.8 5.6 7.0 10.3 5.3 5.4 9.4 6.4 5.2 9.2 6.1 5.3 7.0 7.8 7.5 10.3 7.7 6.7 8.8 5.2 6.2 6.6 8.0 ¹ Strathcona was abandoned in 2017 due to poor growing conditions
Page 64 Table 4. Relative grain yield of hard red spring wheat varieties in northern Minnesota locations in single-year (2019) and multiple-year comparisons (2017-2019).
Variety Crookston Fergus Falls Hallock Oklee Perley Roseau Stephen Strasthcona ¹ 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr ------(% of mean)------Bolles 101 99 100 93 93 92 99 94 93 92 91 96 92 91 97 86 91 96 97 91 95 94 93 Boost 96 98 104 99 95 96 88 97 98 100 102 103 101 102 101 103 101 103 95 94 96 97 97 CP3530 101 98 102 104 104 105 103 101 102 95 96 96 111 108 109 101 99 103 99 97 106 98 98 CP3888 95 105 100 106 81 101 99 99 CP3910 108 102 109 112 104 113 101 101 CP3915 107 108 100 106 97 109 111 101 CP3939 98 102 100 92 91 83 97 94 Dyna-Gro Ambush 103 98 99 103 100 99 99 101 102 105 106 106 87 92 97 87 93 94 94 100 100 103 103 Dyna-Gro Ballistic 109 104 114 114 110 108 115 108 104 107 110 109 107 108 105 103 Dyna-Gro Caliber 92 91 96 98 93 94 82 84 88 97 97 95 85 84 86 95 90 90 96 93 94 96 97 Dyna-Gro Commander 101 103 106 101 121 108 101 100 Dyna-Gro Velocity 91 95 97 87 89 101 94 90 Lang-MN 95 97 97 102 101 100 95 97 100 105 98 98 104 99 96 104 106 104 104 100 98 104 98 Lang-MN (0.7X) 97 98 96 100 102 97 98 106 LCS Breakaway 96 97 92 95 98 103 104 105 103 96 94 96 79 86 94 113 104 99 101 101 99 99 95 LCS Cannon 102 102 105 105 106 106 106 104 121 112 104 102 109 108 101 107 LCS Rebel 105 102 104 93 95 97 99 99 102 102 101 103 110 110 104 104 101 101 102 102 102 104 99 LCS Trigger 119 114 112 112 112 106 122 114 117 118 118 115 111 111 118 109 Linkert 92 91 94 90 92 94 100 99 100 93 92 93 88 91 94 88 90 93 94 92 92 91 96 MN-Washburn 100 99 98 105 105 105 101 99 103 104 98 102 105 108 106 97 100 106 100 100 101 101 99 MS Barracuda 101 100 93 97 97 100 107 104 107 97 98 101 100 101 105 109 MS Camaro 91 94 93 96 103 100 88 90 95 88 77 79 104 102 93 98 MS Chevelle 108 105 107 103 102 105 105 109 108 100 103 105 93 99 104 105 103 103 103 107 108 94 101 ND-VitPro 98 96 95 91 94 92 94 97 97 87 94 92 95 100 98 89 91 93 93 92 92 90 91 Prosper 110 104 109 109 108 109 102 106 109 105 108 109 93 104 107 101 106 109 103 107 109 111 105 Rollag 96 89 93 93 89 92 103 99 97 92 91 93 100 95 97 80 83 86 94 94 97 87 91 Shelly 107 106 109 115 113 115 111 107 106 107 105 106 100 98 103 113 109 111 107 108 110 107 104 Surpass 100 102 101 95 94 98 100 105 106 106 100 100 105 112 107 92 97 99 106 105 105 100 97 SY 611 CL2 103 105 106 102 95 98 111 108 SY Ingmar 95 98 95 95 98 99 96 99 98 97 98 101 111 102 100 100 95 94 99 98 98 96 100 SY Longmire 103 106 101 106 78 94 107 100 SY McCloud 94 97 95 99 94 97 94 96 98 93 96 96 103 100 98 102 SY Valda 106 110 114 96 101 106 111 113 112 106 111 114 99 103 106 120 111 110 117 115 115 110 105 TCG-Climax 93 97 103 96 100 100 80 84 85 88 93 99 95 98 95 92 91 94 94 92 94 88 89 TCG-Heartland 97 93 91 94 110 88 96 93 TCG-Spitfire 104 109 107 104 105 108 98 99 99 103 104 109 115 108 106 113 106 106 101 103 104 100 100 WB-Mayville 92 90 89 90 95 97 91 93 95 92 95 95 114 106 102 100 96 95 86 92 96 90 96 Mean (bu/acre) 78.8 72.1 83.2 82.8 90.8 89.6 84.8 91.0 92.2 64.4 80.7 79.7 66.3 70.6 84.8 86.4 88.0 91.2 81.9 89.8 94.5 72.1 82.7 LSD (0.10) 7.8 5.6 7.0 10.3 5.3 5.4 9.4 6.4 5.2 9.2 6.1 5.3 7.0 7.8 7.5 10.3 7.7 6.7 8.8 5.2 6.2 6.6 8.0
Page 65 Table 5. Relative grain yield of hard red spring wheat varieties in southern Minnesota locations in single-year (2019) and multiple-year comparisons (2017-2019). Variety Benson Kimball LeCenter Lamberton Morris¹ St. Paul Waseca 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr ------(% of mean)------Bolles 103 98 91 87 91 96 91 79 84 87 95 91 102 102 102 98 100 104 108 102 Boost 99 99 95 94 85 93 102 104 101 123 118 102 104 99 93 93 93 99 109 105 CP3530 121 114 112 108 103 103 124 125 122 113 115 110 113 104 115 110 108 112 115 114 CP3888 101 106 97 86 107 99 105 CP3910 99 106 98 101 109 98 98 CP3915 108 99 96 101 95 96 79 CP3939 96 105 87 96 104 93 87 Dyna-Gro Ambush 93 94 98 111 110 106 120 109 106 102 101 100 105 107 117 104 103 117 108 109 Dyna-Gro Ballistic 107 107 109 107 103 101 111 111 117 101 103 112 109 Dyna-Gro Caliber 85 83 90 92 95 96 99 92 92 90 86 87 101 95 108 97 100 97 81 80 Dyna-Gro Commander 97 108 101 103 112 110 107 Dyna-Gro Velocity 97 98 106 93 92 86 94 Lang-MN 98 103 101 103 104 106 108 104 98 106 108 105 107 109 88 98 102 116 126 115 Lang-MN (0.7X) 98 100 104 108 103 103 109 LCS Breakaway 92 93 96 100 105 105 110 93 93 66 88 93 102 103 84 89 93 101 87 98 LCS Cannon 91 91 118 115 111 111 101 94 99 110 112 112 110 LCS Rebel 101 98 97 104 94 95 98 92 93 103 107 103 100 99 92 94 97 104 100 96 LCS Trigger 122 118 110 98 121 120 122 119 108 106 110 103 118 Linkert 89 88 92 102 102 99 86 86 93 86 75 88 90 96 98 100 103 100 82 91 MN-Washburn 96 97 96 92 92 97 97 100 106 113 110 107 102 98 111 105 107 95 98 106 MS Barracuda 94 93 115 110 106 109 69 73 88 115 108 97 88 MS Camaro 78 82 100 97 90 95 65 77 79 92 96 98 70 MS Chevelle 91 94 90 102 95 97 98 95 102 97 86 99 110 112 99 97 97 100 91 100 ND-VitPro 96 96 93 110 102 103 86 89 88 101 105 96 88 86 105 101 102 93 99 98 Prosper 104 109 111 100 103 106 105 100 103 121 128 118 116 106 98 105 107 91 106 101 Rollag 95 93 95 98 97 98 76 70 84 82 82 89 77 85 78 80 85 89 78 85 Shelly 100 106 102 103 99 103 99 106 107 88 97 103 105 108 111 109 109 108 107 106 Surpass 103 99 103 97 97 102 104 94 93 105 108 104 94 94 79 88 96 104 104 110 SY 611 CL2 111 107 100 87 107 87 105 SY Ingmar 100 101 100 100 101 97 91 98 102 115 111 104 85 87 108 107 103 105 108 105 SY Longmire 103 81 89 94 91 89 66 SY McCloud 91 97 97 103 89 90 103 98 95 100 102 98 90 SY Valda 114 116 117 107 107 105 125 111 116 114 119 116 102 105 102 102 103 113 109 111 TCG-Climax 97 97 95 89 96 96 90 101 93 82 84 91 97 104 95 95 95 101 101 98 TCG-Heartland 101 106 89 83 97 109 98 TCG-Spitfire 124 117 112 102 102 103 113 117 115 120 116 116 111 111 107 105 108 96 102 103 WB-Mayville 92 90 101 103 99 104 90 95 100 97 82 92 104 108 110 107 105 109 94 96 Mean (bu/acre) 95.8 86.5 88.8 77.0 72.7 79.3 58.3 57.7 67.8 31.8 36.4 52.3 65.3 61.9 70.6 70.1 70.2 42.0 42.9 59.5 LSD (0.1) 7.8 8.3 9.2 8.6 8.5 7.2 7.4 8.8 8.5 5.4 5.5 6.5 10.1 7.2 7.1 8.6 6.6 6.5 10.7 8.7 ¹ 2018 Morris was discarded due to excessive rainfall and abnormally low grain yields. 2 yr data is from 2017 & 2019.
Page 66 Table 5. Relative grain yield of hard red spring wheat varieties in southern Minnesota locations in single-year (2019) and multiple-year comparisons (2017-2019). Variety Benson Kimball LeCenter Lamberton Morris¹ St. Paul Waseca 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr ------(% of mean)------Bolles 103 98 91 87 91 96 91 79 84 87 95 91 102 102 102 98 100 104 108 102 Boost 99 99 95 94 85 93 102 104 101 123 118 102 104 99 93 93 93 99 109 105 CP3530 121 114 112 108 103 103 124 125 122 113 115 110 113 104 115 110 108 112 115 114 CP3888 101 106 97 86 107 99 105 CP3910 99 106 98 101 109 98 98 CP3915 108 99 96 101 95 96 79 CP3939 96 105 87 96 104 93 87 Dyna-Gro Ambush 93 94 98 111 110 106 120 109 106 102 101 100 105 107 117 104 103 117 108 109 Dyna-Gro Ballistic 107 107 109 107 103 101 111 111 117 101 103 112 109 Dyna-Gro Caliber 85 83 90 92 95 96 99 92 92 90 86 87 101 95 108 97 100 97 81 80 Dyna-Gro Commander 97 108 101 103 112 110 107 Dyna-Gro Velocity 97 98 106 93 92 86 94 Lang-MN 98 103 101 103 104 106 108 104 98 106 108 105 107 109 88 98 102 116 126 115 Lang-MN (0.7X) 98 100 104 108 103 103 109 LCS Breakaway 92 93 96 100 105 105 110 93 93 66 88 93 102 103 84 89 93 101 87 98 LCS Cannon 91 91 118 115 111 111 101 94 99 110 112 112 110 LCS Rebel 101 98 97 104 94 95 98 92 93 103 107 103 100 99 92 94 97 104 100 96 LCS Trigger 122 118 110 98 121 120 122 119 108 106 110 103 118 Linkert 89 88 92 102 102 99 86 86 93 86 75 88 90 96 98 100 103 100 82 91 MN-Washburn 96 97 96 92 92 97 97 100 106 113 110 107 102 98 111 105 107 95 98 106 MS Barracuda 94 93 115 110 106 109 69 73 88 115 108 97 88 MS Camaro 78 82 100 97 90 95 65 77 79 92 96 98 70 MS Chevelle 91 94 90 102 95 97 98 95 102 97 86 99 110 112 99 97 97 100 91 100 ND-VitPro 96 96 93 110 102 103 86 89 88 101 105 96 88 86 105 101 102 93 99 98 Prosper 104 109 111 100 103 106 105 100 103 121 128 118 116 106 98 105 107 91 106 101 Rollag 95 93 95 98 97 98 76 70 84 82 82 89 77 85 78 80 85 89 78 85 Shelly 100 106 102 103 99 103 99 106 107 88 97 103 105 108 111 109 109 108 107 106 Surpass 103 99 103 97 97 102 104 94 93 105 108 104 94 94 79 88 96 104 104 110 SY 611 CL2 111 107 100 87 107 87 105 SY Ingmar 100 101 100 100 101 97 91 98 102 115 111 104 85 87 108 107 103 105 108 105 SY Longmire 103 81 89 94 91 89 66 SY McCloud 91 97 97 103 89 90 103 98 95 100 102 98 90 SY Valda 114 116 117 107 107 105 125 111 116 114 119 116 102 105 102 102 103 113 109 111 TCG-Climax 97 97 95 89 96 96 90 101 93 82 84 91 97 104 95 95 95 101 101 98 TCG-Heartland 101 106 89 83 97 109 98 TCG-Spitfire 124 117 112 102 102 103 113 117 115 120 116 116 111 111 107 105 108 96 102 103 WB-Mayville 92 90 101 103 99 104 90 95 100 97 82 92 104 108 110 107 105 109 94 96 Mean (bu/acre) 95.8 86.5 88.8 77.0 72.7 79.3 58.3 57.7 67.8 31.8 36.4 52.3 65.3 61.9 70.6 70.1 70.2 42.0 42.9 59.5 LSD (0.1) 7.8 8.3 9.2 8.6 8.5 7.2 7.4 8.8 8.5 5.4 5.5 6.5 10.1 7.2 7.1 8.6 6.6 6.5 10.7 8.7 ¹ 2018 Morris was discarded due to excessive rainfall and abnormally low grain yields. 2 yr data is from 2017 & 2019.
Page 67 Table 6. Relative grain yield of hard red spring wheat varieties in Minnesota in single-year (2019) and multiple-year comparisons (2017-2019).
Variety State North South 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr ------(% of mean)------Bolles 96 94 95 94 93 95 97 95 95 Boost 98 99 99 97 99 100 100 99 97 CP3530 107 105 106 101 100 103 115 112 110 CP3888 100 99 101 CP3910 104 106 101 CP3915 102 105 98 CP3939 95 95 96 Dyna-Gro Ambush 102 101 102 98 99 100 108 103 104 Dyna-Gro Ballistic 109 107 109 107 108 108 Dyna-Gro Caliber 94 91 92 93 92 93 96 91 91 Dyna-Gro Commander 105 105 105 Dyna-Gro Velocity 94 93 95 Lang-MN 102 102 101 102 99 99 102 105 104 Lang-MN (0.7X) 101 99 103 LCS Breakaway 97 96 98 98 98 98 95 95 98 LCS Cannon 106 105 107 106 105 105 LCS Rebel 101 99 100 102 101 102 100 97 97 LCS Trigger 115 112 116 112 113 113 Linkert 93 92 95 92 93 94 93 91 95 MN-Washburn 101 100 103 102 101 103 100 100 102 MS Barracuda 100 100 101 101 100 99 MS Camaro 90 91 93 93 87 88 MS Chevelle 101 101 103 102 104 106 99 96 99 ND-VitPro 94 95 95 92 94 94 98 97 96 Prosper 104 107 108 104 106 109 104 108 107 Rollag 90 89 92 93 92 94 86 84 89 Shelly 106 106 107 109 106 108 103 105 106 Surpass 99 100 101 100 102 102 97 96 100 SY 611 CL2 103 103 102 SY Ingmar 99 100 99 98 98 98 100 102 100 SY Longmire 95 100 89 SY McCloud 96 97 97 97 96 98 SY Valda 109 109 111 108 109 111 111 109 110 TCG-Climax 92 94 95 91 92 95 94 97 96 TCG-Heartland 97 95 99 TCG-Spitfire 107 106 107 105 104 105 111 110 109 WB-Mayville 97 96 98 94 95 95 100 96 101 Mean (bu/acre) 70.6 73.4 78.7 77.2 82.2 86.9 63.0 64.0 70.2 LSD (0.1) 3.0 2.2 1.9 3.5 2.5 2.3 4.6 3.5 3.1 No. Environments 15 29 43 8 16 23 7 13 20
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Page 69 Table 7. Grain yield (bushel per acre) of hard red spring wheat varieties grown under conventional and intensive management. North South State 2019 2-year 3-year 2019 2-year 3-year 2019 2-year 3-year Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Bolles 77.1 76.8 75.8 74.9 85.3 86.6 47.0 53.3 45.2 49.3 53.9 56.6 62.1 65.0 62.7 63.9 71.0 73.0 Boost 82.4 84.9 79.8 83.3 90.2 93.5 53.5 57.1 51.2 54.5 56.7 61.1 68.0 71.0 67.5 71.0 75.0 78.8 CP3530 83.4 90.6 78.9 86.0 89.5 95.4 54.7 60.9 52.4 56.4 60.1 66.2 69.1 75.7 67.5 73.4 76.2 82.1 CP3888 81.1 85.0 48.6 52.5 64.9 68.8 CP3910 91.0 91.9 51.6 53.1 71.3 72.5 CP3915 89.1 88.0 47.0 56.0 68.0 72.0 CP3939 74.4 84.0 49.4 53.0 61.9 68.5 Dyna-Gro Ambush 78.0 74.8 76.1 76.8 83.9 87.0 50.5 61.3 47.4 54.6 57.9 64.1 64.3 68.0 63.8 67.3 72.1 76.6 Dyna-Gro Ballistic 90.5 98.0 85.5 92.6 55.9 64.5 52.5 59.9 73.2 81.3 71.4 78.6 Dyna-Gro Caliber 77.5 81.5 72.4 76.5 81.2 84.2 47.3 51.3 42.9 45.9 50.7 52.8 62.4 66.4 59.8 63.4 67.4 69.9 Dyna-Gro Commander 86.4 88.8 52.8 55.7 69.6 72.2 Dyna-Gro Velocity 79.7 91.3 44.9 51.7 62.3 71.5 Lang-MN 82.6 84.0 81.6 83.6 87.9 91.4 51.7 63.4 49.4 58.7 60.0 66.9 67.2 73.7 67.8 72.9 75.2 80.2 Lang-MN (0.7X) 80.5 86.6 50.8 59.4 65.7 73.0 LCS Breakaway 86.7 86.5 80.6 83.8 83.5 88.4 43.9 49.9 43.7 45.3 54.9 57.9 65.3 68.2 64.8 67.3 70.5 74.6 LCS Cannon 85.4 87.9 81.8 84.8 48.4 53.9 44.4 49.0 66.9 70.9 65.8 69.5 LCS Rebel 86.0 81.0 81.1 80.1 89.6 92.3 49.0 58.5 47.7 54.1 56.7 62.6 67.5 69.8 66.8 69.0 74.7 78.8 LCS Trigger 97.5 103.1 91.8 99.0 54.7 66.0 52.5 62.3 76.1 84.5 74.9 83.3 Linkert 74.2 80.9 72.4 78.4 81.4 87.1 43.2 46.8 37.9 43.8 51.3 55.6 58.7 63.9 57.6 63.6 67.7 72.8 MN-Washburn 81.4 86.5 79.8 86.2 89.0 93.5 51.2 59.0 48.8 55.8 57.8 64.4 66.3 72.7 66.6 73.2 74.8 80.3 MS Barracuda 82.4 83.7 80.3 81.2 39.8 48.5 37.0 45.5 61.1 66.1 61.7 65.9 MS Camaro 69.4 78.0 68.4 75.8 36.0 42.9 35.8 40.4 52.7 60.4 54.4 60.6 MS Chevelle 88.0 94.8 83.4 89.6 91.6 100.6 51.4 53.3 44.8 50.2 59.0 62.2 69.7 74.0 66.9 72.7 76.8 83.1 ND-VitPro 77.1 79.3 74.6 76.4 81.8 83.3 44.7 49.0 44.7 48.3 51.5 55.2 60.9 64.1 61.8 64.4 68.0 70.6 Prosper 86.7 96.8 84.4 91.4 95.1 105.2 57.2 65.5 56.3 62.9 63.1 71.3 71.9 81.2 72.4 79.2 80.5 89.8 Rollag 72.5 78.9 68.7 74.3 77.6 82.7 38.3 49.1 36.7 45.9 48.9 54.4 55.4 64.0 55.0 62.1 64.6 69.8 Shelly 90.8 91.8 86.2 87.3 95.6 98.0 48.1 59.2 46.4 55.2 59.1 66.3 69.4 75.5 69.1 73.6 79.0 83.6 Surpass 79.0 82.0 79.4 81.8 87.2 91.4 47.2 52.2 46.5 50.2 55.7 58.2 63.1 67.1 65.3 68.3 72.9 76.3 SY 611 CL2 82.8 95.7 48.8 52.6 65.8 74.2 SY Ingmar 80.6 82.2 77.0 81.4 82.4 86.0 45.9 54.6 45.3 51.5 54.3 60.0 63.3 68.4 63.4 68.6 69.6 74.2 SY Longmire 81.2 87.0 44.6 52.0 62.9 69.5 SY McCloud 78.7 84.3 77.2 81.8 47.6 51.1 44.4 48.7 63.1 67.7 63.1 67.6 SY Valda 93.8 96.3 88.5 92.0 97.7 101.8 51.4 57.2 51.0 54.5 62.4 66.2 72.6 76.7 72.4 75.9 81.7 85.6 TCG-Climax 76.4 82.5 75.2 83.5 85.7 93.5 44.7 53.9 41.4 50.1 54.3 59.7 60.5 68.2 60.7 69.2 71.5 78.1 TCG-Heartland 76.2 83.7 44.8 52.7 60.5 68.2 TCG-Spitfire 89.7 93.7 85.7 89.9 92.9 96.9 55.3 60.3 52.2 57.1 63.8 66.7 72.5 77.0 71.4 75.9 79.7 83.2 WB-Mayville 79.3 84.9 74.8 81.0 80.4 88.7 49.6 53.6 42.6 45.8 55.9 58.1 64.4 69.3 61.0 65.9 69.2 74.8 Mean (bu/acre) 82.4 86.7 79.3 83.5 87.1 91.8 48.4 55.0 46.0 51.7 56.6 61.2 65.4 70.8 65.0 69.8 73.2 77.9 LSD (0.10) 8.0 8.4 4.9 5.2 5.7 7.0 7.2 7.8 5.3 6.2 4.2 4.7 5.5 6.0 3.8 4.1 3.9 4.5 No. Environments 2 2 4 4 6 6 2 2 3 3 5 5 4 4 7 7 11 11
Page 70 Table 7. Grain yield (bushel per acre) of hard red spring wheat varieties grown under conventional and intensive management. North South State 2019 2-year 3-year 2019 2-year 3-year 2019 2-year 3-year Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Conv Int Bolles 77.1 76.8 75.8 74.9 85.3 86.6 47.0 53.3 45.2 49.3 53.9 56.6 62.1 65.0 62.7 63.9 71.0 73.0 Boost 82.4 84.9 79.8 83.3 90.2 93.5 53.5 57.1 51.2 54.5 56.7 61.1 68.0 71.0 67.5 71.0 75.0 78.8 CP3530 83.4 90.6 78.9 86.0 89.5 95.4 54.7 60.9 52.4 56.4 60.1 66.2 69.1 75.7 67.5 73.4 76.2 82.1 CP3888 81.1 85.0 48.6 52.5 64.9 68.8 CP3910 91.0 91.9 51.6 53.1 71.3 72.5 CP3915 89.1 88.0 47.0 56.0 68.0 72.0 CP3939 74.4 84.0 49.4 53.0 61.9 68.5 Dyna-Gro Ambush 78.0 74.8 76.1 76.8 83.9 87.0 50.5 61.3 47.4 54.6 57.9 64.1 64.3 68.0 63.8 67.3 72.1 76.6 Dyna-Gro Ballistic 90.5 98.0 85.5 92.6 55.9 64.5 52.5 59.9 73.2 81.3 71.4 78.6 Dyna-Gro Caliber 77.5 81.5 72.4 76.5 81.2 84.2 47.3 51.3 42.9 45.9 50.7 52.8 62.4 66.4 59.8 63.4 67.4 69.9 Dyna-Gro Commander 86.4 88.8 52.8 55.7 69.6 72.2 Dyna-Gro Velocity 79.7 91.3 44.9 51.7 62.3 71.5 Lang-MN 82.6 84.0 81.6 83.6 87.9 91.4 51.7 63.4 49.4 58.7 60.0 66.9 67.2 73.7 67.8 72.9 75.2 80.2 Lang-MN (0.7X) 80.5 86.6 50.8 59.4 65.7 73.0 LCS Breakaway 86.7 86.5 80.6 83.8 83.5 88.4 43.9 49.9 43.7 45.3 54.9 57.9 65.3 68.2 64.8 67.3 70.5 74.6 LCS Cannon 85.4 87.9 81.8 84.8 48.4 53.9 44.4 49.0 66.9 70.9 65.8 69.5 LCS Rebel 86.0 81.0 81.1 80.1 89.6 92.3 49.0 58.5 47.7 54.1 56.7 62.6 67.5 69.8 66.8 69.0 74.7 78.8 LCS Trigger 97.5 103.1 91.8 99.0 54.7 66.0 52.5 62.3 76.1 84.5 74.9 83.3 Linkert 74.2 80.9 72.4 78.4 81.4 87.1 43.2 46.8 37.9 43.8 51.3 55.6 58.7 63.9 57.6 63.6 67.7 72.8 MN-Washburn 81.4 86.5 79.8 86.2 89.0 93.5 51.2 59.0 48.8 55.8 57.8 64.4 66.3 72.7 66.6 73.2 74.8 80.3 MS Barracuda 82.4 83.7 80.3 81.2 39.8 48.5 37.0 45.5 61.1 66.1 61.7 65.9 MS Camaro 69.4 78.0 68.4 75.8 36.0 42.9 35.8 40.4 52.7 60.4 54.4 60.6 MS Chevelle 88.0 94.8 83.4 89.6 91.6 100.6 51.4 53.3 44.8 50.2 59.0 62.2 69.7 74.0 66.9 72.7 76.8 83.1 ND-VitPro 77.1 79.3 74.6 76.4 81.8 83.3 44.7 49.0 44.7 48.3 51.5 55.2 60.9 64.1 61.8 64.4 68.0 70.6 Prosper 86.7 96.8 84.4 91.4 95.1 105.2 57.2 65.5 56.3 62.9 63.1 71.3 71.9 81.2 72.4 79.2 80.5 89.8 Rollag 72.5 78.9 68.7 74.3 77.6 82.7 38.3 49.1 36.7 45.9 48.9 54.4 55.4 64.0 55.0 62.1 64.6 69.8 Shelly 90.8 91.8 86.2 87.3 95.6 98.0 48.1 59.2 46.4 55.2 59.1 66.3 69.4 75.5 69.1 73.6 79.0 83.6 Surpass 79.0 82.0 79.4 81.8 87.2 91.4 47.2 52.2 46.5 50.2 55.7 58.2 63.1 67.1 65.3 68.3 72.9 76.3 SY 611 CL2 82.8 95.7 48.8 52.6 65.8 74.2 SY Ingmar 80.6 82.2 77.0 81.4 82.4 86.0 45.9 54.6 45.3 51.5 54.3 60.0 63.3 68.4 63.4 68.6 69.6 74.2 SY Longmire 81.2 87.0 44.6 52.0 62.9 69.5 SY McCloud 78.7 84.3 77.2 81.8 47.6 51.1 44.4 48.7 63.1 67.7 63.1 67.6 SY Valda 93.8 96.3 88.5 92.0 97.7 101.8 51.4 57.2 51.0 54.5 62.4 66.2 72.6 76.7 72.4 75.9 81.7 85.6 TCG-Climax 76.4 82.5 75.2 83.5 85.7 93.5 44.7 53.9 41.4 50.1 54.3 59.7 60.5 68.2 60.7 69.2 71.5 78.1 TCG-Heartland 76.2 83.7 44.8 52.7 60.5 68.2 TCG-Spitfire 89.7 93.7 85.7 89.9 92.9 96.9 55.3 60.3 52.2 57.1 63.8 66.7 72.5 77.0 71.4 75.9 79.7 83.2 WB-Mayville 79.3 84.9 74.8 81.0 80.4 88.7 49.6 53.6 42.6 45.8 55.9 58.1 64.4 69.3 61.0 65.9 69.2 74.8 Mean (bu/acre) 82.4 86.7 79.3 83.5 87.1 91.8 48.4 55.0 46.0 51.7 56.6 61.2 65.4 70.8 65.0 69.8 73.2 77.9 LSD (0.10) 8.0 8.4 4.9 5.2 5.7 7.0 7.2 7.8 5.3 6.2 4.2 4.7 5.5 6.0 3.8 4.1 3.9 4.5 No. Environments 2 2 4 4 6 6 2 2 3 3 5 5 4 4 7 7 11 11
Page 71 Table 8. Origin and agronomic characteristics of barley varieties in multiple-year comparisons (2017-2019). Year of Legal Days to Plant Straw Plump Protein Variety Origin¹ Release Status Heading Height Strength² (%) (%) (days) (inches) (1-9) (%) (%) 2-row AAC Synergy¹ AAFC 2012 PVP(94) 56 33 5 94 12.2 AC Metcalfe¹ AC 1997 56 33 6 87 13.9 Conlon ND 1996 PVP(94) 51 31 7 94 13.4 ND Genesis ND 2015 PVP(94) 55 34 5 95 11.5 Pinnacle ND 2007 PVP(94) 55 33 5 95 11.5 6-row Lacey MN 2000 PVP(94) 53 35 3 96 12.5 Tradition ABI 2003 PVP(94) 54 37 3 92 13.4 No. Environments 12 12 5 5 5
¹ Abbreviations: ABI= Busch Agricultural Resources, MN = Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station; ND = North Dakota State University Research Foundation, Ac or AAFC = Agriculture Canada or Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Table 9. Disease reactions¹ of barley varieties in multiple year comparisons (2017-2019). Bacterial Leaf Variety DON² Net Blotch¹ Spot Blotch Stem Rust³ Streak ------(1-9) ------2-row AAC Synergy 7 5 2 4 4 AC Metcalfe 5 4 3 3 3 Conlon 3 6 5 3 5 ND Genesis 6 5 3 4 4 Pinnacle 6 6 3 5 4 6-row Lacey 8 5 2 4 4 Tradition 6 3 2 3 4 ¹ Disease reactions measured on a scale from 1-9 where 1=resistant and 9=susceptible. ² Deoxynivalenol or vomitoxin associated with the disease Fusarium Head Blight. ³ Data is for stem rust pathogen QCCJ. All lines were resistant to stem rust pathogen MCCF in years tested.
Page 72 Table 10. Relative grain yield of barley varieties in Northern Minnesota locations in a single-year (2019) and multiple- year comparisons (2017-2019).
Variety Crookston Hallock Oklee Perley Roseau Stephen Strathcona 2019 3 yr 2019 3 yr 2019 3 yr 2019 3 yr 2019 3 yr 2019 2 yr ² 2019 2 yr ²
2-row AAC Synergy 99 99 95 105 98 108 111 107 97 100 94 100 107 102 AC Metcalfe 93 85 98 96 95 93 87 91 100 96 96 95 110 98 Conlon 93 96 94 94 100 93 94 89 95 93 97 96 55 83 ND Genesis 109 102 120 101 108 107 108 100 103 99 103 99 116 106 Pinnacle 108 103 123 109 106 105 74 94 102 108 113 102 114 105 6-row Lacey 101 109 100 102 98 101 115 107 106 102 100 106 102 106 Tradition 98 105 70 93 107 103 111 111 97 101 97 103 96 101 Mean 127 131 68 105 85 99 80 100 102 110 117 119 97 108 (bu/acre) LSD (0.05) 8.8 6.8 37.6 12.6 7.4 14.0 14.2 14.7 18.0 11.5 12.7 7.4 10.9 19.8
Table 11. Relative grain yield of barley varieties in southern Minnesota locations in single-year (2019) and multiple-year comparisons (2017-2019).
Variety Fergus Falls Le Center Morris Rochester St. Paul 2019 2 yr¹ 2019¹ 2019 3 yr 2019¹ 2019 3 yr
2-row AAC Synergy 93 98 111 123 107 102 111 113 AC Metcalfe 52 85 91 91 89 74 82 90 Conlon 81 77 117 36 68 75 53 59 ND Genesis 130 113 107 121 114 105 121 114 Pinnacle 110 110 72 125 110 108 109 100 6-row Celebration 107 107 104 112 111 118 117 115 Innovation 126 109 98 106 101 110 107 108 Mean (bu/acre) 41 72 78 66 58 76 59 83 LSD (0.05) 15.2 19.6 14.0 18.0 9.2 11.5 8.1 6.7 ¹ Trial data is from 2019 only
Page 73 Table 12. Relative grain yield of barley varieties in a single-year (2019) and multiple year comparisons (2017-2019). Variety State North South 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr 2019 2 yr 3 yr ------(% of mean)------2-row AAC Synergy 103 104 104 100 103 103 109 107 107 AC Metcalfe 91 90 92 97 94 93 80 82 87 Conlon 84 86 87 89 94 92 74 67 73 ND Genesis 111 107 105 109 103 102 115 115 112 Pinnacle 105 105 104 106 105 104 103 105 104 6-row Lacey 106 106 106 103 103 104 111 115 111 Tradition 100 102 103 96 99 101 108 110 106 Mean (bu/acre) 83 92 97 96 108 110 64 66 72 LSD (0.05) 4.8 3.6 2.8 6.9 4.3 3.4 6.2 6.3 5.1 No. Environments 12 22 32 7 14 21 5 8 11
Table 13. Origin and agronomic characteristics of oat varieties in Minnesota in multiple-year comparisons (2017-2019).
Year of Legal Seed Days to Plant Straw Test Grain Grain Variety Origin Release Status Color Heading Height Strength⁴ Weight Protein⁵, ⁶ Oil ⁵, ⁶ (days) (inches) (1-9) (lbs/bu) (%) (%)
Antigo WI 2017 Pending Yellow 54.4 90.4 5.4 38.3 14.4 5.0 Badger WI 2010 PVP(94) Yellow 54.2 85.1 5.1 34.5 13.3 4.1 Deon MN 2014 PVP(94) Yellow 58.7 99.2 6.0 35.5 12.8 4.6 Esker¹ WI 2006 PVP(94) White 58.6 92.0 4.1 35.2 14.2 4.4 Hayden SD 2015 PVP(94) White 59.2 100.0 7.9 36.8 12.8 5.3 Horsepower SD 2012 PVP(94) White 56.7 86.7 7.6 35.4 12.9 4.7 MN Pearl MN 2018 Pending White 59.7 103.5 5.4 35.5 12.6 6.0 Newburg ND 2011 PVP(94) White 59.8 110.0 8.6 34.4 12.5 5.0 Reins IL 2016 PVP(94) White 55.1 81.3 2.6 37.1 14.2 4.1 Rockford¹ ND 2008 PVP(94) White 63.0 103.7 6.4 36.2 13.3 6.0 Saber IL 2010 PVP(94) Yellow 54.8 87.2 5.8 35.8 14.4 4.1 Saddle SD 2018 Pending White 54.1 89.6 2.5 35.9 14.4 4.1 Shelby 427 SD 2011 PVP(94) White 56.1 97.4 6.7 37.2 13.5 5.2 Streaker² SD 2016 PVP(94) Hulless 56.7 99.0 7.8 44.3 17.6 6.6 Sumo SD 2017 Pending White 53.6 92.1 4.3 36.6 15.0 3.8 Warrior³ SD 2019 Pending White 57.5 86.1 4.2 35.1 - - ¹ Line tested in 2017 and 2019 ² Hulless oat ³ Line tested in 2019 only ⁴ 1 = resistant and 9 = susceptible ⁵ Whole grain NIRS ⁶ Trait measured in 2017 and 2018
Page 74 Table 14. Disease characteristics of oat varieties. Variety Crown Rust,8 Loose Smut,9 BYDV 9 Antigo¹ 4 7 8 Badger² 8 0 5 Deon² 3 0 4 Esker³ 6 4 6 Hayden² 8 0 3 Horsepower² 9 9 8 MN Pearl⁴ 7 0 7 Newburg⁴ 7 14 4 Reins⁵ 9 2 8 Rockford³ 9 7 3 Saber² 8 16 7 Saddle¹ 5 5 5 Shelby 427² 8 2 8 Streaker⁶ 7 0 3 Sumo⁶ 5 0 9 Warrior⁷ 2 2 -- ¹ Line tested in 2017, 2018, and 2019 for Crown Rust and Smut, Line tested in 2016 for BYDV ² Line tested in 2017, 2018, and 2019 for Crown Rust and Smut; Line tested in 2015 for BYDV ³ Line tested in 2017 and 2019 for Crown Rust and Smut; Line tested in 2015 for BYDV ⁴ Line tested in 2017, 2018, and 2019 for Crown Rust and Smut; Line tested in 2015 and 2016 for BYDV ⁵ Line tested in 2017, 2018, and 2019 for Crown Rust and Smut; Line tested in 2015 and 2018 for BYDV ⁶ Line tested in 2017, 2018, and 2019 for Crown Rust and Smut; Line tested in 2018 for BYDV ⁷ Line tested in 2019 for Crown Rust and Smut; Line not tested for BYDV ⁸ Tested in 2017, 2018, and 2019 with a mixed race population of crown rust; 0 = most resistant, 9 = most susceptible ⁹ Tested in 2017, 2018, and 2019; 0 = most resistant, 9 = most susceptible
Table 15. Relative grain yield of oat varieties in Minnesota in single-year (2019) and multiple-year comparisons (2017-2019). Variety North South State 2019 3yr 2019 3yr 2019 3yr Antigo 93 91 105 106 101 99 Badger 99 100 94 99 96 99 Deon 106 108 104 107 105 107 Esker¹ 106 102 95 98 99 100 Hayden 106 111 102 100 103 106 Horsepower 110 109 97 94 102 102 MN Pearl 112 113 120 121 117 117 Newburg 100 101 94 96 96 100 Reins 94 98 103 106 100 101 Rockford¹ 106 103 72 78 84 91 Saber 106 104 100 105 102 104 Saddle 103 104 110 115 108 109 Shelby 427 88 96 99 94 95 95 Streaker² 87 78 66 68 73 72 Sumo 75 79 87 92 83 87 Warrior³ 93 - 103 - 100 - Mean (bu/acre) 112 138 118 104 116 116 LSD (0.1) 17 11 15 10 12 8 ¹ Line tested in 2017 and 2019 ² Hulless oat ³ Line tested in 2019 only Page 75 Table 16. Relative grain yield of oat varieties in Northern Minnesota locations in single-year (2019) and multiple-year comparisons (2017-2019). Northern Variety Crookston Roseau Stephen Minnesota 2019 3yr 2019 3yr 2019 3yr 2019 3yr
Antigo 97 95 101 92 81 88 93 91 Badger 96 101 99 101 105 98 99 100 Deon 97 97 113 115 114 111 106 108 Esker¹ 114 122 100 89 99 98 106 102 Hayden 109 115 94 109 111 109 106 111 Horsepower 114 113 109 113 106 103 110 109 MN Pearl 112 106 113 121 110 109 112 113 Newburg 94 96 99 97 109 108 100 101 Reins 88 94 97 99 103 101 94 98 Rockford¹ 106 113 103 98 108 101 106 103 Saber 114 108 97 104 104 101 106 104 Saddle 104 101 101 105 102 106 103 104 Shelby 427 100 101 86 96 73 93 88 96 Streaker² 80 84 103 75 85 78 87 78 Sumo 55 67 99 86 85 82 75 79 Warrior³ 96 - 88 - 92 - 93 - Mean (bu/acre) 150 116 87 149 100 148 112 138 LSD (0.1) 29 16 13 21 14 18 17 11 ¹ Line tested in 2017 and 2019 ² Hulless oat ³ Line tested in 2019 only
Page 76 Table 17. Relative grain yield of oat varieties in Southern Minnesota locations in single-year (2019) and multiple-year comparisons (2017-2019). Southern Variety Kimball Lamberton Le Center Morris ⁴ Rochester ⁴ Waseca Minnesota 2019 3yr 2019 3yr 2019 3yr 2019 3yr 2019 3yr 2019 3yr 2019 3yr
Antigo 110 116 99 99 97 101 90 92 116 126 124 116 105 106 Badger 95 104 71 87 92 105 98 100 92 90 109 104 94 99 Deon 107 110 145 134 100 110 98 103 103 94 139 112 104 107 Esker¹ 128 98 74 95 81 64 96 97 121 127 94 130 95 98 Hayden 104 97 90 107 102 103 107 108 111 88 81 89 102 100 Horsepower 125 110 56 86 100 98 105 109 94 81 72 70 97 94 MN Pearl 121 120 139 127 124 130 116 105 108 116 132 132 120 121 Newburg 88 86 105 106 98 106 104 104 87 77 76 75 94 96 Reins 117 125 68 81 101 111 82 89 128 126 110 115 103 106 Rockford¹ 66 66 74 93 76 66 88 97 85 66 41 72 72 78 Saber 104 106 72 99 106 115 100 109 111 97 82 91 100 105 Saddle 107 117 100 104 116 120 105 107 107 132 122 119 110 115 Shelby 427 111 107 86 91 104 99 102 102 106 87 77 80 99 94 Streaker² 86 80 68 77 56 53 68 78 54 49 60 65 66 68 Sumo 76 92 107 93 92 85 79 88 81 109 91 94 87 92 Warrior³ 109 - 125 - 97 - 118 - 70 - 114 - 103 - Mean 148 95 83 114 160 134 132 128 114 88 74 72 118 104 (bu/acre) LSD (0.1) 41 26 15 17 22 17 22 16 22 40 11 12 15 10 ¹ Line tested in 2017 and 2019 ² Hulless oat ³ Line tested in 2019 only ⁴ Location evaluated in 2017 and 2019
Page 77 North Dakota Hard Red Spring Wheat Variety Trial Results for 2019 and Selection Guide
Joel Ransom, Andrew Green, Senay Simsek, Andrew Gluten strength, and milling and baking quality ratings Friskop, Matt Breiland, Tim Friesen, Zhaohui Liu and are provided for individual varieties based on the results Shaobin Zhong (NDSU Main Station); John Rickertsen from the NDSU field plot variety trials in multiple locations (Hettinger Research Extension Center); Eric Eriksmoen in 2018. The wheat protein data often are higher than (North Central Research Extension Center, Minot); Bryan obtained in actual production fields but can be used to Hanson (Langdon Research Extension Center); Glenn compare relative differences among varieties. Martin (Dickinson Research Extension Center); Gautam Pradhan (Williston Research Extension Center); Mike The agronomic data presented in this publication are from Ostlie (Carrington Research Extension Center) replicated research plots using experimental designs that enable the use of statistical analysis. These analyses Hard red spring (HRS) wheat was planted on 6.7 million enable the reader to determine, at a predetermined level acres in 2019, up slightly from 2018. The average yield of of confidence, if the differences observed among varieties spring wheat was 50 bushels/acre (bu/a), similar to 2018. are reliable or if they might be due to error inherent in the experimental process. SY Ingmar was the most popular HRS wheat variety in 2019, occupying 20.6 percent of the planted acreage, The LSD (least significant difference) values beneath the followed by SY Valda (12.5), Bolles (5.0), SY Soren (4.7), columns in the tables are derived from these statistical Elgin-ND (4.2), Barlow (3.7), Faller (3.7), and Glenn (2-9). analyses and apply only to the numbers in the column in SY Ingmar, SY Soren and SY Valda were released by which they appear. If the difference between two varieties Syngenta/AgriPro. Bolles was released by the University exceeds the LSD value, it means that with 95 or 90 of Minnesota. Barlow, Faller, Elgin-ND and Glenn are percent confidence (LSD probability 0.05 or 0.10), the NDSU releases. higher-yielding variety has a significant yield advantage. When the difference between two varieties is less than the Successful wheat production depends on numerous fac- LSD value, no significant difference was found between tors, including selecting the right variety for a particular those two varieties under those growing conditions. area. The information included in this publication is meant to aid in selecting that variety or group of varieties. Char- NS is used to indicate no significant difference for that trait acteristics to consider in selecting a variety may include among any of the varieties at the 95 or 90 percent yield potential, protein content when grown with proper level of confidence. The CV stands for coefficient of fertility, straw strength, plant height, response to problematic variation and is expressed as a percentage. The CV is a pests (diseases, insects, etc.) and maturity. Every growing measure of variability in the trial. Large CVs mean a large season differs; therefore, when selecting a variety, we amount of variation that could not be attributed to recommend using data that summarize several years and differences in the varieties. Yield is reported at 13.5 locations. Choose the variety that, on average, performs percent moisture, while protein content is reported at 12 the best at multiple locations near your farm during several percent moisture content. years. Presentation of data for the entries tested does not imply Selecting varieties with good milling and baking quality approval or endorsement by the authors or agencies con- also is important to maintain market recognition and avoid ducting the test. North Dakota State University approves discounts. Hard red spring wheat from the northern Great the reproduction of any table in the publication only if no Plains is known around the world for its excellent end-use portion is deleted, appropriate footnotes are given and the quality. order of the data is not rearranged. Additional data from county sites are available from each Research Extension Millers and bakers consider many factors in determining Center at www.ag.ndsu.edu/varietytrials/spring-wheat. Also the quality and value of wheat they purchase. Several key consider using the online variety selection tool at www. parameters are: high test weight (for optimum milling yield ag.ndsu.edu/varietyselectiontool/, which allows you to and flour color), high falling number (greater than 300 generate tables of data from research locations nearest seconds indicates minimal sprout damage), high protein your farm and make head-to-head comparisons of content (the majority of HRS wheat export markets want at varieties of interest. least 14 percent protein) and excellent protein quality (for superior bread-making quality as indicated by traditional strong gluten proteins, high baking absorption and large North Dakota State University Spring Wheat bread loaf volume). Tables #1 - 7 can be found on pages 79-86.
Page 78 Table 1. North Dakota hard red spring wheat variety descriptions, agronomic traits, 2019. Reaction to Disease⁴ Bact. Agent or Year Height Straw Days to Stem Leaf Stripe Tan Head Variety Leaf Origin¹ Released (inches) Strength² Head³ Rust⁵ Rust Rust Spot Scab Streak Ambush DynaGro 2016 29 5 58 1 4 3 NA 6 5 Barlow ND 2009 30 6 58 1 6 4 6 4 4 Bolles MN 2015 29 4 62 2 3 5 4 7 5 Boost SD 2016 30 5 62 1 4 3 8 2 5 Commander DynaGro 2019 28 6 59 NA 4 NA NA 4 5 CP3504 Croplan 2015 27 3 61 1 1 6 8 4 6 CP3530 Croplan 2015 31 5 61 1 2 8 6 5 5 CP3616 Croplan 2016 29 4 60 1 5 5 4 6 6 CP3888 Croplan 2017 28 4 60 NA 1 NA NA 6 6 CP3910 Croplan 2019 27 5 58 NA 1 NA NA 8 6 CP3915 Croplan 2019 28 4 59 NA 1 NA NA 4 5 CP3939 Croplan 2019 29 4 59 NA 3 NA NA 6 6 Elgin-ND ND 2012 31 5 59 1 6 5 6 6 4 Faller ND 2007 30 5 61 1 7 8 7 5 4 Glenn ND 2005 30 4 58 1 6 4 6 4 4 Lang-MN MN 2017 30 5 61 1 2 1 7 3 4 Lanning MT 2017 26 3 60 NA NA NA NA 8 6 LCS Limagrain 2011 26 5 58 1 3 6 4 6 6 Breakaway LCS Limagrain 2018 27 4 57 NA 7 NA NA 7 6 Cannon LCS Rebel Limagrain 2017 30 5 58 1 7 4 8 4 5 LCS Trigger Limagrain 2016 29 5 64 1 1 2 6 3 4 Linkert MN 2013 26 2 60 1 3 1 4 6 5 MN- MN 2019 27 3 60 NA 1 NA NA 5 5 Washburn Mott⁶ ND 2009 32 3 60 1 6 6 6 5 6 MS Meridian 2018 27 3 57 NA 2 NA NA 7 6 Barracuda MS Camaro Meridian 2016 26 5 59 1 1 2 8 7 6 MS Meridian 2014 28 5 59 1 4 3 6 7 6 Chevelle ND VitPro ND 2016 29 3 59 1 4 3 7 3 4 Shelly MN 2016 27 5 61 2 6 5 3 7 5 Surpass SD 2016 28 5 58 1 4 6 8 4 5 SY 611CL2 Syngenta/AgriPro 2019 27 5 59 NA NA NA NA 6 5 SY Ingmar Syngenta/AgriPro 2014 28 3 60 1 3 6 6 5 5 SY Syngenta/AgriPro 2019 28 5 60 NA 7 NA NA 6 7 Longmire⁶ SY Syngenta/AgriPro 2019 28 4 58 NA 5 NA NA 6 5 McCloud SY Syngenta/AgriPro 2017 30 3 61 NA NA NA NA 8 6 Rockford »
Page 79 Table 1. continued
Reaction to Disease⁴ Bact. Agent or Year Height Straw Days to Stem Leaf Stripe Tan Head Variety Leaf Origin¹ Released (inches) Strength² Head³ Rust⁵ Rust Rust Spot Scab Streak SY Soren Syngenta/AgriPro 2011 27 3 60 1 2 7 2 7 7 SY Valda Syngenta/AgriPro 2015 27 4 60 1 2 7 6 6 5 TCG- 21st Century 2017 29 2 64 1 6 3 8 5 5 Climax Genetics TCG- 21st Century 2019 27 5 58 NA 2 NA NA 7 6 Heartland Genetics TCG- 21st Century 2015 29 4 62 1 5 4 8 4 6 Spitfire Genetics TCG- 21st Century 2019 28 4 59 NA 8 NA NA 9 7 Stalwart⁶ Genetics
¹ Refers to agent or developer: MN = University of Minnesota; MT = Montana State University; ND = North Dakota State University; SD = South Dakota State University. Bold varieties are those recently released, so data is limited and rating values may change. ² Straw Strength = 1 to 9 scale, with 1 the strongest and 9 the weakest. These values are based on recent data and may change as more data become available. ³ Days to Head = the number of days from planting to head emergence from the boot, averaged based on data from several locations in 2019. ⁴ Disease reaction scores from 1-9, with 1 = resistant and 9 = very susceptible, NA = not available. ⁵ Fargo stem rust nursery inoculated with Puccinia graminis f. sp. Tritici races TPMK, TMLK, RTQQ, QFCQ and QTHJ. ⁶ Solid stemmed or semisolid stem, imparting resistance to sawfly.
Table 2. Yield of hard red spring wheat varieties grown at four locations in eastern North Dakota, 2017-2019. Carrington Casselton Langdon Steele Co. Avg. eastern N.D. Variety 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 2 Yr. 2019 2-3 Yr. ------(bu/a)------Ambush 45.7 59.3 61.7 69.6 76.4 78.6 56.0 68.6 59.9 69.0 Barlow 45.4 56.3 59.8 69.5 75.5 78.3 51.4 63.2 58.0 66.8 Bolles 54.0 57.5 56.5 72.7 72.5 76.1 57.7 66.6 60.2 68.2 Boost 47.6 58.2 62.6 72.6 74.8 80.5 67.5 75.3 63.1 71.6 Commander 50.8 -- 70.4 -- 79.8 -- 60.5 -- 65.4 -- CP3504 55.1 63.7 66.1 77.7 82.4 83.6 63.6 74.4 66.8 74.9 CP3530 52.9 61.0 70.4 77.0 78.3 85.4 57.9 73.9 64.9 74.3 CP3616 50.3 59.1 68.6 76.2 76.8 77.9 47.7 62.3 60.9 68.9 CP3888 48.7 -- 72.1 -- 81.5 -- 52.7 66.5 63.8 -- CP3910 44.2 -- 59.0 -- 75.9 -- 50.7 -- 57.5 -- CP3915 42.9 -- 65.5 -- 77.5 -- 63.9 -- 62.4 -- CP3939 44.2 -- 71.1 -- 76.0 -- 49.5 -- 60.2 -- Elgin-ND 49.6 56.6 69.7 73.8 80.7 83.6 51.5 64.4 62.9 69.6 Faller 51.4 61.9 68.1 77.7 83.7 87.8 60.6 74.6 66.0 75.5 Glenn 43.8 53.3 56.1 66.4 74.7 73.9 51.9 61.2 56.6 63.7 »
Page 80 Table 2. continued Carrington Casselton Langdon Steele Co. Avg. eastern N.D. Variety 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 2 Yr. 2019 2-3 Yr. ------(bu/a)------Lang-MN 46.9 58.9 67.2 72.8 77.0 77.9 56.0 66.4 61.8 69.0 LCS Breakaway 41.6 55.3 56.0 69.5 76.0 78.9 49.9 65.7 55.9 67.4 LCS Cannon 37.7 -- 66.9 -- 80.9 -- 48.5 66.8 58.5 -- LCS Rebel 42.0 56.9 64.9 74.8 81.3 86.0 58.9 72.3 61.8 72.5 LCS Trigger 50.0 63.8 72.5 86.9 87.2 98.4 71.9 82.6 70.4 82.9 Linkert 50.1 56.9 62.6 69.8 69.3 69.4 51.1 62.4 58.3 64.6 MN Washburn 40.2 -- 65.9 -- 75.8 -- 57.2 -- 59.8 -- Mott 44.2 -- 64.3 -- 79.9 ------47.1 -- MS Barracuda 40.4 -- 64.8 -- 83.4 -- 41.0 62.6 57.4 -- MS Camaro 43.3 52.7 63.5 68.6 82.2 75.2 40.2 57.5 57.3 63.5 MS Chevelle 51.3 63.0 67.2 76.4 84.9 88.5 51.0 67.1 63.6 73.7 ND VitPro 50.1 54.0 60.9 68.8 72.9 74.3 52.4 62.1 59.1 64.8 Shelly 41.1 60.5 70.6 78.9 82.1 83.9 49.5 67.3 60.8 72.6 Surpass 42.5 -- 76.8 80.8 78.5 83.3 50.0 66.2 62.0 57.6 SY 611CL2 49.9 -- 68.3 -- 83.3 -- 56.8 -- 64.6 -- SY Ingmar 46.2 59.2 68.4 75.7 81.0 82.0 54.1 66.2 62.4 70.8 SY Longmire 47.8 -- 67.7 -- 78.7 -- 55.4 -- 62.4 -- SY McCloud 41.9 -- 66.5 -- 78.2 -- 56.2 -- 60.7 -- SY Rockford 53.7 -- 65.7 -- 81.0 -- 25.3 51.7 56.4 -- SY Soren 50.4 58.6 64.8 72.4 77.9 77.9 47.9 61.3 60.2 67.6 SY Valda 54.0 64.3 69.1 78.5 80.2 88.4 61.6 75.4 66.2 76.6 TCG-Climax 43.5 57.8 58.6 67.3 69.2 74.5 54.0 67.9 56.3 66.9 TCG-Heartland 47.7 -- 59.5 -- 74.8 -- 56.1 -- 59.5 -- TCG-Spitfire 50.4 62.4 72.0 77.0 78.6 82.1 63.9 76.6 66.2 74.5 TCG-Stalwart 38.2 -- 52.2 -- 71.3 -- 30.5 -- 48.0 -- Mean 46.8 58.8 65.4 74.1 78.3 81.1 53.4 67.2 60.6 69.9 CV% 10.4 -- 8.3 -- 4.7 -- 12.2 -- 8.5 4.0 LSD 0.05 6.9 -- 7.3 -- 5.2 -- 7.5 -- 7.4 4.0 LSD 0.10 5.8 -- 5.7 -- 4.4 -- 6.3 -- 6.2 3.3
Page 81 Table 3. Yield of hard red spring wheat varieties grown at five locations in western North Dakota, 2017-2019. Avg. western Dickinson Hettinger Mandan Minot Williston N.D. Variety 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. ------(bu/a)------Ambush 46.5 47.4 61.6 45.8 36.2 -- 44.6 60.1 67.2 -- 51.2 -- Barlow 45.2 47.8 66.3 48.8 34.4 32.2 46.2 58.9 59.6 46.7 50.3 46.9 Bolles 38.4 45.9 65.1 41.3 35.6 30.6 45.6 58.7 61.5 43.5 49.2 44.0 Boost 47.7 46.6 67.5 42.1 34.8 33.8 50.9 62.1 63.6 43.8 52.9 45.7 Commander 47.2 -- 69.0 -- 35.0 ------67.5 -- 43.7 -- CP3504 53.9 53.0 70.0 46.9 43.7 -- 49.7 62.2 69.4 -- 57.3 -- CP3530 52.0 49.4 66.9 46.8 38.8 35.1 47.0 63.5 60.8 -- 53.1 -- CP3616 50.6 50.8 62.8 46.1 36.8 -- 45.3 58.3 64.5 -- 52.0 -- CP3888 47.1 -- 70.6 -- 40.0 -- 43.6 -- 59.6 -- 52.2 -- CP3910 51.0 -- 68.4 -- 33.6 -- 8.5 -- 67.5 -- 45.8 -- CP3915 51.5 -- 65.8 -- 36.2 -- 50.3 -- 64.0 -- 53.6 -- CP3939 51.8 -- 65.0 -- 34.0 -- 44.9 -- 58.6 -- 50.9 -- Elgin-ND 47.3 47.9 68.2 50.1 38.7 35.0 50.6 61.4 71.2 53.1 55.2 49.5 Faller 51.2 52.6 71.8 50.5 42.1 -- 58.0 69.9 64.5 47.8 57.5 -- Glenn 44.8 47.7 57.6 42.9 34.8 34.0 39.2 57.3 59.8 47.9 47.2 46.0 Lang-MN 51.2 49.4 68.7 47.8 40.0 37.5 50.6 58.4 62.8 43.3 54.7 47.3 Lanning 49.2 -- 64.5 -- 36.7 -- 47.9 -- 62.2 -- 52.1 -- LCS Breakaway 41.0 41.1 67.5 44.1 34.1 -- 42.5 51.3 61.9 46.8 49.4 -- LCS Cannon 47.3 -- 63.5 -- 37.1 -- 43.1 -- 60.8 -- 50.4 -- LCS Rebel 48.9 47.5 63.7 46.8 36.8 -- 48.3 56.5 68.3 48.4 53.2 -- LCS Trigger 47.1 52.4 70.0 54.9 41.7 38.0 54.9 67.1 68.1 50.1 56.4 52.5 Linkert 47.1 46.3 57.0 40.4 35.5 -- 42.4 55.4 55.9 45.8 47.6 -- MN Washburn 48.6 -- 64.7 -- 35.4 -- 47.3 -- 58.3 -- 50.9 -- Mott 42.7 44.2 62.8 43.6 40.0 34.4 49.2 56.0 63.5 -- 51.6 35.6 MS Barracuda 36.8 -- 66.9 -- 34.7 -- 51.8 -- 61.4 -- 50.3 -- MS Camaro 48.2 45.2 63.7 39.7 31.9 -- 44.9 59.0 62.3 48.2 50.2 -- MS Chevelle 54.8 52.5 71.8 50.6 36.3 36.2 49.0 59.8 71.7 50.0 56.7 49.8 ND VitPro -- -- 61.5 43.8 36.9 33.4 39.1 50.5 60.5 48.4 48.4 44.3 Shelly 48.1 52.6 68.3 50.1 37.2 34.7 42.4 62.4 68.1 51.4 52.8 50.3 Surpass 45.8 48.8 67.4 44.4 41.9 36.9 39.0 52.7 69.9 50.8 52.8 46.7 SY 611CL2 49.8 -- 68.7 46.8 40.7 -- 47.1 -- 69.3 -- 55.1 -- SY Ingmar 46.8 48.5 73.8 -- 33.0 36.3 37.0 55.7 67.2 45.6 51.6 37.2 SY Longmire 49.8 -- 62.7 43.9 32.6 -- 47.0 -- 60.0 -- 50.4 -- SY McCloud 46.2 -- 69.0 -- 32.5 -- 41.0 -- 65.7 -- 50.9 -- SY Rockford 54.0 52.5 62.8 -- 38.2 -- 50.9 67.8 67.6 52.1 54.7 -- SY Soren 48.6 47.6 70.9 49.7 30.4 32.2 48.6 61.3 69.8 49.8 53.7 48.1 SY Valda 47.0 49.5 67.9 45.3 41.5 35.5 44.6 59.0 61.1 47.8 52.4 47.4 TCG-Climax 39.6 45.3 57.0 43.1 36.2 -- 45.5 59.6 57.7 45.3 47.2 -- TCG-Heartland 43.9 -- 65.5 -- 30.9 -- 49.5 -- 61.3 61.3 50.2 -- TCG-Spitfire 52.6 51.3 69.4 48.6 38.5 37.0 49.8 66.5 68.9 53.3 55.8 51.3 TCG-Stalwart 48.2 -- 59.8 -- 26.6 -- 48.2 -- 66.0 66.0 49.8 -- Mean 47.6 48.6 66.0 46.1 36.1 34.5 47.0 59.7 64.3 49.5 51.7 46.4 CV % 8.1 -- 7.1 -- 7.6 -- 13.7 -- 7.0 -- 8.5 5.1 LSD 0.05 5.4 -- 6.6 -- 3.8 -- 10.4 -- 7.3 -- 5.5 3.1 PageLSD 0.1082 4.5 -- 5.5 -- 3.2 -- 8.7 -- 6.1 -- 4.6 2.6 Table 4. Protein at 12 percent moisture of hard red spring wheat varieties grown at nine locations in North Dakota, 2019. Steele State Variety Carrington Casselton Langdon Dickinson Hettinger Mandan Minot Williston Co. Avg. ------(%)------Ambush 15.4 15.8 14.9 15.6 17.5 15.4 12.4 16.3 14.9 15.3 Barlow 15.5 15.9 14.4 15.0 16.6 15.1 12.5 16.1 14.6 15.1 Bolles 17.4 17.5 15.3 16.0 18.7 15.8 12.8 17.9 16.7 16.5 Boost 15.4 14.8 14.2 14.6 16.4 14.6 12.3 15.9 15.0 14.8 Commander 14.7 15.2 13.7 14.7 16.6 14.7 12.9 15.3 15.2 14.8 CP3504 14.7 14.4 13.0 14.7 15.9 13.3 11.3 15.4 13.7 14.0 CP3530 15.0 15.1 14.2 15.9 15.7 14.5 12.3 15.6 14.5 14.8 CP3616 16.5 15.9 14.9 16.6 17.0 15.0 13.3 16.9 16.9 15.9 CP3888 15.5 15.5 14.0 15.4 16.4 14.5 12.3 16.6 15.5 15.1 CP3910 15.9 16.2 13.7 16.1 16.3 14.6 12.7 16.0 15.1 15.2 CP3915 14.5 15.3 14.3 15.1 17.0 15.2 12.2 15.1 15.9 15.0 CP3939 16.0 16.0 14.9 15.9 16.8 15.6 13.0 16.3 14.8 15.5 Elgin-ND 15.6 14.7 13.9 14.9 16.1 15.2 12.4 15.7 14.8 14.8 Faller 14.5 14.5 13.7 14.9 15.6 14.3 11.5 14.2 14.6 14.2 Glenn 15.8 15.6 15.0 15.6 16.9 15.4 12.3 16.1 14.5 15.2 Lang-MN 15.0 15.9 15.0 15.7 16.7 14.6 13.1 15.7 15.5 15.2 Lanning ------17.5 16.0 13.0 16.6 15.5 -- LCS Breakaway 15.5 15.3 14.4 15.7 16.8 15.7 12.6 16.8 15.5 15.4 LCS Cannon 14.8 14.9 13.8 14.9 16.5 15.1 11.7 16.2 15.0 14.8 LCS Rebel 15.4 16.3 14.4 15.2 16.8 15.2 13.1 15.5 14.7 15.2 LCS Trigger 13.0 12.8 11.9 12.4 14.3 12.5 10.5 13.0 12.4 12.5 Linkert 16.4 15.4 15.1 16.1 17.1 16.7 13.8 17.6 15.8 16.0 MN Washburn 14.3 14.3 14.3 15.7 16.1 14.5 12.5 15.2 14.6 14.6 Mott 16.2 15.3 14.5 -- 17.0 15.1 12.4 15.6 16.1 15.3 MS Barracuda 15.8 16.0 14.3 16.0 17.1 15.2 12.0 15.8 14.2 15.2 MS Camaro 15.3 15.5 14.4 15.7 17.0 15.1 13.5 16.1 16.5 15.4 MS Chevelle 14.0 14.6 12.6 14.7 15.7 13.7 11.6 14.4 13.7 13.9 ND VitPro 15.7 15.7 14.8 15.6 -- 16.0 13.0 16.7 15.7 15.6 Shelly 14.2 14.8 13.5 14.9 16.0 14.3 11.9 15.8 13.8 14.4 Surpass 15.0 14.9 14.0 15.0 16.7 14.4 11.2 15.8 15.2 14.7 SY 611CL2 15.5 15.4 13.6 14.8 16.8 13.9 11.7 16.1 15.5 14.8 SY Ingmar 15.4 15.4 14.2 15.7 17.1 15.4 13.3 17.2 14.5 15.4 SY Longmire 15.7 14.9 14.0 14.6 16.7 14.4 12.8 16.4 15.6 15.0 SY McCloud 15.6 15.3 14.7 15.2 17.3 15.7 13.2 17.0 16.8 15.6 SY Rockford 15.2 15.4 13.9 16.4 16.2 14.2 12.3 15.8 14.7 14.9 SY Soren 16.1 15.7 14.4 15.8 17.7 15.3 13.0 16.1 16.2 15.6 SY Valda 14.7 15.1 13.0 14.4 16.0 13.9 11.8 15.0 14.3 14.2 TCG-Climax 16.6 16.5 15.9 5.8 17.6 15.6 13.1 16.6 17.0 15.0 TCG-Heartland 15.7 16.1 14.7 15.5 16.7 15.6 13.1 16.6 16.0 15.6 TCG-Spitfire 14.4 14.1 13.6 14.4 15.8 14.1 11.8 15.1 14.4 14.2 TCG-Stalwart 16.4 16.9 14.9 17.1 17.2 15.4 14.0 16.2 16.7 16.1 Mean 15.3 15.3 14.2 15.3 16.7 14.9 12.5 16.0 15.2 15.0 CV% 2.2 2.5 2.4 3.6 1.9 3.6 4.0 3.9 5.7 4.7 LSD 0.05 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.4 0.7 LSD 0.10 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.2 0.6 Page 83 Table 5. Test weight of hard red spring wheat varieties grown at nine locations in North Dakota, 2019.
Steele State Variety Carrington Casselton Langdon Dickinson Hettinger Mandan Minot Williston Co. Avg. ------(lb/bu)------Ambush 60.8 56.7 61.5 58.3 61.3 58.2 57.3 63.6 62.8 60.1 Barlow 60.3 56.7 62.3 55.3 61.1 58.8 57.0 63.9 62.6 59.8 Bolles 59.4 55.6 60.3 57.8 59.6 56.7 56.3 61.1 61.4 58.7 Boost 58.9 58.6 60.1 58.2 59.4 57.4 56.9 62.0 60.9 59.2 Commander 59.6 56.8 61.2 59.0 60.6 58.0 55.7 63.0 62.2 59.6 CP3504 58.5 56.5 59.5 56.4 59.3 56.3 56.4 61.3 60.6 58.3 CP3530 58.8 57.8 60.1 58.1 59.6 56.9 56.7 61.3 61.4 59.0 CP3616 59.6 55.4 60.3 55.4 59.6 56.7 55.4 61.3 61.6 58.4 CP3888 58.2 55.6 60.1 56.5 59.4 56.8 55.9 61.4 61.2 58.3 CP3910 58.8 53.4 60.9 56.0 61.5 59.0 55.9 63.6 62.5 59.1 CP3915 58.3 58.4 61.7 59.0 61.5 58.1 55.4 63.2 62.6 59.8 CP3939 59.9 55.3 61.5 56.8 60.6 56.7 54.8 61.5 62.7 58.9 Elgin-ND 59.0 56.6 60.7 56.5 59.5 56.9 56.4 62.2 61.7 58.8 Faller 60.1 56.5 60.4 58.2 59.4 56.9 56.1 61.0 60.7 58.8 Glenn 62.5 59.4 63.2 59.7 62.1 57.3 56.3 63.5 64.7 61.0 Lang-MN 60.8 57.4 61.4 59.1 60.9 58.1 56.8 62.7 61.8 59.9 Lanning ------60.2 56.7 54.1 61.7 61.7 -- LCS Breakaway 60.7 57.4 62.1 58.0 61.6 58.6 56.5 63.4 63.1 60.2 LCS Cannon 60.0 57.7 61.8 54.0 61.6 59.2 56.8 63.7 62.6 59.7 LCS Rebel 60.4 58.1 61.7 58.3 61.0 58.0 56.5 63.2 63.0 60.0 LCS Trigger 58.7 57.3 60.5 59.4 59.6 57.9 57.5 62.4 62.1 59.5 Linkert 59.7 56.4 60.5 54.2 60.0 58.3 56.5 61.7 62.0 58.8 MN Washburn 57.7 58.6 60.7 57.5 59.4 57.2 54.5 62.1 61.7 58.8 Mott 59.5 57.1 60.7 -- 60.3 57.2 56.8 61.3 61.9 59.1 MS Barracuda 59.5 54.7 61.3 54.7 60.1 57.7 55.8 62.2 61.9 58.7 MS Camaro 59.7 56.2 61.2 54.6 60.3 58.4 55.9 61.9 62.5 59.0 MS Chevelle 59.2 54.5 61.0 56.5 60.3 57.6 55.7 62.2 61.8 58.8 ND VitPro 61.2 59.0 63.0 59.1 -- 57.3 54.4 62.8 64.0 60.2 Shelly 59.0 56.7 61.1 55.8 60.0 57.0 55.4 61.7 61.9 58.7 Surpass 58.9 56.6 60.5 58.3 60.0 57.0 56.4 61.2 61.1 58.9 SY 611CL2 60.4 56.8 62.3 57.6 61.0 59.0 57.4 64.2 63.3 60.2 SY Ingmar 59.9 57.8 61.5 59.0 61.4 58.8 56.2 63.4 62.6 60.1 SY Longmire 59.9 55.8 61.5 58.9 60.9 58.2 54.4 62.7 63.0 59.5 SY McCloud 61.1 58.0 61.8 58.4 61.1 58.2 56.8 63.1 63.2 60.2 SY Rockford 57.4 53.3 59.3 -- 59.1 57.3 55.3 60.5 61.3 57.7 SY Soren 60.1 55.6 61.5 54.9 61.1 58.6 55.5 62.8 62.5 59.2 SY Valda 59.6 57.4 60.6 58.3 60.6 57.4 57.1 63.3 61.3 59.5 TCG-Climax 61.0 60.0 61.8 58.5 60.4 58.5 59.2 62.9 63.1 60.6 TCG-Heartland 60.8 57.4 61.9 59.5 60.9 58.1 54.9 63.5 63.5 60.1 TCG-Spitfire 57.9 56.8 60.2 57.2 59.5 56.5 55.1 62.7 61.8 58.6 TCG-Stalwart 55.7 51.7 59.5 50.6 59.1 56.0 51.1 60.8 60.8 56.1 Mean 59.6 56.9 61.2 57.3 60.5 57.7 56.2 62.4 62.1 59.3 CV% 1.4 1.5 0.8 2.9 0.6 1.2 1.7 0.6 0.5 1.5 LSD 0.05 1.1 1.1 0.7 1.9 0.5 1.0 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.9 LSD 0.10 0.9 0.9 0.6 1.6 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.7 Page 84 Table 6. Quality data from 2018 eastern locations.
Test Vitreous 1,000 Falling Wheat Flour Farinograph Farinograph Loaf Variety Weight¹ Kernels² KWT³ Number⁴ Protein⁵ Extraction⁶ Absorption⁷ Stability⁸ Volume⁹ (lb/bu) (%) (gram) (seconds) (%) (%) (%) (minutes) (cubic cm) Ambush 64.5 97 38.2 414 14.9 67.2 64.4 10.3 1,069 Barlow 64.3 96 35.3 370 14.8 69.7 68.3 8.5 999 Bolles 62.8 97 36.8 419 16.1 65.6 67.4 20.1 1,101 Boost 62.4 97 36.1 424 15.0 66.9 67.3 7.0 1,001 CP3504 63.2 98 37.2 437 14.5 68.9 66.4 7.1 1,006 CP3530 63.3 98 37.5 417 14.4 67.0 66.4 6.9 1,014 CP3616 63.1 98 36.5 412 15.6 68.1 67.0 8.9 996 CP3888 63.3 96 35.4 414 14.6 69.1 65.6 7.4 1,011 Elgin-ND 62.8 95 34.7 414 14.9 67.4 67.5 9.0 1,019 Faller 63.3 97 38.6 410 14.4 68.9 64.8 9.8 1,014 Glenn 64.5 98 34.3 371 15.3 66.4 65.9 10.5 1,051 Lang-MN 64.4 98 32.5 416 14.5 69.1 65.9 8.9 964 LCS Breakaway 65.0 92 37.8 421 14.9 66.7 67.0 7.0 978 LCS Cannon 65.1 95 36.1 403 14.8 70.5 65.4 8.1 1,021 LCS Rebel 64.8 98 39.0 407 15.0 70.1 67.2 7.8 1,053 LCS Trigger 63.7 97 33.7 441 12.7 69.4 66.9 6.4 803 Linkert 63.3 87 37.4 458 15.1 65.5 65.2 14.2 1,033 MN Washburn 62.6 96 34.0 384 14.6 70.9 62.2 10.8 1,008 MS Barracuda 64.1 93 39.4 412 14.9 68.9 66.7 8.1 1,013 MS Camaro 63.8 95 33.0 401 15.6 67.1 66.7 6.6 1,004 MS Chevelle 64.0 96 35.8 380 13.9 68.8 65.4 8.7 1,038 ND VitPro 64.8 98 36.3 412 15.4 69.5 66.4 7.6 1,041 Shelly 63.7 98 34.4 428 13.7 70.2 62.4 10.1 935 Surpass 63.3 81 32.7 371 14.4 68.7 62.9 7.3 1,025 SY Ingmar 63.4 97 34.6 408 15.1 69.7 63.9 7.9 1,050 SY Soren 63.7 97 32.5 422 14.8 68.8 65.1 6.6 1,024 SY Valda 63.9 98 35.6 382 13.9 68.9 64.5 5.4 934 TCG-Climax 65.2 98 32.0 260 15.1 67.9 64.7 9.7 963 TCG-Spitfire 63.5 95 39.5 393 13.5 65.6 65.9 8.3 961
¹ Test weight - Expressed in pounds (lbs) per bushel. A high test weight is desirable. A 58 lb test weight is required for a grade of U.S. No. 1. ² Vitreous kernels - Expressed as a percentage of seeds having a vitreous colored endosperm. A high percentage is desirable. US No. 1 DNS requires greater than 75 percent vitreous kernels. ³ 1,000 KWT- estimate of weight of 1,000 seeds based on a clean 10g sample. Expressed in grams and used to approximate seed size. ⁴ Falling Number- Expressed in seconds at a 14 percent moisture basis. It is used as an indicator of sprouting based on elevated enzyme activity. A high falling number is desirable, preferably greater than 400 seconds. ⁵ Wheat Protein- measured by NIR at a 12 percent moisture basis. A high protein is desirable for baking quality. ⁶ Flour Extraction- Percentage of milled flour recovered from cleaned and tempered wheat.A high flour extraction percentage is desirable. ⁷ Farinograph Absorption- measured by NIR at a 14 percent moisture basis. A measure of dough water absorption, expressed as percent. A high absorption is desirable. ⁸ Farinograph Stability- A measure of dough strength. It is expressed in minutes above the 500 Brabender unit line during mixing. A high stability is desirable. ⁹ Loaf volume- The volume of the pup loaf of bread, expressed in cubic centimeters. A high volume is desirable.
Page 85 Table 7. Quality data from 2018 western locations. Test Vitreous 1,000 Falling Wheat Flour Farinograph Farinograph Loaf Variety Weight¹ Kernels² KWT³ Number⁴ Protein⁵ Extraction⁶ Absorption⁷ Stability⁸ Volume⁹ (lb/bu) (%) (gram) (seconds) (%) (%) (%) (minutes) (cubic cm) Ambush 64.2 97 36.8 398 14.8 68.1 64.1 10.0 1,005 Barlow 64.3 98 33.8 414 14.8 71.2 67.9 9.0 1,025 Bolles 63.0 97 36.5 431 16.6 68.0 67.5 17.3 1,095 Boost 62.5 97 36.4 414 15.0 68.7 67.1 7.7 1,021 CP3504 62.6 96 35.4 454 13.9 70.0 64.9 7.1 948 CP3530 62.0 95 34.5 445 14.3 68.2 65.4 8.2 996 CP3616 63.4 97 37.4 404 15.4 68.0 67.2 9.2 1,053 CP3888 63.0 94 36.2 450 14.8 68.9 65.6 8.4 1,016 Elgin-ND 62.9 97 33.3 377 14.7 69.1 67.5 6.6 1,013 Faller 64.0 99 38.7 397 14.2 71.2 66.8 6.6 1,021 Glenn 65.7 99 33.7 382 15.3 68.6 66.4 11.2 1,029 Lang-MN 64.4 98 33.6 386 15.2 68.4 66.5 7.5 968 Lanning 62.7 93 37.5 404 15.0 67.4 65.5 6.7 1,059 LCS Breakaway 64.5 96 37.0 414 15.6 69.3 66.0 7.1 966 LCS Cannon 64.7 94 33.0 373 14.2 70.2 65.0 9.9 953 LCS Rebel 64.5 98 36.7 405 14.7 70.7 66.0 10.5 1,006 LCS Trigger 62.1 99 31.2 454 13.0 69.6 65.8 7.5 816 Linkert 63.4 97 39.5 452 15.8 68.2 66.3 14.6 1,084 MN Washburn 63.1 98 32.8 405 14.3 71.6 62.2 11.8 953 MS Barracuda 63.4 97 38.1 451 15.6 69.4 66.2 8.5 1,026 MS Camaro 63.9 96 34.8 383 15.2 66.4 66.1 6.4 963 MS Chevelle 63.4 97 33.2 371 13.7 69.1 65.1 11.8 1,000 ND VitPro 65.1 99 35.8 409 15.0 69.0 66.1 7.9 990 Shelly 64.0 98 36.0 444 13.4 69.6 61.9 12.6 894 Surpass 62.8 98 31.3 381 14.9 68.0 62.1 8.5 1,008 SY Ingmar 64.1 97 33.5 414 14.1 71.5 63.8 10.0 989 SY Rockford 61.9 97 35.8 409 14.3 68.8 66.4 8.4 1,011 SY Soren 64.1 97 33.0 422 15.3 68.4 65.5 9.2 1,084 SY Valda 63.2 99 35.5 398 13.8 68.0 64.5 6.9 976 TCG-Climax 63.6 97 32.4 267 16.5 68.3 65.8 8.2 1,028 TCG-Spitfire 62.4 95 38.6 419 14.1 66.7 67.5 8.4 1,035
¹ Test weight - Expressed in pounds (lbs) per bushel. A high test weight is desirable. A 58 lb test weight is required for a grade of U.S. No. 1. ² Vitreous kernels - Expressed as a percentage of seeds having a vitreous colored endosperm. A high percentage is desirable. US No. 1 DNS requires greater than 75 percent vitreous kernels. ³ 1,000 KWT- estimate of weight of 1,000 seeds based on a clean 10g sample. Expressed in grams and used to approximate seed size. ⁴ Falling Number- Expressed in seconds at a 14 percent moisture basis. It is used as an indicator of sprouting based on elevated enzyme activity. A high falling number is desirable, preferably greater than 400 seconds. ⁵ Wheat Protein- measured by NIR at a 12 percent moisture basis. A high protein is desirable for baking quality. ⁶ Flour Extraction- Percentage of milled flour recovered from cleaned and tempered wheat.A high flour extraction percentage is desirable. ⁷ Farinograph Absorption- measured by NIR at a 14 percent moisture basis. A measure of dough water absorption, expressed as percent. A high absorption is desirable. ⁸ Farinograph Stability- A measure of dough strength. It is expressed in minutes above the 500 Brabender unit line during mixing. A high stability is desirable. ⁹ Loaf volume- The volume of the pup loaf of bread, expressed in cubic centimeters. A high volume is desirable.
Page 86 North Dakota Barley, Oat and Rye Variety Trial Results for 2019 and Selection Guide Joel Ransom, Rich Horsley, Mike McMullen, Paul Schwarz The agronomic data presented in this publication are from and Andrew Friskop (NDSU Main Station); Blaine Schatz, replicated research plots using experimental designs that Steve Zwinger and Mike Ostlie (Carrington Research enable the use of statistical analysis. The LSD (least Extension Center); Glenn Martin (Dickinson Research significant difference) numbers beneath the columns in Extension Center); John Rickertsen (Hettinger Research tables are derived from these statistical analyses and Extension Center); Eric Eriksmoen (North Central Research apply only to the numbers in the column in which they Extension Center, Minot); Bryan Hanson (Langdon appear. Differences between two varieties exceeding the Research Extension Center); and Gautam Pradhan LSD value means that with 95 or 90 percent confidence (Williston Research Extension Center) (LSD probability 0.05 or 0.10), the higher-yielding variety has a significant yield advantage. Barley, oat and rye varieties currently grown in North Dakota are described in the following tables. Successful The abbreviation NS is used to indicate that no statistical production of these crops depends on numerous factors, difference occurs between varieties. The CV is a measure including selecting the right variety for a particular area. of variability in the trial. The CV stands for coefficient of Characteristics to evaluate in selecting a variety are: yield variation and is expressed as a percentage. Large CVs potential in your area, test weight, straw strength, plant mean a large amount of variation could not be attributed to height, reaction to problematic diseases and maturity. differences in the varieties.
Selecting varieties with good quality also is important to Presentation of data for the entries tested does not imply maintain market recognition. Because malting barley approval or endorsement by the authors or agencies usually is purchased on an identity-preserved basis, conducting the test. North Dakota State University producers are encouraged to determine which barley approves the reproduction of any table in this publication varieties are being purchased by potential barley buyers only if no portion is deleted, if appropriate footnotes are before selecting a variety. When selecting a high-yielding given and if the order of the data is not rearranged. and good-quality variety, use data that summarize several years and locations. Additional data from county sites are available at www.ag.ndsu.edu/varietytrials/ and from each North Dakota State University Barley, Oat Research Extension Center. and Rye Tables #1 - 10 can be found on pages 87-95.
Table 1. 2019 North Dakota barley variety descriptions. Rachilla Reaction to Disease⁶ Days Year Awn Hair Aleurone Height Straw Stem Spot-form Spot Net to Variety Use¹ Origin² Released Type ³ Length⁴ Color (inch) Head Strength⁵ Rust Net Blotch Blotch Blotch Six-rowed Lacey M/F MN 2000 S S White 30 58 4 8 4 3 7 Tradition M/F BARI 2003 S L White 30 58 3 8 6 3 7 Two-rowed AAC M/F Canterra 2017 R L White 27 62 3 4 5 4 5 Connect AAC M/F Syngenta 2015 R L White 27 63 5 4 3 4 4 Synergy ABI Balster M/F BARI 2015 R L White 27 64 6 NA 4 8 NA Conlon⁷ M/F ND 1996 S L White 27 57 7 8 4 6 3 Explorer M Secobra NA R L White 25 61 4 NA NA 8 4 ND Genesis M/F ND 2015 S L White 29 61 5 8 4 4 6 Pinnacle M/F ND 2006 S L White 29 60 6 8 8 4 6 ¹M = malting; F = feed. ²BARI = Busch Agricultural Resources Inc.; MN = University of Minnesota; ND = North Dakota State University. ³R = rough; S = smooth. ⁴S = short; L = long. ⁵Straw Strength scores from 1-9, with 1 = strongest and 9 = weakest. ⁶Disease reaction scores from 1-9, with 1 = resistant and 9 = very susceptible, NA – not available. ⁷Lower DON accumulations than other varieties tested.
Page 87 Table 2. Yield and test weight of barley varieties at three locations in eastern North Dakota, 2017-2019. Fargo Carrington Langdon Avg. eastern N.D. Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Variety Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) Six-rowed Lacey 49.9 66.4 92.0 43.4 76.5 95.0 48.9 124.3 130.5 47.4 89.1 105.8 Tradition 49.4 81.0 105.7 42.1 82.3 96.2 48.3 121.0 124.9 46.6 94.8 108.9 Two-rowed AAC 49.1 74.4 -- 43.4 64.6 -- 49.7 120.1 -- 47.4 86.4 -- Connect AAC 50.2 74.6 102.8 43.1 60.0 96.9 50.1 122.5 133.4 47.8 85.7 111.0 Synergy ABI Balster 51.8 64.2 95.5 41.5 55.5 90.2 49.5 123.9 127.9 47.6 81.2 104.5 Conlon 51.9 63.5 86.4 44.3 50.2 80.0 51.0 109.8 99.5 49.1 74.5 88.6 Explorer 48.8 53.6 88.0 39.5 48.9 85.5 49.1 122.7 126.1 45.8 75.1 99.9 ND Genesis 50.8 79.6 104.1 41.4 50.9 81.3 48.7 123.2 130.6 47.0 84.6 105.3 Pinnacle 49.0 65.5 90.2 39.4 49.6 78.2 50.6 127.3 130.0 46.3 80.8 99.5 Mean 49.7 71.5 96.0 42.3 61.5 87.9 49.4 122.9 125.4 47.1 85.3 103.1 CV % -- 10.5 -- 2.1 14.0 -- 0.7 3.4 -- 1.9 7.8 5.2 LSD 0.05 -- 11.8 -- 1.3 12.2 -- 0.5 5.9 -- 1.3 9.6 7.9 LSD 0.10 -- 9.9 -- 1.1 10.2 -- 0.4 4.9 -- 0.8 5.9 4.9
Table 3. Plump and protein of barley varieties at three locations in eastern North Dakota, 2019.
Fargo Carrington Langdon Avg. eastern N.D. Variety Plump Protein Plump Protein Plump Protein Plump Protein (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Six-rowed Lacey 86.9 13.7 83.4 12.1 95.0 12.7 88.4 12.8 Tradition 81.2 13.5 79.2 10.9 92.0 12.8 84.1 12.4 Two-rowed AAC Connect 78.8 11.8 80.4 10.8 97.0 13.1 85.4 11.9 AAC Synergy 89.2 11.9 90.9 10.1 97.0 12.4 92.4 11.5 ABI Balster 88.8 12.3 81.0 11.5 94.0 12.2 87.9 12.0 Conlon 95.1 13.5 83.3 11.0 98.0 13.0 92.1 12.5 Explorer 86.3 11.6 75.4 11.0 96.0 12.4 85.9 11.7 ND Genesis 94.0 10.9 78.3 11.1 97.0 11.3 89.8 11.1 Pinnacle 87.3 11.6 72.4 10.7 99.0 12.1 86.2 11.5 Mean 88.9 12.1 83.1 10.7 96.5 12.1 89.5 11.6 CV % -- -- 6.1 7.0 1.3 3.5 3.8 4.0 LSD 0.05 -- -- 7.1 1.0 1.8 0.6 5.0 0.7 LSD 0.10 -- -- 6.0 0.9 1.5 0.5 3.1 0.4
Page 88 Table 4. Yield and test weight of barley varieties at four locations in western North Dakota, 2017-2019.
Dickinson Hettinger Minot Williston Avg. western N.D. Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Variety Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) Six-rowed Lacey 49.4 70.3 80.7 47.6 101.7 74.0 48.7 96.8 86.3 52.9 85.6 62.8 49.7 88.6 76.0 Tradition 50.0 67.3 79.3 45.7 113.2 78.6 49.5 98.6 91.1 52.6 73.4 61.1 49.4 88.1 77.5 Two-rowed AAC Connect 48.5 73.7 -- 46.7 109.8 -- 48.5 114.7 -- 51.8 95.2 -- 48.9 98.4 -- AAC Synergy 49.0 73.8 87.5 47.2 117.4 82.6 47.7 106.6 93.2 52.2 75.7 66.6 49.0 93.4 82.5 ABI Balster 48.6 84.8 89.1 46.8 113.3 83.8 49.1 108.3 93.9 52.6 106.4 75.0 49.3 103.2 85.4 Conlon 52.0 60.7 62.1 48.1 89.0 62.9 49.5 105.5 86.6 54.1 92.6 62.0 50.9 86.9 68.4 Explorer 49.4 86.9 91.8 46.1 90.1 81.1 48.3 110.1 95.3 52.2 105.7 71.8 49.0 98.2 85.0 ND Genesis 50.0 69.1 84.3 48.2 124.7 85.0 46.8 109.6 95.1 52.6 109.5 74.4 49.4 103.2 84.7 Pinnacle 51.3 76.4 85.3 46.4 80.9 73.6 47.5 110.8 95.1 54.0 109.4 73.2 49.8 94.4 81.8 Mean 49.7 73.0 82.5 46.9 107.6 80.0 48.0 105.6 92.1 52.9 99.2 68.3 49.5 94.9 80.2 CV % 1.1 11.3 -- 2.3 4.4 -- 1.6 5.5 -- 1.0 8.9 -- 1.5 10.1 4.4 LSD 0.05 0.8 11.8 -- 1.4 6.7 -- 1.3 9.8 -- 0.9 14.7 -- 0.9 12.4 6.7 LSD 0.10 0.6 9.8 -- 1.2 5.6 -- 1.1 8.1 -- 0.7 12.2 -- 0.8 10.3 5.5
Table 5. Plump and protein of barley varieties at four locations in western North Dakota, 2019. Avg. western Dickinson Hettinger Minot Williston N.D. Variety Plump Protein Plump Protein Plump Protein Plump Protein Plump Protein ------(%)------Six-rowed Lacey 88 16.3 95 13.8 98 11.6 88 11.9 92 13.4 Tradition 87 16.9 94 13.4 98 12.2 89 11.9 92 13.6 Two-Rowed AAC Connect 90 15.5 92 12.5 97 10.9 85 10.8 91 12.4 AAC Synergy 94 15.1 94 13.0 98 10.1 94 11.5 95 12.4 ABI Balster 89 16.1 90 13.2 98 10.2 87 10.1 91 12.4 Conlon 98 15.8 97 13.0 98 11.6 96 11.5 97 13.0 Explorer 93 15.2 91 13.1 97 10.8 89 9.1 93 12.1 ND Genesis 95 13.9 94 11.9 97 10.3 93 9.9 95 11.5 Pinnacle 97 14.8 93 12.1 98 9.3 96 10.0 96 11.6 Mean 94 15.0 94 12.6 98 10.5 92 10.7 94 12.5 CV % 1.7 1.6 3.1 4.3 0.5 6.1 1.5 6.4 2.2 3.7 LSD 0.05 3 0.4 3.0 0.8 1 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.6 0.6 LSD 0.10 2 0.3 2.5 0.6 1 0.9 1.8 0.9 2.2 0.5
Page 89 Table 6. 2019 North Dakota oat variety descriptions.
Reaction to Diseases Year Grain Straw Stem Crown Barley Test Variety Origin¹ Released Color Height Strength Maturity² Rust³ Rust³ Y.Dwf⁴ Weight Protein⁵ AC Pinnacle AAFC 1999 White 39 Med. 63 8 8 8 V.good L Beach ND 2004 White 35 M.strg. 63 8 4 6 V.good M CDC Dancer Sask. 2000 White 35 Strong 63 8 6 8 V.good M CDC Minstrel Sask. 2006 White 34 M.strg. 64 8 8 8 Good M CS Camden Canterra 2016 White 33 Strong 64 8 6 NA Good NA Deon MN 2013 Yellow 37 Strong 65 8 1 2 V.good NA Hayden SD 2014 White 36 Med. 62 8 7 NA V.good NA HiFi ND 2001 White 35 Strong 63 4 8 2 Good M Hytest SD 1986 White 38 M.strg. 62 8 6 8 V.good H Jury ND 2012 White 34 M.strg. 64 1 8 4 V.good M Killdeer ND 2000 White 32 Strong 63 8 6 4 Good M Leggett AAFC 2005 White 33 Strong 63 3 1 8 Good M Newburg ND 2011 White 38 Med. 62 1 8 4 Good M Otana MT 1977 White 36 M.weak 63 8 8 8 V.good M/L Paul⁶ ND 1994 Hull-less 37 Strong 68 1 4 2 Good H Rockford ND 2008 White 38 Strong 65 8 8 4 V.good M Souris ND 2006 White 33 Strong 63 6 8 6 V.good M Stallion SD 2006 White 34 Med. 64 8 3 NA V.good M Warrior SD 2018 White 32 Strong 62 NA 1 NA V.good M ¹ AAFC = Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada; MN = University of Minnesota; ND = North Dakota State University; SD = South Dakota State University; Sask. = University of Saskatchewan; MT = Montana State University. ² Days after planting. ³ Disease reaction scores from 1-9, with 1 = resistant and 9 = very susceptible. ⁴ Disease reaction scores from 1-9, with 1 = resistant and 9 = very susceptible, NA – not available. ⁵ H = high; M = medium; L = low; NA = not available. ⁶ Hull-less variety.
Page 90 Table 7. Yield and test weight of oat varieties at five locations in eastern North Dakota, 2017-2019. Average Fargo Casselton Verona Carrington Langdon Eastern N.D. Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Variety Wt. 2019 Wt. 2019 Wt. 2019 Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) -----(bu/a)----- (lb/bu) -----(bu/a)----- (lb/bu) (bu/a) AC 36.9 70.8 35.3 53.2 32.4 48.1 32.6 121.6 122.7 38.9 151.1 175.3 35.2 89.0 Pinnacle Beach 38.9 121.7 41.7 102.4 40.6 73.9 34.6 114.0 110.6 40.6 151.6 172.1 39.3 112.7 CDC 37.6 111.6 38.7 59.2 36.9 51.8 33.7 126.6 128.6 39.5 188.5 187.7 37.3 107.5 Dancer CDC 33.3 100.4 32.1 67.3 25.9 23.6 28.6 115.8 118.5 37.2 176.9 192.2 31.4 96.8 Minstrel CS 33.7 108.3 34.3 59.5 28.1 39.1 30.5 142.0 130.4 36.3 188.0 208.5 32.6 107.4 Camden Deon 38.3 113.0 36.3 74.0 35.6 72.2 32.9 130.6 129.1 38.0 184.0 189.7 36.2 114.7 Hayden 37.7 76.9 38.6 76.4 29.3 30.6 35.6 133.9 126.1 40.3 176.8 180.0 36.3 98.9 HiFi 35.9 95.2 34.0 49.9 26.9 29.1 31.0 100.1 108.3 38.5 154.6 174.8 33.3 85.8 Hytest 39.4 109.6 41.5 89.7 37.8 52.6 36.3 111.7 117.4 40.5 159.5 146.8 39.1 104.6 Jury 34.3 72.2 34.7 68.8 28.3 37.0 29.3 111.3 118.6 37.6 191.8 191.8 32.8 96.2 Killdeer 33.5 78.8 35.5 64.8 26.6 40.0 29.4 111.6 120.0 38.0 185.3 189.7 32.6 96.1 Leggett 37.8 129.2 39.2 114.1 37.1 89.2 33.1 118.5 112.5 39.5 189.3 193.0 37.3 128.1 Newburg 34.6 77.6 32.9 32.1 29.4 54.8 30.8 117.6 116.4 37.8 167.0 174.6 33.1 89.8 Otana 32.7 65.2 33.1 66.6 25.6 24.6 27.5 96.0 113.1 39.5 175.4 184.1 31.7 85.6 Paul1 43.7 35.2 43.2 21.0 40.6 14.2 38.5 47.9 68.5 44.1 129.4 147.7 42.0 49.5 Rockford 35.4 60.3 32.1 43.4 26.2 25.9 30.9 107.7 115.9 40.4 167.6 179.0 33.0 81.0 Souris 36.4 87.7 34.9 59.6 27.8 21.8 31.4 105.4 112.3 38.5 166.2 173.5 33.8 88.1 Stallion 37.8 91.3 38.5 75.1 37.4 93.2 35.1 126.3 125.5 40.8 164.8 172.2 37.9 110.1 Warrior 36.8 127.5 37.8 99.0 37.3 104.0 33.2 130.3 -- 38.7 162.7 -- 36.8 124.7 Mean 37.4 112.9 38.2 83.3 34.7 66.0 33.2 115.1 116.4 39.2 169.5 179.6 35.4 98.2 CV % 3.1 17.4 2.3 16.0 4.0 22.2 4.2 9.0 -- 1.1 4.1 -- 5.4 15.8 LSD 0.05 1.9 31.8 1.7 26.7 2.3 23.6 2.0 14.5 -- 0.7 11.5 -- 2.4 19.6 LSD 0.10 1.6 26.5 1.4 22.3 1.9 19.7 1.7 12.1 -- 0.6 9.6 -- 2.0 16.4
¹ Hull-less varieties. When comparing yield of hull-less oat varieties with varieties with hulls, multiply the yield of the hull- less oats by 1.35 (the hull of a hulled kernel comprises 35 percent of the weight).
Page 91 Table 8. Yield and test weight of oat varieties at four locations in western North Dakota, 2017-2019.
Dickinson Hettinger Minot Williston Average Western N.D. Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Variety Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) AC Pinnacle 38.8 102.5 100.7 34.8 142.1 105.7 37.3 128.0 136.3 44.8 166.3 107.6 38.9 134.7 112.6 Beach 40.1 108.5 87.4 37.2 153.9 98.6 39.7 118.7 136.5 45.3 138.0 92.6 40.6 129.8 103.8 CDC Dancer 39.5 102.3 90.7 35.7 172.9 114.7 36.5 115.1 125.4 44.6 186.1 111.5 39.1 144.1 110.6 CDC Minstrel 37.6 127.5 101.2 33.3 183.6 116.6 36.2 123.8 129.1 42.7 172.8 104.1 37.4 151.9 112.8 CS Camden 36.5 102.4 95.4 32.3 173.9 120.4 34.5 126.4 136.0 40.5 195.0 113.4 36.0 149.4 116.3 Deon 38.6 149.8 107.1 34.8 160.6 107.1 37.3 117.9 126.6 43.4 176.7 109.4 38.5 151.3 112.6 Hayden 39.8 129.5 109.3 36.7 174.1 118.2 38.1 123.9 139.5 44.6 176.3 106.7 39.8 150.9 118.4 HiFi 38.0 118.0 99.0 35.4 161.7 104.4 36.6 117.6 127.6 43.5 164.0 101.3 38.4 140.3 108.1 Hytest 39.5 90.5 86.0 38.3 146.4 98.1 37.9 119.4 125.2 45.7 127.1 78.3 40.3 120.9 96.9 Jury 38.5 122.6 97.0 33.9 162.2 104.2 38.2 114.5 117.9 42.2 183.5 112.2 38.2 145.7 107.8 Killdeer 37.6 125.7 105.6 34.2 150.5 105.7 38.3 113.1 119.8 42.2 194.7 113.5 38.1 146.0 111.1 Leggett 39.1 97.9 88.1 35.2 160.5 108.6 36.2 122.3 132.4 43.9 190.7 112.2 38.6 142.9 110.3 Newburg 37.8 107.5 87.6 33.3 159.1 104.1 38.6 116.5 109.6 43.7 147.7 99.4 38.3 132.7 100.2 Otana 39.5 108.0 94.1 35.6 159.3 107.9 38.5 99.7 116.5 42.7 171.0 106.5 39.1 134.5 106.2 Paul¹ 43.5 87.5 71.0 40.3 105.5 72.5 42.7 82.4 95.2 51.8 120.1 72.7 44.6 98.9 77.9 Rockford 39.6 123.4 97.9 37.3 167.7 118.7 38.4 121.6 124.3 45.0 184.6 106.3 40.1 149.3 111.8 Souris 37.6 110.9 94.5 35.3 152.3 110.0 38.0 102.9 118.9 44.2 162.2 100.0 38.8 132.1 105.8 Stallion 40.4 113.7 100.2 36.4 144.9 99.9 36.6 125.7 132.0 42.9 156.6 97.0 39.1 135.2 107.3 Warrior 38.3 97.0 -- 32.3 168.1 -- 36.5 120.5 -- 43.4 166.0 -- 37.6 137.9 -- Mean 39.0 111.9 95.2 35.4 157.9 106.4 37.7 116.3 124.9 44.1 167.3 102.5 39.0 138.3 107.2 CV % 1.5 14.6 -- 4.3 7.3 -- 2.3 8.0 -- 1.4 10.8 -- 2.0 7.6 5.2 LSD 0.05 0.8 23.2 -- 2.1 16.2 -- 1.4 14.8 -- 1.0 28.8 -- 1.0 13.4 7.2 LSD 0.10 0.7 19.4 -- 1.8 13.5 -- 1.2 12.4 -- 0.8 24.1 -- 0.8 11.2 6.0 ¹ Hull-less varieties. When comparing yield of hull-less oat varieties with varieties with hulls, multiply the yield of the hull- less oats by 1.35 (the hull of a hulled kernel is 35 percent of the weight).
Page 92 Dickinson Hettinger Minot Williston Average Western N.D. Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Test Yield Variety Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. Wt. 2019 3 Yr. (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) AC Pinnacle 38.8 102.5 100.7 34.8 142.1 105.7 37.3 128.0 136.3 44.8 166.3 107.6 38.9 134.7 112.6 Beach 40.1 108.5 87.4 37.2 153.9 98.6 39.7 118.7 136.5 45.3 138.0 92.6 40.6 129.8 103.8 CDC Dancer 39.5 102.3 90.7 35.7 172.9 114.7 36.5 115.1 125.4 44.6 186.1 111.5 39.1 144.1 110.6 CDC Minstrel 37.6 127.5 101.2 33.3 183.6 116.6 36.2 123.8 129.1 42.7 172.8 104.1 37.4 151.9 112.8 CS Camden 36.5 102.4 95.4 32.3 173.9 120.4 34.5 126.4 136.0 40.5 195.0 113.4 36.0 149.4 116.3 Deon 38.6 149.8 107.1 34.8 160.6 107.1 37.3 117.9 126.6 43.4 176.7 109.4 38.5 151.3 112.6 Hayden 39.8 129.5 109.3 36.7 174.1 118.2 38.1 123.9 139.5 44.6 176.3 106.7 39.8 150.9 118.4 HiFi 38.0 118.0 99.0 35.4 161.7 104.4 36.6 117.6 127.6 43.5 164.0 101.3 38.4 140.3 108.1 Hytest 39.5 90.5 86.0 38.3 146.4 98.1 37.9 119.4 125.2 45.7 127.1 78.3 40.3 120.9 96.9 Jury 38.5 122.6 97.0 33.9 162.2 104.2 38.2 114.5 117.9 42.2 183.5 112.2 38.2 145.7 107.8 Killdeer 37.6 125.7 105.6 34.2 150.5 105.7 38.3 113.1 119.8 42.2 194.7 113.5 38.1 146.0 111.1 Leggett 39.1 97.9 88.1 35.2 160.5 108.6 36.2 122.3 132.4 43.9 190.7 112.2 38.6 142.9 110.3 Newburg 37.8 107.5 87.6 33.3 159.1 104.1 38.6 116.5 109.6 43.7 147.7 99.4 38.3 132.7 100.2 Otana 39.5 108.0 94.1 35.6 159.3 107.9 38.5 99.7 116.5 42.7 171.0 106.5 39.1 134.5 106.2 Paul¹ 43.5 87.5 71.0 40.3 105.5 72.5 42.7 82.4 95.2 51.8 120.1 72.7 44.6 98.9 77.9 Rockford 39.6 123.4 97.9 37.3 167.7 118.7 38.4 121.6 124.3 45.0 184.6 106.3 40.1 149.3 111.8 Souris 37.6 110.9 94.5 35.3 152.3 110.0 38.0 102.9 118.9 44.2 162.2 100.0 38.8 132.1 105.8 Stallion 40.4 113.7 100.2 36.4 144.9 99.9 36.6 125.7 132.0 42.9 156.6 97.0 39.1 135.2 107.3 Warrior 38.3 97.0 -- 32.3 168.1 -- 36.5 120.5 -- 43.4 166.0 -- 37.6 137.9 -- Mean 39.0 111.9 95.2 35.4 157.9 106.4 37.7 116.3 124.9 44.1 167.3 102.5 39.0 138.3 107.2 CV % 1.5 14.6 -- 4.3 7.3 -- 2.3 8.0 -- 1.4 10.8 -- 2.0 7.6 5.2 LSD 0.05 0.8 23.2 -- 2.1 16.2 -- 1.4 14.8 -- 1.0 28.8 -- 1.0 13.4 7.2 LSD 0.10 0.7 19.4 -- 1.8 13.5 -- 1.2 12.4 -- 0.8 24.1 -- 0.8 11.2 6.0
Page 93 Table 9. 2019 North Dakota winter rye variety descriptions. Year Height Straw Days to Seed Seed Winter Variety Origin¹ Released (inches) Strength Flowering Color Size Hardiness AC Hazlet Canada 2006 43 Good 152 Bl-grn. Small Good Aroostok USDA 1981 45 Fair 145 Tan Small V.good Bono³ KWS Germany 2013 37 Good 151 Green Med. Good Brasetto³ KWS Germany 2008 36 V.good 151 Bl-grn. Large Good Dacold ND 1989 42 Good 154 Bl-grn. Med. Good Hancock WI 1979 43 Good 149 Tan Large Fair⁴ ND Dylan ND 2016 45 Good 150 Blue Med. V.good ND Gardner ND 2019 44 Fair 144 Bl-grn. Small V.good Rymin MN 1973 42 V.good 150 Grn-gray Large Fair⁴ Spooner WI 1993 44 V.good 149 Tan Large Good Wheeler MI 1971 47 Fair 152 Tan Large Fair
¹ ND = North Dakota State University; WI = University of Wisconsin; MN = University of Minnesota; MI = Michigan State University. ³ Hybrid. ⁴ Varieties with fair winter hardiness should not be seeded in bare soil.
Table 10. Yield and test weight of winter rye varieties at five locations in North Dakota, 2017-2019. Carrington Carrington (organic) Hettinger Langdon Minot Average Test Seed Yield Test Seed Yield Test Seed Yield Test Seed Yield Test Seed Yield Test Seed Yield Variety Wt. 2019 3-yr. Wt. 2019 3-yr. Wt. 2019 3-Yr. Wt. 2019 3-Yr. Wt. 2019 3-yr. Wt. 2019 3-yr. (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) AC Hazlet 50.8 53.0 61.3 52.1 68.5 74.5 53.3 68.6 64.6 55.7 71.8 78.0 57.4 75.1 69.6 53.9 67.4 69.6 Aroostok 49.6 32.3 38.3 50.7 53.8 48.9 52.1 54.1 45.0 53.8 53.2 53.8 56.4 59.1 42.6 52.5 50.5 45.7 Bono 50.2 60.7 -- 51.8 83.9 -- 55.5 98.2 -- 54.8 89.7 -- 57.5 105.6 -- 54.0 87.6 -- Brasetto 47.6 46.4 71.6 49.8 61.7 76.6 53.1 89.9 82.1 53.6 82.6 103.2 56.1 101.5 -- 52.0 76.4 83.2 Dacold 50.2 43.9 57.2 51.9 67.0 68.9 47.9 43.8 52.7 54.7 58.8 66.4 57.5 76.9 59.4 52.4 58.1 60.9 Hancock 50.6 43.8 54.5 51.2 53.9 63.8 51.0 47.0 47.6 53.5 44.3 59.7 57.1 62.5 59.2 52.7 50.3 57.0 ND Dylan 49.4 45.5 64.2 51.1 69.3 71.8 53.6 69.5 55.2 54.8 71.7 79.1 57.2 77.3 65.1 53.2 66.7 67.1 ND Gardner 49.7 42.3 -- 51.3 57.8 -- 52.9 61.7 50.5 54.4 55.8 64.0 56.3 65.0 54.0 52.9 56.5 54.9 Rymin 50.3 48.9 66.3 51.9 68.9 75.8 52.5 65.0 63.3 55.2 65.9 76.2 57.2 75.7 69.4 53.4 64.9 70.2 Spooner 49.3 44.6 50.1 50.4 60.6 59.1 53.1 63.2 52.4 54.5 61.2 61.9 56.1 60.5 51.2 52.7 58.0 54.9 Wheeler 46.3 9.8 15.3 44.8 20.6 22.2 52.0 27.9 34.8 50.2 22.2 37.9 52.7 30.0 31.4 49.2 22.1 28.3 Mean 49.5 42.8 53.2 50.6 60.5 62.4 52.5 62.6 54.8 54.1 61.6 68.0 56.5 71.7 55.8 52.6 59.9 56.7 CV % 0.9 16.0 -- 0.9 11.7 -- 2.3 6.9 -- 1.2 11.7 -- 1.8 6.4 -- 2.0 10.2 7.8 LSD 0.05 0.7 9.9 -- 0.7 10.2 -- 1.7 6.2 -- 1.0 10.4 -- 1.8 7.8 -- 1.2 7.1 5.2 LSD 0.10 0.6 8.2 -- 0.6 8.5 -- 1.4 5.2 -- 0.8 8.6 -- 1.5 6.5 -- 1.0 5.9 4.4
Page 94 Carrington Carrington (organic) Hettinger Langdon Minot Average Test Seed Yield Test Seed Yield Test Seed Yield Test Seed Yield Test Seed Yield Test Seed Yield Variety Wt. 2019 3-yr. Wt. 2019 3-yr. Wt. 2019 3-Yr. Wt. 2019 3-Yr. Wt. 2019 3-yr. Wt. 2019 3-yr. (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) (lb/bu) (bu/a) AC Hazlet 50.8 53.0 61.3 52.1 68.5 74.5 53.3 68.6 64.6 55.7 71.8 78.0 57.4 75.1 69.6 53.9 67.4 69.6 Aroostok 49.6 32.3 38.3 50.7 53.8 48.9 52.1 54.1 45.0 53.8 53.2 53.8 56.4 59.1 42.6 52.5 50.5 45.7 Bono 50.2 60.7 -- 51.8 83.9 -- 55.5 98.2 -- 54.8 89.7 -- 57.5 105.6 -- 54.0 87.6 -- Brasetto 47.6 46.4 71.6 49.8 61.7 76.6 53.1 89.9 82.1 53.6 82.6 103.2 56.1 101.5 -- 52.0 76.4 83.2 Dacold 50.2 43.9 57.2 51.9 67.0 68.9 47.9 43.8 52.7 54.7 58.8 66.4 57.5 76.9 59.4 52.4 58.1 60.9 Hancock 50.6 43.8 54.5 51.2 53.9 63.8 51.0 47.0 47.6 53.5 44.3 59.7 57.1 62.5 59.2 52.7 50.3 57.0 ND Dylan 49.4 45.5 64.2 51.1 69.3 71.8 53.6 69.5 55.2 54.8 71.7 79.1 57.2 77.3 65.1 53.2 66.7 67.1 ND Gardner 49.7 42.3 -- 51.3 57.8 -- 52.9 61.7 50.5 54.4 55.8 64.0 56.3 65.0 54.0 52.9 56.5 54.9 Rymin 50.3 48.9 66.3 51.9 68.9 75.8 52.5 65.0 63.3 55.2 65.9 76.2 57.2 75.7 69.4 53.4 64.9 70.2 Spooner 49.3 44.6 50.1 50.4 60.6 59.1 53.1 63.2 52.4 54.5 61.2 61.9 56.1 60.5 51.2 52.7 58.0 54.9 Wheeler 46.3 9.8 15.3 44.8 20.6 22.2 52.0 27.9 34.8 50.2 22.2 37.9 52.7 30.0 31.4 49.2 22.1 28.3 Mean 49.5 42.8 53.2 50.6 60.5 62.4 52.5 62.6 54.8 54.1 61.6 68.0 56.5 71.7 55.8 52.6 59.9 56.7 CV % 0.9 16.0 -- 0.9 11.7 -- 2.3 6.9 -- 1.2 11.7 -- 1.8 6.4 -- 2.0 10.2 7.8 LSD 0.05 0.7 9.9 -- 0.7 10.2 -- 1.7 6.2 -- 1.0 10.4 -- 1.8 7.8 -- 1.2 7.1 5.2 LSD 0.10 0.6 8.2 -- 0.6 8.5 -- 1.4 5.2 -- 0.8 8.6 -- 1.5 6.5 -- 1.0 5.9 4.4
Page 95 North Dakota Durum Wheat Variety Trial Results for 2019 and Selection Guide
Joel Ransom, Elias Elias, Andrew Friskop, Tim Friesen, Presentation of data for the entries tested does not imply Zhaohui Liu, Shaobin Zhong and Frank Manthey (NDSU approval or endorsement by the authors or agencies con- Main Station); Blaine Schatz and Mike Ostlie (Carrington ducting the test. North Dakota State University approves Research Extension Center); Glenn Martin (Dickinson the reproduction of any table in the publication only if no Research Extension Center); Bryan Hanson (Langdon portion is deleted, appropriate footnotes are given and the Research Extension Center); John Rickertsen (Hettinger order of the data is not rearranged. Additional data from Research Extension Center); Eric Eriksmoen (North county sites are available from each Research Extension Central Research Extension Center, Minot); Gautam Center at www.ag.ndsu.edu/varietytrials/durum. Use data Pradhan (Williston Research Extension Center). from multiple locations and years when selecting a variety.
Durum was planted on 720,000 acres in North Dakota in 2019, down 3.5% from 2018. The average yield was 42 bushels per acre (bu/a), up slightly from 2018. The most commonly grown varieties in 2019 and the percent of the acreage they occupied were Joppa (30), Divide (21), Alkabo (8), Carpio (6), VT Peak (6) and Mountrail (5).
Durum varieties are tested each year at multiple sites throughout North Dakota. The relative performance of these varieties is presented in table form. Variety performance data are used to provide recommendations to producers. Some varieties may not be included in the tables due to insufficient testing or lack of seed availability, or they offer no yield or disease advantage over similar varieties. Yield is reported at 13.5% moisture, while protein content is reported at 12% moisture.
The agronomic data presented in this publication are from replicated research plots using experimental designs that enable the use of statistical analysis. These analyses enable the reader to determine, at a predetermined level of confidence, if the differences observed among varieties are significant or if they might be due to error inherent in the experimental process.
The LSD (least significant difference) numbers beneath the columns in tables are derived from these statistical analyses and only apply to the numbers in the column in which they appear. If the difference between two varieties exceeds the LSD value, it means that with 95% or 90% confidence (LSD probability 0.05 or 0.10), the higher- yielding variety has a significant yield advantage. When the difference between two varieties is less than the LSD value, no significant difference occurs between those two varieties under those growing conditions.
The abbreviation NS is used to indicate no significant difference for that trait among any of the varieties at the 95% or 90% level of confidence. The CV is a measure of variability in the trial. The CV stands for coefficient of variation and is expressed as a percentage. Large CVs mean a large amount of variation that could not be North Dakota State University Durum attributed to differences in the varieties. Tables #1 - 5 can be found on pages 97-101.
Page 96 Table 1. Descriptions and agronomic traits of durum wheat varieties grown in North Dakota, 2019. Reaction to Disease⁵ Agent Bact. or Year Height Straw Days to Stem Leaf Foliar Leaf Head Origin¹ Released (inches)² Strength³ Heading⁴ Rust Rust Disease Streak Scab AC Commander Can. 2002 31 5 60 1 1 6 NA NA Alkabo ND 2005 33 2 61 1 1 5 7 6 Alzada WB 2004 28 6 59 1 1 8 NA 9 Ben ND 1996 35 3 60 1 1 4 7 8 Carpio ND 2012 34 5 63 1 1 5 6 5 CDC Verona Can. 2010 32 4 61 1 1 4 NA 8 Divide ND 2005 35 5 62 1 1 5 7 5 Grenora ND 2005 32 5 60 1 1 5 7 6 Joppa ND 2013 33 5 61 1 1 5 7 5 Lebsock ND 1999 33 3 60 1 1 5 7 6 Maier ND 1998 32 5 61 1 1 5 NA 8 Mountrail ND 1998 34 5 62 1 1 5 7 8 ND Grano⁶ ND 2017 34 5 63 1 1 NA 7 6 ND Riveland⁶ ND 2017 34 4 61 1 1 NA 7 5 Pierce ND 2001 32 5 61 1 1 6 7 8 Rugby ND 1973 36 5 60 1 1 4 NA 8 Strongfield⁶ Can. 2004 34 6 62 1 1 6 NA 8 Tioga ND 2010 29 4 61 1 1 5 7 6 VT Peak Viterra 2010 25 6 61 NA NA NA NA NA ¹ Refers to agent or developer: Can. = Agriculture Canada, WB = Westbred, ND = North Dakota State University. ² Plant height was obtained from the average of six variety trials in 2018. ³ Straw Strength = 1-9 scale, with 1 the strongest and 9 the weakest. Based on recent data. These values may change as more data become available. ⁴ Days to Heading = the number of days from planting to head emergence from the boot. Averaged from several locations in 2018. ⁵ Disease reaction scores from 1-9, with 1 = resistant and 9 = very susceptible. NA = Not adequately tested. Foliar Disease = reaction to tan spot and septoria leaf spot complex. ⁶ Low cadmium accumulating variety.
Page 97 Table 2. Durum wheat variety quality descriptions, milling and processing data averaged for five years (2014-2018) from drill strips (32 locations/year).
Test Vitreous Large Falling Wheat Gluten Pasta Spaghetti Overall Variety Weight Kernels Kernels Number Protein¹ Index² Color³ Firmness Quality⁴ (lb/bu) (%) (%) (sec) (%) (1-12) (g-cm) Alkabo 61.4 80 56 400 13.6 44 8.7 3.8 good Alzada 59.6 87 66 475 14.1 84 8.3 4.2 good Carpio 61.4 77 63 456 13.6 91 8.6 4.0 good Divide 61.0 84 56 447 13.8 71 8.4 3.9 good Joppa 61.3 83 48 428 13.3 81 8.8 3.9 good Maier 60.8 87 53 413 14.3 52 8.4 4.1 good Mountrail 60.7 87 48 435 13.8 20 8.1 3.7 fair ND Grano⁵ 61.6 83 50 461 13.8 64 8.9 4.0 good ND Riveland⁵ 61.3 88 60 442 13.8 79 8.7 4.0 good Strongfield 60.6 85 57 436 14.3 63 8.2 4.0 good Tioga 60.9 83 61 401 13.7 73 8.4 4.0 good Average 61.0 84 56 436 13.8 66 8.5 4.0
For all numbered footnotes, refer to bottom of Table 3.
Table 3. Durum wheat variety quality descriptions, milling and processing data for 2018 at all locations from drill strips. Test Vitreous Large Falling Wheat Gluten Pasta Spaghetti Overall Variety Weight Kernels Kernels Number Protein¹ Index² Color³ Firmness Quality⁴ (lb/bu) (%) (%) (sec) (%) (1-12) (g-cm) Alkabo 62.1 87 67 478 14.1 22 7.9 4.0 good Alzada 60.5 90 72 519 15.1 64 7.3 4.5 good Carpio 62.4 83 74 532 14.2 79 7.6 4.1 good Divide 61.9 87 68 540 14.5 50 7.5 3.8 good Joppa 62.3 90 63 514 13.9 62 8.0 3.8 good Maier 61.4 93 59 521 15.2 32 7.7 4.1 good Mountrail 61.6 90 60 494 14.6 11 7.2 3.8 fair ND Grano⁵ 62.6 88 66 533 14.3 43 8.2 3.9 good ND Riveland⁵ 62.1 93 71 503 14.1 57 7.9 4.0 good Strongfield 62.0 88 69 528 15.1 46 7.3 4.2 good Tioga 62.0 89 72 498 14.3 48 7.5 4.1 good Average 61.9 89 67 515 14.5 47 7.6 4.0
¹ Wheat protein is reported on a 12 percent moisture basis. ² Gluten index is unitless. Numbers less than 15 = very weak and greater than 80 = very strong gluten proteins. ³ Pasta Color Score: Higher number indicates better color, with 8.5+ typically considered good. ⁴ Overall Quality is determined based on agronomic, milling and spaghetti processing performance. ⁵ Low cadmium accumulating variety.
Page 98 Table 4. Yield of durum wheat varieties at six Research Extension Centers in North Dakota, 2017-2019. Carrington Langdon Dickinson Hettinger Minot Williston Average Variety 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. 2019 3 Yr. ------(bu/a)------AC 34.7 45.1 64.7 69.8 53.6 44.3 57.5 44.3 45.7 55.2 63.4 42.6 53.3 50.2 Commander Alkabo 37.1 45.9 66.5 73.5 46.8 47.3 73.6 48.1 40.3 61.0 63.0 42.0 54.5 53.0 Alzada 22.3 38.4 59.4 57.2 50.2 41.2 48.2 39.3 35.3 51.5 54.2 39.0 44.9 44.4 Ben 33.5 45.3 67.5 71.9 52.7 47.4 60.3 42.4 49.1 61.9 63.0 39.5 54.3 51.4 Carpio 50.5 51.4 69.7 81.4 47.0 46.0 63.7 47.4 52.4 69.0 59.8 40.2 57.2 55.9 CDC Verona 43.8 50.0 67.2 73.7 49.7 47.9 67.7 46.6 44.5 57.4 65.4 40.7 56.4 52.7 Divide 45.7 52.3 68.4 78.8 49.7 48.4 70.8 46.1 56.7 65.6 63.6 41.2 59.1 55.4 Grenora 38.6 50.9 70.1 78.5 51.5 47.5 67.9 46.5 44.2 60.1 67.6 40.6 56.6 54.0 Joppa 45.5 53.2 74.9 82.5 51.0 50.3 66.2 45.5 46.0 70.1 61.4 41.5 57.5 57.2 Lebsock 40.7 48.9 69.8 73.5 53.9 48.3 64.8 45.3 41.6 63.4 -- -- 55.8 53.4 Maier 36.0 47.9 68.9 74.2 47.7 45.9 62.7 44.0 43.0 59.9 65.4 41.4 54.0 52.2 Mountrail 36.0 47.5 67.9 77.5 52.1 50.9 66.9 47.8 55.3 68.9 67.6 41.7 57.6 55.7 ND Grano 39.8 53.6 69.8 76.7 53.9 50.4 68.5 46.3 50.9 71.9 63.7 39.7 57.8 56.4 ND Riveland 53.2 55.0 71.4 80.2 45.8 46.1 73.0 48.9 36.5 62.7 68.5 41.4 58.1 55.7 Pierce 39.4 48.8 69.5 80.2 47.2 45.5 69.6 45.5 41.7 58.5 61.6 39.5 54.8 53.0 Rugby 39.4 47.3 62.7 69.5 44.5 46.5 59.8 41.8 30.4 55.8 64.4 38.9 50.2 50.0 Strongfield 42.6 49.1 63.5 70.4 49.8 48.0 67.0 48.2 48.5 53.3 63.4 41.9 55.8 51.8 Tioga 44.2 53.0 69.4 79.4 52.1 49.4 64.5 43.5 47.3 58.7 66.1 43.9 57.3 54.6 VT Peak 48.0 52.1 72.4 77.0 50.5 46.9 72.4 49.7 47.9 69.1 64.3 41.7 59.3 56.1 Mean 42.9 49.3 70.2 74.9 51.1 47.3 67.6 46.1 44.6 61.8 64.7 41.0 56.8 53.4 CV % 8.1 -- 5.6 -- 9.3 -- 7.6 -- 13.2 -- 9.8 -- 7.5 5.6 LSD 0.05 4.8 -- 5.5 -- 6.6 -- 7.2 -- 9.5 -- 10.2 -- 5.0 3.4 LSD 0.10 4.0 -- 4.6 -- 5.6 -- 6.1 -- 8.0 -- 8.6 -- 4.1 2.9
Page 99 Table 5. Test weight and protein of durum wheat varieties at six Research Extension Centers in North Dakota. Carrington Langdon Dickinson Hettinger Minot Williston Average Variety Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Wt. Protein Wt. Wt. Protein Wt. Protein Wt. Protein Wt. Protein Wt. Protein lb/bu % lb/bu lb/bu % lb/bu % lb/bu % lb/bu % lb/bu % AC Commander 49.4 16.2 58.8 60.5 15.6 56.8 14.4 60.0 15.1 61.6 17.2 57.9 15.7 Alkabo 51.3 15.1 60.2 60.6 15.2 57.6 13.5 61.1 14.9 62.5 16.1 58.9 14.9 Alzada 48.3 16.0 58.7 59.9 15.5 54.9 14.4 59.6 15.4 61.3 16.9 57.1 15.6 Ben 50.3 16.0 60.7 60.6 15.4 58.0 14.5 60.9 15.8 62.9 16.6 58.9 15.7 Carpio 53.7 14.8 61.1 60.1 15.8 57.5 13.6 62.3 13.8 62.1 16.5 59.5 14.9 CDC Verona 53.9 16.1 60.2 60.0 16.3 57.4 14.6 60.3 16.5 61.0 17.2 58.8 16.1 Divide 53.6 15.6 59.9 60.6 15.2 58.4 13.8 62.3 15.2 62.1 16.6 59.5 15.3 Grenora 51.5 15.8 59.1 59.8 14.9 56.9 14.2 59.4 15.3 61.4 15.8 58.0 15.2 Joppa 52.7 15.0 60.9 60.4 14.5 58.3 12.9 61.8 15.1 62.0 15.8 59.4 14.6 Lebsock 52.4 15.8 61.1 61.0 15.1 58.1 13.4 63.1 15.2 -- -- 58.8 15.2 Maier 51.8 16.4 60.9 60.4 15.8 57.2 14.8 60.4 16.7 62.3 16.9 58.8 16.1 Mountrail 49.4 15.8 58.5 60.3 15.9 57.9 13.2 61.8 14.2 61.9 16.4 58.3 15.1 ND Grano 51.8 15.4 60.7 60.8 15.1 56.9 13.5 61.2 15.1 62.6 16.6 59.0 15.1 ND Riveland 54.7 14.8 60.3 60.6 15.7 58.2 13.4 61.3 16.0 61.7 16.6 59.5 15.3 Pierce 52.4 15.2 60.9 61.3 15.1 59.2 13.8 60.5 15.2 62.4 16.6 59.5 15.2 Rugby 52.0 15.2 60.3 60.4 16.0 57.7 14.1 59.6 17.6 62.3 16.3 58.7 15.8 Strongfield 50.5 17.3 60.1 59.8 16.8 56.9 14.5 61.2 16.6 61.9 17.4 58.4 16.5 Tioga 52.1 14.6 60.5 60.4 15.1 58.0 13.6 59.2 15.9 62.6 15.5 58.8 14.9 VT Peak 54.0 15.7 61.7 61.0 15.4 59.2 14.1 62.3 15.4 63.1 16.8 60.2 15.5 Mean 52.4 15.5 60.5 60.5 15.5 57.8 13.9 60.6 15.6 62.1 16.6 59.0 15.4 CV % 1.9 3.0 0.8 0.9 2.6 1.3 4.2 2.1 5.0 0.5 4.7 1.3 3.0 LSD 0.05 1.4 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.8 2.1 1.3 0.5 1.3 0.9 0.6 LSD 0.10 1.2 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.7 1.7 1.1 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.5
Page 100 Carrington Langdon Dickinson Hettinger Minot Williston Average Variety Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Wt. Protein Wt. Wt. Protein Wt. Protein Wt. Protein Wt. Protein Wt. Protein lb/bu % lb/bu lb/bu % lb/bu % lb/bu % lb/bu % lb/bu % AC Commander 49.4 16.2 58.8 60.5 15.6 56.8 14.4 60.0 15.1 61.6 17.2 57.9 15.7 Alkabo 51.3 15.1 60.2 60.6 15.2 57.6 13.5 61.1 14.9 62.5 16.1 58.9 14.9 Alzada 48.3 16.0 58.7 59.9 15.5 54.9 14.4 59.6 15.4 61.3 16.9 57.1 15.6 Ben 50.3 16.0 60.7 60.6 15.4 58.0 14.5 60.9 15.8 62.9 16.6 58.9 15.7 Carpio 53.7 14.8 61.1 60.1 15.8 57.5 13.6 62.3 13.8 62.1 16.5 59.5 14.9 CDC Verona 53.9 16.1 60.2 60.0 16.3 57.4 14.6 60.3 16.5 61.0 17.2 58.8 16.1 Divide 53.6 15.6 59.9 60.6 15.2 58.4 13.8 62.3 15.2 62.1 16.6 59.5 15.3 Grenora 51.5 15.8 59.1 59.8 14.9 56.9 14.2 59.4 15.3 61.4 15.8 58.0 15.2 Joppa 52.7 15.0 60.9 60.4 14.5 58.3 12.9 61.8 15.1 62.0 15.8 59.4 14.6 Lebsock 52.4 15.8 61.1 61.0 15.1 58.1 13.4 63.1 15.2 -- -- 58.8 15.2 Maier 51.8 16.4 60.9 60.4 15.8 57.2 14.8 60.4 16.7 62.3 16.9 58.8 16.1 Mountrail 49.4 15.8 58.5 60.3 15.9 57.9 13.2 61.8 14.2 61.9 16.4 58.3 15.1 ND Grano 51.8 15.4 60.7 60.8 15.1 56.9 13.5 61.2 15.1 62.6 16.6 59.0 15.1 ND Riveland 54.7 14.8 60.3 60.6 15.7 58.2 13.4 61.3 16.0 61.7 16.6 59.5 15.3 Pierce 52.4 15.2 60.9 61.3 15.1 59.2 13.8 60.5 15.2 62.4 16.6 59.5 15.2 Rugby 52.0 15.2 60.3 60.4 16.0 57.7 14.1 59.6 17.6 62.3 16.3 58.7 15.8 Strongfield 50.5 17.3 60.1 59.8 16.8 56.9 14.5 61.2 16.6 61.9 17.4 58.4 16.5 Tioga 52.1 14.6 60.5 60.4 15.1 58.0 13.6 59.2 15.9 62.6 15.5 58.8 14.9 VT Peak 54.0 15.7 61.7 61.0 15.4 59.2 14.1 62.3 15.4 63.1 16.8 60.2 15.5 Mean 52.4 15.5 60.5 60.5 15.5 57.8 13.9 60.6 15.6 62.1 16.6 59.0 15.4 CV % 1.9 3.0 0.8 0.9 2.6 1.3 4.2 2.1 5.0 0.5 4.7 1.3 3.0 LSD 0.05 1.4 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.8 2.1 1.3 0.5 1.3 0.9 0.6 LSD 0.10 1.2 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.7 1.7 1.1 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.5
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Page 102 Page 103 Minnesota Wheat Research & Promotion Council 2600 Wheat Drive • Red Lake Falls, MN 56750 Ph: (218) 253-4311 www.mnwheat.org
University of Minnesota Extension Minnesota Soybean Research 240 Coffey Hall • 1420 Eckles Ave. & Promotion Council St. Paul, MN 55108-6068 151 Saint Andrews Ct # 710 Ph: (612) 624-1222 Mankato, MN 56001 www.extension.umn.edu Ph: (507) 388-1635 www.mnsoybean.com
The report of research projects are advised by the Small Grains Research & Communications Committee and funded in part by the Minnesota Wheat Checkoff. Sponsors that help fund this book are the Minnesota Wheat Research & Promotion Council, the University of Minnesota and Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council.
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